NgoNovemba 2, ijaji uCarmen Lamela weNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe yaseSpeyin—inzala ethe ngqo yeNkundla yoLawulo lukarhulumente yexesha likaFranco—wathabatha imfazwe yelizwe laseSpeyin nxamnye norhulumente waseCatalan owayexhasa inkululeko yayisa kwinqanaba elitsha logonyamelo lwenkundla.
Kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukuba uJordi Sànchez noJordi Cuixart, iinkokeli ezimbini zemibutho yaseCatalan exhasa ukuzimela kweCatalan National Assembly (ANC) kunye neCatalan yenkcubeko kunye nombutho weelwimi i-Omnium Cultural, sele bevalelwe. Kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo ukuba urhulumente waseCatalan ugxothwe ngo-Oktobha 27 phantsi kwenqaku le-155 lomgaqo-siseko waseSpain.
Ngoku aba befundisi kwafuneka bathotywe isidima: bejamelene nezityholo zemvukelo (ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-30 entolongweni), ukuvukela (ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-15 entolongweni) nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kawonke-wonke, abasibhozo babaphathiswa bathunyelwa eluvalelweni kuqikelelwa ukuba bathintelwa ukutshabalalisa ubungqina. kunye nokusaba ilizwe laseSpain.
Isigqibo kwangoko savusa isaqhwithi esitsha soqhanqalazo kulo lonke elaseCatalonia, ngobusuku obubini bemiboniso ngaphandle kweeholo zedolophu kunye nepalamente yelizwe, ngorhatya olungevayo. iicassolades (ukubetha iimbiza kunye neepani), kunye nomboniso ocetywayo we-11 kaNovemba e-Barcelona eqinisekileyo ukuba i-oceanic. Igcuntswana, kodwa elikhula ngokukhawuleza, imanyano yemanyano yabasebenzi i-Intersindical-CSC yabiza uqhankqalazo jikelele lwe-8 kaNovemba kwaye yadityaniswa yimanyano yemfundo yaseCatalan kunye neManyano yamaFama.
Ngokwahlukileyo, kulo lonke ilizwe laseSpain, apho i-Centre of Sociological Research (CIS) yamva nje i-poll ibonisa ithemba lokuzimela kweCatalan ngoku inkxalabo yesibini enkulu yabantu emva kokungasebenzi, ukubanjwa kwabaphathiswa baseCatalan kwabuliswa, ukuba kukho nantoni na. , ngolwaneliseko. Ukusukela oko nge-27 ka-Okthobha isibhengezo se-Catalan yokuzimela, ubuzwe baseSpain buye banda ekuphenduleni, eCatalonia ngokwayo nakwiSpain yonke.
Umongameli waseCatalan uCarles Puigdemont, ngoku oseBelgium kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe abane abaseleyo, ngokukhawuleza wasigxeka isenzo sejaji yaseSpain. Baye bakhutshelwa i-warrant yokubanjwa yaseYurophu, kodwa akuqinisekanga ukuba inkqubo yezomthetho yaseBelgium iya kubabuyisela kwilizwe laseSpain. Ngexesha lokubhalwa kwencwadi (ngomhla wesixhenxe kuNovemba) umantyi ochopheleyo waseBelgium ubakhulule ngaphandle kwebheyile nangomqathango owodwa wokuba baqhagamshelane nenkundla.
Inkqubo yokubuyisela ingathatha iintsuku ezingama-60 ukuba iinkokeli zaseCatalan kufuneka zisebenzise ngokupheleleyo ilungelo labo lokubhena phantsi komthetho waseBelgium. Okwangoku uPuigdemont ukhululekile ukuma njengomgqatswa okhokelayo kwiqela lakhe, iCatalan European Democratic Party (PDECat) kwi-snap Disemba 21 ukhetho, olubizwe ngunkulumbuso waseSpain uMariano Rajoy njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sakhe sokunciphisa ukunyakaza kweCatalan ukuzimela.
Lithini ifuthe lovoto lwe-21 kaDisemba?
Ukuvalelwa kwabaphathiswa baseCatalan kuye kwaba nefuthe kwingxoxo-mpikiswano ngaphakathi kweCatalonia yamaqela axhasa ukuzimela kunye ne-pro-sovereignty malunga nokuba kufuneka balujonge njani unyulo lwe-21 kaDisemba. Xa uRajoy ebhengeza ukungenelela kwakhe phantsi kwenqaku le-155 lomgaqo-siseko waseSpain (ngosuku olufanayo nesibhengezo sokuzimela kweCatalan), wonke umntu wayelindele imfazwe yesikhundla: urhulumente ophakathi wayeza kunqumla urhulumente waseCatalan, axoshe abaphathi bakhe abaphezulu, ahlambulule amapolisa aseCatalan. , iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke zosasazo nezemfundo, zinikezela ngezinyobo zonyulo kuluntu oluthile zize emva koko—kwaye kuphela—zibeke esichengeni unyulo lwemimandla.
Asikho esinye isicwangciso esibonakala sinokwenzeka kwilizwe apho i-unionism ("umgaqo-siseko" kubaxhasi bayo) iphumelele ngaphantsi kwe-40% yevoti ngoSeptemba 2015 "i-plebiscitary" yonyulo lwesiCatalan olubeka imikhosi exhasa ukuzimela kurhulumente. Ngoko yaba yinto emangalisayo kuwo onke macala xa uRajoy ehamba ngesantya sombane-okokuqala kubomi bakhe bezopolitiko-ukubiza unyulo lwaseCatalan lwe-21 kaDisemba.
Izinto ezintathu eziphambili zigqibe isigqibo sokuhamba kwangethuba: okokuqala, ukuzithemba ukuba iqumrhu elikhulu labantu abaxhasa umanyano oluqhubekayo neSpain kodwa ngokwesiko abangavoti kunyulo lwaseCatalan ngeli xesha banokuhlanganiswa blitzkrieg ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kwaye okwesibini, sinethemba lokuba inkampu exhasa inkululeko iza kohlukana phakathi kwabo bathanda ukukwaywa kwe-21 kaDisemba kunye nabo baxhasa ukuma. Imfuno yesithathu kunye neyona nto inyanzelisa urhulumente we-Rajoy kukuphelisa kanye kunye ne-European and international disquiet malunga nokuba semthethweni kwengcinezelo yelizwe laseSpain yakutshanje.
