Ukuphikisana kunye nokudideka kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US eMzantsi Asia kwakubonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha likaNobhala kaRhulumente u-Hilary Clinton utyelelo lwakutsha nje eIndiya. Inkxaso yase-US e-Indiya, egxile ekwenzeni imali, ukuthengisa izixhobo, kunye nokuphosa iliso kwizixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe, iphikisana kakhulu nomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye neenkxalabo malunga nePakistan.
Ngokuvumela ugqatso lweengalo lwaseIndiya-Pakistan, endaweni yokugxila ekusombululeni ungquzulwano kunye nokubanceda benze uxolo, iUnited States iqhubela iPakistan isiya ekuwohlokeni kwayo isoyika.
IIndiya eNtsha yaseMelika
Ku i-op-ed in Ixesha leIndiya ngaphambi nje kokuqala kotyelelo lwakhe, uClinton wabeka umdla wase-US eIndiya. Into yokuqala kuluhlu lukaClinton "yayizizigidi ezingama-300 zamalungu odidi oluphakathi lwaseIndiya," awathi achonge "njengentengiso enkulu kunye nethuba."
Udidi oluphakathi lwaseIndiya olusahlumayo lukhulu - xa kuthelekiswa, inani elikhoyo labemi base-US lilonke limalunga nezigidi ezingama-300 - kunye nokubawa kwendlela yokuphila yaseMelika. Kodwa ukugxila eIndiya njengentengiso yempahla kunye neenkonzo zase-US, kunye nomthombo wabasebenzi abancinci kwiinkampani zase-US, kuphawula utshintsho olumangalisayo. I-United States kunye namanye amazwe asentshona ngokwesiko bayibonile iIndiya njengekhaya labantu abahlwempuzekileyo, abafanelwe yisisa kwaye bafuna uphuhliso. Kodwa hayi ngakumbi. Inqaku likaClinton alizange likhankanye ngamahlwempu aseIndiya, iBhanki yehlabathi kutshanje Qi kelelwa njengoko kuquka abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-450 abaphila ngemali engaphantsi kwe-$1.25 ngosuku.
I-Indiya ikwabonwa njengamandla amatsha asakhulayo enkulungwane yama-21, enye enokuba liqabane le-United States kwaye iyincede ilinganise kwaye iqulathe ukunyuka kweTshayina. Phantsi koLawulo lwaseBush, ngo-2004, iU.S. neIndiya sayinwe isivumelwano esibizwa ngokuba "ngamanyathelo alandelayo kwiNtsebenziswano yobuChule." Ukwenza i-Indiya iqabane elifanelekileyo lesicwangciso, igosa eliphezulu leSebe likaRhulumente kamva wachaza Usukelo lwase-US kukunceda i-Indiya ibe ligunya lehlabathi elikhulu kwinkulungwane yama-21 , kwaye yashiya ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba oku kuthetha ukuthini, isithi "siyiqonda ngokupheleleyo into ethethwayo, kuquka neempembelelo zomkhosi, zaloo ngxelo."
I-India ifuna zombini ukwenza imo yangoku kunye nokwandisa imikhosi yayo yomkhosi. Iwandise kakhulu umkhosi wayo ibhajethi, ngaphezulu kwama-34% kuphela kulo nyaka. I-Indiya ngoku inomkhosi we-10 ophezulu imali emhlabeni. Iba yimarike enkulu yokuthengisa izixhobo zaseU.S. Abenzi bezixhobo baseMelika uLockheed Martin kunye noBoeing sele bexakile nezahlulo ezixabisa iibhiliyoni zeerandi. Kodwa ibonanza yokwenyani iseza. India kuthiwa cwangciso ukuchitha imali emalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-55 zeerandi kwizixhobo kule minyaka mihlanu izayo.
Kodwa iindaba ezinkulu zotyelelo lukaClinton yaba isaziso yeIndiya-U.S. Ingxoxo yeQhinga. Oku kuya kubandakanya umgaqo osesikweni wonyaka umhlangano yamagosa aphambili, eququzelelwa ngunobhala welizwe kunye nomphathiswa wemicimbi yangaphandle yaseIndiya, kwaye kubandakanywa kwicala laseMelika oonobhala bezoLimo, uRhwebo, amandla, iMfundo, iMali, iMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu, uKhuseleko lweLizwe, kunye nabanye. Kodwa ngenxa yomahluko kumandla kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezinomdla kula mazwe mabini, oku akuyi kuba yingxoxo yokulingana. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa imidla yaseIndiya kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kuluhlu olubanzi lweendawo kunye nezo zase-United States.
