Abstract
Umbhali uhlalutya inqanaba langoku kwimbali, ephawulwe ngokungabikho kolawulo lwehlabathi. Lincinane ithemba lokuphumeza oku kwixesha elifutshane njengoko sikwixesha lenguqu. Lo mbhalo, ulungiselela ukucombulula umbhodamo okhoyo ehlabathini, uchaza izikhewu ezisibhozo ezifanele zivalwe. Kule ndlela yokuya kulawulo lwehlabathi, ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe buvele njengento entsha nebalulekileyo.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ulawulo lwehlabathi luya kufezekiswa kwixesha elifutshane. Ekuphela kwesicwangciso sexesha elide esisebenzayo kukukhuthaza ingxoxo yokuseka iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezifanayo ekwabelwana ngazo luninzi lwabantu. Ekugqibeleni, umbhali uphakamisa ukuba ukuba siza kufezekisa ulawulo lwehlabathi lokwenene noluhlala luhleli, ingxoxo kuya kufuneka ibuyele kwimilinganiselo ephambili ekusekelwe kuyo ukuhlalisana kwethu.
Njengoko ungquzulwano lusanda kwihlabathi jikelele kuya kucaca ngakumbi ukuba sihamba kwixesha kwimbali eliphawulwa kukungabikho kolawulo lwehlabathi.
Iminxeba, iintlanganiso, kunye nee-akhronimi ziyaphindaphindeka ngenxa yeenzame ezininzi zokufezekisa ulungelelwaniso olutsha. Ukusuka kwi-G7 ukuya kwi-G8 kunye ne-G20, i-BRICS, i-G2 kunye ne-Chindia (i-China kunye ne-Indiya) singasathethi ke ngeebhloko ezininzi zengingqi zaseAsia, zaseAfrika, zaseLatin America.
Kwangaxeshanye, iUnited Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) iye yanikela ingxelo yokuba ngo-2013 inani leembacu liye lafikelela kwinani legazi labantu abazizigidi eziyi-51. Sisondele kwintlungu yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini xa inani leembacu lalibalelwa kwi-55 yezigidi.
Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona singekho kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yesithathu echazwe ngokusemthethweni, ungquzulwano ehlabathini lonke lufikelela kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe ukususela ngowe-1944.
Kakade ke, kuninzi olu luninzi luziindaba nje zemihla ngemihla, iziganeko zasekuhlaleni ezingasokuze zibe zezona zibalulekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe, nangona inkcitho yezixhobo kuyo yonke indawo yaye ngaphezu kwako konke eRashiya, eTshayina naseJapan kufuneka ingahoywa. UNobhala-Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo, u-Ban Ki Moon, waphula ukuthula kwakhe, ezelwe ngenxa yokulumka kunye neebhalansi ezibuthathaka ezikhoyo, ukubonisa ukuzisola kwakhe malunga ne-17,000 yezixhobo zenyukliya kwaye akukho namnye kubo oye wachithwa.
"IMfazwe Yomlomo yalikhenkceza ihlabathi ngobuqhetseba ..."
Naluphi na ucazululo olucokisekileyo lwendawo kwimbali esizifumana sikuyo ngoku alwenzi ukukhanya okulungileyo kulawulo lwehlabathi kwixesha elizayo elingekude. Inyaniso kukuba sikwinqanaba lotshintsho. Nangona kunjalo kunzima ukuxela apho siya khona. UGramsci, ingcaphephe yaseTaliyane, wathi โkwiincwadi ezisuka entolongweniโ ukuba xa ubani edlula kwixesha lenguquko kuya kubakho izilo ezikhulu ngaphambi kokuba afike kumhlaba owomileyo.
Ingxaki yokuqala esisiseko ethanda ukungahoywa yile, njengoko watshoyo uZbigniew Brzezinski njengoMcebisi wezoKhuseleko kuJimmy Carter, ukuba iMfazwe yoMlomo yalikhenkcisa ihlabathi ngobuqhetseba kwaye ungquzulwano olusisiseko luya kuphinda luqale ngamandla awongezelelekileyo. Le ngxelo ijongwe njengengenamkhethe kwihlabathi elijonge phambili ekuqinisweni koxolo, ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yokuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo.
Ngowe-1992 incwadi kaFrancis Fukuyama ethi โIsiphelo Sembaliโ yanconywa ngokubanzi. Yathi ukunyamalala kweSoviet Union nobuKomanisi kwavakalisa ihlabathi ngonaphakade elingenazingxabano, elilawulwa ngumbono okhuthazayo wezobupolitika nowezoqoqosho, lowo wobukapitali.
Kwi-1993, uRiccardo Roggero, uMlawuli Jikelele we-World Trade Organization wathi kwinkomfa ye-IPALMO eMilan ukuba ihlabathi ngoku lihlulwe kwiibhloko ezintathu zezoqoqosho: iYurophu, okungamandla afuna ukuvulela abanye, eUnited States, sele isendleleni yokumanya ilizwekazi nge-NAFTA, e-Asia ethi nge-ASEAN ivule indlela yokudibanisa ingingqi.
I-Afrika ishiywe ngaphandle okwangoku, kodwa ayibalulekanga njengoko imele kuphela i-4% yorhwebo lwehlabathi.
Le marike yehlabathi iya kuba nemali enye. Akusayi kuphinda kubekho iimfazwe. Kwaye iinzuzo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ziya kunetha kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuya kumntu wokugqibela kwaye ubutyebi obunjalo buya kudalwa ukuba iingcamango zakudala zophuhliso zazingenakuphupha.
Imfazwe engapheliyo
Ukuphakama emva koloyiso lwaseNtshona lweMfazwe yoMlomo, i-Consensus yaseWashington kunye nazo zonke iinkohliso ziye zaguquka. NgoNovemba iya kuba sisikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-25 yokudilizwa koDonga lwaseBerlin. Ngokucacileyo igama elithi umanyano lwehlabathi livela emva kokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin.
Akukho mntu, kuquka uRoggiero, onokunikela intetho enjalo namhlanje. Wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba iingxaki azikho nje ezininzi kwaye zinzima, kodwa kukho ukuqonda okukhulayo ukuba ezininzi zazo aziyi kusonjululwa ngaphandle kokungenelela kwangaphandle kwaye ziya kusonjululwa kuphela xa kwawona mandla ongquzulwano afumana isisombululo ngokwawo.
Ingcinga yokuba awona mandla ongameleyo onke amandla anamandla aya kungenelela kwiindawo zongquzulwano kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ukunyanzelisa idemokhrasi noxolo ifunyenwe iphoxeke kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi. Inyaniso yeyokuba kufuneka siqinise ixesha elide lokungazinzi kwehlabathi, elingenakulungiswa nje ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo.
Ke ngoko, ukuze uqonde ukuphazamiseka kwehlabathi, isishwankathelo esikhawulezileyo seempazamo ezivela kudala sinokuba luncedo. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo ingongoma nganye ibiya kufuna ukuba ixutyushwe ngokubanzi njengoko igubungela iikona ezininzi neengxaki. Ngoko ke oku akufuneki kuthathwe njengoluhlu olucacileyo okanye olupheleleyo, kodwa sisixhobo somsebenzi sophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwesi sicatshulwa.
1) Ihlabathi njengoko silazi namhlanje liye labunjwa kakhulu ngaMagunya obuKoloniyali, awahlula umhlaba phakathi kwawo, ekrola amazwe ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kweenyani zobuhlanga, iinkolo kunye neenkcubeko. Oku kwakuyinyaniso ngokukodwa eAfrika nakwihlabathi lama-Arabhu apho ingcamango yoRhulumente yathabathelโ indawo izizwe nezizwe.
Ukukhankanya nje imizekelo embalwa akukho nalinye ilizwe langoku lama-Arabhu elalikho ngaphambili. ISiriya, iLebhanon, iIraq, kunye neGulf States (kuquka iSaudi Arabia) zonke zaziyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseOttoman. Xa yathi shwaka emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ikunye noBukhosi baseRashiya, i-Austria-Hungary kunye noBukhosi baseJamani, iBritane namaFrentshi aboyisileyo bahlala etafileni baza bazoba imida phakathi kwamazwe awayeza kulawulwa ngawo, njengoko ayenzile ngaphambili ngeAfrika.
Ngoko ke la mazwe kufuneka angaze abonakale elingana namazwe anesazisi esiqinileyo sesizwe. ISiriya, i-Iraq, iLebhanon, iQatar, i-United Arab Emirates, iSaudi-Arabia, njl. UMonsieur uFranรงois Georges-Picot kunye noMhlekazi uMark Sykes, owathi ngo-1916 nangemvume yaseRashiya, baqhubela phambili baqingqa uBukhosi base-Ottoman baba ziindawo ezimbini zempembelelo ekudaleni amazwe, bethwesa izithsaba iiKumkani kwaye bathiya iiSheiks.
2) Ekupheleni kwexesha lobuKoloni, ukuze kugcinwe la mazwe angengowamvelo ephila kuye kwafuneka ukuba kungeniswe indoda eyomeleleyo yokuvala ivacuum eshiywe ngaMagunya aMathanga. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa kakhulu, imithetho yeDemokhrasi yasetyenziswa kuphela ukufumana amandla. I-Afrika kusafuneka ivele kweli nqanaba. I-Arab Spring yavelisa oozwilakhe kunye nababambeleyo ukuba bathatyathelwe indawo yinto enye ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi ngamaqela alwayo (njengaseLibya) okanye ngoozwilakhe omtsha, njengaseYiphutha.
Kukho izinto ezintle ezinokufundwa eYugoslavia. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini uMarshal Tito wadiliza uBukumkani baseYugoslavia obabubunjwe zizizwe ezintandathu; ICroatia, iSlovenia, iBosnia-Herzegovina, iMacedonia, iMontenegro neSerbia, ezazilawulwa yiNdlu yoBukhosi baseSerbia ukususela ngo-1929.
Ngaphantsi kwefomula ye-Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia kunye nesandla sentsimbi i-Croatian Slovenian Josip Broz-Tito yaphumelela ekuqulunqeni umanyano phakathi kweRiphabhlikhi kunye namalungelo alinganayo nawo awandisiweyo kwiNgingqi yaseMagyar ezimeleyo, eVojvodina, iSkipetar (Albanian) kunye neNgingqi yaseKosovo-Metohija. Oku kwaphawula isiphelo sobubele kwiCrown yaseSerbia. Nangona iYugoslavia ayizange isinde ekufeni kwenkokeli yayo.
Isifundo sesokuba ngaphandle kokudalwa kwenkqubo yothatho-nxaxheba lokwenene edibanisa ubumi, kunye noluntu oluqinileyo, izazisi zengingqi zihlala zidlala indima emiselayo. Ngoko akuyi kuba naliphi na ixesha kungekudala ukuba amazwe amaninzi amatsha abe nako ukuqwalaselwa ngokwenene kwindlela eya kwidemokhrasi yokwenene.
3) Ukususela kwiMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi kunye nenkqubo yokudilizwa kwelizwe lobukoloniyali, ukugxunyekwa kwamaGunya obuKoloniyali kunye naMagunya aMkhulu kwinkqubo yokumanyanisa amazwe amatsha ngumzekelo omhle wenkohliso yaseNtshona yokukwazi ukumisela iDemokhrasi kunye nenkqubela phambili ngamandla.
Kwimeko ye-Iraq, emva kohlaselo luka-2003, xa i-USA yathatha ulawulo lwelizwe, yathiya uGeneral Jay Garner njenge-regent yase-Iraq. UGarner wenza umsebenzi wakhe kangangenyanga njengoko wayegqalwa evuleleke kakhulu kwiimbono zabahlali. Ngesi sizathu wathatyathelw' indawo ngunozakuzaku, uPaul Bremer, owangena esikhundleni emva kweeyure ezimbini nowayenguNobhala welizwe ngelo xesha uCondoleezza Rice.
UBremer wayalela ukuba uchithwe ngoko nangoko umkhosi (ngaloo ndlela wadala abantu abangama-250,000 abangaphangeliyo) waza wagxotha bonke abasebenzi bakarhulumente beqela le-Saddam's Ba'ath Party, elathi ladodobalisa ilizwe kwaye imeko ekhoyo ngoku sisiphithiphithi sisiphumo esithe ngqo sesi sigqibo. Uninzi lwezi zinto ngoku zenza inxalenye yoMkhosi wamaSunni osisiseko.
I-Iraqi Premiรจre, uNauri al-Maliki, owathi iWashington ikwazile ukutshintsha icinga ukuba yimbangela yokwahlukana phakathi kwamaShiites kunye namaSunni, yafumana amandla ngokuba ngumviwa okhethiweyo wase-United States. Ngoku iWashington igqibe ekubeni ithathe indawo yakhe.
I-Premiรจre Haider al-Abadi entsha, ekwabekwe yi-United States, icingelwa ukuba ivuleleke ngakumbi kwingxoxo kunye neSunni. Ngeli xesha amaKurds, nawo anandipha inkxaso ethile evela e-USA, azenzele owawo ummandla kwaye ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-Iraq yahlulwe ibe ziindawo ezintathu iba yinyani.
Imeko iyafana nakwimeko kaMongameli wase-Afghan uHamid Karzai. Ukwayintandokazi yaseWashington othe waba ngumchasi okhutheleyo waseMelika. Sisithethe esaqala emva kokubandakanyeka kweMelika eVietnam, apho uNgo Dihn Dien wafakwa khona kwaye kamva wajikela ngokuchasene nabakhuseli bakhe baseMelika de wabulawa.
Akukho ndawo apha yeminye imizekelo yeempazamo ezenziwe ngamanye aMandla asentshona (nangona kumlinganiselo omncinci). Kodwa kukho rhoqo; iinkokeli ezifakwe phesheya azihlali ixesha elide kwaye ziyadodobalisa.
4) Sonke singamangqina kwimizabalazo yenkolo kunye ne-extremism ye-Islam njengesoyikiso esikhulayo kunye nexhala. Bambalwa abenza umgudu wokuqonda isizathu sokuba amawaka olutsha akulungele ukuziqhushumbisa. Kukho unxulumano oluphawulekayo phakathi kokunqongophala kophuhliso kunye nokungaqeshwa kunye nezidubedube zonqulo.
Kumazwe amaSilamsi aseAsia (amaSilamsi angama-Arabhu angaphantsi kwama-20% amaSilamsi ehlabathi) akukho ngqiqweni ukubakho. Bambalwa abaziyo ukuba imizabalazo yamaShiite neSunni ixhaswa ngemali ngamazwe afana neSaudi Arabia, Qatar kunye ne-Iraq, kwaye imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSyria enyanisweni yimfazwe exhaswe yimikhosi yangaphandle.
Ezi zantlukwano zonqulo ziye zahlala ecaleni kangangeenkulungwane kwaye ngoku zilwela amandla, kwaye iSyria ngumzekelo. ISaudi Arabia ibixhasa ngemali iSalafi Movement kuyo yonke indawo. Yeyona ndlela i-puritan yamaSilamsi ekhokelela kwiSunnim. Baye baxhasa i-autocrat entsha yaseYiputa, u-General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, malunga ne-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngenxa yokuba esilwa ne-Muslim Brotherhood, eshumayela ukuphela kweeKumkani kunye ne-sheikh kunye nokunika amandla ebantwini.
I-Iraq iphinda ijike ibe yimfazwe yamandla phakathi kweSaudi Arabia kumaSunni kunye neIran kumaShiites.
Ngoko, xa kujongwa ezi mfazwe zonqulo, ukuba ngubani osemva kwazo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngalo lonke ixesha. Iinkonzo zidla ngokujika zibe ziingxwabangxwaba kuphela xa zisetyenziswa. Kufuneka sibone kuphela imbali yaseYurophu apho iimfazwe zonqulo zasungulwa ngooKumkani kwaye balwa ngabantu. Ewe, xa i-genie iphumile ebhotileni kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba ibuyele ngaphakathi kwakhona. Ke le seti yeengxaki iya kuba nathi kangangexesha elithile okwangoku.
5) Ukuphela kweMfazwe yoMlomo kwalinyibilikisa ihlabathi elathi kude kube lelo xesha likwibhalansi ezinzileyo kulindelwe phakathi kwala magunya mabini. Ukususela ngoko sangena kwihlabathi leepolar ezininzi elingabonakalisi zimpawu zokudibanisa. Iinzame zokuzinzisa umanyano lwengingqi okanye lwamazwe ngamazwe bezisoloko zingcatshwa yimidla yesizwe.
Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wale nto yiYurophu. Nangona ihlabathi liphela lithetha ngeCrimea, iUkraine kunye noVladimir Putin (oye waxakwa malunga ne-Western Boundary ukusuka kurhulumente kaGeorge Bush Junior ukuya phambili) kunye nendlela yokwenza ukuba baphulaphule i-United States kunye neYurophu, iiNkampani zaseYurophu ziqhuba ukurhweba nangona kunjalo. i-hype malunga ne-embargo.
Kwaye ngoku, ngokungakhathali, i-Austria isayine isivumelwano kunye neRussia ngokuqhagamshelwa kwabo kwi-Southern Gas-line eya kubonelela ngegesi yaseRashiya eYurophu.
Lo ngumzekelo wokugqibela wokunqongophala kobunye obuchaphazela iYurophu ebisoloko ifuna ukuncitshiswa kokuxhomekeka kwayo kumafutha eRashiya.
Ngapha koko, iYurophu njengoko injalo ayixoxisani kwibala lamazwe ngamazwe. IBrithani enkulu, iFransi kunye neJamani zisenomgaqo-nkqubo wazo wangaphandle ngaphandle kokuhlawula i-Brussels encinci. Kwaye ayenzeki nje into yokuba ii-ofisi eziphezulu ze-EU zihlaliswe ngabantu abadumileyo kodwa abangenamdla nodumo.
6) Kwihlabathi eliya liziintlaba-zahlukane ngenxa yokuphinda kuvele izilangazelelo zesizwe kwaloo ngcamango yokurhoxisa ulongamo ukuze kubekho urhulumente omnye iya iphelelwa ngamandla yaye kungekuphela nje eYurophu. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo kwindawo yokuhlangana kunye nokudala ukusemthethweni.
Iinjini ezimbini zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, urhwebo kunye neebhanki, zingaphandle kwendawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ezazishiyeke nemiba yophuhliso, uxolo, amalungelo oluntu, okusingqongileyo, imfundo, njalo njalo. Nangona zibalulekile kwihlabathi eliphilayo azibonwa ngolo hlobo ngabo banegunya. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zithe qelele ekubeni zingabi namsebenzi.
7) Kwangaxeshanye, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni kunye neengcinga ezaziqondwa kwihlabathi liphela njengentsebenziswano, ukuncedana, ubulungisa bentlalontle, kunye noxolo njengepharadaym ebanzi nazo ziya zingabi namsebenzi.
Umongameli waseFransi, uFrancois Hollande, wadibana nomlingani wakhe waseMelika uBarack Obama, ukuba angaxoxi indlela yokumisa ukubulawa kwabantu eSudan, okanye ukuhlangula amantombazana athinjwe eNigeria, kodwa amcele ukuba angenelele kwiSebe lakhe lezoBulungisa ukunciphisa isohlwayo esikhulu. ibekwe kwiBhanki yaseFransi iBas NPB-Paris ngokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yobuqhophololo.
Eyona miba ibalaseleyo, uTshintsho lweMozulu kunye nokuChithwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya, bezingekho ngexesha lendibano yokugqibela ye-G-7 nangona zimele ezona zoyikiso zibini zinkulu kwisijikelezi-langa.
8) Emva kokuphela kobuKoloniyali kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini indlela entsha yokusebenza yamazwe ngamazwe โyayikukuphunyezwa kweDemokhrasiโ. Kangangokuba emva kokuphela kwedemokhrasi yeMfazwe ebandayo yabonwa luninzi lwabantu njengexabiso le-Universal esele lifunyenwe. Kodwa, eneneni, kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, iRepresentative Democracy iye yaphulukana nesibongozo sayo. I-Pragmatism ikhokelele ekuphulukaneni nombono wexesha elide kwaye ezopolitiko ziye zaba lulawulo nje. Lo ngumbandela esingathanda ukuwuphuhlisa.
Idemokhrasi apho Bambalwa abaThatha iziGqibo
Ukulangazelela idemokhrasi njengexabiso lehlabathi jikelele akuzange kuvele nje eNtshona. I-Afrika kunye neLatin America elite kunye nenxalenye ye-Asia babelane ngomnqweno ofanayo. Imibutho yezopolitiko yale mihla iye yaseka ilandela imibutho eyomeleleyo yamazwe ngamazwe (i-Socialist International, i-International Christian Democratic Union, i-International Liberalism), eyayiziindawo zeengxoxo-mpikiswano ngemibono yehlabathi.
UWilly Brandt noNyerere, uKennedy noMandela, uAdenauer noFrei, uRumor noCaldera, kusenokwenzeka ukuba babefunde iincwadi ezifanayo kwaye ngaphandle koluntu lwezopolitiko babenobudlelwane bobukrelekrele.
Akukho nto iseleyo kolu luntu. UChansela uMerkel kunye noMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika uJacob Zuma kusenokwenzeka ukuba bafunda kuncinci kakhulu abafanayo, njengo-Obama noKirchner okanye iNkulumbuso uCameron kunye neNkulumbuso entsha yaseIndiya uNarendra Modi. IiNkokheli zezoPolitiko zisebenza ngakumbi ukusombulula iingxaki zolawulo lwengingqi kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye zincinci nangaphantsi ukusombulula iingxaki zehlabathi.
Uluntu, ngoku oluphelileyo, lwenze iZizwe eziManyeneyo zibe yindawo ebalulekileyo yokuhlangana kunye nokudalwa komgaqo-nkqubo. Ngaba bekunokwenzeka namhlanje ukuba kuphunyezwe iSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu, esavotelwa ngamxhelo mnye yindibano yowe-1948? Ngaba iNkongolo yase-United States namhlanje iya kuvuma isivumelwano sokuthatha inxaxheba kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye negalelo le-25% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali?
Namhlanje ngokuqhelekileyo kulibele ukuba ihlabathi lisondele kakhulu ekusayineni isicwangciso sehlabathi soMyalelo oMtsha wezoQoqosho waMazwe ngaMazwe osekwe kuBulungisa beNtlalo yaMazwe ngaMazwe, iSolidarity kunye noMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe.