Owona mngcipheko mkhulu wokuhamba kukaRajoy kukudala umanyano phakathi kwemikhosi edla ngokuqhekeka yokuzimela kunye nokuzimela, nokuba kusemva kwephulo lonyulo lokuqinisekisa iRiphabhliki yaseCatalan ebhengezwe yipalamente ngo-Oktobha 27 okanye emva kwephulo elibanzi lokuchasa inqaku le-155 laseMadrid. ukubhukuqa kunye nokwakha inkxaso kwilungelo lesiCatalan lokugqiba.
Ngexesha lokubhalwa, ithemba likarhulumente waseSpain People's Party (PP) lokukhuthaza uqhekeko phakathi kwemikhosi elwela inkululeko ngokuthanda ugwayiyo kwaye abo bazakuma nge-21 kaDisemba ibonakala ngathi iyasilela, ngakumbi emva kokuba iNkulumbuso uCharles Puigdemont ebhengeze ngo-Okthobha. I-31 yenkomfa yeendaba yaseBrussels ukuba umbutho wokuzimela waseCatalan wawungesabi ibhokisi lokuvota.
Ukuvalelwa kwe-2 kaNovemba kwabaphathiswa kwakhona kwenza indlela ebumbene ngakumbi ngemikhosi ethatha isigqibo sokuma ngakumbi. I-Conservative nationalist Catalan European Democratic Party (PDECat) kunye ne-center-left nationalist Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), amaqabane kwi-Together for the Yes (JxSí) elawulayo yokubambisana, bobabini babhengeze ukuba "baza kudibana noRajoy kwiivoti", kunye noluvo kuLuhlu loManyano lwaBantu olunxamnye nokuzimela (CUP) nalo luqalisile ukujinga ngolo hlobo.
Ngomhla we-4 kaNovemba, i-CUP enkulu edibeneyo i-Poble Lliure (Abantu abaMahala) ikhuphe ingxelo ethi:
[Sikholelwa ekubeni isiganeko esibalulekileyo esiza kuzuzwa ngomhla wama-21 kuDisemba kukudala isininzi sepalamente esibanzi esibonisa ngokucacileyo ukukhatywa kokusetyenziswa kwenqaku le-155, likugxeka ngokupheleleyo ukudityaniswa kwabantu abaphambeneyo okoyika uRhulumente kunye nomsebenzi wamapolisa. Abantu baseCatalan ngaxeshanye bezibophelela ekwenzeni iRiphabhlikhi isebenze ukusuka nge-22 kaDisemba.
Sikholelwa ukuba into efunekayo kukudala itikiti eliphumeleleyo elibanzi lokuma nge-21 kaDisemba, eliza kusebenza kwiiveki ezizayo ukuba yintoni na inyathelo likarhulumente elifunekayo ukuphumeza izakhiwo zombuso kunye nomthetho weRiphabhlikhi, kunye nokusebenzela ukwamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe. IRiphabhliki yaseCatalan.
Ngexesha lokubhala (ngomhla we-7 kaNovemba) ingxoxo phakathi kwemikhosi ye-independence iye yaqhubela phambili kwindlela ekufuneka beme ngayo kwi-poll ye-21 kaDisemba ebekwe ngokungekho mthethweni kubo.
Ukukwaya?
Impendulo yokuqala yamathumbu amaninzi abaxhasi bokuzimela xa beva malunga nesibhengezo sonyulo lukaRajoy yayikukutsho ukuba umbutho wokuzimela kufuneka ube nantoni na. Le mpendulo ayizange ivele kwi-CUP echasene nongxowankulu, njengoko kwi-tweet ye-MP Mireia Boya ukuya kwisiphumo sokuba iya kuba lusuku olufanelekileyo ukuba ne-paella yoluntu. Amalungu e-PDEC kunye ne-ERC aphinde agxeka ukhetho lukaRajoy "njengolungekho mthethweni", kunye noDavid Font, usodolophu wePDECat waseGironella wathi: "Makhe sibone ukuba olu khetho uRajoy ufuna ukuba nalo ngoDisemba 21 akafuneki ukuba abe nezitrato. kuba amabhunga akazukubonelela ngeeholo.”
UJoan Manuel Tresserras, kufutshane ne-ERC kunye nowayesakuba ngumphathiswa wenkcubeko waseCatalan uxelele imihla ngemihla ngoku ngo-Oktobha 30 ukuba imikhosi exhasa inkululeko ifanele “ngokuqinisekileyo ingaqhubeki” nge-21 kaDisemba.
Enye into iya kuba ukuba bekungayi kulunga ukubiza unyulo olukhoyo [olucetywayo kuMthetho weCatalan weNguquko yoLawulo] kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, nokuba nawo kwangolo suku lubizwe ngurhulumente waseSpain. Kubalulekile ukuba urhulumente enze isiphakamiso kwaye oku kuxoxwe kwaye kuvunyelwene neCUP kunye namanye amacandelo ebloc yakhe exhasa inkululeko. Ukuba iicommons [Catalunya en Comú] zikhona nazo, kungcono.
U-Albano Dante Fachin, unobhala jikelele wePodemos Catalonia waba nempendulo efanayo, exelela unomathotholo iCatalunya Radio nge-28 ka-Okthobha ukuba "ingaba yinkcaso enkulu ukuthi 'Hayi' amaxesha esigidi ukuya kwinqaku le-155 kwaye emva koko ungxamele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezinye. unyulo ngokungathi akwenzekanga nto.”
Impembelelo yobhukuqo-mbuso lwaseMadrid
Nangona kunjalo, ezi ntlobo zentelekelelo zapheliswa ngokukhawuleza yimeko yokwenyani yokudlala eCatalonia ngenxa yobhukuqo lweMadrid. Loo nto yenza ukuba umbutho wenkululeko wamaCatalan uqhubele phambili, kunye nalo lonke uqikelelo lwexesha elizayo oluvela kwisibhengezo senkululeko ye-27 ka-Oktobha, lwanqumama. UJoan Tardà, i-ERC MP kwinkomfa yaseSpain, ugxininise ukuba olu ludliwanondlebe lwe-5 kaNovemba kunomathotholo RAC1:
Uvavanyo loluvo lwe-Okthobha loku-1 lube luphawu olukhulu kakhulu, kodwa iimeko ukuza kuthi ga ngoku azikabikho ukuze kuphunyezwe iRiphabliki … [Ke] kufuneka sicinge ngeemeko apho kunokwenzeka ngokwenene ukufezekiswa, kungekudala okanye kamva, iRiphabhliki.
