Ababukeli be-proliferation baye bagcina umkhondo wemisebenzi ka-AQ Khan malunga neminyaka engama-30. Ngo-1979, iWashington Post yamthiya njengononjineli wasePakistan owashiya isikhundla sakhe kwiziko lokutyebisa iuranium e-Almelo, eNetherlands, kwiminyaka emine ngaphambili โnoluhlu lweekontraka ezingaphantsi kunye mhlawumbi neplani yesi sityalo.โ UKhan emva koko wabuyela ePakistan, apho kungekudala waba ngumlawuli weprojekthi yelizwe eyimfihlo yokutyebisa i-uranium eKahuta, kufuphi ne-Islamabad, kunye nomdlali ophambili kwinkqubo yayo yezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ukuphepha inkqubo ekhoyo yolawulo ekuthengisweni kobuchwephesha obunxulumene nezixhobo zenyukliya, iPakistan yaseka iinzame ezintsonkothileyo zamazwe ngamazwe zokuthenga amacandelo omatshini wokutyebisa kwiinkampani zaseYurophu nase-US-into uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaluyazi nasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970. Ngowe-1978, inkqubo yenyukliya yasePakistan yayibangele ukuxhalaba kumazwe ngamazwe. IWashington ayiphumelelanga ukukholisa iPakistan ukuba kufuneka ibeke indawo yeKahuta phantsi kokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ngo-Aprili 1979, njengoko kufunwa ngumthetho wase-US, iUnited States yanqamula uncedo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi ePakistan. Kamva uKhan wathi ngo-1982 iKahuta yayivelisa i-uranium yesixhobo. Emva kokuba ephumelele ePakistan, uKhan kunye nothungelwano lwakhe lwababoneleli baye baqhubela phambili nokuthengisa ulwazi loyilo lwe-centrifuge, i-centrifuges, izityalo ezityebisayo, kunye noyilo lwezixhobo zenyukliya ukuya e-Iran, eLibya naseNyakatho Korea.
IiMarike zeNyukliya eziMnyama: IPakistan, i-AQ Khan kunye nokuPhakamisa kweNethiwekhi yokuNyusa, ehlelwe nguMark Fitzpatrick, umfo ophezulu kwiZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe eliseLondon leSifundo seSicwangciso esiliQiniso kunye nangaphambili kunye neSebe leSizwe lase-US, apho wayesebenza njengosekela-nobhala oncedisayo we-nonproliferation. kwaye kwidesika yoMzantsi Asia, lulongezelelo olubalulekileyo kuncwadi lwenkqubo yenyukliya yasePakistan kunye neentshukumo zokwanda kwenyukliya.
Ingxelo inikezela ngophononongo olucokisekileyo, olubhekiselele kakuhle lwenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yasePakistan, egxile kwindlela eyaseka kwaye yalawula ngayo inkqubo yozakuzo, iinkampani zangaphambili, abasebenzisi bokugqibela bobuxoki, amazwe anobuhlobo, kunye nabasePakistan abahlala phesheya-bahlawula nantoni na ethathiweyo. ukwenza isivumelwano-ukungenisa imathiriyeli kunye nobuchwepheshe. Iqukumbela ngelithi, โUbuthathaka bolawulo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nentlekele yababoneleli baseNtshona ngabona thunywashe banamandla ababexhasa uthungelwano,โ yaye ithi, โAbemizi-mveliso abaninzi baqiqa ngelithi, โUkuba asikwenzi oko, abanye baya kwenza oko.โโ Lo mgudu wawubalulekile. : Umphandi waseDatshi uFrank Slijper uye wabika amabango nguHenk Slebos, umthengisi oyintloko weKhan kunye nomhlobo wobomi bonke, ukuba usebenze kunye "mhlawumbi nakwi-1,000" iinkampani zaseYurophu. (Bona Iprojekthi yeButter Factory: iHenk Slebos kunye ne-AQ Khan Network, TNI/Campagne tegen Wapenhandel, Septemba 2007)
Iintengiso zeNyukliya eziMnyama zikwajonga ukwanda kwePakistan kobuchwepheshe be-centrifuge kwamanye amazwe. Kumbuzo wokuba ngubani onoxanduva lwemisebenzi yothungelwano, iphawula, โUKhan akanakuchazwa ngokungqongqo njengommeli karhulumente okanye usomashishini osebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Enyanisweni wayebobabini, ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokweemeko.โ Iphosa impazamo kurhulumente wasePakistan, abathi "bekufanele ukuba uyazi ukuba ngawaphi amagosa aphambili, anjengoKhan, ebekuwo kwindawo ebaluleke kangaka kukhuseleko lwelizwe lasePakistan kunye nodumo lwamazwe aphesheya." Kungenzeka ukuba iinkokeli zasePakistan zikhethe ukungabuzi, zibavumela ukuba bakhanyele naluphi na ulwazi ukuba bajongane neWashington ngobungqina bomsebenzi wenyukliya ongekho mthethweni okanye ongekho mthethweni.
