Inkulumbuso yaseCatalonia uCarles Puigdemont ubhengeze ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhulikhi yaseCatalan ezimeleyo ngo-Oktobha 10, kuphela ukubhengeza ukumiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuzimela ukuze kuvunyelwe uthethathethwano kunye norhulumente we-Conservative Spanish People's Party (PP) weNkulumbuso uMariano Rajoy. Isibhengezo senkululeko senza ngokusesikweni isiphumo se-referendum ye-1 ka-Oktobha eyayibanjwe phantsi kwengcinezelo egqithisileyo yamapolisa: kuyo i-90% yabo bavoti (i-43% yabavoti) bathi 'Ewe' kwinkululeko.
Impendulo erhabaxa evela eMadrid yeza emva kweentsuku ezimbini: ICatalonia kwafuneka iyiyeke yonke ingcamango yokuzahlula okanye ibone ukuzilawula kwayo icinyiwe phantsi kwenqaku le-155 lomgaqo-siseko waseSpain. Urhulumente waseCatalan waziswa ngokusemthethweni ngefeksi ukuba kwakufika i-10am ngoMvulo, ngo-Okthobha, nge-16 ka-Okthobha, ukuba acacise ukuba sele ebhengeze ukuzimela okanye hayi, kwaye, ukuba uye, kwada kwayi-10 kusasa ngoLwesine, ngo-Okthobha we-19 ukuba alahle inkululeko kwaye "abuyele ngaphakathi kwesakhelo umgaqo-sisekoโ.
Ngaphezu koko, ngu-Ewe okanye uHayi ocacileyo kuphela oya kwamkelwa-โnasiphi na isiteyitimenti esahlukileyo kwimpendulo elula echasayo okanye eqinisekisayo siya kuthathwa njengesiqinisekiso.โ
Inqaku le-155 lichaza ukuba ukuba uluntu oluzimeleyo (ilizwe, ngokwemiqathango yase-Australia) aluphumezi uxanduva lwalo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho okanye "lwenze ngendlela eyonakalisa kakhulu umdla waseSpeyin" urhulumente ophakathi unokuphumeza nawaphi na amanyathelo afunekayo ukuze abuyele kwakhona. umgca. Ukuyisebenzisa, urhulumente waseSpain kufuneka anike isaziso sesilumkiso kwinkulumbuso yoluntu oluzimeleyo olukhubekisayo kwaye, ukuba luchasiwe, luphumelele inkxaso yesininzi seSenethi yaseSpain ngesiphakamiso sayo sokungenelela phantsi kwenqaku.
Ukusukela phantsi kwenkqubo yonyulo eqhekekileyo yaseSpain urhulumente omncinci wePP unesininzi kwiSenethi, ukufumana inqaku le-155 liphunyeziwe kuya kuba yinto esesikweni. Nangona kunjalo, inkokeli yePP uRajoy uhlala esazi ukuba ufuna uninzi lwepalamente ebanzi ngaphambi kokuba amkele-okokuqala ngqa-le "nyukliya ukhetho" ngokuchasene norhulumente waseCatalan kunye nentshukumo enamandla yokuzimela geqe emi emva kwayo.
Loo ntshukumo iye yaqiniswa yimpumelelo yayo engaqhelekanga, kokubini ekuqhubeni i-referendum yokuzimela ngo-Oktobha 1 kumazinyo engcinezelo enkulu yamapolisa kunye nokuqhuba uqhankqalazo oluqhelekileyo lwe-3 ka-Oktobha olukhatshwa yimiboniso emikhulu ukususela ekupheleni kobuzwilakhe beFranco. Kwakhona kuye kwanda ngaphaya kwentshukumo engqongqo yokuzimela ukuya kwelinye elikhusela ulongamo lwesiCatalan kunye namaziko-umboniso we-80% yabemi abaxhasa ilungelo laseCatalonia lokugqiba malunga nombuso waseSpain.
Umphambili obanzi we-centralism yaseSpain
Phambi kokuba enze intshukumo yakhe, uRajoy uye waqinisekisa ukuba uza kuvalela inkxaso yeqela eliphikisayo le-Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE). Ixabiso lenkxaso yayo yayikukuzibophelela kukarhulumente wePP kwinkqubo โyohlaziyo lomgaqo-sisekoโ. Le nto yayiyi-micro-carrot ehamba kunye ne-Rajoy's macro-stick, inkolelo yokuba impendulo ye-patriotism yaseSpain kwimvukelo yaseCatalan yayingeyona nje ingcinezelo. Kudliwanondlebe lwe-13 ye-Okthobha kunye ne-web-based daily Iphephandaba, Unobhala womanyano we-PSOE uPedro Sรกnchez uthethe ngesivumelwano sePP-PSOE njengempumelelo yohlaziyo:
Yintoni iphiko lasekunene laseSpain eliye laqaphela okokuqala kukuba kufuneka siphucule umgaqo-siseko wethu, kungekuphela nje kwinqanaba lendawo kodwa nakwamanye anxulumene nokuvuselelwa kwedemokhrasi, into ibloc exhasa ulongamo lwaseCatalan ayinakukhanyela. Ukuba ivala umnyango kuloo ngxoxo kunye nohlaziyo aluyi kuqondwa yinxalenye yabavoti bayo eCatalonia, kwaye ayiyi kuqondwa, ndingatsho, yi-European Union.
Ngala mazwana u-Sรกnchez wayephosa umngeni kumkhosi oyintloko we-Spanish "kwi-bloc exhasa uBukhosi baseCatalan"-Unidos Podemos (i-Podemos kunye ne-United Left) kunye nemibutho ethatha inxaxheba eCatalonia (En Comรบ Podem), eGalicia. (En Marea) kunye nelizwe laseValencian (A la Valenciana). Ngaba baya kuqhubeka nokuxhasa ilungelo lesiCatalan elingekho kumgaqo-siseko lokuzikhethela ngokumanyana nephiko lasekunene lesiCatalan elinikwe ithuba lokuphucula umgaqo-siseko kunye negalelo kwinkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kulo lonke elaseSpain? USรกnchez wongeza ngelithi:
[T]bakwanethuba lokuba negalelo ngeembono zabo kuhlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko. Bangena kubomi bezopolitiko kubushushu bomzuzu wokuqonda ukuba ubomi bezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo yeziko kwilizwe lethu kufuneka buhlaziywe kwaye kufuneka siqaphele amalungelo amatsha kunye nenkululeko. Singaqhubela phambili kunye kuloo nto. Kutheni bengafuni ukuba ne-15M [ndicaphukile] isizukulwana sikhokela esi sindululo sohlaziyo lweziko?
Undoqo weqhinga le-PSOE kukusebenzisa ingxaki yaseCatalan-kunye neCatalanism kulo lonke ilizwe laseSpain-kumzabalazo wayo okhoyo kunye nePodemos kunye namahlakani ayo kwi-hegemony yekhohlo kwipolitiki yonke yaseSpain. Umgca, nangona kunjalo, usengozini kakhulu kwiqondo lobundlobongela belizwe laseSpain kunye nokuchasana kweCatalan ukuba naluphi na ukungenelela eCatalonia kuvelisa. Umbutho kadade waseCatalan wePSOE, iParty of Socialists of Catalonia (PSC), wamkele isivumelwano sePP-PSOE sokuseka ikhomishini yepalamente "ingxoxo, ukuvavanya kunye nokuhlaziya" umgaqo-siseko waseSpain kula mazwi ka-Oktobha 11 kanobhala wakhe uMiquel Iceta:
Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje iCatalonia ayifumaneki kumgaqo-siseko kwaye kufuneka ifunyanwe aphoโฆ [Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko] kufuneka lube lolona lunenkqubela phambili olunokwenzeka, olona luxhasayo kulawulo lobuqu olunokwenzeka, elenze iphupha labavoti libe yinyaniso.
Ukuhambelana kwe-PSOE-PSC kunye nokungenelela kombuso waseSpain ovelisa kwakhona kwinqanaba elikhulu lamapolisa kunye nobundlobongela boMkhosi woLuntu ngo-Okthobha woku-1 kuya kuguqula le fantasy eyonwabisayo ibe luthuthu.
Ngokuphathelele aBemi, isambatho "yanamhlanje" se-neo-liberal esaqala ubomi njengentshukumo echasa ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abathetha iSpanish eCatalonia, inkxaso yayo kurhulumente waseRajoy inokuhlala ithathwa. Enyanisweni, inkokeli yayo u-Albert Rivera uye wakhuthaza uRajoy ukuba asebenzise inqaku le-155 ukususela ekubeni urhulumente waseCatalan wamkela umthetho we-referendum ngoSeptemba 6. Ikhorasi ekhulayo yokuxhatshazwa kobundlobongela kwintshukumo yeCatalan yokuzimela geqe "njenge-anti-demokhrasi", "i-populist", "ikhethelo" kunye "namaNazi".
Ngaphakathi kweCatalonia, inkokheli yabemi u-Ines Arrimades isicwangciso sokungenelela kukaRajoy phantsi kwenqaku le-155 lolonyulo lokuqala lwesiCatalan. Ukuze oku kwenzeke, urhulumente waseCatalan kufuneka asuswe kwaye ummiselo weCatalan wokuzimela, onika inkulumbuso yaseCatalan amandla akhethekileyo okubiza unyulo, imisiwe. (Inqaku le-155 lokungenelela linika urhulumente waseSpain amandla okwenza nantoni na ayibona ifanelekile kwaye akufuneki ukuba ihlaziywe rhoqo yipalamente yaseSpain.)
Kwinkokeli yePP yaseCatalan uXavier Garcรญa Albiol, imbangi yeArrimades emsebenzini weCatalonia's Quisling emva kokungenelela, icandelo 155 kufuneka liqale lisetyenziswe ukutshabalalisa awona maziko aseCatalan akhohlakeleyo: okokuqala ngamapolisa aseCatalan anobuqhophololo ( UMossos d'Esquadra), ongazange enze nto ngamabomu ukunqanda i-referendum ye-1 ka-Oktobha ukuba iqhubeke; okwesibini inkqubo yemfundo yeCatalan, akukho nto ngaphandle komatshini wokufundisa abantwana kwi-anti-Spanish kunye ne-separatist sentiment; kwaye okwesithathu umabonwakude kawonke wonke waseCatalan kunye nerediyo, enetyhefu yokutya kwepropaganda ethintela amaCatalan ekuqondeni iingenelo zomanyano kunye neSpain.