U-Tardà wenza kwacaca ukuba isikhundla se-ERC kukuba isigqibo se-referendum sasisemthethweni, njengoko kwakunjalo ukuvulwa kwenkqubo ekhoyo esungulwe kuMthetho weNguqulelo yoLawulo kunye neSiseko seRiphabhlikhi, kodwa "kuya kuba kungenangqondo" ukukhupha enye i-referendum ekuvunyelwene ngayo. kunye nelizwe laseSpain.
Isibhengezo seRiphabhliki yaseCatalan ezimeleyo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayingumzuzu okhuthazayo kunye nokuzingca kumakhulu amawaka eCatalans, isiphelo seminyaka elishumi yomzabalazo eyafikelela kwimpumelelo engaqhelekanga kaDavid-over-Goliath yokubamba ireferendamu phantsi kohlaselo lwamapolisa angama-12,000. Yayikwayinto eyayicingwa ukuba izizukulwana ezidala zamajoni aziyi kuphila ukuze ziyibone. Ngoku iRiphabhlikhi yaseCatalan ihlala ezintliziyweni nasezingqondweni zezigidi, kwaye umzabalazo wamaCatalan ukhona kunanini na ngaphambili njengento ekhathazayo yaseYurophu, kunye nehlabathi, kwezopolitiko. Yayi, ngamazwi kaTardà, “injongo, inyaniso eyimbali”.
Noko ke, yintoni enye? Emva kweentsuku ezilishumi zokuthatha, uninzi lwezakhiwo zeRiphabhliki yaseCatalan zadilizwa:
• Amapolisa aseCatalan (the UMossos d'Esquadra) yafakwa phantsi kolawulo lwesebe lezangaphakathi laseSpain yaze inkosi yabo yangaphambili yagxothwa;
• Ukhuseleko lwamapolisa lwarhoxiswa kuPuigdemont nakubaphathiswa bakhe;
• Zonke iimishini zozakuzo zaseCatalan zapheliswa, ngaphandle kwaseBrussels, apho ummeli weCatalan kwiEuropean Union waye wagxothwa;
• Zonke ii-arhente zeCatalan ezinento yokwenza nenguqu kwinkululeko zavalwa;
• Ipalamente yanqunyanyiswa, imeko yemicimbi yamkelwa ngusomlomo uCarme Forcadell; kwaye
• INkulumbuso uPuigdemont kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe kunye nosomlomo u-Forcadell kunye namanye amalungu ephaneli yezithethi abavumele iingxoxo kunye nokuvotela ukuzimela babekwe ityala lokuvukela kunye nokuvukela.
Kule meko, ukubiza urhulumente wePuigdemont ukuba aphumeze izigqibo eziqhotyoshelwe kwisibhengezo sokuzimela akuzange kube yinto yokwenene-ikhabhinethi yakhe ayizange ibe nayiphi na imeko yokubenza basebenze.
Ukungenakwenzeka kokwakha nokukhusela amaziko eRiphabhlikhi yaseCatalan esakhulayo emva kokuba i-Rajoy coup yenza inxaxheba kwi-poll ye-21 kaDisemba. Ngaphezu koko, ingcinga yokuba iPP kunye nabemi baya kwenza ntoni namaziko aseCatalonia ukuba bathe bawabeka izandla zabo ekugqibeleni benza ukuba bangayicingi.
ukuxhathisa
Nangona kunjalo, nangona ezi lahleko zinkulu intsimi yamandla ezopolitiko ekhutshwe ngurhulumente we-Puigdemont echithiweyo ayizange iphele, njengoko umongameli we-31 ka-Oktobha inkomfa yeendaba yaseBrussels kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe abahlanu, ababekho kwiintatheli ze-300, ziqinisekisile. Kuyo inkulumbuso yaseCatalan yabhenela kwihlabathi malunga nemibuzo esisiseko esemngciphekweni kumzabalazo welizwe lakhe: Ngaba amaCatalan anelungelo lokuzikhethela? Ngaba umgaqo-siseko waseSpain kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho yedemokhrasi? Ngaba ireferendamu yomhla woku-1 kaOktobha ibibophelela?
Injongo yenkomfa yayikubhenela kubemi abaqhelekileyo baseYurophu phezu kweentloko zamaziko aseYurophu ahlangene norhulumente waseRajoy, ukwandisa uxinzelelo lweengxoxo kunye neengxoxo eziye zathetha ezininzi zeenkokheli zaseYurophu. UPuigdemont uthe uya kwamkela isiphumo sonyulo lwe-21 kaDisemba kwaye wacela umngeni uRajoy ukuba enze okufanayo. Uphinde wacela umngeni kwi-European Union kunye nezizwe ngezizwe ukuba zixhase ilungelo leCatalonia lokugqiba, wagxeka isenzo somthetho esithathwe kurhulumente wakhe ngokwenza oko wayethembise ukukwenza; kunye nokuphindaphinda ukuzinikela kukarhulumente, amaqela axhasayo kunye nokunyakaza okukhulu kwiindlela ezingenalo ubundlobongela, nangona ebiza amaCatalans ukuba axhathise ukuhlaselwa kweMadrid kumaziko aseCatalonia.
Ngolu ngenelelo, uPuigdemont wachaza kwakhona kubaxhasi bokuzimela eCatalonia edidaniswa yi-coup yaseMadrid kunye nokungabikho kokuchasana ngokukhawuleza ukuba i-balance balance yatshintshile kangakanani. Kwakhona wabeka inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nezomthetho eSpeyin ekuxoxweni: isigqibo se-5 kaNovemba kamantyi waseBelgium ukuba ashiye iNkulumbuso yaseCatalan kunye nabaphathiswa abane eBelgium enkululekweni de kube ityala labo lokukhutshwa lichotshelwe ngoNovemba 17 kwaba kukugxekwa ngokufanelekileyo kweSizwe saseSpain. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuvalela esinye isibini kwisithathu sekhabhinethi.
Kwaye akuthethi ukuba ukunqunyulwa korhulumente waseCatalan kuthetha ukuba ukuchasana okuthandwayo kuphelile, njengoko i-wave wave yezenzo ezichasene nokuvalelwa kwabaphathiswa baseCatalan, ebonisa uqhankqalazo oluqhelekileyo lwe-8 kaNovemba kunye nokuphela koqhanqalazo oluninzi lwe-Barcelona ngoNovemba 11. Umbutho ugcina amandla awo kwaye unokuhlanganisa amanqanaba angazange achukunyiswe ngaphambili abemi baseCatalan abothuswe kukuvalelwa kweenkokeli zorhulumente onyuliweyo.
Ukuba kwaye xa abaphathi ababekwe eMadrid ekugqibeleni behamba ngokuchasene nabacimi-mlilo baseCatalonia, abasebenzi bakaloliwe, ootitshala, abasebenzi bezempilo kunye nabanye abasebenzi bakarhulumente, baya kuthi kaninzi baqhubele eludongeni lokungasebenzisani, oluququzelelwe ngeyona mibutho isebenzayo yabasebenzi kunye iiKomiti zokuKhusela iRiphablikhi. Ukongeza, amabhunga elizwe angama-750 nangaphezulu axhasa ukuzimela (ngaphandle kwama-947 ewonke) aya kuqhubeka evelisa imiqondiso yeRiphabhliki yaseCatalan kwaye aququzelele ukungathobeli anokuthi abaleke nawo "kwimimandla ekhululekileyo".
Iphulo lokoyikisa
Urhulumente waseRajoy wenze unyulo lwe-21 kaDisemba lube luvavanyo oluqinisekileyo lwamandla phakathi kwemikhosi exhasa ukuzimela kunye ne-unionist. Ingaba i-unionism iceba njani ukudibanisa iivoti ezongezelelweyo ze-200,000-250,000 abahlalutyi bonyulo ukubala kuya kufuneka ukuba baphumelele? Inqanaba elinjalo lokuhlanganisa liya kubona izinga lokuthatha inxaxheba linyuke ngaphezu kwe-80%, ligqithe irekhodi yangaphambili ye-74.95% ekufikelelwe kuyo kunyulo ―`loluntu' luka-2015.
Ubungakanani bomsebenzi buvezwa ngokuvota kwamva nje: bonke babonisa ujingi oluncinci kumaqela omanyano kodwa akukho namnye ubonisa ukuba baphumelele inkxaso eyaneleyo ukuze bahluthe urhulumente kumaqela azimele geqe, abathi ubukhulu becala buxhomekeke kwinkxaso ebalulekileyo evela eCatalunya en. Comú.
Iqhinga elingundoqo le-unionist-eliqhelekileyo kwi-PP, i-clone entsha yelungelo Abemi kunye ne-Party of Socialists yaseCatalonia (PSC) -iya kuthatha uhlobo lomama walo lonke uloyiko lwamaphulo. Abavoti baseCatalan baya kuhlaselwa ngomyalezo wokuba ivoti yamaqela azimeleyo kunye neCatalunya en Comú iya kuzisa intlekele yezoqoqosho, ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwentlalontle yoluntu kunye nocalucalulo olugxininisiweyo kubantu abathetha iSpanishi. Elona qela likhethekileyo liya kuba kukoyikisa abo bangazange okanye bafane bavote kunyulo lwaseCatalan ukuba baphume bayokusindisa ikamva leentsapho zabo.
Ukunganyaniseki kwezoqoqosho kuya kubandakanya ukwala ukubuyela ekhaya kwiifemu ze-1800 ezitshintshe ikomkhulu lazo ngaphandle kweCatalonia ukususela ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba ngaphandle kokuba uzinzo lwembuyekezo kunye nokwehla kokubhukisha abakhenkethi kunye nokutya okucwangcisiweyo okuvela kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa "ye-alarm eveliswa yinkangeleko yezopolitiko engaqinisekanga". Inene, urhulumente weRajoy akakho ngaphezu kokonakalisa ithemba loqoqosho lwaseSpain (i-Catalonia ithatha malunga ne-20% ye-GDP yaseSpain), ukuba kufuneka ukuzenzakalisa ukuze koyise "ingozi yokwahlukana". Izithethi zikaRhulumente we-PP ziye zacacisa ukuba, nokuba imikhosi exhasa inkululeko iphumelele ngoDisemba 21, ungenelelo phantsi kwenqaku le-155 luya kuhlala lukhona-ipalamente yaseCatalan eyonyuliweyo iya kuba yivenkile yokuthetha kunye nayo yonke imithetho yayo ephantsi kokuhlolwa. eMadrid.
Elinye iphulo loloyiko liza kujolisa ekoyikiseni abantu baseCatalonia abathetha iSpanish ngephupha elibi elibalindele njengabemi bodidi lwesibini benqunyulwe kwilizwe laseSpain. Le yayiyithoni yemiboniso emibini emikhulu yomanyano ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: isoyikiso seCatalan kumanyano lwaseSpain yayingekho mthethweni kwaye ichasene nomgaqo-siseko, oko kuya kuthetha ukuba abantu baseSpain babe ngabaphambukeli kwilizwe labo.
Phakathi kwesi siphithiphithi, ekuphela komgca othembekileyo wokuhlaselwa kwemanyano yabasebenzi kukuba inkululeko ibingenakuze yenzeke kwaye ukuthanda kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nethayimthebhile yeenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo "yokuqhawulwa konxibelelwano" kuthetha ukuba iinkxalabo kunye neemfuno zabemi abaqhelekileyo zanikelwa.
Amalungiselelo angaphelelanga okuzimela-eqhutywa yimihla ebekiweyo eyamiselwa yiphulo lika-2015 Together For The Yes kwaye urhulumente waseSpain kunye neenkundla zangenelela ukucaphukisa ngalo lonke ixesha-ibonelela ngeembumbulu kulo mgca wengxoxo. I-wiretaps ye-Civil Guard yeengxoxo phakathi kukanobhala kanondyebo waseCatalan kunye nelungu le-ERC uJosep Lluís Salvadó (omnye wabasebenzi bakarhulumente abaphezulu ababanjwe ngabasemagunyeni baseSpain nge-20 kaSeptemba) udize ukuba umphathiswa wezemali u-Oriol Junqueras wayexelelwe ukuba i-ofisi yerhafu yaseCatalan yayikude ukuba ilungele. ukuzimela kodwa ugcine oku kuPuigdemont kunye nekhabhinethi yonke.