Ngowe-1974 iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaphumeza isigqibo, kwakhona ngaphandle kwevoti enye echaseneyo, isiBhengezo sokusekwa koMyalelo oMtsha wezoQoqosho weZizwe ngeZizwe oneSicwangciso sokuSebenza esijolise ekumiseleni inkqubo eyadalwa eBretton Wood eyavunywa ukuba ithande zonke iinkokeli. amazwe atyebileyo ingakumbi eMelika.
IWashington ayizange inikeze ukuchasana nombono womyalelo omtsha wezoqoqosho. Oko kwaziwa ngokuba yingxoxo yaseMntla-Mazantsi yaqokelela umfutho kangangokuba ngo-1981 eCancun, eMexico, iinkokeli ezingama-25 zawona mazwe anamandla ehlabathini zadibana kwindibano engazange ibonwe ngaphambili ukuze kuxoxwe ngendlela yokuya phambili ne-ajenda efanayo yobulungisa. kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba.
INgqungquthela yaseCancun imele ukuphela kwehlabathi elinqwenela ukuThatha iNxaxheba kunye noLawulo lweHlabathi lweDemokhrasi kunye nokubuyela kwimigaqo-nkqubo emidala yezoqoqosho kunye nomkhosi wezempi.
I-Suez Canal Crisis ye-1957 ibonisa ixesha apho uMthetho weZizwe ngezizwe wawusibekele idiplomacy endala ye-gunboat kwaye ngaphandle kokuphakama kwabo emkhosini, iFransi, iBritane kunye ne-Israel zanyanzeliswa yiZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuba zihoxise kumhlaba waseYiputa. I-Cancun 1981 imele ukuphela kocwangco lwamazwe ngamazwe olusekelwe kwiminqweno yehlabathi.
KwiNgqungquthela, uRonald Reagan osandulโ ukunyulwa, owafumana uMargaret Thatcher ongumlingane ongenamiqathango, wathi akayamkeli into yokuba iUnited States inokugqalwa njengelinganayo namanye amazwe. Bandulula ukuba ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe busekelwe kurhwebo hayi intsebenziswano (urhwebo hayi uncedo) kwaye ke ngoko bathathe iZizwe eziManyeneyo njengebhatyi ebambekayo engafanelekanga ngokwemidla yaseMelika, kunye nezopolitiko ezininzi njengomgaqo-nkqubo ochasene neMelika.
Ukuwohloka kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaqala eCancun. Kwakungekho jiko lweBretton Woods, ngokuchaseneyo. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zaphulukana noRhwebo (oluthi kunye neMali yenye yeenjini ezimbini eziphambili zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi) kwaye oorhulumente baseUnited States bathatha isigqibo sokuba bangayisebenzisa nini i-UN okanye hayi.
IWashington ilandele umgaqo-nkqubo wayo njengesizwe esinekamva elikhethekileyo, elibizelwe ukukhokela ihlabathi. Oku kwenziwa ngamandla asezantsi phantsi kukaBush Senior okanye uClinton okanye ukuqina okukhulu phantsi kukaBush Junior. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho ndlela yokubuyela kumoya owaphefumlela iNgqungquthela yaseCancun kwaye akuyi kubakho.
Ngeli xesha kwindlela eya kuLawulo lweHlabathi kuye kwavela umba omtsha obaluleke kakhulu; UBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe, obukade bungumba weLizwe kuphela ngoku buye benziwa ngabadlali abaninzi abavela kwihlabathi lezoshishino kunye noluntu. Le nkqubo isoloko iguquka kwaye yenziwe yantsonkotha ngakumbi zizinto ezinempembelelo enzulu.
Eyokuqala kwezi zinto yindlela eyaqukunjelwa ngayo iMfazwe Yomlomo. Sikhankanye ukuba ophumeleleyo akakutolikanga oku njengoloyiso lwemanyano yamazwe ngaphezu kwelinye. Ophumeleleyo wayitolika ngokweengcamango nezembali; uloyiso lobuKhapitali kubuSoshiyali (siyaphinda sithi incwadi kaFukuyama ethi, Isiphelo seMbali, nayo iyakuxhasa oku).
Esona siphumo siphambili ibe kukunqongophala kolawulo kwi-Capitalism eyathi ngexesha lobukho beSoviet Union yayamkela imfuneko yokusebenza ekusombululeni iingxaki zentlalo, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekwabiweni ngokutsha kobutyebi, yamkele ubukho beeManyano zabasebenzi njengamaziko abalamleli kwaye iqonde ukuba ulawulo. kwaye ubulungisa bentlalo buyimfuneko.
UkuBhankisha Kuwongamela uQoqosho nePolitiko
Ngexeshana elifutshane sifikelele koko iingcali zezoqoqosho zikubiza ngokuba โluQoqosho olutshaโ. Eyona nto intsha ibalulekileyo kukuba ishiye ngasemva ukukhangela iNgqesho ePheleleyo kunye noBulungisa beNtlalo njengeenqobo ezisisiseko kuluntu lwedemokhrasi kwaye izinze ngaphezu kwayo yonke into kwimveliso kunye nenzuzo.
Ngexeshana nje elifutshane siye sasuka kubaphathi abarhola ngokuphindwe kangangama-50 ngaphezu kwabasebenzi kubo abarhola malunga ne-515 ngokuphindwe kabini kwaye iimeko eziqatha ngolo hlobo bezingayi kunandipha ukwamkelwa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko ngaphambili. Ugqatso olude olusingise kukungalingani luyakhula mihla le, kwaye imivuzo yesigqeba ayinanto yakwenza nemveliso.
Imeko kaWalmart, umthengisi omkhulu waseMelika ngumzekelo omhle. Iintengiso zabo zehla ukusuka kwi-5% yokunyuka ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-1.6% ngo-2013. Ke ngoko abacwangcisi-mali benkampani bakhethe amanqaku athile ukuze bafikelele kwinani le-2 yeepesenti ukuze uWilliam S. Simon, uMongameli waseWalmart US afumane isigidi esinye sedola yokunyuselwa umvuzo, esenza i-2.02 lezigidi zeedola kwinkampani apho. umyinge womvuzo ngama-13 ngonyaka.
Eyona nto ibonakalisa ngakumbi yimeko yevenkile yokutyela yaseMelika echitha izigidi ekuphembeleleni ukuthintela isindululo sika-Obama sokunyusa owona mvuzo uphantsi xa abaphathi babo berhola ngaphezulu koonobhanki.
Chipotle Mexican Grill ophethe 1 600 zokutyela eUnited States ihlawulwe CEO yayo ezimbini Steve Ellis kunye Montgomery Moran 25.1 million kunye 24.4 yezigidi zeerandi ngokulandelelana 2013. Umvuzo avareji kwi nkampani 21,000 zeerandi ngonyaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshwa kuya kufuneka asebenze ngaphezulu kweminyaka eliwaka ukuze afumane umvuzo ofunyanwa ngomnye wabaphathi abaphezulu ngonyaka omnye.
Sibonisa la manani kuba ngaphambi kokuphela kweSoviet Union, imibutho yezopolitiko yayiza kungenelela. Kodwa eyona mpembelelo ibalulekileyo yoQoqosho olutsha kukudodobala okuqhubelekayo kwezopolitiko ngokuchasene noqoqosho. Owona mzekelo ucacileyo yimali engasenamveliso, kodwa ifumene ubomi okanye obabo ngamanye amaxesha obungahoyiyo okanye bubeke imveliso kwindima yesibini.
Namhlanje imisebenzi yezemali ngosuku olunikeziweyo ibalwa njengexabiso le-40 yetriliyoni yeedola ngelixa zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo zifikelela nje kwi-trillion mark.
Iiphakheji zeBailout yeBhanki kuqikelelwa ukuba zixabisa malunga ne-2 yetriliyoni zeedola, ngelixa kungqinwa ukuba iibhanki bezingunobangela wengxaki yazo, ngamanye amaxesha ngokusebenza ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuba ayilulo ulwaphulo-mthetho, njengokuphinda kusetyenziswe iimali ezivela kwiinkampani zeMafia okanye kumazwe aphantsi kolawulo. Izohlwayo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-Iran.
Izohlwayo zizonke ekuvunyelwene ngazo neebhanki zingaphezulu kwe-80 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwaye nyanga nganye elinye ihlazo liyavela. Ngokutsho koMlawuli we-International Monetary Fund, uChristine Lagarde, iUnited States iyaqhubeka nokuxhasa iibhanki ukuya kwi-70 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye neYurophu kunye ne-300 yezigidigidi zeedola.
Ngeemali ezincinci kakhulu bekunokwenzeka ukujongana nemiba ebaluleke kakhulu enjengokufudumala kwehlabathi okanye ukuphumeza iSicwangciso sokuSebenza ekuvunyelwene ngaso nje ziintloko zeLizwe liphela nezibizwa ngokuba ziiNjongo zeMillennium. Kodwa kuyabonakala ukuba iPolitiko ithobela imali hayi enye indlela.
Ngaphezu koko, ingxelo edumileyo kaReagan yokuba intlupheko ivelisa ubuhlwempu, ubutyebi buvelisa ubutyebi, ngoko ke kufuneka sixhase izityebi, hayi amahlwempu, iba ngumthetho. Namhlanje sinokukhula kokuthotywa kwerhafu kubahlawuli berhafu abatyebileyo kunye namalungelo otyalo-mali.
Namhlanje amaphepha okuhlala kwi-EU anokuthengwa. EBritani inokuthengwa ngemali ekwisigidi seeponti kwaye eSpain nasePortugal ngesiqingatha sesigidi seeEuro nakwiMalta ngee-400,000 zeeEuro. Kwaye akufuneki ukuba isetyenziswe ngemali kwishishini kunye nokudala umsebenzi, kwanele ukuthenga indlu yokunethezeka okanye indlu. Oko kuthetha ukuba ulongamo lwesizwe namhlanje lunexabiso, elingeloxabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kwabanye.
Kuxoxwa ukuba iinyani zizinto ezinenkani. Ngeenyani ingcali yezoqoqosho yamaFrentshi uThomas Piketty ubonise ngohlalutyo olukhulu lweenkcukacha-manani zehlabathi olunesihloko esithi Capital in the 21st Century, ukuba kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo inkunzi ifumene ingeniso enkulu kunomsebenzi.
Incwadi kaPiketty ibonisa ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kuye kwasasazwa ngokungalinganiyo phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu ukuze abo bangaphambili bafumane iingenelo ezingakumbi baze babe zizityebi ngakumbi.
Ngokutsho kwemodeli yezoqoqosho yangoku, iindlalifa kwi-capital zigcina inxalenye enkulu yokukhula. Ngamanye amazwi, bafunxa ubutyebi babo obukhula rhoqo kubemi. Yinkqubo yokuzinzisa ubutyebi ekungekho mntu uzama ukuyinqanda. Amehlo eengcali zezoqoqosho kumanani amabini kuphela athe abhengeza imfazwe ngokungalingani; Umongameli waseChile uBachelet kunye noSodolophu waseNew York, uBill de Blasio. Umongameli uFrances Hollande owayeqale kulo mzila, ngoku uya kwelinye icala.
Ushicilelo lokugqibela lwemagazini yaseMelika i-Alfa ibiza abaphathi behedge fund abangama-25 abahlawulwa kakhulu. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo aba baphathi, bonke bengamadoda, bafumana isixa esimangalisayo esingaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-21 zeerandi.
Oku kungaphezulu koMvuzo weSizwe wamazwe alishumi aseAfrika edityaniswe kwangaloo nyaka mnye; Burundi, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Niger and Zimbabwe.
I-Nobel Prize for Economics ophumelele uPaul Krugman wabhala ukuba e-USA i-0.1 yeepesenti inomvuzo omkhulu, sibuyele kwinkulungwane ye-XIX. Ngokwe-Billionaire Index yaseBloomberg abantu abangama-300 abona bantu bazizityebi ehlabathini bandise ubutyebi babo ngama-524 eebhiliyoni zeedola kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ngaphezu kwengeniso yamazwe angama-29 ahlwempuzekileyo edibene. ULagarde wasikhumbuza ngexesha leNkomfa yaseLondon malunga noQoqosho olutsha ukuba abantu abangama-85 abacebileyo emhlabeni banokungena kwibhasi yaseLondon ephindwe kabini kwaye banobutyebi obufanayo nabemi be-3.5 yezigidigidi.
Ubuncinci i-300 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zilahleka ngonyaka ngenxa yendibaniselwano yenkuthazo yerhafu kunye nokuphepha irhafu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nezigidi zezigidi ezine zeerandi zifihlwe kwiindawo zokurhafisa.
Ukungalingani kweDemokhrasi
Konke oku kuvelisa into ebaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwehlabathi. Abazizityebi ngokugqithiseleyo banobunzima obukhulu kwezopolitiko kunommi oqhelekileyo. Kwisigqibo ebesingenakwenzeka kwiminyaka ethile edluleyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo Yobulungisa yaseUnited States yayiphelisa imida ekunikeleni ngayo amaqela ezobupolitika ngesizathu sokuba wonke umntu uyalingana phambi komthetho yaye imibutho igqalwa njengelingana nomntu ngamnye.
Njengoko unyulo lukamongameli eUnited States luxabisa malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-2 zeerandi, ngaba ummi oqhelekileyo ulingana ngokwenene no-Sheldon Adelson isihandiba saseMelika esinikele ngokusemthethweni i-100 lezigidi zeedola kwiphiko lasekunene le-Republican Party?
Konke oku kubonisa ukuba ezopolitiko kwinqanaba likazwelonke azisakwazi ukwenza indima yazo ebalulekileyo yokulawula uluntu ukuze kulunge ngakumbi kubemi balo, kuluntu olumanyeneyo nolunobulungisa. Siphambi kwengxaki engundoqo yokuncipha kwedemokhrasi njengoko ibiqondwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Luhlobo lwedemokhrasi olwamkela i-Economics eNtsha kunye nokungalingani kwayo kwakutshanje kwezentlalo ekwaqalisa ukucinezela ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo nakumaziko. Kuyabonakala ukuba kukho amazwe aliqela ehlabathini apho idemokhrasi isenamandla afanayo, njengamazwe aseScandinavia.
Kodwa, ukuba sijonga i-G2 (i-China kunye ne-United States), intandokazi ye-geopolitician yendlela enokwenzeka yokuqhubela phambili kulawulo lwehlabathi, kuya kubakho inkxalabo kwabo bakholelwa ukuba idemokhrasi epheleleyo kunye nenxaxheba yinto ebalulekileyo kulawulo. .
Kuyaqondakala ke ngoko ukuba amathandabuzo anokuthi avele malunga namathuba okufikelela kulawulo lwehlabathi kwixesha elizayo elingekude.
Sizaliswe luthotho lweengxaki zembali ezingasonjululwanga eziya kuthatha ixesha elide ukusonjululwa kunokuba besinokuthanda. Iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga ezibangelwa yinkqubo yobuKoloni, iingxabano zonqulo, ezithi, kwiimeko ezininzi azikho phakathi kweenkonzo, kodwa zenzeke ngaphakathi kwinkolo efanayo njengoko sikhunjuzwa ngeyona mizekelo idume kakubi.
Ebudeni beminyaka engamashumi amane phakathi kokuphela kweMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi kunye neNgqungquthela yeeNtloko zaMazwe yaseCancun ezi ngxaki zayekwa bucala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba kwakukho umyolelo omnye wokufumana isisombululo okanye ngenxa yokuba iMfazwe Yomlomo yayingumkhenkce ehlabathini lonke. Emva kokuba uCancun Reagan-Thatcher ezopolitiko zajika ngequbuliso zisuka kwi-multilateralism zaya kwi-unilateralism.
Ukongeza koku, ukuwa kweSoviet Union kunye nokunyamalala okuqhubekayo kwe-ajenda yezopolitiko kwimiba emikhulu yehlabathi kunye neengcamango. Iingcamango zithathwa ngokuba zithintele kwaye igama elibambekayo lithi "Pragmatism". Oku kwathathwa ukuba kuthetha ukuba ezopolitiko zazibandakanya esona sisombululo silungileyo kule ngxaki ngaphandle kwemiqobo yengcamango.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusombulula ityala ngalinye ngokutyeshela imiba yehlabathi, umbono wokugqibela woluntu esifuna ukuwenza, ayisiyiyo ipragmatism. Kubizwa ngokuba yi-utilitarianism ethetha ukwenza oko kuluncedo ngakumbi. Ezopolitiko ngoku zichitha ixesha elininzi nemicimbi efuna ingqwalasela ekhawulezileyo nolawulo endaweni yesicwangciso soluntu.
Oku kukhokelela ekudakaleni kwengqondo okungenakuxelwa kunye nohlobo olutsha lwezopolitiko olukhoyo ngenxa yokukwazi ukunxibelelana kunezimvo zabo. Olu hlobo lutsha lwezopolitiko emva kukaReagan lunezinye iindlalifa ezinjengoBerlusconi ukubala aziwayo.
Amaqela ezopolitiko akasengawo abathathi-nxaxheba bezopolitiko abanamalungu ahlawulayo. Ngokukhulayo babandakanyeka kwimibutho yezimvo zoluntu, kusetyenziswa amajelo eendaba (ngokukodwa umabonwakude) kunye nokunyamalala kweengxoxo zangaphakathi embuthweni njengesiseko sokuba semthethweni. Oku kuthintele kakhulu intatho nxaxheba kwaye amaqela ezopolitiko abonwa linani elikhulayo labemi njengeenkqubo ezizimeleyo ezinobunkokheli obufuna ukuziqhubela phambili.
Ingxaki yokuthembeka kwamaziko ezopolitiko inokulinganiswa ngezalathi. Inani labavoti liye lehla ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela kwiminyaka ye-70s. Kwangaxeshanye, le nkqubo intsha esekelwe kudumo lukawonke-wonke yenze ukuba iindleko zezopolitiko zinyuke ngokuxhalabileyo ngenxa yokuba yonke into imalunga nokuqalisa amaphulo okuthengisa avuthelweyo ukukhuphisana nezo zezona mveliso zaziwa kakhulu.
Iphulo likaMongameli waseUnited States lixabisa ngaphezulu kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwehlabathi lweCoca-Cola unyaka wonke. Oku kusikhuthaza ukuba sicinge ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba uMongameli otyale imali eyi-800 yezigidi zeedola kwiphulo lakhe akaxhomekeke kuyo nayiphi na ingcinezelo evela kubaxhasi-mali.
Oku kukwanceda ekuchazeni indlela esibona ngayo oosozigidi bengena kwibala lezopolitiko ukusuka eThaksin Shinawatra eTailand ukuya eMichael Bloomberg eNew York. Amanani asemthethweni achaza ukuba phantse i-50% yeeSenetha zase-US zizizigidi ezininzi kwaye unyulo lweNdlu yeeNgwevu luxabisa ubuncinane i-20 yezigidi zeedola. Ngokucacileyo ezi zigidi ezingama-20 ziphuma kubemi ngokwabo, kodwa amanani asixelela ukuba aphuma kwabambalwa kubo.
Ingxaki yamaziko ezopolitiko ihamba kunye nokunyuka kwamandla emali, okungafaniyo norhwebo, akukho ntlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ukuyilawula. Ngokukhulayo inkqubo yezoqoqosho neyemali yamazwe ngamazwe ibeke urhulumente kwindawo yesibini.
Owona mzekelo ubalulekileyo yi-United Kingdom. Inkulumbuso uCameron xa kufuneka akhethe phakathi kweSixeko neYurophu, uhlala ekhetha iSixeko. Ngeli xesha uChancellor onamandla onke uMerkel kuye kwafuneka akhusele umdla welizwe lakhe kwishishini leemoto phambi kweYurophu kwaye ukwazile ukuba iJamani ibe kuphela kwelizwe ngaphandle komda wesantya kwiimoto zayo.
Ingxaki yaseGrike eyashukumisa iManyano yaseYurophu kwaneziseko zayo (kwisi-7% soqoqosho lwaseYurophu) yakhokelela kulawulo lwenkqubo yeTroika (IMF, EU, ECB) indima yayo yayikukusasaza uncedo lwaseYurophu kwiibhanki zaseJamani. yayityale imali eninzi kwiibhondi zelizwe.
Oku kuhla kwamandla ezobupolitika kwinqanaba lesizwe, ngokwemvelo kuhambelana nokuhla kwenkqubo yolawulo phakathi koorhulumente iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zingumzekelo ocacileyo wazo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba oorhulumente baphulukana namandla abo okumela uluvo lwabemi babo. Ukuba siqwalasela inqanaba lokuthatha inxaxheba kwamaziko ezopolitiko kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, kuya kubakho izinto ezimangalisayo. Kumaqela ezopolitiko, inkqubo yezangaphandle igqalwa njengento engenamsebenzi kangako kwezopolitiko zangaphakathi.
Imeko yase-Italiya inokuba nomdla. Akukho bantu bangaphezulu kwabathathu abanikwe lo msebenzi kuwo nawaphi na amaqela, kwaye ikakhulu baphatha ubudlelwane namanye amaqela angaphakathi kwi-European Union. IKomiti yeNdlu yabaMeli kuBudlelwane baNgaphandle inamalungu angama-46 epalamente. Kunqabile ukuba amalungu angaphezu kwe-10 afikelele kwiseshoni.
IKomishoni yeSenethi yoBudlelwane baNgaphandle inamalungu angama-24. Iintlanganiso azifane zizinyaswe ngabantu abangaphezu kwesi-8. Ukongeza le mibutho mithathu yabasebenzi kukho abanye abantu abasixhenxe, (abaxhalabele kakhulu imicimbi phakathi kweMibutho yaBasebenzi). Ngokubizwa ngokuba yimikhosi yentlalontle, oko kukuthi abameli bezoshishino sifika kubantu be-29 bebonke. Uhlalutyo lwamanye amazwe aseYurophu luya kungqineka luneziphumo ezifanayo. Ngokwandisa umthambo uye e-Afrika, e-Asia nase-Latin America asiyi kufikelela kumanqaku eedijithi ezintathu.
Oku kwenza iDiplomacy ibe liziko lokubaluleka okukhulayo. Kodwa ikwalixhoba lokuqala kunye nenkcubeko kunye nophando, iphantsi kokunciphisa ukulungiswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwaye umvuzo wayo ungaphantsi ngokupheleleyo kwisikhundla kwicandelo labucala (oku bekungenjalo kude kube mva nje) kwaye nakumazwe edemokhrasi ngakumbi imidlalo yezopolitiko. zithintele iinqobo zokugweba zokugqwesa emsebenzini.
Ngaphaya koko umgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko awunako ukuhanjiswa kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ukuba igunya eliphambili, elikhethwe ngabantu, alinawo umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo kwaye ngakumbi ukuba eli gunya lihlala lingabahoyi abemi kwizenzo zabo. Umzekelo uphando lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika lwaluchasene nemfazwe yaseIraq. Nangona kunjalo, bemka, iitriliyoni zeedola kwiipokotho zabo.
Eyokugqibela, kodwa engeyiyo eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuthotyweni kwentatho-nxaxheba kubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ibe kukungahoywa kwamajelo eendaba ekufundiseni imeko yehlabathi. Ulwazi lube yinto yorhwebo ngokuphandle. Amajelo eendaba awasenangeniso yaye nabani na owathengayo unomdla wobuqu. UBerlusconi kunye noMurdoch yimizekelo nje eyaziwayo. IThe New York Times kuphela kwephephandaba laseMelika esele likwintsapho yabapapashi. Onke amanye amaphephandaba asele ethengisiwe, elokugqibela yiWashington Post eyathengwa ngumseki weFacebook, Zuckenberg.
Amajelo eendaba azicimile iimbalelwano zangaphandle ngaphandle kwezixeko ezinkulu zaseYurophu kunye neWashington. INairobi yayinababhaleli bamazwe angaphandle abali-107 ngowe-1981, ngoku basithoba. Azisekho iiNdaba zaseYurophu okanye zaseMelika eAfrika kwakhona. Amajelo eendaba acuthe kakhulu ixesha lomoya elinikezelwa kwiindaba zangaphandle. Ukongeza koku ingxaki endala yomgangatho wolwazi iyaqhubeka kwaye iya isiba mandundu. Izehlo ziyaqwalaselwa hayi iinkqubo. Amabali eendaba awothusayo nachukumisayo athengisa ngakumbi.
Yiyo ke loo nto ukukhula kwe-Islamic Fundamentalism iba luchungechunge lwezoyikiso, kodwa akukho nzame yenziwayo ukucacisa lo mcimbi njengoko ubhalwe ngokulula njengenzondelelo yempambano. Imali, njengoTshintsho lweMozulu, inzima kakhulu, amaLungelo oLuntu ayinto engabonakaliyo kwaye ngoko siphelela ekubeni singabi nombono onengqondo wehlabathi kwaye sigqibe ekubeni singazi nto.
Umbutho woLuntu, into esisiseko
Ngoku kuyimfuneko ukukhomba kule nkcazo yezinto zokwenyani ezingabonakalisi sivumelwano ekufezekiseni ulawulo lwehlabathi kwixesha elifutshane, ukuba kukho ngokucacileyo umdlali omtsha osisiseko, uluntu loluntu. Ehlabathini apho ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe bungasekho phantsi kolawulo lukaRhulumente, uMbutho woLuntu wamazwe ngamazwe uye waba ngoyena mdlali unamandla.
Oku kwaqatshelwa kwiNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ye-1992 Rio de Janeiro malunga nokusiNgqongileyo kunye noPhuhliso xa abaququzeleli ababini abakhulu, uBoutros Ghali, uNobhala Jikelele we-UN, kunye noMaurice Strong, uNobhala kwiNkomfa, banquma ukuvumela ukuthatha inxaxheba kungekuphela nje ezo NGOs ezibhalisiweyo. I-ECOSOC, kodwa iquka zonke ii-NGOs.
Kuyavunywa ukuba oku kwenziwa ngokuyila iforam enxuseneyo, kodwa kwabakho utshintshiselwano phakathi kweNkomfa yoRhulumente kunye neQonga loLuntu. Omabini amagosa athi alithabathile eli nyathelo kuba esazi ukuba amalungu eQonga angama-30,000 azakunyanzela impumelelo yenkomfa ngaphezu kwabathunywa abaninzi.
Ukusukela ngoko uMbutho woLuntu udlale indima ebalulekileyo kwiiNkomfa zeHlabathi zeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Elona tyala laziwa kakhulu yiNkomfa yaBasetyhini yaseBeijing ka-1995 apho uthungelwano loluntu lwatyhalela phambili iNkomfa ngaphezu kokuba bekuya kuba nokwenzeka ngefomula yesiqhelo yabathunywa bakaRhulumente.
Intsebenziswano entsha phakathi kwenkqubo esemthethweni kunye noMbutho woLuntu izibonakalise ngokucacileyo kwiSivumelwano esichasene nezigcayiseli, esikwabizwa ngokuba siSivumelwano saBantu. I-NGO yaseCanada ekhokelwa ngu-activist uJody Williams yasungula eli phulo ngo-1995 kwaye yaqokelela abantu abasayiniweyo be-850,000 becela ukupheliswa kwezigcayiseli ezichasene nabasebenzi ezijongene nokufa kunye nokwenzakala kwamashumi amawaka abantu ngonyaka. Amashumi amawaka ezinye ii-ONGs azibandakanye neli phulo kunye nabantu bamazwe ngamazwe nabezenkolo, uDiana, iNkosazana yaseWales, phakathi kwabo.
Nangona kunjalo, iUnited States yayisele igqibe ekubeni ingasayini nasiphi na iSivumelwano saMazwe ngaMazwe njengoko oko kuya kuthintela ukuzimela kwayo. Abalawuli bakaClinton benze konke okusemandleni abo ukunqanda eli nyathelo ukuba libe yimpumelelo. Nangona kunjalo uxinzelelo kwilizwe ngalinye ngokudibana koMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe woLuntu lwalunjalo kangangokuba xa iCanada yabiza inkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe ali-122 avela ukuba asayine ukupheliswa kwezigcayiseli.
I-United States, ilandelwa ngamanye amazwe angama-34, ayikasiqinisekisi isivumelwano kunye nezinye izivumelwano ezibandakanya iSivumelwano samaLungelo abaNtwana kunye noMthetho woLwandle, oluya kuba luncedo kakhulu eWashington. IRashiya neTshayina zalandela iUnited States. Esi sisininzi samalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko elisiGxina. Kuya kuba nzima ukuchaza ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba amalungu eBhunga lezoKhuseleko aphethe ukhuseleko lweplanethi anoxanduva lokuthengisa i-80% yezixhobo zehlabathi.
IKomiti yeNobel yakhetha uJody Williams, kwi-1997 Nobel Peace Prize njengophawu loMbutho woLuntu wokwakha uxolo lwehlabathi.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo uMbutho woLuntu ukhule kakhulu. Kwanele ukuthetha ukuba eBrazil kwakukho ii-NGO ze-10,000 kwi-1970, kwaye namhlanje ziphantse zibe yi-600,000. Oku kungenxa yokuba okokuqala kwimbali akukho nkqubo yolwazi kuphela, kodwa kunye nenkqubo yokunxibelelana. I-Intanethi ivumela ukuyilwa komanyano oluninzi kunye nokuhlanganisa uluntu kungekuphela nje kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa nakwinqanaba lesizwe njengoko kwakunjalo nge-Arab Spring kunye ne-Occupy Wall Street.
Kunyulo lwakutsha nje lwaseYurophu amanye amaqela aseke iinyanga kuphela phambi kokuba unyulo luphumelele ukufikelela kwiPalamente yaseYurophu. Uthungelwano oluphuma kwi-intanethi luthungelwano lwabantu ababelana ngeenkxalabo ezifanayo kwaye baqokelela malunga nemiba yehlabathi (amajelo anika ulwazi malunga) ukusuka kwisoyikiso sokutshintsha kwemozulu, kuyo yonke imiba yehlabathi ekwayiZizwe eziManyeneyo. iinkqubo; Abasetyhini, amaLungelo oLuntu njl.
Ukususela kwi-1991 i-International Civil Society inesithuba sokuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokulungelelanisa kwi-World Social Forum. Amashumi amawaka emibutho ahlanganisana kwiforam nganye, amaxesha amaninzi enabathathi-nxaxheba abayi-100,000. I-WSF yazalelwa ePorto Alegre njengenye indlela yeForam yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi yaseDavos, apho ukusukela ngo-1971 amakhulu ambalwa abantu, abanganyulwanga bubumi, baye badibana ukuze baxoxe ngoLawulo lweHlabathi olusekelwe kwizinto eziphambili kwezoqoqosho nezezimali zehlabathi. I-WSF inenjongo yokuphakamisa enye indlela โyehlabathi elingconoโ.
Ishumi leminyaka lidlulile kwaye kukho iintshukumo ezininzi zabemi becela ulawulo olwahlukeneyo kwaye sele kunokwenzeka ukwenza uvavanyo lwempembelelo yoMbutho woLuntu kwihlabathi lamaziko.
Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke into kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi-90s inxaxheba yoluntu kwi-ajenda yelizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele yabonwa ngabaninzi be-activist njengoko bebambisene kwihlabathi elisemthethweni. Ihlabathi njengoko sibonile ngaphambili laphulukana nokuthembeka kunye nodumo. Oku kwehla kuye kwandiswa ngoonxibelelwano loluntu abathe babika kwaye bagxeka urhwaphilizo, ukungabikho kwedemokhrasi yangaphakathi kumaziko ezopolitiko kunye nokulandela kwabo imali.
Iziphazamiso ezinobundlobongela ngexesha leNkomfa yoMbutho wezoRhwebo weHlabathi eSeattle ngo-1999 zazibandakanya ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni kwemvukelo yamatsha-ntliziyo ngokuchasene namaziko. Ngandlelโ ithile ii-NGOs ezithe zajoyina inkqubo yoMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ezithatha inxaxheba kwiinkomfa zawo ziye zavunyelwa ngokuthatha kwazo inxaxheba kumaziko njengoko kwakuhlangatyezwana nee-ajenda zazo. Abo bathatha inxaxheba kwisiphithiphithi sase Seattle bavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukugatya amaziko. Ezi ndawo zahluke kakhulu kuMbutho woLuntu zifumene indawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwi-WSF kwaye ukusukela ngoko ziye zahlala zihlangene ngokudibeneyo kwaye ngokuyinxenye.
Noko ke, okungekaguquki luluvo lwehlabathi ngamaziko ezopolitiko, abantu abazimeleyo, abangathathi nxaxheba, kwaye basoloko benobuqhophololo. Oku kuye kwanyanzela imibutho ethe yavela kude kube ngoku, iWFS Occupy Wall Street, iMadrid's Outraged movement, ukuba ikhangele iindlela zokuphepha iindlela zeqela lezopolitiko.
Oku kuthetha ukuthi, akukho zikhundla zinyuliweyo njengabameli babanye, okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuqhubekayo kwabo bonke ekuthatheni izigqibo nasekuthatheni izigqibo kunye nokwamkela izicwangciso kwaye akukho qela lamagosa akhankanyiweyo ukuba akhankanye amanqaku ambalwa agqalwa njengeengozi ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze aphephe ukufana namaziko abonwa njengawo. iphelelwe lixesha ukuba ayinaxanduva kule ngxaki ikhoyo.
Umbutho woLuntu weSizwe nowamazwe ngamazwe usakhangela le ndlela intsha yeziko eza kuvumela intatho-nxaxheba eqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokunika indawo yakhe komnye umntu. Lukhangelo oluqhubekayo kwaye kude kube ngoku umbutho wabemi awukawafumani amaqonga afanelekileyo okubavumela ukuba baphembelele imigaqo-nkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Ngaphandle koku amandla othethathethwano okusetyenziswa kwihlabathi elingcono kumaziko ezopolitiko asikelwe umda kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalo mba wesakhiwo kukho ukungathembani phakathi koMbutho woLuntu kunye nehlabathi lezopolitiko. Isiphumo kukuba uninzi lwezinto ezicetywayo kwaye zenziwe nguMbutho woLuntu kulawulo lwehlabathi olwahlukileyo lwenzeka ngaphakathi kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yangaphakathi yombutho kwaye ayifikeleli kwi-ajenda yamaziko ezopolitiko.
Ngamanye amazwi ukuphinda umsebenzi kaJody William ka-1995 namhlanje kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ekuphela kwesiphakamiso soMbutho woLuntu ovula iindlela koorhulumente yirhafu kwimisebenzi yezemali ebizwa ngokuba yiRhafu yeTobin. I-ATTAC, iqela labaxhasi, ifuna ukuba imali isetyenziselwe ubumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukulwa nentlupheko kunye nophuhliso. Njengoko kuvela ukuba ngoku iza kusetyenziselwa ukuthoba iintsilelo zikaRhulumente.
Kwaye ngalo mzekelo sinokuyiqukumbela le ngcamango kulawulo lwehlabathi. Kuyabonakala ukuba kukho imfuneko enkulu kuyo ukuba siza kuhlala kwihlabathi loxolo elivumela uphuhliso oluhambelanayo lwabemi balo. Kodwa ngaphandle kweenqobo ezisemgangathweni ekwabelwana ngazo, olu lawulo luya kusekelwa phezu kweyiphi? Mhlawumbi kwizivumelwano kwiindibano zezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuba abemi bazo baqondwe ngabo? Kwaye, ngaba kunokwenzeka namhlanje?
Ukunika umzekelo ongekho ngqiqweni; I-United States ne-China zidibana njenge-G2 edumileyo kwaye zenze isigqibo malunga nentshukumo yamazwe ngamazwe. Kuya kunyanzeliswa kangakanani ukuba ayixhaswanga yinxalenye enkulu yabemi behlabathi?
Indlela ekukuphela kwayo eya kulawulo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo, lwexesha elide kukudalwa kwengxoxo-mpikiswano ukuseka iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezifanayo apho uninzi loluntu lwamkelwa. Akulula kodwa kuya kwanela ukwenza ngokwemigaqo-siseko yesizwe yawo onke amazwe nemimiselo yemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqala ngeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neManyano yaseYurophu. Yonke imimiselo yehlabathi isekelwe kwimilinganiselo yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe yobulungisa boluntu, ukungafihli kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba, uphuhliso kunye nomanyano. Yenza umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ube sisiseko sobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe endaweni yenkani kunye namandla ezoqoqosho.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuba ulawulo lwehlabathi oluyinyani, oluhlala luhleli luyinjongo, ingxoxo kuya kufuneka kwakhona ibe yenye yeenqobo zethu ezisemgangathweni ekwabelwana ngazo ukuze sifezekise ukuhlalisana ngemvisiswano. Esi sisifundo kwimbali.
*Intatheli yaseTaliyane, iPhD kwezoQoqosho kunye nomcebisi wamazwe ngamazwe kunxibelelwano lwehlabathi. Ngoku ukhokela iphulo lolawulo oluzinzileyo lwehlabathi jikelele.Umseki kunye nomongameli ophumayo we-Inter Press Service (IPS) arhente yeendaba. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje uye waseka Ezinye iiNdaba (www.other-news.info/), inkonzo enikezela 'ulwazi oluthi lupheliswe ziimarike'.
*URoberto Savio ngumseki kunye nowayesakuba nguMlawuli-Jikelele we-arhente yeendaba zamazwe ngamazwe i-Inter Press Service (IPS). Kwiminyaka yakutshanje naye uye waseka Ezinye iindaba, inkonzo enikezela 'ulwazi oluthi lupheliswe ziimarike'. URoberto Savio: [imeyile ikhuselwe]. http://www.robertosavio.info. Umbhali unike imvume yoku Bukela ubugwenxa babantu ukupapasha inqaku lakhe.
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