U-Edward Herman, umbhali-mbhali (kunye noNoam Chomsky) we IMvume yokuVeliswa, ufile. Wayeneminyaka engama-92. Umsebenzi wakhe awuzange usebenze ngakumbi.
IMvume yokuVeliswa yayiluhlobo lwebhayibhile yokugxekwa kwemithombo yeendaba kwisizukulwana sabacinga abaphikisayo. Le ncwadi ichaza ngokucacileyo indlela inkqubo yeendaba ezizimeleyo zorhwebo eMelika isebenzisana namandla karhulumente ukuvelisa i-propaganda.
Umsebenzi kaHerman kwakunzima ukuba abaninzi bawuqonde kuba ubume bemithombo yeendaba yaseMelika, ngelo xesha nangoku, yayibonakala ingcono kakhulu ukuba ikude, masithi, iCIA okanye iSebe likaRhulumente. Nantsi indlela incwadi eyibeka ngayo:
"Kunzima kakhulu ukubona inkqubo ye-propaganda isemsebenzini apho amajelo eendaba abucala kwaye akukho kujongwa ngokusemthethweni."
Ithisisi esisiseko ye IMvume yokuVeliswa yayikukuba i-propaganda eMelika iveliswa ngee-idiosyncrasies ezimbalwa eziphambili zenkqubo yethu (ininzi yabucala).
Enye yeyokuba ukufumana abantu bonke ukuba bathenge kwibali kufuna ingqalelo ezinzileyo yenxalenye enkulu yeendaba zorhwebo, ubuncinci umjikelo weendaba okanye ezimbini.
Asiyivali inyaniso eMelika, ubukhulu becala. Into esiyenzayo endaweni yokuyihoya. Ukuba intatheli eyedwa ifuna ukuqhubeka ibetha igubu malunga nento engafanelekanga, efana nekontraka yorhwaphilizo emkhosini, okanye ubugwenxa baphesheya, uya) a) angaqhubeli phambili kwishishini, kwaye b) angathathwa ngamanye amajelo eendaba.
Ke ngoko ekuphela kwamabali athanda ukufikelela kubaphulaphuli abaninzi yayingawo apho umxholo osisiseko kwavunyelwana ngawo ngabahleli kunye nabalawuli beendaba bazo zonke okanye uninzi lweenkampani ezinkulu zeendaba.
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko le mini-oligarchy encinci ye-media overlords igcine iindaba ngokusondeleyo zihambelana nezibhengezo ezisemthethweni zorhulumente wase-US.
Ukubonakala kokuchasana kwavunyelwa kumaphepha e-op-ed, apho iiDemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabhlikhi "baxoxisana" ngezinto. Kodwa oko kwafunyanwa ngabafundi kwezi ndawo yayiziingxoxo ezinezithethe nezimxinwa ezigcinwe ngokungqongqo kuluhlu lwezimvo ezamkelekileyo.
UHerman noChomsky bagxininisa ingcamango yamaxhoba afanelekileyo nangafanelekanga. Kwi IMvume yokuVeliswa, eyabhalwa ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo, le ngcamango yavakaliswa ngolu hlobo: Omnye umfundisi wasePoland owabulawa emva kweIron Curtain wafumana imali ephindwe kalikhulu kunoko kwadutyulwa abefundisi kuLatin America ngoozwilakhe ababexhaswa ngamaMerika.
Umfundisi wasePoland wayelixhoba elifanelekileyo, abefundisi baseLatin America abafanelekanga.
Ke abantu baseMelika bafunda ukuba nomsindo malunga nezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwa kumazwe aseSoviet abathengi, kodwa bengaboni phantse ngqo kulwaphulo-mthetho olufana ncakasana lwenziwa kumacandelo ethu empembelelo.
Eyona nto ibuhlungu malunga nethisisi kaHerman/Chomsky yayikukuba ibingaxhomekekanga kunyanzeliso okanye kubundlobongela. Amaphephandaba kunye nezitishi zikamabonwakude zabonisa ihlabathi ngale ndlela iMelika, kungekhona ngenxa yokunyanzelwa. Ubukhulu becala, babesonqena ngokwasengqondweni kwaye bengenamdla kuthumo oluchaziweyo lweshishini labo, oko kukuthi, ukuthetha inyani.
Enyanisweni, amajelo osasazo yayiziinqwelo-mafutha zokuhambisa iintengiso, kwaye imbono engaguqukiyo nengakhathaziyo yendalo yezopolitiko yayiyimfuneko ukuze kuthengiswe iimoto, iilekese, izinto zokucoca, njalo njalo. Abantu abacaphukileyo abazithengi izinto. Yiyo loo nto usasazo lwasemva kwemini ngeCawe lubonise iitumente zegalufa hayi ukubethwa kwamapolisa okanye iingxelo ezivela kwiiwadi zomhlaza kufutshane neendawo zeSuperfund.