Ngokombhalo weCivil Guard we-wiretap, nge-30 ka-Agasti uSalvardó uxelele umcebisi karhulumente waseCatalan obizwa ngokuba nguRaül Murcia:
Ngenyanga ka-Okthobha [umhla wenkululeko xa kuvotwa u-Ewe] akukho mntu ukhoyo, asinalulawulo lwerhafu okanye ibhanki. Into ayimi, iphambi kwexesha kakhulu. Nabani na onesiqingatha sobuchopho uyayazi loo nto. Ngoku, indenza ndiphakuzele into yokuba xa sihambisa izinto njengoko zinjalo, aba bantu baya kugqibela bengayigunyazisi [inkululeko] ukuze babeke ityala uJunqueras ngokungalilungiselelanga ilizwe ukuze sibhengeze inkululeko nge-2 kaOkthobha ... Ukuba sithetha inyaniso sifile. Ukuba sinokuthi eyona meko ikhoyo bangaphela besithi isebe lezoqoqosho aliwenzanga umsebenzi walo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, lityala likaJunqueras.
I-PSC ngokukodwa iya kuba nethemba lokuxhaphaza le nto kunye nezinye izinto kwi-Civil Guard transcript ukutsalela ingqalelo kude nenkxaso yayo yenqaku le-155 lokungenelela kwaye ibonakale njengeqela elizama kulo lonke "ukuxilwa" kwenkqubo yokuzimela ukuba ijonge umdla wamaCatalans asebenzayo aqhelekileyo. Ngokwecala layo iPP iza kwenza iinzame ezinkulu ekwenzeni into eyenze kakuhle kakhulu kunyulo lukaJuni 2016 lwaseSpain-ihlanganise yonke ivoti yokugqibela kumakhaya abantu abalupheleyo ngokuchasene “nesoyikiso socalucalulo esibomvu” esijinga phezu kweSpain.
Sisiphi isiseko somanyano?
Ngoko ke, imikhosi exhasa inkululeko iza kuqubisana njani nomhla wama-21 kuDisemba?
Impendulo ye-ANC ibe kukucela itikiti elinye layo yonke imikhosi ezibophelele ekuchithweni kwenqaku le-155 longenelelo, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa ezopolitiko kunye nokuvunywa kwesiphumo somhla wokuqala kweyeDwarha njengesibophelelo. Eli tikiti liza kubandakanya zonke imikhosi ukusuka kwezona ndawo zigcinayo zePDECat ukuya ngaphaya kweCUP kunye neendawo ezizimeleyo zePodemos Catalonia. I-PDECat iBhunga layo leSizwe le-1 kaNovemba likwayivumile le ndlela.
Kukho umzekelo wetikiti elibandakanya konke kwimbali yezopolitiko yaseCatalan, unyulo olubanzi lweCatalan Solidarity eyathi ngo-1907 yaphumelela izihlalo ezingama-61 kwezingama-64 zaseCatalan kwipalamente yaseSpain ngokusabela kumkhosi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwamva nje lukarhulumente waseSpain. usuku. Nangona kunjalo, inguqulo ye-2017 ngoku ibonakala ingenakwenzeka, nangona umnxeba ovela kwi-ANC, PDECAt kunye noPuigdemont ngokwakhe.
Isizathu esisisiseko kukutshintsha kwesobunxele kwintlalo yaseCatalan kwiminyaka yokunyuka kwentshukumo yokuzimela kwaye ngokukodwa kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo yorhulumente wePuigdemont. Ukubonakaliswa okuphambili kwezopolitiko kuye kwaba ukufuduka kwe-PDECat yi-ERC njengeqela elihamba phambili lokuzimela, kunye ne-polls yakutshanje ebonisa i-ERC iphumelele ngokuphindwe kathathu izihlalo ezininzi njengomlingani wayo okhuselekileyo kunye nembangi.
Kwintlanganiso yebhunga yesizwe ye-4 kaNovemba i-ERC ivotele ukuba iya kuxhasa itikiti elilodwa le-Catalan Solidarity-style single, ngaphandle kokuba ibanzi kwaye i-CUP ibandakanyeka, kodwa ayiyi kuxhasa ukuhlelwa kwakhona kwe-Together for the Ewe (JxSí) indibaniselwano apho yayiliqabane elisezantsi kwi-PDECat. I-PDECat isaqwalasela uhlelo kwakhona lwe-JxSí lolona khetho lulandelayo lungcono.
Ngexesha lokubhalwa, esona siphumo sinokubonakala siyiloo nto ibizwa ngokuba “ngumphambili oqhelekileyo onamatikiti ahlukeneyo”. Umphambili oqhelekileyo uya kusekelwa kwiimfuno ezintlanu: ukugatywa kwenqaku le-155 lokungenelela, ukubuyiswa kwamaziko aseCatalan, ukukhululwa kwamabanjwa ezopolitiko, ukuhoxiswa kwe-12,000 yabalindi boLuntu kunye namaPolisa eSizwe saseSpain kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo ekhoyo kwiRiphabhliki yaseCatalan. . Umphambili oqhelekileyo unokuba nophawu olubonakalayo okanye uphawu oluchazayo (elifana “neDemokhrasi!”) ukuze luvele ecaleni kwegama loluhlu ngalunye, luphawulwe kumatikiti omanyano.
Ngaba umhla woku-1 kuOkthobha yayiluvoto-zimvo olubophelelayo?
Abanye kwinkampu ye-pro-sovereignty, ngakumbi ngasekhohlo kwi-ERC ejikeleze uJoan Tardà, banethemba lokuzoba iCatalunya en Comú ukuba ibe yinto ehambelana nale ndlela ngokugxininisa imfuneko yenkqubo esekelwe ngokubanzi ebandakanya yonke imikhosi exhasa isiCatalan. ilungelo lokwenza isigqibo. Le mikhosi iphinda ikhuphe i-referendum ekuxoxweni ngayo kunye nelizwe laseSpain, ngokuchasene nabo bagxininisa ukuba i-1 ka-Oktobha yayiyi. le uvoto.