Umgca wezokhuselo kaRajoyโumgaqo-siseko
Urhulumente waseRajoy wayenokusebenzisa elinye igatya lomgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nolawulo lweCatalan kunye nokunyakaza. Eli nqaku le-116, elivumela, phantsi kweemeko zenkxaso yeCongress, ukuvakaliswa kwemeko yokungqingwa okanye unxunguphalo xa kukho isongelo kumyalelo woluntu. Ukuba ayizange ibonakalise ingxabano urhulumente waseSpain uya kusebenzisa ukuthethelela ubundlobongela obuya kufuneka ukucinezela amalungelo aseCatalan kunye namaziko: ukukhuselwa komthetho, umgaqo-siseko, idemokhrasi kunye nemilinganiselo yaseYurophu ishiya inketho.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ungenelelo lwecandelo le-116, ngaphandle kokuba kufuneka lihlaziywe rhoqo yipalamente yaseSpain, nalo liza kufuna isisongelo esithile kucwangco loluntu. Le yinto-ngaphandle kwemizamo emihle yaBemi, iPP, ekunene, amaPolisa eSizwe saseSpain, uMkhuseli woLuntu kunye neendaba zaseMadrid "cavern" - ayikho eCatalonia. Ngokwenene, indlela yoqhankqalazo olunoxolo olulandelwa yimibutho yabantu abaninzi baseCatalan-iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeCatalan (ANC), i-Omnium Cultural, i-Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI) kunye neeKomiti ezisandula ukusekwa zoKhuselo lweReferendum (CDR)โ yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuvezeni ubundlobongela bamapolisa ngomhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha kubaphulaphuli bakamabonakude behlabathi abothukileyo (kunye nokucenga abantu abachasene nokuzimela kweCatalan ukuba bavote njengophawu loqhanqalazo).
Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela yomgaqo-siseko ekhethwe nguRajoy ayisiyiyo nje into yokuba ichukumisa imithambo-luvo kwilizwe elisakwazi ukukhumbula ubundlobongela obungenasizathu sobuzwilakhe bukaFranco kwaye ikwabonelela iPSOE ngomgca enokuthi "iqela leqela". ilizweโ. Inika umgca wokukhusela kuyo yonke loo mikhosi kunye namaziko axhasa ngokusisiseko uRajoy kodwa azive enyanzelekile ukuba ahlasele ubundlobongela kunye nokuhlawula umlomo kwimfuno yengxoxo. "Emva kwayo yonke loo nto", izithethi zeKhomishini yaseYurophu kunye noorhulumente belizwe baseYurophu baye baphinda i-ad Nauseam, โlwalo voro kaOktobha 1 bekunjalo ngokuchasene nomgaqo-sisekoโ.
Ngo-Oktobha 11, usekela-mongameli weKomishoni yaseYurophu uValdis Dombrovskis wachaza emva kwentlanganiso yekhomishini ukuba "sithembele kumaziko aseSpain, kwiNkulumbuso uRajoy kunye nayo yonke imikhosi yezopolitiko esebenzela ukufumana isisombululo ngaphakathi kwesakhelo somgaqo-siseko. . Sinika inkxaso kwiinzame zokoyisa iyantlukwano noqhekeko kunye nokuqinisekisa umanyano nentlonipho yomgaqo-siseko waseSpain.โ
Ukugxininisa lo myalezo wenkxaso engenamiqathango esebenzayo kunye nokwala ukuba ngumlamli, umongameli waseFransi u-Emmanuel Macron wathi ngo-Okthobha we-10: "Njengentloko yelizwe, ummelwane kunye nomhlobo andinakukwazi ukuqaphela isikhundla esilinganayo senkulumbuso yaseSpain kunye nenkulumbuso yaseCatalan. uluntu.โ Egatya nayiphi na indima yolamlo kwiEuropean Union, wongezelela ngelithi โsiya kuba siyamkela into yokuba abo baphule umthetho banyanisile [xa] ulamlo lubonisa ukuba la maqela mabini ayalingana.โ
Ngo-Oktobha 13, umongameli weKomishoni yaseYurophu uJean-Claude Juncker wasiphinda esi sigidimi kwintetho yakhe eyayiseLuxembourg: โAsimele silamle. Ukuba iKomishoni okanye iBhunga laseYurophu lithathe ulamlo xa lilinye icala elilucelayo, oko kungakhokelela ekugqwethekeni okukhulu kwi-EU. Eyona nto iJuncker inokunika abaxhasi bamalungelo esizwe saseCatalan abalindele uncedo oluvela "eYurophu" yayiyingxelo ethi "ngexesha elidlulileyo ndathi kunkulumbuso waseSpain ukuba kufuneka athathe amanyathelo ukuze imeko yaseCatalonia ingaphumi kulawulo. Ezinye izinto zenziwe, ezinye azizange zenziwe. โ
UJuncker emva koko waveza eyona mvakalelo yakhe yokwenyani malunga nebango lenkululeko yamaCatalan-ukuba liyavunyelwa lingenza i-domino effect: โAndiyifuni iYurophu enokuthi kwiminyaka eli-15 yenziwe ngamazwe angama-98. Kunzima ngokwaneleyo kumazwe angama-28, akukho lula ngama-27, kodwa ngama-98 ndicinga ukuba ayinakwenzeka.
