IUnited States ithengisa ukufa, intshabalalo, kunye noloyiko njengesixhobo esisisiseko senkqubo yayo yangaphandle. Ibona ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo njengendlela yokwenza kunye nokugcina abahlobo abanobuchule kunye nokubopha amazwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisicwangciso somkhosi wase-US kunye nokusebenza. Ngeyona ndlela ilula, njengoLt. Gen. Jeffrey B. Kohler, umlawuli we-Arhente yeNtsebenziswano yoKhuselo lwezoKhuselo, xelelwe The New York Times ngo-2006, iUnited States iyazithanda iintengiso zezixhobo kuba โisinika ukufikelela kunye nempembelelo kwaye yakha ubuhlobo.โ UMzantsi Asia ube yindawo ebalulekileyo kulo mzamo, kwaye ifundisa ezinye izifundo i-United States akumele ingazihoyi.
Inkonzo yoPhando lweCongressional yakutshanje umbiko kwiingxelo zentengiso yezixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe ezathi kunyaka ophelileyo iUnited States yazisa izixhobo ezixabisa malunga neebhiliyoni ezisisi-8 zeerandi kumazwe eHlabathi Lesithathu. Oku bekumalunga nama-40% azo zonke ezo kudluliselwa kwezixhobo. I-United States ityikitye izivumelwano zokuthengisa izixhobo ezixabisa ngaphezu kwe-10 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi, isinye kwisithathu sazo zonke izixhobo sisebenzisana namazwe eHlabathi leSithathu.
Kulula ukukubeka ngendlela ecacileyo oku: I-10 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka yindleko eqikelelwayo yokuhlangabezana noNjongo Lwewaka Leminyaka leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwamanzi nogutyulo, nto leyo eya kunciphisa ngesiqingatha inani labantu abasehlabathini abangenawo amanzi okusela afanelekileyo nogutyulo olusisiseko. ngo-2015. Namhlanje, malunga ne-1.1 yezigidigidi zabantu abanako ukufikelela kumlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi acocekileyo kwaye malunga ne-2.6 yezigidigidi zabantu abanakho ukufikelela kucoceko olusisiseko.
Isikali sentengiso yezixhobo zase-US yakutsha nje akufuneki ibe ziindaba. I-United States ithengise izixhobo ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-61 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumazwe eHlabathi leSithathu ukusuka ngo-1999-2006, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngoyena mniki-nkonzo uphambili wamazwe ngamazwe. IRashiya, umthengisi wezixhobo wesibini ngobukhulu, ikwazile ukuthengisa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha kakhulu.
Izixhobo vs. Impembelelo ePakistan
Oyena mntu wesithathu wathenga izixhobo kwihlabathi liphela ngowama-2006 yayiyiPakistan. Ithenge ngaphezulu kwe-5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwizivumelwano zezixhobo. Phantse i-3 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ezithengwe yiPakistan yayiziijethi zokulwa ze-F-16s ezintsha ezenziwe e-US, ukuphuculwa kwamanqanaba ukuya kwi-F-16s yasePakistan eyathengwa ngeminyaka yoo-1980, kunye neebhombu kunye nemijukujelwa yokuxhobisa ezi nqwelomoya. Isithethi se-White House Press wachaza ukuba ukuthengiswa kweejethi zokulwa โkubonisa ukuzibophelela kwethu kubudlelwane bexesha elide nePakistan.โ
Ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso yezixhobo ukubonisa ukuzibophelela ePakistan kuqhubeke ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50. I-United States yasebenzisa uncedo lomkhosi ukugaya kunye nokuxhobisa iPakistan njengehlakani kwiMfazwe Yomlomo. Uloyiko olukhulu, njengoko uxwebhu lweSebe leLizwe lowe-1953 lwabonisayo, โyayilulwando oluphawulekayo lwemisebenzi yeembumbulu zasePakistan. Kwakukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba phezu kwamathandabuzo akhulayo okuba iPakistan inabo na abahlobo bokwenene, babesanda abantu basePakistani bebhenela kwiimullahs ukuze bafumane isikhokelo. Ukuba lo mkhwa ubunokuqhubeka norhulumente okhoyo weenkokeli ezikhanyiselweyo nezityekele eNtshona ebenokuba sesichengeni, yaye amalungu orhulumente olandelelanayo ebengayi kuba nantsebenziswano kangako nentshona kunabo bakhoyo ngoku.โ Le memo ibinokubhalwa namhlanje.
I-United States ayiphumelelanga ukufunda ukuba ukuhlawula amatyala omkhosi wasePakistan kubonisa ukuzibophelela kunye nobuhlobo kuphela kumkhosi wasePakistan. Ayenzi nto kubantu basePakistan. I-US ixhase uGeneral Ayub Khan, inkokeli yokuqala yomkhosi wasePakistan iminyaka elishumi (1958-1969), ngeendleko ezinkulu. Wathotywa phantsi ngumsinga woqhanqalazo loluntu.
I-United States iphinde yaxhasa uGeneral Zia (owayelawula ukusuka ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1988), emva kokuba evumile ukunceda kwimfazwe yase-US echasene nokuhlala kweSoviet Union e-Afghanistan. IWashington yanika uNjengele Zia iphakheji yoncedo eyi-3.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngowe-1982 yaza yathembisa enye i-$4 yeebhiliyoni ngowe-1988. Esi sisa sathenga okuncinane okuxabisekileyo. Urhulumente wasePakistan wathatha imali wayisebenzisa ukuthenga izixhobo e-United States, wakha izixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye wakhuthaza amaSilamsi abukhali ekhaya nase-Afghanistan. Iziphumo zisijikelezile namhlanje.
Ukusukela nge-11 kaSeptemba 2001, iUnited States inike iPakistan ngaphezu kwe-10 lamawaka ezigidi zeedola ukuba ithenge okanye ivuze inkxaso kaNjengele Musharraf ngemfazwe yayo entsha, โimfazwe yobugrogrisi.โ IPakistan inalo zichithe ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezisisi-1.5 zeerandi zale mali ekuthengeni izixhobo ezitsha. Ukuze uqonde ubungakanani bolu ncedo, qwalasela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwasePakistan lulonke lomkhosi womkhosi wowama-2006, oluqikelelwa malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-4.5 zeerandi. I-United States ngoku inika uncedo lwasePakistan lokuhlawulela isivumelwano esitsha se-F-16s, iibhombu kunye nemijukujelwa. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uzuze abahlobo abambalwa.
Kukho amathandabuzo amancinci namhlanje malunga nendlela engathandwa ngayo iUnited States ePakistan. I-Pew Poll eyakhutshwa ngoSeptemba 2006 yafumanisa ukuba ePakistan, iUnited States ijongwa ngokungathandekiyo kune-Indiya (apho iPakistan iye yalwa iimfazwe ezine). Ngaphezulu nje kwe-25% yayinomdla kwi-United States, the lekiswa kwisinye kwisithathu abavakalelwa ngaloo ndlela ngakwiIndiya.
Izimo zengqondo ngeUnited States ziye zaba mandundu. A I-2007 poll bafumanise ukuba yi-15% kuphela yabantu basePakistan abanesimo sengqondo esivumayo malunga ne-United States. Ngo-Agasti 2007 poll wafumanisa ukuba uNjengele Musharraf wayengadumanga kangako kuno-Osama bin Laden; U-Musharraf wayenenkxaso ye-38% yamaPakistani, uBin Laden we-46%, kwaye uMongameli Bush wafumana inceba nge-9% kuphela. Kunzima ukucinga ngesityholo esigwebayo ngakumbi somgaqo-nkqubo owawufuna ukwenza abahlobo kunye nokwakha inkxaso.
Le ntiyo ngakumazwe aseMelika iya kuba mbi ngakumbi njengoko ibonwa njengexhasa iinzame zikaGeneral Musharraf zokuhlala engumongameli wasePakistan.
Ubudlelwane obuCwangcisiweyo kunye neIndiya
I-Indiya, ummelwane wasePakistan, imbangi yembali, kunye notshaba oluhlala lukrakra, ngumthengi wesibini omkhulu wezixhobo kwihlabathi lesithathu. Ibhalisele izixhobo ezixabisa i-3.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2006. Ngoku inoxanduva lokuthenga izixhobo ezimalunga ne-12% kwihlabathi lesithathu. I-Indiya iye yathenga izixhobo zaseRashiya ngokwesiko, kodwa ngoku inomdla koko abanye, ngakumbi i-United States, kufuneka banikele ngayo.
I-Indiya isenokuchitha malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-40 zeerandi ekuthengeni izixhobo kule minyaka mihlanu izayo. Okuphezulu kuluhlu kukho isivumelwano se-jet fighters ye-126, kunye nexabiso elinokubakho ngaphezu kwe-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Igosa leSebe likaRhulumente umemezele urhulumente uya kuzama ukunceda ukuphumelela umyalelo kwinkampani yase-US. Abavelisi bezixhobo base-US sele befolile. URichard G. Kirkland, umongameli kaLockheed Martin kuMzantsi Asia, uthi โiIndiya yeyona ntengiso yethu iphambiliโ xa kufikwa โkumathuba okukhula.โ UMongameli weRaytheon Asia, uWalter F. Doran, mabango I-Indiya isenokuba "yelinye lawona makhulu, ukuba ayililo iqabane lethu elikhulu, ekukhuleni kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo."
Kukho isizathu esivakalayo sokuba i-US ithembele. Ngo-2005, oonobhala bezokhuselo base-United States naseIndiya sayinwe "Isakhelo esitsha soBudlelwane boKhuselo lwase-US-India." INkqubo-sikhokelo "itshati ikhosi yobudlelwane bokhuselo base-US-India kule minyaka ilishumi izayo" kwaye "iya kuxhasa, kwaye iya kuba yinxalenye yobuhlakani obubanzi be-US-India." Kubandakanya ukuzibophelela "ekwandiseni urhwebo lokhuselo lweendlela ezimbini." Ezi zivumelwano zezixhobo, amabango eNkcazelo yeNkqubo-sikhokelo, kufuneka zibonwe โzingaphelelanga nje kuzo kwaye kuzo ngokwazo, kodwa njengendlela yokomeleza ukhuseleko lwamazwe ethu, ukuqinisa intsebenziswano yethu yobuchule, ukufikelela kwintsebenziswano enkulu phakathi kwemikhosi yethu exhobileyo, kunye nokwakha ukuqondana okukhulu. phakathi kwamaziko ethu okhuselo.โ
Iingalo ezininzi, impembelelo encinci
NjengasePakistan, ezi ntengiso zezixhobo zisenokungathengi iUnited States impembelelo eyifunayo eIndiya. Isivumelwano senyukliya sase-US-India sibonelela ngomzekelo wendlela izinto ezinokuhamba ngayo. Ngo-2005, i-United States ne-Indiya zavumelana ngesivumelwano sokukhulula i-Indiya kwimithetho yase-US eneminyaka engama-30 ubudala ethintela amazwe ekusebenziseni urhwebo oluthengiweyo lobuchwephesha benyukliya kunye nepetroli ukunceda amabhongo abo ezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngo-2006, iCongress yamkelwa kwaye uMongameli Bush watyikitya umthetho ophakamisa imida kurhwebo lwenyukliya neIndiya. La mazwe mabini ebethethathethana ngesivumelwano sentsebenziswano yenyukliya kulo nyaka uphelileyo.