Ngokuthinjwa ngurhulumente waseSpain ngoku, izikhundla ezine ziyaqaqamba malunga nendlela yokujonga u-Oktobha 1. Kukho abo, ngokukodwa iCatalunya en Comú, engazange ibe yi-referendum ebophelelayo, nangona inika ixabiso elikhulu. njengentlangano exhasa ilungelo lesiCatalan lokugqiba. Ubuthathaka besi sikhundla kukuba ayinakuvuma ngenene ukuba ukuya kutsho kwizigidi ezithathu eziphume ngolo suku (ekwathi kuzo i-2.3 yezigidi zikwazile ukubhalisa ivoti esemthethweni) ngenene bacinga ukuba bathatha inxaxheba kuvoto.
Kwipali echaseneyo ngabo, ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwe-CUP, ababona umhla woku-1 ku-Okthobha njengowuzinzisileyo umbuzo wovomo-zimvo kanye, umzabalazo ngoku ugxile ngokukodwa ekudityanisweni kweRiphabhliki yaseCatalan. Nangona kunjalo, esi sikhundla siyayibekela ecaleni intatho-nxaxheba ephantsi ngokwentelekiso ngosuku olulawulwa lugonyamelo lwamapolisa (ivoti ka-Ewe yafikelela kuma-37% oluhlu lwabavoti oluzizigidi ezi-5.5), kwaye inyaniso engenakuphikiswa yokuba abavoti abaninzi abachasa inkululeko abazange bacinge ukuba ireferendamu ibisemthethweni (elona nani liphezulu ekunokuthi kuthathwe inxaxheba kulo ngama-56% xa kuthelekiswa nama-75% kuvoto lwesiCatalan luka-2015).
Isikhundla sesithathu kukuqaphela i-referendum njengento ebophelelayo, ukuqhubela phambili kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo yeRiphabhulikhi yaseCatalan nangona kunjalo ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokwenene kwaye ukuqhubeka nokuqwalasela urhulumente wasePuigdemont njengorhulumente osemthethweni waseCatalonia, kodwa ngenjongo yokuqhubeka nomlo. uthethathethwano ngereferendamu ekuya kuthi isiphumo sayo samkelwe ngamanye amazwe (isiphumo sika-Oktobha 1 asikhange samkelwe nokuba mnye).
Okokugqibela abo bangaboniyo ukuthatha isikhundla ngo-Oktobha 1 njengenkxalabo engundoqo kuba amathuba okwenza okwenyani ukubhengezwa kokuzimela esekelwe kuyo kugwetywa ukuba kude kakhulu kwaye owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kukunyusa uxinzelelo kwilizwe laseSpain. ukuphelisa ukungenelela kwayo eCatalonia kunye nothethathethwano. Le yayiyintsingiselo yengxelo ye-6 kaNovemba malunga ne-150 eyaziwayo ngabantu baseCatalan benkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye neengqondo ezifuna ukuba onke amaqela ami nge-21 kaDisemba abandakanye imfuno yodliwano-ndlebe oluxoxisiweyo kwinkqubo yabo. Uluhlu lwabatyikityi lwaluphawuleka ngobubanzi balo, kubandakanywa ne-PDECat yangaphambili, i-PSC, i-ERC, i-CUP, i-Itiative ye-Catalonia-Greens kunye nenani elinye le-PP kunye nobuntu benkcubeko kunye nezemidlalo.
Uxinzelelo kwiiPodemos
Umba wendlela yokujonga i-referendum ye-Okthobha ye-1 iye yabangela ukuhlukana phakathi kwePodemos, kwaye nangaphakathi kwe-Anticapitalists, eyona nto ikhoyo ngoku yezopolitiko. I-29 ka-Oktobha i-Anticapitalist communiqué ibonise amathandabuzo malunga nokufaneleka kwe-1 ka-Oktobha, isamkela isibhengezo seRiphabhliki yaseCatalan kunye nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo ekhoyo ngokuthi "ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo isiphakamiso esaphula ulawulo lwe-1978, kunye nokuvumelana kwayo kwezopolitiko kunye umgaqo-siseko onceda abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu.” Kwangaxeshanye, ingxelo yavuma ukuba
iRiphabhlikhi entsha yaseCatalan ijongene nemingeni yangaphakathi engenako ukungahoywa kwilizwe apho icandelo elibalulekileyo labemi lingaziva limelwe yintlangano ye-independence. Umceli mngeni wokuqala kule nkqubo kukusebenzela ukoyisa olu qhekeko, ukudibanisa amacandelo adumileyo angaxhasi ukuzimela kwiprojekthi yelizwe, ukuthintela ungquzulwano lwentlalo olunceda kuphela amandla okusabela lo gama kwangaxeshanye uququzelela intshukumo ekwaziyo ukuxhathisa ingcinezelo kaRhulumente. Inkqubo edibeneyo kufuneka ibe sisixhobo esisebenza kuloo ndlela, idibanisa iimfuno zeeklasi ezithandwayo ezihamba ngaphaya kombuzo kazwelonke, ukubeka imiba yentlalo phakathi kunye nentando yesininzi yaseCatalonia.
Kodwa kuthekani ukuba "icandelo elibalulekileyo labemi elingaziva limelwe ngumbutho oxhasa inkululeko" liwujonga uOktobha 1 kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo evela kuyo njengengekho mthethweni nengaqhelekanga? Oku kwakuyinkxalabo yamalungu ahamba phambili e-Anticapitalists okwangoku e-Andalusia, uTeresa Rodríguez (unobhala jikelele uPodemos Andalusia kunye nentloko yecandelo lePodemos kwipalamente yase-Andalusi) kunye noJosé María González, usodolophu waseCadiz). Batsho kwingxoxo edibeneyo ukuba "njengoko iPodemos ivakalise ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo, izisombululo ezihlangeneyo, iindlela ezimfutshane ezingathatheli ngqalelo kwesinye isiqingatha soluntu, nokuba livela kwelinye icala okanye kwelinye, aziyi kusebenza" kwaye bathi " qhubeka uzibophelele kwindlela yengxoxo kunye nothethathethwano ukuze kuphunyezwe uvoto ekuvunyelwene ngalo ukusombulula le ngxaki. "
Umba onameva ngokwenene apha-indlela yokuxabisa, ukuhlala uthembekile kunye nokwakha kwimpumelelo yobugorha ngo-Oktobha 1 ngelixa ufumana indlela eya phambili, phantsi komlilo weentshaba, ukoyisa iintsilelo zayo-ayizange ikhathaze ubunkokeli bukaPablo Iglesias bePodemos kwilizwe laseSpain. Ukuqala ukukhuthaza amaCatalans ukuba angavoti nge-1 ka-Okthobha, ubunkokeli bePodemos bombuso bashukunyiselwa ukuba bathintele iPodemos Catalonia, ekhokelwa ngunobhala jikelele uAlbano Dante Fachin, ekuvavanyeni ukuba ingaba yinxalenye yephulo elimanyeneyo layo yonke imikhosi, i-pro-independence okanye hayi. , ezixhasa ilungelo lesiCatalan lokugqiba nokuchasa ukutshatyalaliswa okucwangcisiweyo kukaRajoy kokuzimela kweCatalan.