Le ngxabano, njengoko Oktobha 14 Catalan web-based mihla IVilaweb yatsho, yayimbi. Ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni itshitshise ilungelo lokuzigqibela ngebinzana, yayibubudenge ngokwenyani:
UJuncker akazange abe nesidima sokuchaza ukuba uvela kwelinye lawona mazwe mancinci anabantu abambalwa kwi-European Union [Luxembourg]. Ngoko ke, ekubeni yena ekhokela iKhomishoni, ingxoxo yakhe malunga nokuqhekeka kunye nobukhulu bamazwe angamalungu ayizange ivakale. Kuphela yiMalta, kwaye kancinci kakhulu, enabemi abambalwa kuneLuxembourg. Engazange kananjalo akwazi ukuyithethelela le ngxoxo yamandulo, ekubeni ngowe-1990 amazwe asibhozo kwangama-27 oManyano lwaseYurophu ayengekho phakathi kwemida yawo yangoku. Kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko, obona buvuvu bothusayo beza xa wayethetha ngamazwe angama-98, kuba azikho zikude iimeko ezingama-70 ezilinganayo okanye ezinokuthelekiswa neCataloniaโฆ
Okwangoku inkqubo yokuzimela yodwa efaniswa nemeko yeCatalonia yileyo yaseFlanders, nokuba ilandela indlela ehluke kakhulu kwiCatalan. Kukho iimeko ezimbini ezinokuthi nangawuphi na umzuzu zikhule ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ezo zeLizwe laseBasque kunye neCorsica. Abanye baneempawu ezenza kube nzima ukubacingela ukuba benze amazwe abo kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu.
Amagqabantshintshi kaJuncker abonise, ngokukrakra kwamakholwa aseCatalan "eYurophu" njengempucuko kunye nedemokhrasi yokuchasana neSpeyin, ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kumbuzo wesizwe i-PP monster eMadrid nayo ibambe eBrussels, eRoma, eBerlin naseParis. Indlela yokusabela phakathi kwamaziko eCatalan ubuzwe yile tweet yowayesakuba sisithethi sepalamente uNรบria de Gispert:
Uyakwazo oko? Loo Juncker akanazintloni! IYurophu yamazwe!!!โฆ Ewe, mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo baya kuza basikhangela kwaye andazi nokuba siya kuba nomdla na.
Kwintetho yakhe ye-11 ka-Oktobha kwiseshoni yepalamente yaseSpain eyamkele (nge-72% ngokuthanda) ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yenqaku le-155, u-Rajoy wasebenzisa umgca wengxoxo yomgaqo-siseko ukuhlasela eyona ngcamango yelungelo lezizwe lokuzikhethela. Wathi: โYindlela enenkohliso yokubonisa ilungelo elingafunwayo ngumgaqo-sisekoโฆUkusebenzisa ilungelo lokuthatha isigqibo bubuxoki kwilizwe ledemokhrasi elithobela umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.โ
Kwashiyeka kwiRiphabhliki yeKhohlo laseCatalonia (ERC) i-MP u-Joan Tardร ukuba aphendule ku-Rajoy kunye ne-PP mantra "leyo engekho emthethweni ayikho idemokhrasi". "Kuwe [Rajoy], umanyano lwaseSpain lubeka phambili idemokhrasi [kodwa] akunakubakho mgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuhlonipha umgaqo wedemokhrasi." Ukuguqukela kwiibhentshi zePSOE, uTardร wongeze wathi: "Ukuba ngenye imini beze kusithatha, uya kuba noxanduva."
Ubuzwe baseSpain buhlanganisana, ilungelo elikude liyavela kwakhona
Umlo omde we-Spain-patriotic ngoku udibana ngokuchasene neCatalonia udlulela ngaphaya kwamaqela "awumgaqo-siseko" ukubandakanya ilungelo eligqithileyo elicinga ukuba ixesha lalo liyeza. Eli lungelo le-ultra, elihlala lifumana ivoti elibi kunyulo lwaseSpain (abavoti abade bekunene basaxhasa kakhulu i-PP), nangona kunjalo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubangeni isitrato ngobundlobongela bayo. Ikwaxhamla amanqaku abalulekileyo enkxaso kumapolisa nakwiPP ngokwayo.
Kwinyanga edlulileyo, amaqela anelungelo eligqithisileyo lolunye uhlobo okanye olunye:
โข Ukuzama ukuntywila ngokukhwaza intlanganiso yaseValencia ekuxhaseni i-referendum yesiCatalan;
โข Yakhupha izigrogriso zokufa ngaku-Anna Gabriel, inkokeli yabachasi-kapitali, uLuhlu loManyano lwaBantu oluxhasa inkululeko (CUP);
โข Ubethe owasetyhini osebenza kwindawo yokuthengisela yePro-Sovereignty Association yaseMallorca kwikomkhulu laseMallorcan iPalma;
โข Wangqinga intlanganiso yaseZaragoza yabameli abanyuliweyo bamaqela axhasa ilungelo leCatalonia lokuzikhethela kunye nokujula amanzi kwisithethi sepalamente yaseAragon xa abathathi-nxaxheba kwintlanganiso ekugqibeleni bakhatshwa bemke phantsi kokhuselo lwamapolisa awayelibazise ukufika, kwaye;
โข Ukumiselwa kumngcelele weGay Pride walo nyaka eMurcia.
Esona siganeko sibi kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku senzeke ngoSuku lweSizwe saseValencian (ngo-Oktobha 9), xa iPolisa yeSizwe yaseSpain yayimi ngokungahambi kakuhle ngelixa abalandeli be-ultra right beQela leBhola lebhola lebhola laseValencia babetha abantu kumboniso we-pro-sovereignty kunye nemvume yokumatsha. Ngalo lonke eli phulo lobundlobongela obuphezulu akukho namnye umntu obanjiweyo okanye omangalelweyo.
Ngomboniso we-Okthobha we-8 we-unionist e-Barcelona, โโโโeyaba phakathi kwe-350,000 (umzobo wamapolisa kamasipala) kunye ne-900,000 (umzobo wabaququzeleli, iCatalan Civil Society), amaqela alishumi elinesine e-ultra-right ayekho. Nangona ngokubanzi baye bathobela ubizo lokungabonisi iiflegi kunye neeflegi zeFrancoist ngexesha lomatshi, ukuzibamba okufunekayo kuye kwabaninzi kakhulu kubo. Ekupheleni kosuku, bagijima bejikeleza kumbindi weBarcelona, โโbexhaphaza amapolisa aseCatalan, besoyikisa iintatheli kunye nabafoti kwaye babhukuqa iitafile kunye nezihlalo zokutyela. Uvuthondaba yaba kukungqubana kwesitulo phakathi kwabalandeli abaninzi beValencia kunye namaqela ebhola ekhatywayo eMadrid ngaphandle kwekhefi kumbindi weCatalonia Square.
Ngexesha loqhankqalazo abasekunene baculela iingoma ezithi "Puigdemont ejele", "ayingomapolisa ethu", "Ubuphi nge-1 kaOkthobha", "abangcatshi" kunye "nenkunkuma" (zonke ezijoliswe ngokuchaseneyo UMossos d'Esquadra) kwaye ngoxhatshazo wakhwaza kwiibhalkhoni ezibonisa i estelada (Iflegi yokuzimela yaseCatalan). Ngaphambi kohambo lwamaqela amathathu e-Ultra, i-Falange, i-Somatemps kunye ne-Urban Legion, yakhahlela i-Civil Guard kwindawo yabo yangaphakathi yase-Barcelona kwaye emva koko yajoyina kunye nohambo oluphambili njengoko idlula kwikomkhulu le-Barcelona yePolisa yeSizwe yaseSpain.
Ubukho be-ultras babangela ukuhlazeka kubaququzeleli be-rally, ababeyifuna njengento yokubonisa amandla yi-unionism eqhelekileyo. USocialist uJosep Borell, owayesakuba ngusomlomo wepalamente yaseYurophu, kwafuneka akhumbuze isihlwele ukuba abantu bavalelwa entolongweni ngenxa yenkqubo efanelekileyo.
Okuqhelekileyo, ukudibanisa, ukuvakalelwa komboniso kwakunqatshelwe i-referendum ye-Oktobha 1 kunye nemithetho ephunyezwe yipalamente yaseCatalan ukuze ikwazi ukwenza oko-konke oko "kukuqhekeza iSpeyin". Nangona kunjalo, nangona ithoni yayo eyothusayo yeSpanish-yokuthanda ilizwe kunye nokuchasa kwalo naliphi na ilungelo lesiCatalan lokuzikhethela, umboniso ubuye watsala abantu abalandulayo nge-1 ka-Okthobha kodwa bafuna ireferendamu yothethathethwano lwaseScotland. Kodwa babekwindibano engalunganga.
Uqinisekiso olongezelelekileyo lokuba ukudibanisa imvakalelo yokuthanda ilizwe yaseSpain kuhlala kubandakanya ukudibanisa ilungelo elikude leza kwipalamente yaseSpain kwiveki elandelayo, xa uPablo Casado, usekela-nobhala wePP kwezonxibelelwano, waxelela inkomfa yeendaba nge-9 ka-Okthobha:
Sabona kudlula i-6 ka-Okthobha edlulileyo ngaphandle kwentlungu okanye uzuko isikhumbuzo se-83 sokubhengezwa kokuzimela yi- [inkulumbuso yaseCatalan uLluรญs] Iinkampani. Ndicinga ukuba imbali akufuneki iphindaphindwe, ke sinethemba lokuba ngomso [ngo-Oktobha 10] akukho nto ibhengezwayo. Okona kulungileyo, lowo ukuvakalisayo uya kufana nalowo wakuvakalisa kwiminyaka engama-83 eyadlulayo.
Oku kwakubhekisela kwisibhengezo sika-Oktobha 6, 1934 โselizwe laseCatalan ngaphakathi kwiriphabliki yomanyano yaseSpainโ esenziwa ngurhulumente weCompany ukuphendula utshintsho olufanelekileyo kurhulumente waseSpain. Umkhosi waseSpain wabeka phantsi le "mvukelo" emva kongquzulwano olufutshane kunye ne-Mossos d'Esquadra, iiNkampani kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe bavalelwa kwaye ummiselo weCatalan wokuzimela wanqunyanyiswa. Emva koloyiso lwamaFranco kwiMfazwe Yamakhaya, iiCompany, ezabuyela njengenkulumbuso emva koloyiso lwePopular Front ngoJanuwari 1936, zabulawa liqela labadutyulwayo ngo-Oktobha 15, 1940. Akakho urhulumente waseSpeyin, PP okanye PSOE, owakhe wacela uxolo ngokubulawa kwakhe. .