Inkcazo ecacileyo yento i-United States ifuna ukutshintshiselana ngayo yeza kubungqina kwiCongress ekuxhaseni isivumelwano senyukliya sase-US-India ngu-Ashton Carter, owayesebenza njengonobhala oncedisayo wezokhuselo kulawulo lukaClinton, kwaye kwinqaku le-2006 "Iqhinga elitsha laseMelika. Umlingane?" kwijenali Imicimbi yabangaphandle. Waye waxoxa ukuba iWashington idinga uncedo lwaseIndiya ngokuchasene nee-nukes zaseIran, kwiingxabano ezizayo kunye nePakistan, kwaye njenge-counterweight eChina. Uphawule ukuba kukho "izibonelelo ezithe ngqo", ezibandakanya "ukuqinisa unxibelelwano lwasemkhosini ukuya emkhosini" kunye "nentsebenziswano yeIndiya kwimizamo yokunceda kwintlekele, ungenelelo loluntu, imisebenzi yokugcina uxolo, kunye neenzame zokuvuselela emva kongquzulwano," kunye "Imisebenzi engagunyaziswanga okanye iyalelwe ziZizwe eziManyeneyo, imisebenzi apho i-India ibikade yala ukuthatha inxaxheba."
Kwaye ekugqibeleni, uCarter wanika umkhabi wokwenyani, "Imikhosi yase-US inokuphinda ifune ukufikelela kwiindawo ezinobuchule ngokusebenzisa indawo yaseIndiya kwaye mhlawumbi isekele amalungelo apho. Ekugqibeleni, i-Indiya inokuthi ibonelele ngemikhosi yase-US iziseko 'ezingaphaya kwe-horizon' kwiimeko ezinokwenzeka kuMbindi Mpuma. "
UCarter waqaphela ukuba kukho ezinye izinto ezinomdla, apho abanye banokubeka phezulu kuluhlu. Uvumile ukuba "kwicala lezoqoqosho, njengoko iIndiya ikhulisa amandla ayo enyukliya kwaye iphucula umkhosi wayo, i-United States imele ukufumana unyango olukhethekileyo kumashishini aseMelika."
Inkqubo yokubeka uxinzelelo kwiIndiya ukuba inikezele sele iqalile. NgoMeyi 2007, amalungu aphambili e-US Congress abhala a ileta kwinkulumbuso yaseIndiya isilumkiso sokuba โbaxhalabe kakhuluโ bubudlelwane beIndiya neIran, nokuba ukuba iIndiya ayikhange ihoye oku ngoko โkunokubakho kokonakalisa amathuba okusekwa kobudlelwane behlabathi phakathi kweUnited States neIndiya. .โ Ngokufutshane, i-Indiya yayixelelwa ukuba ikhethe: i-Iran okanye i-United States kunye nesivumelwano senyukliya.
Nangona kunjalo, iiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo zibone ingxaki ekhulayo e-Indiya malunga nesivumelwano senyukliya kunye nokuba i-Indiya kufuneka isondele kangakanani e-United States. Amaqela amaKomanisi aseIndiya, ayinxalenye yorhulumente womdibaniso okhokelwa yiCongress Party, afune ukuba kunqunyanyiswe isivumelwano senyukliya sase-US-India ukunika ilizwe ixesha lokujonga iziphumo zalo kumgaqo-nkqubo waseIndiya wezangaphandle. Uloyiko lwabo kukuba isivumelwano siya kunika i-US impembelelo ekwenzeni izigqibo zaseIndiya. Baye bagrogrisa ngokuwisa urhulumente waseIndiya.
Imibutho eqhubela phambili yentlalontle yaseIndiya nayo isichasile isivumelwano senyukliya. Bona kha thazeka ukuba "ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, iUnited States iya kungena kwilizwekazi laseIndiya, ukulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwengingqi, phakathi kwamazwe." Bayibona โnjengechasene nedemokhrasi nje kuphela kodwa ichasene noxolo, kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla okulondolozeka kwendalo kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho oluzithembayo. Ezi nkxalabo zisisiseko malunga nedemokhrasi, uxolo, uzinzo, kunye nokuzimela, zezona zinto ziya kubeka iIndiya ngokuchasene nomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US, nokuba zingaphi na izixhobo ezithengisayo.
U-Zia Mian yi-physicist kunye neNkqubo yeSayensi kunye noKhuseleko lwehlabathi kwi-Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunye nomlobi we-Foreign Policy In Focus (kwi-intanethi www.fpif.org).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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