Ubunkokeli be-Iglesias besele bagqibe kwelokuba ukhetho abalukhethayo nge-21 kaDisemba yayikukuba iPodemos Catalonia ibe yinxalenye yephulo laseCatalunya en Comú, umgca wayo washwankathelwa kakuhle kwintetho kasodolophu waseBarcelona u-Ada Colau “ayiyi-155 okanye i-UDI [iSibhengezo seNkululeko yeHlabathi]” . U-Iglesias uye wachasa naluphi na umanyano kunye nemikhosi exhasa inkululeko, ngokusisiseko kuba ugweba ukuba iya kutshabalalisa naliphi na ithuba lokuphumelela inkxaso kubavoti bombutho wabasebenzi-okokuqala eCatalonia kwaye kamva kulo lonke ilizwe laseSpain. Ivoti yabo iya kwi-PSC okanye nakwabemi abatsha abanelungelo. (I-poll ye-7 kaNovemba ye-CIS, ethathwe emva kwe-27 ka-Oktobha isibhengezo sokuzimela, ibonise ukuba olu loyiko alunasiseko-iqela kuphela elifumana kwiinjongo zokuvota-ukusuka kwi-14.5% ukuya kwi-17.5% -yayiyiBemi, eyona mpahla yaseSpain-centralist zonke.)
Isebenzisa amandla ayo ukufuna imibutho yePodemos yengingqi ukuba iqhube iivoti zobulungu kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo, inkokeli yaseSpain yasePodemos yabuza amalungu ayo aseCatalan ukuba athathe isikhundla kwesi siphakamiso:
Ngaba uyayixhasa i-Podemos emi kunyulo lwe-21 kaDisemba ngokubambisana neCatalunya en Comú kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko ehambelanayo engavumelaniyo nokuba isibhengezo sokuzimela okanye ukusetyenziswa kwenqaku le-155, kunye negama elithi Podemos egameni lomanyano kunye nokuvota. iphepha?
Akukho ndlela yimbi inokuchazwa kwaye akukho ngxoxo icwangcisiweyo yenzekayo. Isiphumo, kunye nerekhodi ye-17,000 yamalungu athatha inxaxheba kuvoto (i-60% yamalungu), yaba kukuba i-12.432 (malunga ne-72%) ixhaswe ukubaleka kwitikiti laseCatalunya en Comú ngelixa i-4876 (28%) ichasene. Esi siphumo sibonisa ukubunjwa kwezopolitiko Podemos Catalonia, nto leyo kumbuzo kazwelonke ngokurhabaxa yahlulwe kwisithathu phakathi kwamalungu angafuni naluphi na utshintsho kulwakhiwo karhulumente Spanish, amalungu afuna karhulumente decentralized ngakumbi, kunye namalungu axhasa ukuzimela. .
Ngaphambi kokuba isiphumo sokuvota saziwa iFachin, ichaza ukungenelela okuvela eMadrid njenge "Iglesias's 155", yarhoxa kwaye yalandelwa ngamanye amalungu asibhozo e-Podemos Catalonia executive, kuquka neCatalunya Ewe Sinako (CSQEP) MP Àngels Martínez. Ezi zikhundla zibandakanya ukwahlukana kokugqibela phakathi kwaloo mikhosi ngaphakathi kweCatalan engaxhomekekanga ekhohlo leyo ngokusisiseko iyamkela ukuba semthethweni kwe-Okthobha 1 (amalungu amathathu e-Podemos ePalamente kwiqela lepalamente ye-CSQEP kuquka ne-Anticapitalist Joan Giner) kunye nabo bangenayo (ukuphumla, uninzi lwabo luvela kwi-Itiative for Catalonia-Greens).
Kwinkomfa yakhe yemithombo yeendaba yokurhoxa, uFachin waphawula ukuba ukuvota kwamalungu ePodemos Catalonia kwakusekwe "kumbuzo wobuqhinga owawuphatha amalungu njengabantwana", wongeza ukuba:
U-Pablo Iglesias ubeke unyawo lwakhe kwakhona njengoko wenzayo ngo-Oktobha 1, xa wathi [ukuba wayengumCatalan] akayi kuthatha inxaxheba kwaye inqanaba kunye nefayile emva koko bathi baya kuba. Kwakhona ubonakalisa ukungakwazi kwakhe ukuqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni eCatalonia … [T] eyona nto imbi kakhulu kukuba iCatalunya en Comú igqibe ekubeni ithathe isikhundla sakhe ngokungagxekiyo. Ukwenza ezopolitiko ngesiseko se-diktats kwiofisi eseMadrid-sele sinaye uMiquel Iceta kunye ne-PSC ngaloo nto. "
UPablo Echenique, unobhala wombutho wePodemos kwilizwana laseSpeyin wakuthethelela ukungenelela kwenkokeli yelizwe eCatalonia ngala mazwi: “IBhunga Labemi likaRhulumente [iqumrhu leenkokeli zelizwe lasePodemos] lalingenakuthabatha nxaxheba koku ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kusekwe? umanyano lonyulo namaqela akhusela ukuzimela kweCatalonia? Ndikholelwa ukuba ngesasityeshela umsebenzi wethu ukuba besingazange singenelele kweli tyala.” Ukuchaza ukungenelela ngokuthi "ukuhlanjululwa kwentando yesininzi", u-Echenique wongezelela: "Ndingathanda xa amanye amaqela afana nePP okanye i-PSOE angenelela kummandla abawenzayo ngokubiza ubulungu ukuba benze isigqibo. Kuya kuba kuhle ukukubona oko. ”
Ecinga ngentsingiselo yezopolitiko yala mava, uFachin uxelele ushicilelo lwe-7 kaNovemba lwe-web-based Catalan mihla le. NacióDigital: "Into endikhathazayo, ngaphaya kwam kunye neqela, kukuba okwenzekileyo kwi-Podemos kunokuba sisiqinisekiso sengxaki enzulu kakhulu, ukuba ukudibanisa phakathi kweCatalonia neSpain phantse akunakwenzeka."