Inkcazo kaCasado yabangela isaqhwithi somsindo, kunye ne-PSOE Pedro Sรกnchez ebiza uRajoy ukuba "ugcine i-pyromaniacs yakho phantsi kolawulo". Kodwa oku akuzukwenzeka: Umsebenzi weCasado kwicandelo lePP labasebenzi kukwenza inja-umlozi kwi-Ultra-nationalist ekunene kwaye ubaqinisekise ukuba iPP, njengababheki bayo, iyayazi indlela yokujongana nezopolitiko zaseCatalan.
Iipolitiki zaseSpain zinokuthi zibone ngakumbi le nkunkuma kuba i-PP ngoku inomchasi wevoti ekude ngendlela yabemi. Umzekelo wokhuphiswano lwamaqela amabini 'olungaphezulu kweFalangist-than-you' luze kwigalelo lenkokeli yaBemi uAlbert Rivera kwingxoxo yepalamente yaseSpain yango-Oktobha 11 ngokusetyenziswa kwenqaku le-155:
Le yingxaki yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu ye-hegemony yobuzwe kwilizwe lam, eCatalonia, ibeka ingcamango kuninzi lwabemi kwaye izama ukutshabalalisa ilizwe lethu, kwaye mhlawumbi sijongana nayo kwaye siyabazi ubungakanani bengxaki. nendlela ekunzima ngayo ukutshabalalisa ubuzwe ngokwedemokhrasi...
Ingxaki kukuba kufuneka sibe neprojekthi yelizwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amane ezayo, ukoyisa ubuzwe, ngokwezopolitiko, ngokwembono nangedemokhrasiโฆ
Ukusombulula okwenzekayo eCatalonia, hayi, akukho msebenzi weenyawo onqabileyo, okanye ubuchule okanye i-bureaucracy iya kusicombululela. Umbono yinto efunekayo kunye nokwazi into esiyifunayo ngekamva laseSpain. Asinakuhlala sizibuza ukuba yintoni esentloko kwabo basebenza ngaphandle komthetho. Asinakuzifaka entlokweni yendibano yeCUP kuba ingaphandle komthetho...
Sinesizathu, idemokhrasi kunye namaziko asemva kwethu, ke, nceda, masikhokele. Masingalindeli ukuba benze into. Masikhokele. Abantu baseSpain balindele urhulumente wakho kunye neli gumbi ukuba bathethe into abaza kuyenza. Mnu Rajoy, ukuba uyafuna, unelizwe elisemva kwakho.
Akufuneki agqitywe, uPablo Casado uxelele inkomfa yabezindaba ye-10 ka-Oktobha ukuba yena, buqu, uthanda ukuvalwa kwawo onke amaqela axhasa ukuzimela phantsi koMthetho wamaQela.
Inyathelo elingenanjongo kunye nokuzeyisa?
Ngenxa yokukhatywa ngokukhawuleza kweengxoxo zelizwe laseSpain kunye nolamlo yiKomishoni yaseYurophu, ngaba isigqibo senkulumbuso yaseCatalan uCarles Puigdemont sokumisa ukubhengezwa kokuzimela kweCatalan ngeyona nto ingenanjongo kwaye iyancipha ngakumbi intshukumo yokuzimela? Ngokuqinisekileyo bekukho unxunguphalo ebusweni babantu abangama-30,000 abangaphandle kwepalamente ababevuyile isibhengezo senkulumbuso senkululeko xa, ngaphantsi komzuzu emva koko, wabhengeza ukuba isibhengezo sinqunyanyisiwe ukuze sikwazi ukuthetha.
U-Anna Gabriel, iLungu lePalamente kuLuhlu loManyano lwaBantu olunxamnye nokuzimela (CUP), uthe kwiseshoni yepalamente emva kwentetho kaPuigdemont: โIingxoxo? Nabani? Ngaba urhulumente waseSpain owala amalungelo asisiseko? โ
I-CUP, iingxoxo ezingemva kweengcango ezivaliweyo kunye noPuigdemont zalibazisa ukuqala kweseshoni yepalamente ngeyure enye, yayingonwabanga yinto ababeyibona njengento yokugqibela yokuthobela imikhosi ekhuselekileyo kwinkampu ebanzi ye-pro-independence. Ezi bekucingelwa ukuba ziqala ukuqina phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu olusetyenziswayo ukumisa isibhengezo senkululeko.
Olu xinzelelo lubandakanya ukubekwa phantsi koqoqosho oluququzelelwe ngumphathiswa wezoqoqosho waseSpain uLuis de Guindos: ukhuthaze iifemu ezinkulu zaseCatalan ezifana neCaixaBank kunye neBanc Sabadell ukuba batshintshe ikomkhulu labo ngaphandle kweCatalonia kwaye babenomgaqo oquka inkqubo ebhalwe ngokutsha ukuvumela ukuba isigqibo senziwe. ziibhodi zenkampani hayi intlanganiso jikelele yabaninizabelo. Ukusukela oko iMadrid yaqala eli qhinga, ngaphezulu kwe-500 yeefemu ziye zasusa ikomkhulu lazo eCatalonia.
Uxinzelelo kwakhona lweza ngendlela yesibheno somzuzu wokugqibela sikaDonald Tusk, umongameli weBhunga laseYurophu (weenkulumbuso zamazwe angamalungu), ukuba iCatalonia ingathathi inyathelo eliya kwenza uthethathethwano lungenzeki.