Inyukliya yaseIndiya
Kwinkomfa yakhe nonondaba kunye nomphathiswa wemicimbi yangaphandle yaseIndiya, uClinton wathi, "Sixoxe ngombono wethu ofanayo wehlabathi elingenazo izixhobo zenyukliya kunye namanyathelo asebenzayo amazwe ethu anokuthi awathathe ukuqinisa injongo yokungaphumeleli." Kodwa akuzange kukhankanywe apha malunga nokwakhiwa kwenyukliya yaseIndiya, okanye iUnited States icela iIndiya ukuba ithobe isantya okanye iphelise inkqubo yayo. Enyanisweni, umntu akanakuze aqikelele kumazwi kaClinton ukuba i-Indiya yayinenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya. Wayebonakala enomdla kuphela kwithemba lokuthengisa i-US yenyukliya izixhobo zombane ukuya eIndiya exabisa i-10 lezigidi zeerandi okanye ngaphezulu.
I-Indiya lelinye lamazwe amathathu kuphela asekho kwezigqibo izixhobo zenyukliya ezitsha. Ezinye yiPakistan kunye ne-Israel (kunye neNorth Korea isoyikisa ngokuphinda iqalise imveliso). I-Indiya yakha isixhobo esivelisa amandla okukhawulezayo ekulindeleke ukuba siqalise ukusebenza ngo-2010 kwaye singaphandle kwezikhuselo ze-Arhente yaMandla eAthom yaMazwe ngaMazwe. Inokonyusa kathathu ukuya kwisihlanu amandla angoku eIndiya ukwenza iplutonium yezixhobo zenyukliya.
I-Indiya ifuna ukuba ligunya lenyukliya eliphambili. NgoJulayi 26, oko yaqaliswa inkwili yayo yokuqala enenyukliya. I-Indiya iceba ukuhambisa uninzi lwezi nqanawa zamanzi. Kunyaka ophelileyo, yenze impumelelo yayo yokuqala phantsi kwamanzi Qalisa umjukujelwa omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-700, Sagarika, elungiselelwe inkwili. I-Indiya ijoyina i-United States, iRashiya, i-United Kingdom, iFransi kunye ne-China kwiqela labo bangabanini beenqanawa zenyukliya ezinezixhobo zenyukliya. Sirayeli kukholelwa ukuba zinemijukujelwa yokuhamba ngenqanawa ngenyukliya kwiinkwili ezinedizili.
I-Indiya ikwaphuhlisa uluhlu lwemijukujelwa esekwe emhlabeni. NgoMeyi ka-2008, yavavanya umgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-3,500 Agni-III umjukujelwa, owathi emva koko umbiko ukuba uvunyiwe ukuba uthunyelwe kunye nomkhosi, kwaye usebenza kwi-missile enoluhlu olungaphezulu kwe-5,000 yeekhilomitha. NgoNovemba 2008, iIndiya nayokuvavanywa i-600 yeekhilomitha kuluhlu olujulwayo olusekelwe kwisisele, Shourya. Ngo-2009, i-Indiya yenze iimvavanyo ezininzi ze-missile yayo yokuhamba ngenqanawa, Brahmos, apho umkhosi kunye nomkhosi wamanzi ukungenisa kwinkonzo.
Ukuthula kwe-US kwizixhobo zenyukliya zaseIndiya kunye neenkqubo zemijukujelwa kubaluleke ngakumbi, kuba yayilulawulo lukaClinton olwaphakamisa isigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo 1172. Ngowe-1998, esi sigqibo sivumelana ngamxhelo-mnye seBhunga lezoKhuseleko sabiza iIndiya kunye nePakistan ukuba "bayeke ngoko nangoko. iinkqubo zophuhliso lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuyeka ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuyeka ukuphuhliswa kwemijukujelwa ekwaziyo ukuhambisa izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye naluphi na ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. " Ulawulo lukaBush aluzange luyihoye. Kubonakala ngathi ulawulo luka-Obama luza kwenza njalo.
Pakistan v. Indiya
IPakistan yaphawuleka ngokungabikho kwayo kufutshane kwi-ajenda kaClinton eIndiya. Kwavela kuphela kwimeko yesidingo sokulwa nobunqolobi. Ilityalwe inyani yokuba i-Indiya nePakistan zitsala nzima kunangaphambili kugqatso lwazo lwezixhobo zenyukliya nolwesiqhelo. Unozakuzaku wasePakistan wasabela kutyelelo lukaClinton eIndiya ngo xelela IWashington Post ukuba "Le nto ayenzayo uHillary apho mhlawumbi iya kuphinda iqale ugqatso lwezixhobo." Olu gqatso luqhubela iPakistan ekuweni, eyona nto iUnited States iyoyika.
IPakistan ithenga izixhobo zase-US ngokukhawuleza, ezinye zihlawulelwa ngoncedo lomkhosi wase-US, ngokuthengisa izixhobo.izivumelwano Ixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukusukela ngo-2001, kuquka nabalweli bejethi be-F-16. I-China, ihlakani elidala, nalo libonelela ilizwe Imikhosi yokulwa kunye nezinye izixhobo. IPakistan nayo iyayikhulisa inkqubo yayo yenyukliya. Yakha ezimbini ezintsha izixhobo zombane ukwenza iplutonium yezixhobo zenyukliya. Iyaqhubeka nokuvavanya zombini imijukujelwa ye-ballistic kunye nemijukujelwa yokuhamba ngenqanawa ukuthwala izixhobo zenyukliya.
Inkxalabo ephambili yase-US malunga nePakistan, ngaphandle kokuwa kwelizwe kunye nezixhobo zayo zenyukliya eziwela ezandleni zamaSilamsi, yimfazwe echasene ne-al-Qaeda kunye neTaliban e-Afghanistan nakwimimandla yasePakistan. Ibixelele iPakistan ukuba igxile kwimikhosi yayo yasemkhosini kunye neenkxalabo zobuchule kweli dabi, elifuna ukususa amajoni amaninzi kude nomda neIndiya. Iinjengele eziyalela umkhosi wasePakistan zazinyanzelekile ukuba zikuchase ukuthunyelwa kwakhona. Banexhala malunga nobudlelwane obutsha beqhinga lase-US-India, kwaye inokuthetha ntoni kubo xa imfazwe ye-Taliban iphelile kwaye i-United States ayisayifuni iPakistan.
Umkhosi wasePakistan, olawula ilizwe kwanaxa abemi basezikhundleni, awuzukutshintsha ngokulula imbono yawo ngeIndiya. Umkhosi kunye nabo bawukhokelayo babona isoyikiso esivela eIndiya njengesizathu sabo sokuba. Umkhosi ukhule ngobukhulu, impembelelo, namandla, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba unciphise onke amanye amaziko eluntwini kwaye unokuphulukana nokuninzi ukuba bekukho uxolo neIndiya. Kodwa kukho umlinganiselo wobuqu. Ukwahlulwa kwelizwekazi kwiminyaka engama-62 eyadlulayo okwadala iPakistan kukwinkumbulo ephilayo yabaninzi abenza izigqibo ePakistan. UNjengele Pervez Musharraf, owayeyintloko yabasebenzi basemkhosini ngaphambi kokuba athathe ulawulo ngo-1999 kwaye walawula iminyaka elithoba. wazalwa eIndiya ngaphambi kokwahlulwa. UNjengele Musharraf, kunye nomphathi-mkhosi okhoyo ngoku, uNjengele Kayani, kunye nabanye kulawulo oluphezulu lwasePakistan,walwa njengamagosa aselula kwimfazwe ka-1971 nxamnye neIndiya. Imfazwe yaphela iPakistan ngokwayo yahlulwa, njengoko i-East Pakistan yaba lilizwe elizimeleyo lase-Bangladesh, ngoncedo lwe-Indiya, kunye namajoni angama-90,000 asePakistan athinjwa yi-Indiya njengamabanjwa emfazwe.
Njengoko uGraham Usher amanqaku kushicilelo olutsha lwe Ingxelo yoMbindi Mpuma, Ngaphambi kokuba ngumongameli, uBarack Obama wayebonakala eqonda ukuba ukusombulula ingxabano phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukujongana neengxaki zase-Afghanistan kunye neTaliban. Ngo-2007, u-Obama wathi: "Ndiza kukhuthaza ingxoxo phakathi kwePakistan ne-Indiya ukuba basebenze ekusombululeni ingxabano yabo nge-Kashmir naphakathi kwe-Afghanistan ne-Pakistani ukusombulula iiyantlukwano zabo zembali kunye nokuphuhlisa umda we-Pashtun. Ukuba iPakistan inokujonga ngasempuma ngokuzithemba okukhulu, kuya kuba nzima ukukholelwa ukuba umdla wayo uhambele phambili ngentsebenziswano neTaliban. " Kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokuba le mbono ingekawazi umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US.
Inyani yasePakistan
Kwingxakeko yabo yokwenza imali kunye nokugcina amandla aseMelika emhlabeni ngokwenza umfelandawonye neIndiya, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo base-US babonakala bewasusile amehlo abo kwinyani ebajongileyo ebusweni ePakistan. NgoMatshi ka-2009, uMlawuli woBuntlola beSizwe isishwankathelo nyusa imeko ePakistan:
Urhulumente uphulukana negunya kwiindawo ezithile zePhondo laseMntla-Ntshona kwaye unolawulo oluncinci lwemimandla yezizwe ezizilawulayo: nakwimimandla ephuhlileyo yelizwe, ubunzima bezoqoqosho obunyukayo kunye nodano ngenxa yolawulo olulambathayo kubangele uhlengahlengiso olukhulu. โฆUbunzima bezoqoqosho buqatsele, kwaye ilizwe ngoku lijongene nomcelimngeni omkhulu wentlawulo. I-Islamabad kufuneka yenze uhlaziyo olubuhlungu ukuze kuphuculwe uzinzo lwe-macroeconomic ngokubanzi. Imeko yasePakistan yomthetho kunye nocwangco imbi, ichaphazela nabantu ababalaseleyo basePakistan, kwaye ubundlobongela phakathi kwamahlelo, ubuzwe kunye namaqela ezopolitiko asoyikisa ngokunyuka. Abemi basePakistan banda ngokukhawuleza ngesantya esimalunga nesi-2 ekhulwini ngonyaka, yaye phantse isiqingatha sabemi belizwe abazizigidi ezili-172 abafundanga, abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala, kwaye bahlala kufutshane okanye ngaphantsi komda wobuhlwempu.
Izinto ziye zaba mandundu ukususela ngoko. I-Taliban ngoku ifuna ukubaleka uhlaselo lwe-drone yase-US kunye nohlaselo olukhulu lomkhosi wasePakistan kwiiNdawo zezizwe ngokuthatha. yokufihla ezidolophini. Sele zikhona iindawo ekungahanjwa kuzo eKarachi, isixeko esikhulu sasePakistan, apho iTaliban ilawula izitrato. Okwangoku umbaneizibambano ziye zaqhushumba kwizixeko zelizwe lonke, amahlokondiba ehlasela izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, evala oohola beendlela, yaye wonakalisa oololiwe neebhasi. Suku ngalunye lubonakala luzisa iindaba zokusilela kukarhulumente ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo zentlalo ezisisiseko.
Ulawulo luka-Obama lukholelwa ukuba ukunyuka koncedo lwase-US ukuya ePakistan kunokunceda ukusombulula ingxaki. Umthetho oyilwayo waseKerry-Lugar (uBudlelwane obuPhuculweyo kunye noMthetho wasePakistan) kuvunywe yiNdlu yeeNgwevu ngoJuni ingaphinda kathathu uncedo lwezoqoqosho ukuya ePakistan ukuya kwi-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka iminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa njengeNkonzo yoPhando lweCongressional phawula kwingxelo yayo yakutshanje ePakistan, iUnited States inike iPakistan malunga ne-16.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi "ngoncedo oluthe ngqo, olungaphaya kwe-US" ukuya kuthi ga ngo-2007. Okuninzi okufanayo kunika ithemba elincinci lokutshintsha.
Uhlenga-hlengiso olusisiseko lwezinto eziphambili zase-U.S. kuMazantsi e-Asiya sekulithuba elide ladlulayo. Umgaqo-siseko wokuqala womgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kummandla kufuneka ube kukungenzi umonakalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka iyeke ukondla umlilo phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan. Kuphela kukuphela kogqatso lwezixhobo zaseMazantsi e-Asiya ezinokuqalisa ukulungisa izakhiwo zoloyiko, ubutshaba, kunye nobundlobongela obuthe bagcina ungquzulwano kwilizwekazi ixesha elide. Iphulo loxolo lisenokuba nethuba ubuncinane lokuphumelela.
UZia Mian yingcali yefiziksi kunye neNkqubo yeSayensi kunye noKhuseleko lweHlabathi kwiSikolo saseWoodrow Wilson seMicimbi yoLuntu kunye neHlabathi kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunye nombhali wemihlathi. Umgaqo-nkqubo weNgaphandle.
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