Ishishini leendaba lalimalunga nokwenza imali, kwaye ukwenza imali ngelo xesha kwimidiya enkulu kwakulula. Ngoko kutheni usenza umsindo?
Ngenxa yoko, abalawuli abaphezulu kwii-arhente zeendaba yayingabantu ababetyekele ekuthatheni imithombo esemthethweni njengevangeli. Olunye uphawu olongezelelekileyo lweli shishini yayikukuba ezona ntatheli zingenamathandabuzo ngabona banyuselwa ngokukhawuleza. Yaye bakufika apho, abacholacholi beendaba ababephethe izikhundla eziphezulu bakhuthazwa ukuba baphuhlise unqulo oluphantse lube lunqulo lokunikela iziqinisekiso.
Umntu onesibizo, nokuba ngumntu okwiqela lokucinga, eyunivesithi, okanye ngokukodwa isebe lezokhuseleko, wayenokuthenjwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Ngeli xesha, amazwi angaphandle / aphikisayo anikwe impatho enzima "yentatheli ethandabuzayo".
Le yindlela ezenzeka ngayo iimeko ezifana nohlaselo lweMfazwe yase-Iraq, ngokuchasene nayo yonke ingqiqo.
Nangona umntwana wayebona ukuba isizathu sikarhulumente esichaziweyo sokungena e-Iraq yayibubudenge kwaye iyintsomi, phantse wonke umntu okwishishini watsibela ebalini ngeenyawo zombini.
Ubusuku nemini, iiseti zikamabonakude bezigcwele iinjengele zangoku kunye nabangaphambili kunye/okanye iintloko ezithethayo ezivela kwiitanki zokucinga ezikhuthaza imfazwe. Amazwi achasene nemfazwe ayephantse angabandakanywa ngokupheleleyo.
Kwishishini, abo banamathandabuzo babethandabuza ukuthetha oko esidlangalaleni. Nakwinqanaba lokuhlela, oku kwaba njalo, ngenxa yokoyika ukubuya umva.
UHerman/Chomsky uchonge loo nto IMvume yokuVeliswa njenge "flak" - inkqubo yamapolisa apho iintatheli kunye/okanye amajelo eendaba athe aphuma emgceni anokulindela ukuba agxekwe ludwe lonke lwamazwi aseko.
Loo mazwi ayedla ngokuba โziingcaliโ ezifanayo ezaziqhele ukunqulwa ngendlela eqhelekileyo.
UFlak wasebenza. Yaboyikisa abathengisi, kwaye into eboyikisayo abathengisi iyaboyikisa abahleli.
Kwimeko yase-Iraq, uloyiko lokubizwa ngokuba ngabantu abangathandโ izwe, abanqolobi okanye โngokunxamnye nemikhosiโ bathanda abalawuli abaninzi beendaba okanye abahleli beendaba namathandabuzo akude. Kwaye xa loo nto ingazange isebenze, uthungelwano olunje nge-MSNBC luvele lukhuphe amazwi angathobeliyo okulwa nemfazwe. Phil Donahue kwaye Jesse Ventura.
Ngokusebenzisa le misebenzi ihambelanayo - ukutyhala amabali avunyiweyo kwelinye icala kunye nokusebenza kobupolisa kunye nokufihlwa kwezinto ezithintelweyo kwelinye - lo manyano ubonakala ungadityaniswanga weenkampani zeendaba ezikhuphisanayo kunye nezithethi zokusekwa "zenziwe" ngoluvo loluntu.
Kwakungekho ntetho evela phezulu, indlela ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke ngayo kubuzwilakhe be-tinpot okanye i-oligarchy yamandla amakhulu njengeSoviet Union.
โImvumeโ kawonke-wonke yemigaqo-nkqubo efana nohlaselo lwase-Iraq yenziwa ngothotho oluntsonkothileyo lweenkqubo zendalo, emva koko yagcinwa ngomxube wenkuthazo enamandla kwezoqoqosho nangokwengqondo.
U-Herman wayenomdla kwi-phenomenon yendlela kunye neengcamango ezicacileyo ezinokuthi zithengiswe ngayo kwinkqubo yeendaba "yamahhala".
Kwakhe isiqwenga sokugqibela, ukusuka kweli hlobo lidlulileyo, uHerman wenza uluhlu lwezinye ii-whoppers amajelo asasazeke kuluntu kwiminyaka edlulileyo: ukubonakaliswa kwe-US kungekhona njengomhlaseli kodwa njengomkhuseli waseMzantsi Vietnam ngokuchasene "nobundlongo," ingcamango yokuba. iiSoviets zazisemva kweenzame zokubulala oopopu, "i-missile gap" kunye nabanye.