Isiteyitimenti se-12 ka-Okthobha ye-CUP esebenzisana ne-Endavant-OSAN (Forward-Socialist Organisation of National Liberation), apho uGabriel engowakho, yathi:
Ngo-Oktobha 10 urhulumente waseCatalonia wangcatsha ulongamo lwabantu njengoko kuchazwe kwi-referendum ka-Oktobha 1 kunye nogwayimbo jikelele lwe-3 ka-Oktobha. Ukungabhengezwa kweRiphabhliki yaseCatalan-kunye nokutshintshwa kwayo "ngokumiswa" okuvula umnyango wokuxoxisana noRhulumente-kukuhlasela ulongamo lwabantu. Urhulumente wePuigdemont uye wagoqa phambi kwe-blackmail yeebhanki, i-shishini elite kunye ne-European Union kunye naphambi koloyiko lwemikhosi ye-pro-sovereignty kurhulumente ekukhutshweni okuthandwayo okuvumela ukuphumelela kwe-referendum kunye nogwayimbo oluqhelekileyo.
Nokuba yeyiphi na inyaniso enokubakho kwezinye zeengqalelo zabagxeki besigqibo sikaPuigdemont sokurhoxisa isibhengezo senkululeko, babonakala beyiphosakele injongo yayo ebalulekileyo. Oku kwakungekuko ukunyanzelisa iingxoxo ezivela kurhulumente waseRajoy, ongenakukwazi ukuxoxisana norhulumente waseCatalan nangona wayefuna-isiseko sakhe senkxaso ye-patriotic yaseSpain asiyi kumela.
Nangona uhlobo oluyimfuneko lwendlela yorhulumente waseCatalan yayiyifowuni eMadrid ukuba ixoxisane, injongo yayo yayikukubonisa ngakumbi ubume boburhulumente bukaRajoy emehlweni ehlabathi ebelityhwatyhwa kwiziganeko zika-Oktobha 1: ngale ndlela. ijolise ekwandiseni inkxaso phakathi kwedemokhrasi kuyo yonke indawo ukuze iCatalonia ibe nelungelo lokwenza isigqibo.
Ngaphakathi kwesigqibo seCatalonia Puigdemont sanceda ukudibanisa intsebenziswano ehlala ixhaphakile yentshukumo ye-pro-independence kunye nemikhosi ye-pro-sovereignty efana neCatalunya en Comรบ (njengoko ibonakaliswe ngusodolophu waseBarcelona u-Ada Colau) kunye nePodem Catalunya (umbutho waseCatalan udade wePodemos). Ngaphakathi kwelizwe laseSpain, iqinisekisile i-Unidos Podemos (i-Podemos kunye ne-United Ekhohlo) kunye nemibutho ethatha inxaxheba eGalicia kunye neLizwe laseValencian njengokuphela komkhosi waseSpain omele ukuqatshelwa kwe-plurination yaseSpain kunye nelungelo leSpeyin. amazwe ayinxalenye yawo ukuba enze isigqibo. Ngomqondiso ofanayo kuqinisekiswa i-PSOE "entsha" yonobhala we-federal ophinde wanyulwa uPedro Sรกnchez ngokwahlukileyo kancinci kwi-PSOE endala ngokubhekiselele kumbuzo kazwelonke.
Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, iye yanceda ukubhentsisa (kwakhona kwakhona) undoqo wolawulo lwemikhosi elawulayo ngaphakathi kwi-European Union, abaqhuba ukuncedisa uRajoy ukuba abeke phantsi imvukelo yaseCatalan kanye njengoko balungisa umngeni weSYRIZA eGrisi ngo-2015.
Xa kwafika ngo-Oktobha 13, impendulo esemthethweni ye-CUP yayinqande ngakumbi kodwa icacile: i-10 ka-Oktobha yayi "ithuba elilahlekileyo", "ithemba lokuxoxisana ngamazwe ngamazwe lingathathwa njengento evaliweyo" kwaye urhulumente wasePuigdemont kwafuneka avakalise iRiphabhliki yaseCatalan. kuba โngokubhengeza iRiphablikhi kuphela apho siya kukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ungenelelo lwabadlali bamazwe ngamazwe lwenzeka ngesiseko sokuqatshelwa kwethu njengesifundo sezopolitikoโ.
Isibhengezo seCUP sathi:
Abantu kuphela kwesakhiwo esiluqilima esinalo eli lizwe, ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkxaso ecacileyo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, ngenxa yokungabikho kwemveliso enamandla kunye neyondeleyo yokuvelisa ngemvakalelo yelizwe (nangona imbeko kunye nokwanda kokungafani koqoqosho lwentlalo kunye nentsebenziswano) kwaye nangona, ngokulinganayo, ukungabikho kobutyebi bendalo obunokusinika indawo eyahlukileyo kwi-geopolitics yamazwe ngamazwe. Amandla ethu ngabantu kunye neemfuno zabo kunye nethemba (ugxininiso kwi-original).