Ngeenkcukacha ezithile, ingxelo ichaza iinzame zasePakistan zakutsha nje zokuphinda zifumaneke kwinethiwekhi yeKhan evezwayo. Ngoncedo oluvela eWashington, iCandelo leZicwangciso zeQhinga lasePakistan, abaphathi bezakhiwo zenyukliya zasePakistan, bathi bazise abantu, izixhobo, kunye nezixhobo phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo. Kodwa amabango okhuseleko oluphuculweyo awazange ayithobe inkxalabo. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano eWashington malunga nokhuseleko lwezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nemathiriyeli ePakistan iphinde yavela emva kokumiselwa kuka-Gen. Pervez Musharraf kutsha nje umthetho wemfazwe kunye noqhanqalazo olwalandelayo loluntu. Ukuqinisekiswa ziinjengele zasePakistan kunye nabaphathi benyukliya kunye nezibongozo zokuthi "sithembe" azinakuthatha indawo yenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa okubandakanya ukongamela inkqubo yenyukliya, inkundla ezimeleyo, amaqela ajongayo, amatsha ntliziyo azimiseleyo achasene nenyukliya, abahlalutyi, kunye nabagxeki. free press. Kuthathe konke oku nangaphezulu ukuveza iingxaki eziqhubekayo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe ngezixhobo zenyukliya.
IPakistan kunye neKhan ziyinxalenye yengxaki kuphela. IiMarike zeNyukliya eziMnyama ziphawula ukuba umceli mngeni omkhulu wokwanda kukuba "ulawulo olungqongqo kugqithiso lwetekhnoloji ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo kukhokelele ekuveleni kwecandelo labucala njengomthombo owongezelelekileyo wobuchwephesha benyukliya kunye nobuchule bamazwe asakhulayo." Icacisa indlela ezi "ntengiso zimnyama nezingwevu" kubuchwephesha benyukliya kunye nolwazi ziye zafunyanwa yi-Iraq, i-Iran, i-Indiya, iNorth Korea, kunye neLibya, kunye nenqanaba elingaphantsi yiArgentina, iBrazil, iJiphutha, uMzantsi Afrika, uSirayeli kunye neSyria. .
Undoqo ucacile: โUlawulo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe lulodwa alunakuluphelisa urhwebo olungekho mthethweni lwezixhobo zenyukliya nobugcisa. Apho kukho imfuno emiselweyo kwaye nexabiso liphezulu ngokwaneleyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ukubonelela. " Yaye amaziko karhulumente โadla ngokungafumani nkxaso-mali, aphathwa kakubi yaye akakhuthazwaโ yaye akanathemba lakuwuphelisa lo msinga. Ubungxowankulu buya kongamela urhulumente.
Kwisahluko sayo sokuqukumbela, iiMarike zeNyukliya eziMnyama zibeka iinketho zomgaqo-nkqubo โzokuthintela iimarike ezimnyama zenyukliya.โ Ibonelela ngexabiso eliqhelekileyo lase-US lokungaphumeleli-umzekelo, ukubongoza amazwe ukuba aphumeze iSigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN 1540, esifuna ukuba amazwe athintele abathathi-nxaxheba abangengabo urhulumente ukuba bafikelele kwizixhobo ezitshabalalisayo. Kodwa iyavuma ukuba isisombululo "sinengxaki yokuthembeka kumazwe ehlabathi lesithathu akholelwa ukuba izibophelelo bekufanele zisekwe ngothethathethwano lwezivumelwano" kwaye zinganyanzeliswa liBhunga lezoKhuseleko ngokomyalelo weWashington.
Ingxelo icebisa amanye amanyathelo ngokunjalo: ukufundisa nokunceda ishishini lilawule uxanduva lwalo lokungaphumeleli; ukohlwaya ngokuqatha ukurhweba ngezixhobo zenyukliya; ukuphelisa ukuveliswa (kunye nokuthintela ukufikelela) kwizixhobo ezisebenzisekayo zokuqhekeka; ukuphucula ukwabelana ngolwazi; kunye nokuthinjwa kwemathiriyeli ehamba ngeenzame ezifana ne-US-Lead Proliferation Security Initiative. Kodwa kunzima ukubona ukuba izindululo โezifanayoโ ziyisombulula njani na imiba ephambili ephakanyiswa yingxelo malunga nokungavisisani phakathi kwamandla entengiso kunye noorhulumente, ushishino lwamazwe asaphuhlayo, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusasazwa kwetekhnoloji, indalo. yolawulo, kunye neemfuno zezopolitiko zasekhaya.