UHerman wayethandabuza iindaba zangoku zaseRashiya, kodwa ayisosizathu sokuba umsebenzi wakhe ubalulekile namhlanje. Ungakholelwa ukuba ufile ngokungalunganga kwiRashiya kunye neTrump, kwaye IMvume yokuVeliswa ibisafaneleka ngakumbi ngoku kunokuba kwakunjalo xa yena noChomsky beqala ukuyibhala.
Ezona zizathu ziphambili zale nto zinento yokwenza nesakhiwo seendaba zorhwebo zangoku. Ngenxa yeenkampani zobuchwepheshe ezifana neGoogle kunye ne-Facebook, kulula kakhulu "ukwenza" imvume namhlanje kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili.
Igcuntswana leenkampani zobuchwephesha ezinjengoFacebook zinamandla obomi okanye okufa kwiinkampani zemidiya. Bangalawula itrafikhi naphi na apho bathanda khona ngokulula ngokwenza ii-algorithms zabo. Iifemu ezingazenzi ngokwazo umxholo weendaba zisebenzisa le mpembelelo imbi kakhulu.
Ukulawula ukuba njani, phi kwaye nini na iindaba yindlela iinkampani zemidiya ezazihlawulwa ngayo ngaphambili. Ekubeni ezo nkqubo ubukhulu becala ziphumile ezandleni zabo ngoku, iinkampani zeendaba azisalawuleki ngokwazo ikamva lezoqoqosho.
Baye baba ngabalandeli kwiindlela zokusasaza ezingalawulwayo, ezinjengoFacebook, abathi bafanele ukongezelela isabelo sengonyama sengeniso ebidla ngokuxhasa izinto ezifana nobuntatheli obuphandayo.
Ngaphezu koko iindlela zobupolisa zinamandla kakhulu ngoku. UHerman noChomsky babhale malunga ne-flak ngexesha langaphambi kwemithombo yeendaba zentlalo. Namhlanje ukubuyisela umva ngokuchasene neengcinga eziphikisayo kwenzeka ngoko nangoko kwaye kukhulu.
Iintatheli zomntu ngamnye zinokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zothuke ngayo ngenxa yokuba iitroli ze-Intanethi zezomntu kwaye ziyakwazi ukuxubha malunga nabani na. Yongeza ukwanda kwee-blowback zomgunyathi eziveliswe ziifemu ze-oppo kunye neefama zetroll kwaye akuyongozi ukuba uninzi lomxholo "weendaba zelifa" uhlala ngaphakathi kwemida yesiqhelo eblue okanye ebomvu.
Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwangelo xesha nangoku unento yokwenza nokuba amabali atyhalelwa phambili. Nini IMvume yokuVeliswa yabhalwa eyona ngxaki inkulu yayikukuba abantu baseMelika kulo lonke ilizwe lezopolitiko babethengiswa uthotho lweentsomi malunga nenzuzo yamandla aseMelika kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.
Namhlanje akukacaci ukuba ngubani kanye kanye oyalela ukuba ngubani. Ngaba urhulumente uyalela kumajelo eendaba, okanye ngaba iifemu zokusasaza zehlabathi ziyalela le ngxelo kumazwe?
Singenza ukutsalwa kwemali okumbalwa malunga โnemvume eyenziweyoโ entsha. Injongo yemithombo yeendaba yanamhlanje ayilula njengokuvuyisa iflegi nokungahoyi izenzo zenkohlakalo, nangona sisahleli ngokucacileyo. yenza oko.
Kukwabonakala kukho ugxininiso olukhulu kwiyantlukwano yezopolitiko njengendlela eya kwingeniso. Okoko ukwenza abantu baxoxe kwaye baxoxisane yindlela iinkampani ezifana ne-Facebook ezihlawulwa ngayo, ukusiqhubela kwimithombo yeendaba eyahlulayo yinto ebalulekileyo. Kodwa ngayiphi injongo?
Umsebenzi kaHerman noChomsky yayisisipho esikhulu kwisizukulwana sabacinga abazama ukuqonda indlela amandla eNtshona azithengisa ngayo kubemi. Ongasekhoyo uHerman kufuneka ahlonitshwe ngelo galelo libalulekileyo alenzileyo ekuqondeni ubukhosi baseMelika.
Lihlazo ukuba akazange abhale i-sequel. Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, sinokusebenzisa enye IMvume yokuVeliswa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
This piece by Matt is excellent, as usual. There are a multitude of journalists, commentators, scholars, and plain wise folks we never hear from in the mainstream mediaโnewspapers and television. Their voices are indispensable, like Taibbi. Thank goodness I have found them over the years in places like ZCOMM, an indispensable web place.
Ed Herman was one I found when I read Manufacturing Consent years ago. He is/was an amazing guy, I will miss him, but like many others we never saw him on mainstream media. Really this absence was at the very least a sin of omission, and actually much more. And it was a โsin,โ a major one for those who still value this word.
Enkosi, Matt, qhubeka nesithethe sakhe, njengoko usenza.