Impendulo yeenkokheli ze-ANC kunye ne-Omnium Cultural yayifana: urhulumente we-Puigdemont kwafuneka anike ixesha lokugqibela apho, kungabikho uthethathethwano okanye inkqubela phambili kwiingxoxo, uya kuphelisa ukumiswa kwesibhengezo sokuzimela. Ngomhla we-12 kweyeDwarha, umongameli we-ANC uJordi Sร nchez wathumela ileta kuwo onke amalungu athe, ngelixa exhasa ukunqunyanyiswa kwesibhengezo senkululeko โnjengenyanisekileyo kodwa iyingoziโ, wacela umbutho ukuba โugcine ikhonkco lokuthembana elenze ukuba somelele. kude kube namhlanjeโ kwaye โsiqiniseke ukuba akukho kubuya umva kukuzimisela kwethu ukwakha ilizwe elitsha elizimeleyo ngendlela yeRiphabhliki.โ
Olu ngenelelo lwakhokelela kwimpendulo ecaphukayo eyayivela kwinkulumbuso yangaphambili uArtur Mas, owaxelela iCatalan TV ukuba โaba bantu banomsebenzi wabo kodwa kuxhomekeke kurhulumente kwaye ngurhulumente kuphela owenza isigqibo sokugqibela.โ
Ngexesha lokubhala (okwethu ngaphambi kokudlula komhla wokugqibela phantsi kwenqaku le-155), iinkampu ze-independence kunye ne-pro-sovereignty zizama ukufumana isiseko sokuphendula ngokumanyeneyo kwiimfuno zaseMadrid. Ezinyeโekunene, embindini nasekhohloโzezokuphakamisa ngokukhawuleza ukunqunyanyiswa kwesibhengezo ngokukhawuleza; abanyeโkuquka nosodolophu waseBarcelona uAda Colauโbathetha nje ukuba isibhengezo senkululeko asizange senziwe ngenxa yokuba asizange sivotelwe yipalamente yaseCatalan; ezinye zezokuphendula ngokuthumela nje iMadrid ikopi yentetho ye-10 ka-Oktobha kaPuigdemont.
IiCDR ziyaququzelela
Ngokuphathelele inyathelo elilandelayo urhulumente waseCatalan kufuneka enze, abanye ngaphakathi conservative nationalist Catalan European Democratic Party (PdeCAT, Puigdemont's formation) ukubiza unyulo lokuqala Catalan ngesiseko kuphela ngale ndlela ukuqinisekiswa okanye ngenye Oktobha 1. uhlolo-zimvo luya kuqinisekiswa. Le ndlela yokucinga isekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba xa iinkokeli zamaCatalan ezixhasa ukuzimela zisusiwe phantsi kwenqaku le-155, naluphi na unyulo luya kubanjwa kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu kwinkampu exhasa inkululeko (kubandakanywa, ngokucingelwayo, ukuthintelwa kwamaqela axhasa ukuzimela emi).
Abanye, ngakumbi uninzi lwemikhosi eqokelelwe kwiiKomiti ezisekwe ebumelwaneni zoKhuselo lweReferendum (CDR), bayasikhaba esi sigqibo njengesoyisakele kwaye bagxile ekuzilungiseleleni ukoyisa okanye ukuthomalalisa ungenelelo lorhulumente waseSpain. Ngo-Oktobha 14, intlanganiso yokuqala yeCatalonia ngokubanzi kwezi komiti ze-90-odd zenzeke e-Barcelona.
Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 1, umsebenzi wabo ugxile ekuhlanganiseni yonke imibutho ye-pro-sovereignty ngeenjongo zokudala imali yokulwa, ukwenza i-paste-ups kunye neentlanganiso, ukulungiselela ukukhusela ngokusemthethweni kunye nokubambisana ngokuchasene nokubanjwa okuzayo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso yengqondo kubantu abalimele okanye abahlaselweyo. Ngomhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha kunye nokwanda koxinzelelo loqhanqalazo olufuna ukususwa kwamapolisa kunye nemikhosi yoonogada baseCatalonia. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ingxoxo kwintlanganiso ye-Barcelona igxile ekulungiseleleni ugwayimbo jikelele olulandelayo kunye "nokumiswa koluntu" okuya kufuneka xa inqaku le-155 liqala ukusetyenziswa. Intlanganiso ikwaqwalasele eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqalisa nokuphuhlisa inkqubo esekelwe ebantwini.
Ukungabikho kwexesha kuthintele ingxoxo malunga nendlela engcono yokulungelelanisa ukwamkelwa kunye nokubekwa kwe "International Brigades" yalabo bafuna ukuza eCatalonia bevela kwamanye amazwe ukuze baxhase ukulwa kwayo ngokuzimela.
Kwimeko yangoku eguquguqukayo kakhulu, apho abadlali abakhulu bezopolitiko batshintsha izikhundla ukusuka kwiyure ukuya kwiyure, enye into ihlala icacile: kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni iNkulumbuso yaseCatalan uCarles Puigdemont ebhengeza ngo-Oktobha 16, ukudibanisa kwentlangano ehleliweyo ephumelele ngo-Oktobha 1 kunye ne-3. kunye nomanyano ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwemida yelizwe laseSpain kuya kuba yimfuneko ukunqanda ukusekwa okucwangcisiweyo okucwangcisiweyo kwamalungelo esizwe aseCatalonia.
UDick Nichols nguye Luhlaza sasekhohlo veki nganye's umnxibelelanisi yaseYurophu, ezinze e Barcelona. Inguqulelo yokuqala yeli nqaku ivele kwiwebhusayithi yayo. Ngoku uqhuba a blog live kwingxaki yaseCatalan.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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1 amagqabantshintshi
โIsibhengezo senkululeko samisela ngokusesikweni isiphumo sovoto ngo-Oktobha 1 olwalubanjwe phantsi kwengcinezelo eqatha yamapolisa: kuyo ama-90 ekhulwini abo bavoti (i-43% yabavoti) bathi โEweโ kwinkululeko.โ
Xa sijonga iimeko, athembeke kangakanani la manani?