Ngoloyiso lwethemba phezu kwamava, ezi zindululo zikwacinga ukuba amazwe aya kubamba ukungaqhawuki njengomba ophambili. Imbali yeenzame zase-US zokunciphisa inkqubo yenyukliya yasePakistan, iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezilahlekileyo ngokumangalisayo kwiiMarike eziMnyama zeNyukliya, ifundisa ngenye indlela. Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, iWashington yamisela izohlwayo ePakistan ngoAprili 1979. Kwiinyanga ezisithoba kamva, iUnited States yanikela ngokurhoxisa izohlwayo ize inike amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kuncedo lwezoqoqosho nomkhosi ePakistan. Oku bekuza kukhula kube ziipasile ezimbini zoncedo zeedola ezininzi kwaye ibiyinxalenye yomzamo omkhulu wase-US owawuza kubandakanya iSaudi Arabia, amanye amazwe ase-Arab atyebile ngeoli, eNtshona Yurophu, nase China.
Kwakutheni ukuze ukungabikho kwande ngequbuliso kuphulukane nexabiso lako? IWashington yagqiba kwelokuba iKhan kunye nePakistani Bomb zazingabalulekanga kangako kunokujongana neSoviet Union eAfghanistan. Yayibalulekile nangakumbi into yokuba iPakistan yayilawulwa nguzwilakhe wasemkhosini onenjongo yokudala ilizwe lamaSilamsi. Esi sahlala sisigwebo iminyaka eyi-10. Ngelo xesha, umonakalo wawenziwe: IPakistan yayineBhomu, kwaye isizukulwana sasifundiswe kubuSilamsi obugqwesileyo kunye nejihad. Kwaba kuphela xa iiSoviet zayishiya i-Afghanistan apho iWashington yaphinda yafumanisa inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yasePakistan kwaye yaphinda yawisa izohlwayo. Ezi kunye nezinye izohlwayo ePakistan zaye zasuswa njengenxalenye yomzamo wokufumana inkxaso yePakistan kuhlaselo lwase-US e-Afghanistan ngo-2001. Iibhiliyoni zeedola zoncedo lomkhosi kunye noqoqosho kwakhona zaya ePakistan.
Ingqiqo efanayo kudala yazisa umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ngaku-Israyeli, kwaye ngoku idlulela eIndiya. Kangangeminyaka engama-30, umthetho wase-US kunye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe iye yaluvala urhwebo lwenyukliya ne-Indiya (kunye nezinye ezingaphandle kweSivumelwano sokuNgenisa iNyukliya yeNyukliya), kuba i-Indiya yasebenzisa imathiriyeli kunye nobuchwepheshe obubonelelwe ngeenjongo zoxolo ukwenza izixhobo zenyukliya. Kodwa iWashington ngoku ifuna ukwakha ubudlelwane obutsha bobuchule neIndiya-ukulwa neTshayina kunye nokuphucula ukufikelela kwe-US kwiimarike zaseIndiya. I-India igxininise kwilungelo lokuthengisa ngenyukliya njengexabiso lentsebenziswano, kwaye iWashington ibophelelekile.
Kuzimiselo lokwenza isivumelwano neIndiya, akukho kujonga macala onke, phambili, okanye ngasemva. IWashington ifuna ukuba isivumelwano siqhubele phambili nangona iya kwenza ukuba i-Indiya inyuse kakhulu imveliso yayo yezixhobo ze-fissile. Sele iqhube iPakistan ukuba icele isivumelwano esifanayo (ekubeni yaliwe) kwaye iqalise ukwandisa izixhobo zayo zenyukliya. (Ukufumana okungakumbi ngesivumelwano senyukliya sase-US-India bona โiZixhobo zokuFissile kuMzantsi Asia: Iimpembelelo zeSivumelwano seNyukliya sase-US-Indiaโ [PDF].)
Kwaye akukhankanywa ngoku eWashington kwiSigqibo se-1172 seBhunga loKhuseleko, esadlula ngamxhelo-mnye ngoJuni 1998 kamsinya nje emva kokuba i-Indiya nePakistan zivavanye izixhobo zenyukliya. Ihlaba ikhwelo kwiIndiya nePakistan ukuba โziyeke ngoko nangoko iinkqubo zazo zophuhliso lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ziyeke ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, ziyeke ukuphuhliswa kwemijukujelwa ekwaziyo ukuhambisa izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into enokwenziwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.โ Isigqibo sikwakhuthaza onke amazwe ukuba athintele ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo, izixhobo, okanye itekhnoloji enokuthi nangayiphi na indlela incede iinkqubo eIndiya okanye ePakistan ngezixhobo zenyukliya.
IiMarike zeNyukliya eziMnyama ziyasilela ekuboneni ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wezixhobo zenyukliya wase-US ungumqhubi wokwanda. Umzekelo, qwalasela inyani yokuba iWashington igcina umgaqo-nkqubo obhengeziweyo wokulungiselela ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kuqala kungquzulwano kwaye iphinde yacacisa ukuba iyakusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya nakumazwe angenazo. Ngo-1981, uDaniel Ellsberg, owayesebenza kucwangciso lwemfazwe yenyukliya yase-US ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, wathi, โWonke umongameli ukusuka ku [Harry S.] Truman ukuya ku [Ronald] Reagan, ngaphandle ko [Gerald] Ford, uye waziva enyanzelekile ukuba sithathele ingqalelo okanye siqondise ngamalungiselelo anzulu okuqaliswa kwemfazwe yenyukliya enobuchule okanye enobuchule e-US, phakathi kongquzulwano oluqhubekayo, olungeyonyukliya okanye ingxaki. โ Oomongameli base-US ukususela ngoko abazange bahluke. Kwi-Empire kunye neBhobho, uJoseph Gerson ubhala zombini imbali yangaphambili yezoyikiso zenyukliya zase-US kunye nendlela uMongameli uGeorge HW Bush asongela ngayo i-Iraq ngezixhobo zenyukliya ngexesha leMfazwe yokuqala ye-Gulf, uMongameli uBill Clinton wasongela iNorth Korea, kunye noMongameli uGeorge W. kutshanje Iran. Nabagqatswa bomongameli ngoku bathetha ngokugcina โzonke iinketho zisetafileni,โ ngokungathi ukukulungela ukwenza izoyikiso zenyukliya kububungqina bokuba ukufanele isikhundla. Kunzima ukucinga inkuthazo enkulu kumazwe angakhuselekanga ukuba afune izixhobo zenyukliya.
Ngoku, okulusizi kukuba, inani elandayo libona izixhobo zenyukliya njengekuphela komqobo onokuthi urhulumente kumazwe asakhasayo enze kube buthuntu amandla omkhosi waseUnited States. Ingqiqo icacile eWashington. Njengoko igosa lolawulo likaBush likubeka oku: โKulingana ngokwenene ukuba ulilizwe elincinane elingenathemba lokumatanisa ne-US ngomkhosi.โ
Inkolelo yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya kwinqanaba lebala lokudlala lamazwe ngamazwe kwabelwana ngalo ngokucacileyo nguKhan kwaye ubuncinci nabanye kuthungelwano. UPeter Griffin, olilungu lothungelwano lweKhan ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-25, waphendula amagosa aseBritani ahlola izinto ezingenayo impahla awayembuza enoba wayesazi kusini na ukuba wayenceda inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yasePakistan ngolu hlobo: โKe, kuthekani? Ndikholelwa ukuba ukuba wonke umntu unentonga enkulu oko kukhuseleka ngakumbi kwihlabathi kunabantu abambalwa abaneentonga ezinkulu. " Ngokufanayo, uSlijper unikela ingxelo yokuba uSlebos wayekholelwa ukuba ishishini lakhe limenza isityebi kwaye liphumeze injongo ephakamileyo, esithi, โNdiyazingca kuba ndiye ndanqanda iimfazwe ezininzi . . . Andinabhongo ngebhombu yeathom ngolo hlobo, kodwa maxa wambi kunokuba yimfuneko ukuba ikho.โ
Kukho imfuneko yokuchasana nokusasazwa kwenkqubo yemilinganiselo yentlalo efuna ukhuseleko kunye nengeniso kwizixhobo zenyukliya, nokuba luthungelwano lweKhan okanye amaqumrhu alawula kwaye asebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US. Indawo entle enokuqalisa inokuba yeyabo bonke oorhulumente, ngakumbi abo banezixhobo zenyukliya, ukuba baqinisekise kwakhona isigqibo seNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoNovemba 1961 esathi, โNaliphi na ilizwe elisebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya nezixhobo zenyukliya liya kugqalwa njengokwaphula uMqulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo; njengokwenza ngokuchasene nemithetho yoluntu nanjengokwaphula umthetho eluntwini nakwimpucuko.โ Esi sigqibo sifuna ukuba amazwe acinge ngokubiza โingqungquthela ekhethekileyo yokutyobela isivumelwano sokuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya nezenyukliya.โ Lihambile ixesha, kwaye ixesha lisenokungabi ngakuthi.
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