Isigqibo seCUP
Ngexesha lokubhala akucaci ukuba i-Fachin kunye namalungu e-Podemos Catalonia agcina imfuno yentsebenziswano yonyulo phakathi kwe-pro-independence kunye ne-pro-sovereignty imikhosi ngoku iya kujongisa kwi-poll ye-21 kaDisemba. Kufutshane ukuzama ukwakha itikiti elahlukileyo elinoluvo olufanayo oluvela kwiNkqubo yeSigqeba, ukhetho lwabo lunokubonakala ngathi lusehla ekujoyineni i-ERC-centre okanye i-CUP-centre Alliance.
Amalungu ezezimali e-CUP angama-3000 kunye nabaxhasi bazo baya kuhlangana nge-12 kaNovemba ukuze bathathe isigqibo malunga nombono wabo malunga nomhla wama-21 kuDisemba, kuba inkululeko exhasa inkululeko ishiye unyulo "olungekho mthethweni" oluza kulandela umsebenzi ongundoqo "wokwakha iRiphabhliki". Intlanganiso iya kuqala ivoti malunga nokuba bame okanye bangavumi: ukuba impendulo, njengoko kubonakala ngathi, ivuma, kuya kufuneka bakhethe phakathi kwezinto ezintathu eziye zaxhaswa kakhulu kwiingxoxo kwiindibano zemimandla yombutho. Ezi zezi: ukuma, njengoko ku-2015, njengoko i-CUP ihlangene nemibutho exhasayo exhasayo kwi-Call Constituent ngaphambili; ukuthatha inxaxheba kwicala elibanzi lasekhohlo eliya kukhuphela ngaphandle i-PDECat (kwaye apho, kuqondwa, i-ERC ayiyi kuba nomdla); okanye ukuseka “itikiti labemi” eliza kuwashiya ngaphandle amaqela.
Ukhetho lokuya ekhohlo luza kujoliswa ekuzobeni icandelo eliphambili le-pro-sovereignty eshiywe engekafumani melo kwipalamente yaseCatalan-Inkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nesilogeni sayo esithi "iRiphabhliki yaseCatalan yama-99%". Ifomula enjalo inokuthi ivumele u-Albano Dante Fachin, oye walile ukuma kwitikiti le-CUP, ukuba aphinde aphakame.
Ukhetho lwetikiti lommi luza kubona amanani afana ne-ANC evalelweyo kunye neenkokheli zeNkcubeko ye-Omnium uJordi Sànchez kunye noJordi Cuixart kwizikhundla eziphambili, kunye noCarles Puigdemont oqukwe njengomongameli osemthethweni weRiphabhliki yaseCatalan. Kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba esi siphakamiso siya kuphumelela, ngenxa yokuba amanani ezopolitiko aya kufuneka ukuba awenze asebenze aneengcamango ezahlukeneyo zento emele yenzeke ngoDisemba 21, kunye noPuigdemont, umzekelo, ukuxhasa ithikithi elilodwa leqela.
isiphelo
Isibhengezo se-Okthobha ye-27 yenkululeko, ukuhluthwa kokuzimela kweCatalan phantsi kwenqaku le-155 kunye nokudalwa kwenkqubo yobulungisa yaseSpain yamabanjwa ezopolitiko kuye kwaphazamisa ibala lokulwa kwezopolitiko eCatalonia naseSpain kwaye banikezela amaziko aseYurophu ngentloko yawo enkulu ukususela kunyulo lwe-2015 ye-SYRIZA eGrisi. . Njengoko umongameli waseCatalan uPuigdemont wabuza i-rally ye-7 kaNovemba yoosodolophu abangama-200 baseCatalan eBrussels:
Mnu Juncker, Mnu Tajani, yiYurophu le oyifunayo? Ngaba le Yurophu usimema ukuba siyakhe? Ngaba uya kwamkela okanye ungazamkeli iziphumo zonyulo lwaseCatalan? Ukuba abantu bayasixhasa isigqibo sepalamente yaseCatalan kwaye baqhubeke bexhasa ilizwe elizimeleyo, ngaba uya kuyamkela loo nto? Okanye uya kuqhubeka unceda uMnu Rajoy icoup d'etat? Sizimisele ukuhlonipha iziphumo, ngoko ke abemi bethu banelungelo lokwazi ukuba uyasamkela na isiphumo sevoti yabo.
Nokuba yeyiphi imilo yokugqibela yetikiti le-independence kunye ne-pro-sovereignty okanye amatikiti e-21 kaDisemba, siqinisekile ukuba siyakubona elona phulo lonyulo lumdaka kwimbali yanamhlanje yaseSpain. Okusemngciphekweni kukuba ingaba urhulumente waseSpain unokuphumelela ekuhlanganiseni izixhobo ezaneleyo zokoyisa inkululeko kunye nokuzimela geqe eCatalonia-kwaye uvule ucango lwexesha elitsha lokusabela kulo lonke ilizwe laseSpain)-okanye nokuba ukuhlanganiswa kwelizwe imikhosi yedemokhrasi inokoyisa olu hlaselo-kwaye ivule ixesha lengxaki yolawulo lweSpanish centralism kuzo zombini iindidi zePP kunye nePSOE.
Nawuphi na usoshiyali, nawuphi na umntu oqhubela phambili, nawuphi na umdemokhrasi uya kube esenza konke anako ukunceda ukulungelelana ngokuxhasa oko kuya kuba luloyiso olukhulu kwimikhosi yobumnyama yaseYurophu.
UDick Nichols nguye Luhlaza sasekhohlo veki nganye's umnxibelelanisi yaseYurophu, ezinze e Barcelona. Ngoku uqhuba ibhlog ephilayo kumzabalazo weCatalan wokuzimela.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela