Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, uGeorge W. Bush isayinwe ibe ngumthetho iNkqubo yokuNceda ii-Asethi ezineNgxaki, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-TARP bailout. Uhlangulo lwafumana imali engaphaya kwe-700 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukuze kuhlangulwe iibhanki ezinkulu zaseWall Street ezazisele zinkulu kakhulu, kwaye sele ziza kuba nkulu.
NgoLwesithathu, uSen. Bernie Sanders (D-VT) kunye no-Rep. Brad Sherman (D-CA) wazisa umthetho omtsha kwisikhumbuzo se-TARP. Ijoliswe kumbindi, umba ongalungiswanga wentlekele yokugqibela: ubungakanani obungalawulekiyo beebhanki ezinkulu zelizwe.
Ibizwa ngokuba "inkulu kakhulu ukuba isilele, ikhulu kakhulu ukuba ibekho", umthetho oyilwayo weSanders-Sherman ujikeleza ingcamango elula: Ukuba ibhanki ilawula i-asethi ehlangeneyo emele ngaphezu kwe-3 pesenti ye-GDP yelizwe, okanye malunga ne-584 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ukushwabana okanye ukuqhawuka.
"Sizikhuphe ngebheyile ezi bhanki kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo kuba 'zazinkulu kakhulu ukuba zisilele," utshilo uSanders. Stone Rolling ngefowuni. "Ngoku kuye kwavela ukuba amaziko ethu ezezimali amakhulu amane - uJP Morgan Chase, iBhanki yaseMelika, iWells Fargo kunye neCitigroup - kumyinge wama-80 ekhulwini kunokuba babenjalo. phambi kokuba sabakhupha ngebheyile. Akulunganga oko.โ
Iibhanki kudala zijolise kuSanders, onethemba lokusebenzisa amaqhinga amatsha ukuthatha iintshaba ezindala. Uye wazama ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo loluntu kunye namaqhinga afana ne-journalism - kuquka ukuqaliswa kochungechunge lwe yokuzonwabisa Ubungqina malunga neemeko zendawo yokusebenza kwiinkampani ezifana neDisney kunye ne-Amazon - ukuzama ukunyusa iinzame zomthetho kuhlaziyo.
Impumelelo yamva nje apho uSanders ukwimo elungileyo. Kwinyanga nje emva kokuqhunyiswa yiAmazon ngenxa โizityholo ezilahlekisayoโ nokuphembelela ingxwabangxwaba yelizwe eyathi yabona uninzi lwazo ingcali eklasini, ihamba ne Idityaniswe nedemokhrasi ukucinga amatanki, thabatha Kwicala leAmazon kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yabasebenzi, ubukele njengoko umthengisi kule veki ebonakala enikezela, ebhengeza $ 15 ubuncinane umvuzokuyo yonke imisebenzi yaseU.S.
โJonga, ekupheleni kosuku, uqokelela uluvo loluntu, unyanzela abantu ukuba benze into elungileyo,โ utshilo uSanders, obethetha ngokuphandle kwixa elidlulileyo malunga nokuphoxeka kwakhe ngesantya esicothayo sotshintsho kwiNduli.
Kunzima ukucacisa ukuba ingakanani ibhanki etyileyo eSanders kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ukususela kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, abalawuli beRiphabhlikhi kunye nabongameli beDemokhrasi baqalise uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ngabom ukuhlanganisa amandla emali.
Inyathelo lokuqala eliphambili kweli nqaku Riegle-Neal I-Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act ka-1994. Lo mthetho woyisa izithintelo ekuvuleni amasebe ebhanki kurhulumente. Le mithetho ibuyele kuMthetho kaMcFadden we-1927, idluliselwe ngokukodwa ngombono wokuthintela ukuxinwa kwemali.
Usayinwe kumthetho nguBill Clinton, uRiegle-Neal uncede ekuqaliseni ixesha leebhanki ezinkulu zelizwe. Ngo-2016, abantu baseMelika babenayo Iipesenti ezingama-57 zimbalwa iibhanki ezine-inshorensi ye-FDIC kunokuba babenako ngo-1994. USanders wenze ivoti kuphela ethi "hayi" ngokuchasene noRiegle-Neal kwiKomiti yeeNkonzo zezeMali yeNdlu.
Inyathelo elikhulu elilandelayo yaba nguMthetho we-Gramm-Leach-Bliley, owaziwa ngcono njengokubhangiswa kwe-Glass-Steagall Act. Umlinganiselo wokhuseleko wangemva kwe-1929 wadlula ngomhla we-FDR, i-Glass-Steagall ithintele ukudityaniswa kweenkampani ze-inshurensi, iibhanki zotyalo-mali kunye neebhanki zorhwebo.
Isizathu esibambekayo sokubhangiswa kolu hlaziyo luphumelele ngokwembali yayikukuba ukuzibamba okunjalo kwakungaseyomfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, ukudalwa kwe "supermarket" amaziko emali kwakudingeka ukugcina iMelika ikhuphisana nayo Iibhanki ezinkulu "zehlabathi" eYurophu naseAsia.
Enyanisweni, i-Gramm-Leach-Bliley yapasiswa ukuba iphinde isemthethweni ukudibanisa i-Citigroup, eyayizise i-Inshurensi yabahambi, uSalomon Smith Barney kunye ne-Citibank phantsi kophahla olunye. Oko isivumelwano senziwe ngaphambi kokuba iGlass-Steagall irhoxiswe kwi 1998.
Kwelinye lamaxesha onke amanyundululu asecangweni, ngoko-uNobhala kaNondyebo Bob Rubin, owanceda ukutyhala isivumelwano, kamva uye wasebenza neCitigroup kwaye uzuze ngaphezulu kweedola ezili-100 lezigidi โnjengomcebisi omkhuluโ kwisithuba esimalunga neshumi leminyaka.
Lo mzamo wokuqala woxinaniso lwebhanki waba noSanders ngelo xesha ecinga malunga nokukhutshwa kwebheyile. Kuvavanyo lwenkosi yeFed ngelo xesha u-Alan Greenspan ngo-2000, uSanders wabuza ukuba kutheni na nawuphi na umlawuli evuma ukubeka izinto ezininzi kangaka phantsi kophahla olunye.
Ngaba unexhala lokudityaniswa okunje ngeTraveller Insurance kunye neCiticorp xa besenza inkampani enempahla ephantse ibe zibhiliyoni ezingama-700 eerandi? Sanders Xa ebuzwa. Kwenzeka ntoni xa bengaphumeleli? Ngubani oza kubakhulula egameni likaThixo? Ngaba ukhathazekile ngaloo nto?โ
IGreenspan ibonakalisiwe. โAsikholelwa ukuba xa kuthe kwafumaniseka ukuba iziko elikhulu lisilele ukuba bakhutshwe ngebheyile,โ utshilo.
Malunga nexesha elifanayo, uNobhala weNondyebo wexesha elizayo kunye no-CEO weGoldman Sachs Hank Paulson waqala ukukhuthaza ukuze kucuthwe umthetho obizwa ngokuba yi-net capital rule, ethintela iibhanki zotyalo-mali ekubolekeni ngaphezulu kwe-12 leedola kuyo yonke into ebenayo.
Kwiminyaka emine, iibhanki eziphezulu ezintlanu zotyalo-mali zazidibana ne-SEC ukucinezela olu tshintsho, kwaye ngokukhawuleza luyifumene. Nangona impembelelo yokwenyani yomthetho we-net capital iguquka kuye kwaxoxwa shushu, into engabuzwayo kukuba ngo-2008, umlinganiselo wetyala-kwi-equity kwi-Wall Street. yajikeleza malunga ne-33 ukuya ku-1.
Kwiibhanki zotyalo-mali ezintlanu ezicinezele utshintsho ngo-2004, ezintathu zazo (i-Bear Stearns, i-Merrill Lynch kunye ne-Lehman Brothers) ziya kuba zifile kwiminyaka emine.
Xa kwenzeka ingozi enkulu ngoSeptemba 2008, uninzi lwehlabathi loqoqosho lugxile ekwenzeni uhlangulo "kuzinzisa" uqoqosho. USanders, nangona kunjalo, ubambelele kwinto yokuba nakuphi na ukudityaniswa koncedo lukarhulumente kunye nokuhlangula kunokuqhubeka nendlela eyingozi yoxinzelelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoSeptemba 17th, 2008, enyanisweni, wakhalaza kumgangatho weSenethi ukuba naluphi na uhlangulo lweWall Street. akazange kuquka ukwahlukana okugunyazisiweyo kuya kuyishiya ingxaki esisiseko ingalungiswanga.
โEli lizwe alisakwazi ukuhlawula iinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba zisilele,โ utshilo ngelo xesha. "Ukuba inkampani inkulu kangangokuba ukusilela kwayo kunokubangela umonakalo kuqoqosho lwethu, ukuba inkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli, inkulu kakhulu ukuba ingabakho ... Sidinga, njengeNkongolo, ukuvavanya ukuba zeziphi iinkampani eziwela kolu didi ... iinkampani kufuneka zahlulwe. โ
Ngelo xesha, nangona kunjalo, amagosa kwi-Federal Reserve kunye neSebe likaGeorge W. Bush's Treasury - kuquka, ngokukodwa, uPaulson, ngelo xesha owayenguNobhala we-Treasury kaBush - wayesele ehamba kwelinye icala.
Baye baqalisa ukwenza isicwangciso sokuhlangula, olona phawu luphambili yayikukuphinda-phindwe kabini okanye kathathu kwibali loxinaniso, besebenzisa iimali zoluntu ukwenza iifemu ezinkulu zemali eziyingozi zibe nkulu kwaye zibe namandla ngakumbi.
Olu hlobo lohlangulo luya kuqhubeka kulawulo olulandelayo. Umyili oyintloko webheyile kaBarack Obama, unobhala kaNondyebo uTimothy Geithner, wayekhe wabandakanyeka kuhlangulo lwaseBush njengentloko yeNew York Fed, kwaye waba ngumkhuseli kaRubin kwiClinton Treasury.
Xa i-Bear Stearns ikhula, uGeithner kunye namanye amagosa basebenzisa imali yeFed ukunceda faka isiphithiphithi kwi-balance sheet yeJP Morgan Chase. Kamva, xa uMerrill Lynch wasilela, kwaba njalo isongelwe kwiBhanki yaseMelika. Umamkeli webheyile u-Wells Fargo uye wakhuthazwa ukuba aye ginya intlekele eyityhefu eWachovia. The I-FDIC ibambe elinye ityala lebhasikithi, iWashington Mutual, kwaye wayibethelela kwi-Chase ngexabiso lentengo, kunye ne xela ukutya okuninzi kwelahleko.
Le mitshato yompu yaba nefuthe elikhawulezileyo lokuthintela ukudodobala okuqhubekayo, kodwa wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba ifuthe lexesha elide liya kuba kukugxila ngakumbi kuqoqosho kunye namandla ezopolitiko.
Kwabanye, oku kudale umcimbi omkhulu wokhuseleko, njengoko olu hlobo lokugxila luqinisekisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ibheyile yexesha elizayo iya kuba yimfuneko. Kwanomlawuli wangaphambili we-TARP (kunye nomgcini-bhanki weGoldman) uNeel Kashkari Kuqikelelwa mva nje kweli hlotyeni ukuba amathuba okufumana ibheyile kwixesha elizayo ayengama-67 ekhulwini.Ukungabikho kolunye uhlobo lomzamo wokulungisa kaKhulu ukuba kusilele.
KwaSanders, nangona kunjalo, ukuxinana okukhulu kwamandla ezoqoqosho kuyingxaki nokuba akukho okunye ukuwa kwimizuzu eli-10 ezayo.
โYintshukumo eya kwi-oligarchy kweli lizwe,โ utshilo. โIngaba sikhululekile njengesizwe ngemeko apho amaziko amathandathu ezezimali anempahla elingana nama-54 epesenti yeGDP? Loluphi uhlobo lwamandla ezoqoqosho, luhlobo luni lwamandla ezopolitiko? "
Xa umsebenzi waqala Ngehlobo lowama-2009 kwi-Dodd-Frank yohlaziyo lwezemali, eyayiza kuba yimpendulo yowiso lomthetho kwingxaki, wonke umntu onengqondo eNtabeni wayesazi izinto ezimbini.
Okokuqala, eyona ngxaki inkulu kakhulu eyayifuna ukulungiswa ngumba oMkhulu kakhulu ukuba usilele. Kwaye okwesibini, nayiphi na inzame enentsingiselo kwelo cala iya kuba sisiqalo esipheleleyo sezopolitiko.
Ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni iibhanki zisenazo iNkongolo eninzi kangangokuba inyathelo elinjalo alinakuze lidlule, kodwa urhulumente kudala warhoxa kwigunya lakhe lokwaphula amandla anobungozi oshishino.
โAsisenzi [ukungathembeki] njengesizwe,โ utshilo uSanders.
Sekunjalo, kuye kwakho iinzame ezithe saa zokuhlangabezana nombandela wokugxininiswa kwezoqoqosho. USanders wakhupha eyakhe umzamo wokuqala kwibhili yokuqhekeza iibhanki ngoNovemba 2009. IiSenators uSherrod Brown wase-Ohio kunye noTed Kaufman waseDelaware nabo bazisa isilungiso kwi-Dodd-Frank eyagunyazisa ukuhlukana kweenkampani ezingaphezulu-enkulu ngokusekelwe kwii-caps ezilula, zamanani.
Lo mthetho uyilwayo wawubiyelwe kwi-Senate, i-61-33, kunye ne-27 ye-Democrats ivota ngokuchasene nayo, ihlala isebenzisa enye inguqulelo ye "ubukhulu ayinamsebenzi" ingxabano. "Ubungakanani ayisisithintelo esifanelekileyo," yindlela uVirginia Democrat UMark Warner wayibeka.
Ntsundu, Sanders kwaye USherman waseCalifornia kwisithuba seminyaka egcinwe kuyo, sazisa izindululo ezahlukeneyo ekujoliswe kuzo iToo Big To Fail bank. Ingxaki engaguqukiyo kwezi nzame ibe kukunqongophala kwenkxaso ngaphakathi kwiDemocratic Party, enemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eye yalawulwa yingcamango efanayo yeRubin-Geithner-Lawrence Summers Wall Street-friendly (oko omnye umhlalutyi wezezimali umhlobo wam uyibona โUsapho lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseRubinoโ) iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesiqingatha ngoku. Kuya kufuna ukwala okukhulu kwabavoti kobu budlelwane kwicala leDemokhrasi ukuze baqalise ukuthatha inyathelo lokwenyani kwezi mbono.
USanders ebesoloko ekrazulwa ziidemokhrasi ngenxa yeengcamango zakhe zokuqhawuka kwebhanki. Ngexesha lomkhankaso we-2016, xa isikhundla esisemthethweni seqela kunye nephulo likaClinton lalinjalo i-shadow banking ibangele le ngxaki, Barney Frank uye wade wayokubhala umhleli we Washington Post isithi โKakhulu kakhulu ukuba usilele libinzana elingenanto. "
Iipundits ziqhubekile. I Financial Times wathi uSanders wayenayo "kunzima ukucacisa ukuba njaniโ wayeza kuhamba malunga nokwahlukana, kwaye wathi iingxelo zeFed zichaze inkqubo yebhanki njengekhuselekile ukususela kuDodd-Frank. Slate uthe"Kunzima ukuthatha uBernie Sanders ngokunzuluโ ngalo mbandela.
Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, uSanders uziva ngathi unesixhobo esitsha kwiinzame zokuzisa utshintsho kwimicimbi yoluntu eyikhathaleleyo. IAmazon imele umzekelo wendlela i-ofisi yakhe eziva ngayo ukuba ingadlula kwi-logjam zombini kwiNduli nakushicilelo, kwaye ithathe imiba ngokuthe ngqo eluntwini.
โSayitshintsha iofisi yaba sisikhululo sikamabonwakude, iSanders Broadcasting,โ utsho ehleka. "Uyazi, senza udushe kwaye siqokelela abantu."
USanders ufuna ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukwenza ugxininiso lwamandla emali phakathi kweenkampani ezithile ibe ngumba okhokelayo kwiidemokhrasi ezisingise kwixesha lonyulo luka-2020. Ibhilikhwe entsha iya kuchaphazela iibhanki ezintandathu ezityebileyo kweli lizwe - uJP Morgan Chase, uCitigroup, uWells Fargo, iGoldman Sachs, iBhanki yaseMelika kunye noMorgan Stanley.
โKuza kufuneka siphinde sifundise abantu,โ utshilo uSanders. โEsi sisikhumbuzo seminyaka elishumi yentlekele yezoqoqosho ekhokelele ekubeni ubomi bezigidi zabantu buguquke kanobom. Ukuphelelwa yimisebenzi, ukuphulukana namakhaya abo, ukulahlekelwa ziimali zabo ababezigcinele ubomi. Yaba yintlekele enkulu kulo lonke uluntu lwethu. โ
Wongezelela ngelithi: โSicinga ukuba ukwaphula nawaphi na amaziko emali [anezinto] ezingaphezu kwesi-3 ekhulwini seGDPโemalunga nama-580 eebhiliyoni zeerandiโyinto efanelekileyo. Yinto ebekufanele ukuba yenziwe kudala. โ
Xa sijonga emva kwintlekele yamashumi amathathu eminyaka yoxinaniso, kunzima ukugqiba kwelokuba akachananga. Ubuncinci, uluntu lunokwenzeka vumelana naye kweli nqaku. Masithembe ukuba ngeli xesha, iiDemokhrasi ziyakuqonda oku ngexesha lonyulo lukamongameli.
UTaibbi uye wabika ngezopolitiko, abeendaba, ezemali, kunye nezemidlalo, kwaye ubhale iincwadi ezininzi, kuquka Umongameli we-Clown ophambeneyo (2017)[1]Ukwahlula: Ukungabi nabulungisa kweMelika kwiXesha loMsantsa woButyebi (2014) IGriftopia: Oomatshini beBubble, iVampire squids, kunye neConcon ende Eyophula iMelika (2010) kunye I-Great Derangement: Ibali eliyiNyaniso eloyikekayo leMfazwe, iPolitiko kunye neNkolo (2009).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela