Umphicothi-zincwadi osele esidla umhlala-phantsi we-Air Force - siya kumbiza ngokuba nguAndy - ubalisa ibali malunga nento eyenzeka e-Ogden Air Force Base, e-Utah. Ngaxa lithile ekuqaleni kuka-2001, kukho into engalunganga ngomyalelo we-inventri esisiseko. UAndy ucinga ukuba ibiyimpazamo yokungena kwedatha. Uthi: “Kukho umntu owaodola isihlanu sento ethile, yaza yaphuma njengeodolo yama-999,000.” Utsho ehleka. “Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiyinto nje umatshini awusilelanga kuyo. Chwetheza ngokulandelelana kwenxalenye ngendlela engalunganga, kwaye iphuma yonke i-frickin 'nines kuwo wonke ummandla. " Akukho mntu uhambise umthwalo we-monster wamalungu. Kodwa intengiselwano engalunganga- umkhondo wephepha wohlengahlengiso lwempahla ye-phantom ayizange yenze-yaqala ukuhamba kwi-Air Force yeenkqubo zokubala zangaphakathi. Igosa lolungiselelo lwenqanaba elisezantsi layibamba phambi kokuba iphume endlini. U-Andy ukhumbula isiganeko kuba, njengesikhumbuzo, wagcina i-28 kaJuni, i-2001, i-imeyile eyayijikeleza malunga nayo kwihlabathi le-accounting ye-Air Force, apho ixabiso le-dollar yephutha laxoxwa ngalo.
Ndifuna ukunazisa nonke ngohlengahlengiso olukhulu lwe-inventri oluqhutywe e- [Ogden] ngoLwesithathu wale veki. Akunjalo njengoko sasicinga kuqala (i-$ 8.5 yezigidigidi). Ukubetha . . . I-3.9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola endaweni ye-8.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola njengoko sasicinga kuqala.
I-Air Force, eyayinebhajethi ye-85 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngaloo nyaka, iphantse yadala impazamo ye-accounting nge-stroke enye ngaphezu kwesithathu kubukhulu be-GDP yase-US, eyayingaphezu kwe-10 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ngo-2001. Akukho mntu ulahlekelwe yimali. Yayiyimpazamo nje yephepha, enye eyabanjwayo.
“Nomkhosi woMoya uyayibona impazamo yeetriliyoni zeedola,” utshilo uAndy ehleka. "Ngoku, ukuba ibiyibhiliyoni, ngeyidlule."
Kwiminyaka kamva, uAndy wabukela njengoko omnye umba omkhulu wobalo-mali wawungena kulawulo lwasemkhosini. I-Air Force yatshintsha enye yeenkqubo zayo zokunika ingxelo yezemali, kwaye emva kotshintsho, inkonzo ibonise inani elibi kwi-inventory - yonke into esuka kwi-injini ye-injini ukuya kwi-gear yokumisa - ekuhambeni.
Eli nani likrokrelekayo lisekho. Unokubona i-spike ngequbuliso kwingxowa-mali yoMkhosi woMoya osebenzayo kwingxowa-mali emileyo yamanani ashiyekileyo ashiyekileyo. Kwakuyi-23.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2015, i-$ 23.3 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2016, i-$ 24.4 yezigidigidi ngo-2017, kwaye ngokukhawuleza i-$ 28.8 yezigidigidi ngoSeptemba 2018.
Oko akuthethi ukuba imali ilahlekile, okanye ibiwe. Ithetha, nangona kunjalo, ithetha ukuba uMkhosi woMoya mhlawumbi unoluhlu oluncinci esandleni kunokuba ucinga ukuba wenza.
Ngoku sele esidla umhlala-phantsi, u-Andy ngamanye amaxesha undwendwela ithala leencwadi lasebumelwaneni, esebenzisa iilebhile ze-RFID smart, okanye isazisi samaza kanomathotholo, esivumela ukuba yazi ukuba ziphi zonke iincwadi zayo ngamaxesha onke.
Okwangoku, i-Air Force, ene-156 yebhiliyoni yebhajethi yonyaka, ayisoloko isebenzisa amanani e-serial. Ayinalwazi malunga nokuba ingakanani na phantse nantoni na enayo nangaliphi na ixesha. Izixhobo zeNyukliya zihlukile, kwaye yaqala ukuphawula nge-elektroniki ezo kuphela emva kweempazamo ezimbini ezingaqhelekanga, ngo-2006 kunye no-2007. Okokuqala, uMkhosi woMoya walayisha ngengozi izixhobo zenyukliya ezintandathu kwi-B-52 kwaye wazibhabhisa kwilizwe lonke, bengazi abasebenzi. Kwelinye, iinkonzo zathumela iicones zempumlo yenyukliya ngempazamo eTaiwan, eyayicele iibhetri zehelikopta.
“Luhlobo olunjani lombutho,” kubuza uAndy, “ongalugcini umkhondo we-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kuluhlu lwempahla?”
Ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olukhulu lwabarhafi - ngaphezulu kwe-700 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka - iSebe lezoKhuselo lihlala liyibhokisi emnyama yombutho kuyo yonke imbali yayo. Irhoxisiwe izizukulwana zemibuzo esemthethweni, olona phicotho lwamva nje kumashumi amathathu eminyaka lusenziwa, ikakhulu ngokujonga ubalo-mali lwayo kubugxwayiba obungasoze buhoywe.
Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kakubi, ubuqhetseba, ubusela, ukugqithiswa, ukurhwaphiliza, ukurhwaphiliza kunye nolunye uxhatshazo oluphantse luqhubeke, ingxaki yokuqala yePentagon ziincwadi zayo. Ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi wamanani angalunganga, inkqubo yokhuselo enobuchule efihla zonke ezinye iindlwane zeempuku ngaphantsi. Dibana neqhina lentsomi likaGordian, elenziwe laphila kwiMelika yanamhlanje.
EKUPHELENI konyaka ophelileyo, iSebe lezoKhuselo ekugqibeleni lalugqiba uphicotho-zincwadi. Ngeendleko ezixabisa iidola ezingama-400 ezigidi, abaphicothi-zincwadi abamalunga ne-1,200 XNUMX batyhola ihlathi lemali yasemkhosini, kodwa babuya boyisiwe. Abakwazanga ukudlula iPentagon okanye ukuyibetha. Abazange banike mbono kuphela, ukucacisa ubukhosi bomkhosi bamakhulu ee-silos ezibhalwe nge-acronymic accounting kwakungekho ngqiqweni ukungena.
Uphicotho-zincwadi sisiqendu sokugqibela kwenye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu ezigquma iesile ezakha zenziwa, ezikwaziwa ngokuba ziinzame zokunika urhulumente waseUnited States ingxelo ecocekileyo yempilo yezemali. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithoba eyadlulayo, ngo-1990, iCongress yayalela zonke ii-arhente zikarhulumente ukuba ziqalise ukuvelisa iingxelo zemali eziphicothiweyo. Abanye bathobela. Ukhuselo lwalile ukusuka kuxhuma.
Kwathatha inzame yomthetho kaHerculean ehlala iminyaka eyi-20 ukuhambisa iPentagon kwindawo yayo yokuqala. Ngo-2011, ekugqibeleni yavuma ukuba ilungele i-2017, eyajika yaba yi-2018, xa iSebe lezoKhuselo lithobela inxalenye yomthetho oyalela "iingxelo zokusebenza ngexesha elifanelekileyo."
Nge-15 kaNovemba ophelileyo, xa kwakubhengezwa uphicotho-zincwadi, uSekela Nobhala wezoKhuselo uPatrick Shanahan wathi akukho nto yakuzikhathaza ngayo, kuba "asizange silindele ukuyiphumelela." Ebuzwa yintatheli ukuba kutheni abahlawuli berhafu kufuneka baqhubeke benika iPentagon malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-700 zeerandi ngonyaka ukuba ayinako “ukulungisa izindlu zabo nokubala iinqanawa ngokufanelekileyo okanye izakhiwo ngokufanelekileyo,” uphendule watsho uShanahan, “Sibala iinqanawa ngokufanelekileyo.”
Le yayiyintlekisa yangaphakathi. Ihlaya yayikukuba, iPentagon ayishushu kangako ekubaleni izakhiwo. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, eneneni, yavuma ukulahlekelwa ngumkhondo "wezakhiwo ze-478," ukongeza kwii-helicopter ezingama-39 ze-Black Hawk (oluhlu lwazo olugcwele ngokupheleleyo malunga ne-21 yezigidi ze-pop).
Oko akuthethi ukuba izakhiwo ezingama-478 zanyamalala. Kodwa ziye zanyamalala kwiileja zikarhulumente ngaxa lithile. I-Pentagon bureaucracy yenzelwe ukuchitha imali ngokukhawuleza kwaye ithumele imikhosi kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ebaleni ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ayinayo indlela ethembekileyo yokurekhoda ukuthengiselana. Iyila iidrones ezifihlakeleyo kunye neenkwili ezibalekayo zithe cwaka, kodwa ayikaqhubeli phambili kwiikhowudi zebhari xa kufikwa kuluhlu lokulandela umkhondo. Ezinye zeenkqubo zayo zogcino-zincwadi zisebenzisa ulwimi lwamandulo lwekhompyutha i-COBOL, olwaluhamba phambili ngo-1959.
“Ezi nkqubo,” njengoko omnye wabasebenzi beSenethi esitsho, “azizange ziyilelwe ukuba ziphicothwe.”
Ukuba kwaye xa uphononongo lokhuselo lugqityiwe, sinokufumana imfumba yee-Enrons, kunye nelahleko yomkhosi kunye namatyala afihlwe kwiimoto ze-Enron-ezifana neenjongo ezikhethekileyo, ii-asethi zixatyiswe ngokucwangcisiweyo, iimali zeCongress ezivunyiweyo ze-X zitshintshelwe kwiNkqubo. Y, iikontraka zahlawula kabini, iinxalenye zathengwa kabini, ukulungiswa kwenziwa ngokungeyomfuneko nangeendleko ezinkulu, njalo njalo.
Embindini wayo i-Enron yayiyi-accounting maze efihle ilahleko ngokucwangcisiweyo kunye neenzuzo ezibaxayo ukuze kugcinwe imali yomtyali-mali ingena ngaphakathi. I-Pentagon yinkqubo yolawulo lwemali enkulu kakhulu enophawu lomrhafi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, umkhosi usakhupha ilahleko ye-Enron-size rhoqo, kwaye oku kunokwenzeka kuphela kuba ukubalwa kwayo bubuqhetseba obude obunyanyezelwe.
Siye sabona amagqabantshintshi. Inkqubo edume kakubi ye-F-35 Joint Strike fighter ngoku kuqikelelwa ukuba ixabisa abahlawuli berhafu i-1.5 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, malunga noko sikuchithe kuyo yonke iMfazwe yase-Iraq. Ukugqithiswa kunye nobuqhetseba obuvela kule nkqubo yodwa okwangoku kulindeleke ukuba kuhlawule abahlawuli berhafu malunga namaxesha e-100 oko kwachithwa kwi-Solyndra ye-solar-energy ye-Obama eninzi.
Ngeli xesha, iSebe lezoKhuselo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo lifumene malunga ne-125 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkunkuma yolawulo, intsumpa yona ngokwayo yayingaphantsi nje kabini ubukhulu be-74 yebhiliyoni ye-Enron. Abahloli bafumene "ubuncinci" i-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya kwi-8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkunkuma kwiphulo lase-Iraq, kwaye bathi i-15 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zenkunkuma efunyenwe kwindawo yemidlalo yase-Afghan mhlawumbi "iyinxalenye kuphela" yelahleko iyonke.
Nokuba inombolo yebhajethi yomgangatho ophezulu womkhosi yi-Enron-esque accounting trick. ICongress ngo-2011 yapasisa uMthetho woLawulo lweBhajethi, othintela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokukhusela malunga neepesenti ezingama-54 zenkcitho enokuvela. Phantse ngokukhawuleza, yaqala ukusebenzisa ebizwa ngokuba yi-Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO), i-akhawunti enkulu yokujonga i-akhawunti enokuthi iphakanyiswe ngaphandle komda.
Ngoko ke, kulo nyaka, i-Pentagon ikhusele i-617 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-"base" yebhajethi yemali, ebeka ukuthotyelwa kobugcisa kunye nomthetho woLawulo lweBhajethi. Kodwa iphinda ifumane i-69 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwimali ye-OCO, ngamanye amaxesha ichazwa ngokuthi "inkxaso-mali yemfazwe," igama elithi euphemistic kwi-slush fund evulekile. (Inkcitho engakhuselekanga iphinda idlule i-caps, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezifana noncedo lwenkanyamba.) Yongeza kwi-VA (i-83 yeebhiliyoni zeedola), uKhuseleko lwelizwe (i-$ 46 yezigidigidi), i-National Nuclear Security Administration (i-21.9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) kunye ne-19 yeebhiliyoni ezingaphezulu. Imali ye-OCO yemisebenzi yokulwa ne-ISIS eya kwi-State kunye ne-DHS, kwaye eyona nto yokukhusela i-855 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye yiloo nto kanye esiyaziyo (ezinye iinkqubo, njenge-drones ye-CIA, ziyingxenye yemfihlo "ibhajethi emnyama" ).
Ngendlela ephoxayo kakhulu, ukukhangela kwabaphicothi-zincwadi nge-boondoggles ngokwayo kuye kwaba yi-boondoggle. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-Nineties kunye ne-2000s, iSebe lezoKhuselo lichithe iibhiliyoni liqesha iifemu zabucala ukulungiselela unyaka ophelileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abo bahlalutyi-zimali bangaphandle bamane baphinda izindululo esele ziphakanyiswe kwaye zingahoywa ngabaphicothi-zincwadi bakarhulumente abadlulileyo abafana nomhloli jikelele wezoKhuselo.
Emva kwempikiswano yonyaka ophelileyo, iinkonzo ngoku zichitha ngakumbi kwiingcebiso zangaphandle ukulungiselela i-flop elandelayo elindelekileyo. Umkhosi woMoya uwodwa usandula ukunika i-Deloitte ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800 yezigidi zeedola ukunceda le nkonzo “ngamalungiselelo ophicotho-zincwadi” kwixesha elizayo. I-Navy iphendule nge-980 yezigidi zekhontrakthi yokulungela uphicotho-zincwadi ezisasazeke kwiinkampani ezine (Deloitte, Booz Allen Hamilton, Accenture kunye ne-KPMG).
Abahlawuli berhafu, ngamanye amazwi, bahlawula iimali ezinkulu kwiifemu zobalo-mali zabucala ukuba babhale iingxelo malunga nendlela iingcebiso zangaphambili ezingahoywayo.
Lilonke ibali le-Catch-22 malunga nelizwe elibanjwe kumjikelo ongapheliyo wentlekele yemali ephephekayo. Ngalo lonke ixesha sizama ukulungisa iindawo ezivuzayo, siphela sibuyela apho sasiqale khona, sijonge kumanani amakhulu kakhulu okusilela.
Umzekelo, inxalenye yezinto eziphembelele uphando lwangaphambili malunga nezimali zokhuselo yayingamabali abi ngoo-1980 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yamashumi alithoba malunga nomkhosi obiza i-$640 yezihlalo zangasese, i-$436 yeehamile, njl. njl. Uzimisele kakhulu ukuva amabali anje kumphephi womkhosi owaziwayo uFranklin C. "Chuck" Spinney - omnye wabahlalutyi bomkhosi bokuqala ukuya esidlangalaleni ngezityholo zenkcitho kunye nobuqhetseba bokuthenga - ukuba ekuqaleni kuka-1983 uGrassley waqhubela ePentagon kwiChevette eorenji. ukumbona.
I-DoD yalile ukuba uGrassley abone uSpinney. UGrassley wamfumana ukuba anike ubungqina eNduli kwiiveki ezintandathu kamva.
UGrassley ukhumbula oku: “NgoMvulo olandelayo, ifoto yakhe yayikwiphepha elingaphandle lephephancwadi iTime. Iqweqwe likaMatshi 1983 labuza, ngaba amawaka ezigidi ayachithwa?
Kwakubonakala ngathi kuyimpumelelo. Iintsomi zikaSpinney zenkunkuma zaba ziisimboli ezavusa ingcamango yabo basekhohlo nasekunene, abathi ngamnye kubo wabona umbono wabo wolawulo lukarhulumente.
Kodwa kwiminyaka engama-35 kamva, u-Chuck Grassley, ngoku oneminyaka engama-85, usathumela iileta kwi-Pentagon malunga neendawo ezinexabiso elithe kratya, kuphela ngeli xesha ongeze oo-zero. I-Iowan kulo nyaka uphelileyo yabuza ukuba kutheni sichitha ngaphezulu kwe- $10,000 enye kwi-3D eprintiweyo yesitulo sendlu yangasese, okanye i-56,000 yeedola kwiikomityi zokusela eziphinda zifudumale ezingama-25 ngexabiso elikhawulezayo le- $1,280 inye (ekubonakala ukuba luhlaziyo lwangaphambili lwe-693 yeekomityi zekofu ezaphukileyo nazo. ngokulula). I-DoD iye yabanga ukuba izilungisile ezi ngxaki.
Ebuzwa ukuba ukhathazekile na kukuba ngamabali afanayo kumashumi eminyaka kamva, uGrassley uthi, "Ngokuqinisekileyo." Uyanqumama. "Kwaye ixesha elide emva kokuba ndiyishiyile i-Senate, isenokuba yingxaki efanayo."
Kumashumi amathathu eminyaka kumzamo wokuvula iincwadi zePentagon, akucaci ukuba besihamba kwindawo ethile, okanye besichitha nje iibhiliyoni ukuba sifike ndawo, kwelinye lamahlaya abiza kakhulu nasiphi na isizwe esidlale ngokwaso. UGrassley uthi: “Xa yonk’ into isoloko ingumnqa, akukho nto imele iconjululwe.”
LE NTO yaQALA ngengozi.
“Ekuphela kwesizathu sokuba uphicotho lwenzekile,” utshilo uSheila Weinberg, iCEO yeqela elijongayo iNyaniso kwi-Accounting, “kukuba i-accountant ithunyelwe kwiCongress.
Ngo-1985, umNtaliyane okhohlakeleyo ogama linguJoe Dio-Guardi wabaleka njengeRiphabhlikhi kwisihlalo seNdlu kwiSithili sama-20 saseNew York.
UDioGuardi wayengunyana womthengisi ovela kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphambi kokuba aqhubele phambili nemfundo yamaJesuit eFordham, imfundo yakhe yeza kwiipaseji zevenkile kayise. "Ndaqeqeshwa kwisitokhwe," kusho uDioGuardi namhlanje. "Ufunda ixabiso ukuba ugqiba ukugxotha umntu kwizitrato zaseBronx ukuba uyeba ibhokisi."
Kwiminyaka yakhe yeshumi elivisayo waya kuba yiweyitala kwiiklabhu zelizwe laseWestchester. Wayebukela abapheki besiba iinyama ekhitshini ekupheleni konyaka ngamnye, esazi ukuba “aba bantu bazizityebi . . . ukuba kukho intsilelo, bebeya kuyikhaba ekupheleni konyaka.”
Ukusuka kwiitafile zokulinda waqhubeka echitha iminyaka engama-22 njengomgcini-mali e-Arthur Andersen, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokuntywila ekuweni kwezemali kwesiXeko saseNew York kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe. Ukhumbula ukuba isixeko sisabala izakhiwo ezitshileyo njengempahla yangoku. “Ndifunde okuninzi ngomahluko phakathi kocwangciso-mali lukarhulumente nolwabucala,” uyakhumbula.
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-Eighties, wabaleka njengeRiphabhlikhi yeNkongolo kwisithili saseWestchester. Yayithathwa njengesihlalo esiluhlaza esikhuselekileyo, kunye neeDemocrats ukodlula amaRiphabhlikhi. Uzibiza ngokuba “yilungu leCongress ngempazamo,” kuba “ukuba iqela lam belisazi ukuba ndiya kuphumelela, ngebengazange bandiphakamise. Ndandiyimvana yedini.
Kodwa kwimboniso yamaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo, uye waphumelela, ngokuyinxenye ngokuqaqambisa imvelaphi yakhe yodidi lwabasebenzi, ephakamisa iziqinisekiso zakhe zokubala imali, kwaye evakalisa imixholo emibini malunga nokucoca urhwaphilizo. Wathembisa ukuba "uya kukhanyisa iikona ezimnyama zezimali" kwi-bureaucracy yomdibaniso.
EWashington, uDioGuardi wothuswa luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente wobumbano "lomsi kunye nezibuko". Uxelele abantu baseRiphabhlikhi ukuba iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo yiCongress ziyakwenza ukuba amagosa ecandelo labucala "athunyelwe entolongweni."
“UJoey the Waiter,” oneminyaka engama-78 namhlanje, usenobuntu baseNew York obuthetha nzima awayenabo njengomgqatswa. Kulula ukuhleka ucingela indlela awayezingisa ngayo isimilo sikaBronx esamkelwa ngayo ngabanye oogxa bakhe abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye nabathambileyo ngelo xesha. Iya kuchaza ukuba kutheni engahoywa okokuqala xa wayeqala ukubhala umthetho ukunyanzela urhulumente ukuba enze uhlobo lophicotho olunyanzelekileyo kwicandelo labucala.
Kodwa xa ingxaki yokonga kunye nemali-mboleko yafaka iMelika kuloyiko lwezemali ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yamashumi asibhozo, “uxanduva lwemali” lwaba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwezopolitiko. Ngokukhawuleza, "uJoey the Waiter" wayefunwa. "Ngokukhawuleza, wonke umntu wayefana, 'Uphi loo mthetho uDioGuardi wabhala?' " uyakhumbula.
Ufumene amaqabane ahlukeneyo kwibini yeeDemokhrasi, uSen. John Glenn kunye no-Rep. John Conyers. Bebonke bagunyazise oko ekugqibeleni kuya kubizwa ngokuba “nguMthetho wamaGosa eZimali oyiNtloko ka-1990.”
Umthetho unyanzelise ii-arhente zikarhulumente ukuba zibize i-CFO, ziqhube uphicotho-zincwadi kwaye zidale “ubume bolawulo lwemali lwangoku.” Ii-arhente ezingamashumi amabini anesithathu, ukusuka kuKhuseleko ukuya kuBasebenzi ukuya kuRhulumente, ziyalelwe ukuba ziqalise ukungenisa "iingxelo zemali eziphicothiweyo zesebe ngokubanzi" ngo-1994.
Nangona bekukho imimiselo kule minyaka ifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunika ingxelo yezemali, akukho nto efana nophicotho-zincwadi olupheleleyo olwakhe lwazanywa. Ngokungakholelekiyo, ngokwembono yobalo-mali, urhulumente wase-US wayehlala ehlala enyulu kangangeenkulungwane.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngo-1787, uMgaqo-siseko wagunyazisa "iNgxelo rhoqo kunye neNgxelo yeeResithi kunye neNkcitho yazo zonke iiMali zoluntu ziya kupapashwa amaxesha ngamaxesha." Kodwa akukho mvavanyi ozimeleyo owakhe wajonga ngokupheleleyo iincwadi zikaRhulumente. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-Eighties kunye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-XNUMX, amakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola zerhafu ayechithwa minyaka le, kwaye kwakungekho mntu waziyo ukuba kuphi na. KuDioGuardi, imeko yayicaphukisa.
"Ngumgaqo oqhubekayo kwimbali, ukusuka kwiMedicis ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje," utshilo uDioGuardi. "Ukuba akukho mntu ubukele imali, kuya kubakho ukubhanga."
UMTHETHO weCFO ubuncinane wazisa ingcamango yokuba kukho umntu ofanele ukujongwa. Ngo-1997, amasebe akwinqanaba leKhabhinethi afana nelaBasebenzi, lezoLimo noRhwebo ayengenisa iingxelo zemali. Kunyaka wokuqala, bathandathu kuphela abakwaziyo ukupasa. Noko ke, kwiminyaka nje embalwa, abaninzi baye bathobela. Ngo-2013, uKhuseleko kuphela kwe-arhente ye-federal engazange ingenise ingxelo yezemali.
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba umkhosi ungawangenisi amanani yayikukuba awunawo. I-Pentagon minyaka le isebenzisa indlela emfutshane yokubala ekufuneka ivakale ngakumbi kubemi ngeli xesha lonyaka, kuba iyafana nento eyenziwa ngabantu baseMelika abamalunga neepesenti ezintandathu abaqhatha irhafu ngonyaka.
Abahlawuli berhafu abacinga ukuba banetyala lemali exhuzulweyo, kodwa bengenazo iirisithi zokuxhasa iindleko zabo, ngamanye amaxesha baya kuthatha uqikelelo olungelulo, mhlawumbi ngokusekwe kwinto ababeyitsalile kunyaka ongaphambili. Emva koko bathumela iimbuyekezo zosulelwe luqikelelo, "ziplagiwe" ukuze kubonakale ngathi kutsalwa imali kubalwa ngokunyanisekileyo.
IPentagon yenza into efanayo, kuphela kwisikali segalaksi. Ekupheleni konyaka ngamnye, ingenisa “isicelo sokwenza uHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali” esiquka iingxelo ezipheleleyo zenyanga nenyanga zenkcitho yalo nyaka.
I-White House iya kuthatha la manani kwaye iwasebenzise ukwenza iprojekthi yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokukhusela kunyaka olandelayo. Umongameli ungenisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwiCongress, eya kuthi yona ifaneleke imali. Phantse ngaphandle kokukhetha, iPentagon iphetha ngokufumana ukunyuka. Ngowama-2019, uDonald Trump ungenise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olucele i-716 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, okanye i-82 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngaphezu kokuba iSebe lezoKhuselo lifumene unyaka-mali odlulileyo.
Inkqubo inengqiqo, ngaphandle kwengxaki enye: Iingxelo zemali ezithunyelwa yi-Pentagon ziyinkohliso.
ISebe lezoKhuselo, ubukhulu becala, aliyazi ukuba lichitha malini na. Inesiphatho kwezinye izinto, njengomvuzo womkhosi, kodwa kwezinye iindawo ayinalwazi. Akukho nanye yeenkonzo zayo - i-Navy, i-Air Force, i-Army, i-Marine Corps - sebenzisa inkqubo efanayo ukurekhoda ukuthengiselana okanye ukubeka iliso kwi-inventri. Inkonzo nganye inebhajethi yayo yokusebenza kunye nolawulo, inkqubo yayo yokuhlawula, eyeyayo ibhajethi yeR&D njalo njalo. Bubukumkani bohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungadingekiyo, okanye "ii-fiefdoms," njengoko omnye wabasebenzi beSenate ebabiza.
Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa inkqubo enye edibeneyo yokubala imali eya kugcina umfanekiso wehlabathi jikelele wezezimali ngamaxesha onke, i-Pentagon yakha enye i-bureaucracy ukuze ifumbe abanye, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Defence Finance and Accounting Service, okanye i-DFAS. Eyilwe nguNobhala wezoKhuselo ngoko uDick Cheney kwi-1991, i-DFAS iphethe ukuqokelela iingxelo zemali kuzo zonke iifiefdoms ezahlukeneyo ekupheleni kwenyanga nganye. I-DFAS ifana nomphathi-mkhosi ohamba ngehashe ekupheleni kwenyanga, eqokelela imfumba yemisongo kwinqaba nganye.
Ngowama-2013, iReuters yapapasha isibhengezo esikhohlakeleyo esibonisa indlela abacwangcisi be-DFAS abaqhuba ngayo ukukhwabanisa ekupheleni kwenyanga nganye ukuzama ukuhlanganisa iirekhodi zentengiselwano ukuthethelela inkcitho. Kodwa kumawaka eemeko ngenyanga, akukho zirekhodi zikhoyo. “Besingenazo iinkcukacha,” watsho omnye umgcini-mali.
Eyona nto inzima kukuba imali yabelwa umkhosi ngeeshedyuli ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba iCongress inika i-Navy $ 53 yeebhiliyoni zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa, njengoko yenzayo kulo nyaka, inkonzo kulindeleke ukuba ichithe yonke loo mali ngaloo nyaka. Iindleko ezinjalo - ukuhlawula enye - kuthiwa "yimali yonyaka omnye." Ngeli xesha, uphando kunye nophuhliso lunokuba "yimali yeminyaka emibini," kwaye ikontraka inokuba "yimali yeminyaka emihlanu."
Ukuba iPentagon ayichithi yonke imali ngokwezixa-mali iCongress ithi inokuchitha, ngexesha elimiselwe yiCongress - ukuba ayichithi yonke imali yayo yonyaka omnye ngonyaka, yonke imali yayo yeminyaka emihlanu iminyaka emihlanu njalo njalo-umkhosi kufuneka ubuyisele imali yawo engasetyenziswanga kwiCongress.
Kodwa umkhosi awuzange ufike ngexesha, kwaye uhlala udibanisa iimbiza zawo ezahlukeneyo zemali. UGrassley ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-Nineties wafumanisa ukuba umkhosi wawusebenzisa inkqubo yekhompyutha ebizwa ngokuba yi-MOCAS, okanye ukuSebenza kweeNkonzo zoLawulo lweSibhambathiso, ukunceda ukukhawulezisa oku kudibana. Nanini na xa i-Pentagon inamatyala okuhlawula, endaweni yokutsala imali kwi-akhawunti efanelekileyo, i-MOCAS ngamanye amaxesha yayizama ukuchitha "imali endala" kuqala, oko kukuthi, kuyo nayiphi na imali eyayiza kuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Akukho mthethweni ukuba nayiphi na i-arhente karhulumente ichithe imali eyabelwe injongo enye kwinkqubo eyahlukileyo. Kodwa umkhosi - mhlawumbi ngokuhlekisa okanye ngokukrakra, ngokuxhomekeke kwimbono yakho - yenza inkqubo eyenza i-algorithm ivelise ukuphulwa okunjalo.
yomthetho. Yayingelolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinci: UGrassley uye walwela iminyaka ngokuchasene neentlawulo ezizenzekelayo, esithi abaphathi basebenzise "ukunqanda ukunyhashwa koMthetho we-Antideficiency." Uphicotho-zincwadi lwalo nyaka uphelileyo lufumanise ukuba i-Antideficiency Act ngomnye wemithetho emihlanu eyaphulwa yi-arhente.
I-MOCAS isekho, kodwa akukacaci ukuba ihlaziywe njani okanye ihlaziywe. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, uKhuseleko lusenalo iirekhodi ezibonisa ukuba uhlawula iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezivela kwiiakhawunti ezifanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokoyikiswa kukuba inokubuyisela imali ngenxa yoko, i-DoD iyalela ababhali-mali bayo ukuba benze amanani afaneleke.
Abo bagcini-mali be-DFAS kwingxelo yeReuters baxelelwa ngabaphathi ukuba ukuba abafumani ii-invoyisi okanye izivumelwano zokungqina iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo bachithe imali yabo yonyaka omnye kunye nemali yeminyaka emibini kunye nemali yeminyaka emihlanu ngexesha, kufuneka baphumeze “ngaphandle kobungqina. tshintsha izenzo,” oko kukuthi, xoka.
Abacwangcisi-mali “bafakela” amanani angeyonyani ukuze angqinelane neeshedyuli zeentlawulo ezinikezelwe nguNondyebo. Olu lungiso lubizwa ngokuba “luhlengahlengiso lwevawutsha yejenali” okanye “iiplagi.”
Ngenxa yoko, ezo nkcazo zemali zokuphela konyaka ziya kukhangeleka ngathi ziyahambelana neenjongo zenkongolo. Ngokwenyani, iziteyitimenti ezipakishwe ngamawaka eeplagi ziintsomi, uhlobo lobuqhetseba bobalo-mali olucwangcisiweyo iCongress inyamezele ngokuzolileyo amashumi eminyaka.
Inkqubo yamanani omgunyathi yindlela eyamkeleke ixesha elide kangangokuba iye yafumana amagama amaninzi angeyonyani. Uza kubona amanani aqanjiweyo abizwa ngokuba “ngamangeno aseleyo ngenkani” yiOfisi yoCwangciso-mali Jikelele (eqhutywa yiCongress), “uhlengahlengiso olungaxhaswanga ngokwaneleyo” ngumhloli jikelele wezoKhuselo, kunye “neevawutsha zejenali” okanye “iiJVs” okanye “ iindlela zokusebenza” ngumlawuli jikelele wePentagon. KwiNduli, wonke umntu ubhekisa "kwiiplagi."
Kukho iinkcazo ezimsulwa kwiiplagi, nangona esona sizathu singcono sisengakwazi. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-Navy ithenga i-helicopter kwi-Army (okungukuthi "umphathi wento" ojongene nokubeka iliso kuzo zonke iinqwelo-moya ezijikelezayo), iya kubonakala njengeendleko kwiincwadi zombini iinkonzo. Nangona imali isetyenzisiwe kube kanye kuphela, zombini uMkhosi kunye noMkhosi wamanzi uya kuxela iindleko.
Endaweni yokurhoxisa oko kungangqinelani kwengxelo ye-intramural, nto leyo eya kwenzeka kulo naliphi na ikhonkco leevenkile zedonut, iSebe lezoKhuselo alizange lizikhathaze ngokulungisa imithetho yalo yokubala. Ngamakhulu eenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-acronymic, impazamo enye inokuvelisa amanani omgunyathi agqitha ixabiso lentengiselwano loqobo.
Le yinkcazo enesisa yeendaba zohlobo olukhutshwe ngumhloli jikelele kwi-2016 ebonisa uMkhosi - kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka lwe-122 yeebhiliyoni zeedola - iiplagi zokubala eziveliswe ngamaxesha angama-54 loo mali, i-$ 6.5 epheleleyo ye-trillion, kwi-2015 kuphela.
Xa abahlalutyi basekuhlaleni bebona la manani, bahlala becinga ukuba ziitypos, kuba akukho nkampani inokusinda kwi-accounting snafus enje.
"Xa ndabona loo nombolo ye-6.5 yezigidigidi okokuqala, ndacinga ukuba kufuneka kube yimpazamo," kusho uprofesa weYunivesithi yaseMichigan State uMark Skidmore, owathi ngo-2017 wakhokela isifundo esafumanisa i-21 yezigidigidi zeebhiliyoni kwiiplagi kwixesha le-17 iminyaka. “Bendicinga ukuba mhlawumbi ziibhiliyoni ezi-6. Kodwa ngokwenene yi-6 yezigidigidi. "
Njengoko la mabali ephuma eluntwini, amanani amakhulu aba (ubukhulu becala angaqondwa kakuhle) ngamanqaku okuthetha kumajelo onxibelelwano. Ummeli omtsha u-Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, umzekelo, ucaphule isifundo se-Skidmore kwaye wathumela i-tweet ukuba isibini kwisithathu se-32 yezigidigidi zexabiso elicetywayo kwi-Medicare for All "inokuba sele ixhaswe ngemali" yi-Pentagon.
U-Ocasio-Cortez akazange abe nayo kakuhle. I-Skidmore ye-21 yeetriliyoni zeedola ayithethi ukuba imali eninzi ichithwa, okanye ihleli kwi-akhawunti yaseSwitzerland kwenye indawo. I-Pentagon ayizange ifumane imali eninzi ngexesha lombuzo.
Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iiplagi zilungelelaniswa phezulu kwaye ezinye zisezantsi. Ukuba bakhe bakhutshelwa ngaphandle - akukho mntu wakha wazama - ubungakanani bomngxunya wokubala bunokuba mncinci.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokuka-Andy kunye nabanye, i-21 yezigidigidi zeedola zingabala iimpazamo ze-accounting kwinkqubo, njengoko ezinye iiplagi zizenzekelayo kwaye azibonakali. Yintoni ecacileyo kukuba i-plugging ubiquitous kunye nobuninzi bamanani amabi kwiincwadi ze-Pentagon zikhulu kangangokuba kuya kuthatha umsebenzi weminyaka ukuba udibanise.
Konke oku kunzima ukukulandela, kodwa eyona nto iphambili kukuba xa inani elikrokrisayo livela naphi na kwii-silos ezininzi zomkhosi, akuphandwa, kodwa libekwe nje ephepheni kwaye lithunyelwe ngendlela yalo. Kwinkampani yabucala, ukuba amanani e-inventri atsiba ngequbuliso ngeebhiliyoni ezimbalwa zeedola kwinyanga enye, abaphicothi-zincwadi babeza kugquma kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla befuna le ngxaki.
Umkhosi awukwazi ukuthetha okufanayo. Le yenye yezinto ezifunyenwe ngabaphicothi-zincwadi kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ukuba iPentagon ayinayo "imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ubukho bepropathi karhulumente ephethe iikontraka." Le yindlela entle yokuthetha ukuba iPentagon ayithumeli abahloli ukuba baqinisekise ukuba i-Lockheed-Martin okanye i-Boeing okanye nabani na oseneendawo abathi bayayilungisa okanye bayayigcina.
Oku, ekugqibeleni, kukuqukunjelwa kophicotho. Asinayo into efana nomfanekiso opheleleyo wokuba yintoni inkunkuma kunye nokuxhatshazwa okunokuthi kufihlwe phantsi kwezo ziplagi, nangona sinombono (jonga ibha yecala).
Nangona kunjalo, siyazi ukuba iincwadi zePentagon zixutywe yidatha embi kangangokuba ukufumanisa ukuxhatshazwa ngexesha lokwenyani akunakwenzeka. Hlanganisa oko kunye namashumi eminyaka yokusikwa kubasebenzi bePentagon yabaphandi bolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye unesimemo esivulekileyo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ii-invoyisi zinokunyuswa ngokucwangcisiweyo amashumi eminyaka kwaye akukho mntu unokwazi. Njengoko uAndy umgcini-mali woMkhosi woMoya esitsho, le nkqubo “ayikhathazwa kubuqhophololo.”
UKUBA UBUZA abasebenzi be-congressional ukuba kutheni inkqubo yokuplaga ivunyelwe, bavele bahlehle. ICongress ineendlela ezimbini kuphela zokuphendula xa i-DoD iphula umthetho. Amagosa anyuliweyo angakhwaza kwaye agxeke iPentagon, okanye abambe imali. Eyangaphambili ayisebenzi kangako, kwaye le yokugqibela ingqineke ayinakwenzeka kwezopolitiko.
“Ayikho enye iarhente yomdibaniso enokuphuma kule nto,” yindlela omnye umsebenzi weSenate ayibeka ngayo.
Umkhosi uxelelwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba uyeke ukuplaga kwaye uphuhlise iinkqubo zokubala ezinengqondo. Kwimeko emva kwemeko, uhlaziyo ludibanisa iingxaki.
Enye yezilungiso zokuqala yayijoliswe kwizihlalo zangasese ezidumileyo kunye neehamile. I-General Accounting Office ngowe-1992 yakhupha ingxelo eyayigxeka umkhosi “ngokuqikelela iindleko ezingekho mgangathweni” yaza yacebisa utshintsho. Isiphumo yaba kukuveliswa kwesidalwa esibizwa ngokuba “ngumthengisi ophambili,” ngokusisiseko umntu ophakathi onegunya lokubeka amaxabiso nokukhetha ookontraka abancinci.
Le nkqubo inyuse amaxabiso kuphela. Ngo-2004, uKhuseleko lwaluchitha i-7.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ekuthengeni abathengisi abaphambili, emva kokuchitha i-2.3 yezigidigidi kwi-2002.
Amaphephandaba e-Knight-Ridder afumana umoya woku kwaye ngo-2005 abika ukuba umkhosi ngoku wawuthenga iitreyi zomkhenkce ze-85-cent kubathengisi abaphambili nge-$20 nganye. Kwisithuba esingangenyanga, isikhenkcezisi senqwelomoya ye-C-5 sasirhuqelwa kumgangatho weNkundla yokumanyelwa kweNdlu kunye nomphathi womkhosi wasemanzini ogama linguKeith Lippert wayebuzwa nguDuncan Hunter waseCalifornia - hayi intsika ncam yokuzilungisa - ukuba achaze ukuba kutheni ' d uthenge iifriji ezilithoba kumthengisi ophambili ngeedola ezingama-32,642.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, lo mzekelo waziphinda. Iinzame zokulinganisa iintlawulo zomkhosi kunye nenkqubo yeerekhodi zabasebenzi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-DIMHRS, yathatha iminyaka eli-12 kwaye ixabisa ngaphezulu kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngaphambi kokuba ichithwe. Kwi-2005, i-Air Force yamisela ukuthenga inkqubo yekhompyutheni esemgangathweni evela kwi-Oracle ebizwa ngokuba yiNkqubo yeNkxaso yeNkxaso ye-Expeditionary Combat. Kuthathe iminyaka esixhenxe kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuba eso sicwangciso sichithwe. UJohn McCain waqhula nge-ECSS, “Ubuncinci banaso isitulo sendlu yangasese. Ngaphandle koku, akukho nto bayifumanayo.”
Esi sizathu sinye sibambe izithembiso zomkhosi “ngokulungela uphicotho-zincwadi.” I-Pentagon ekuqaleni yathi iya kuba ilungele ukuphicothwa ngo-1997. Emva kokuba loo mhla wadlula ngokuzamla, amagosa ePentagon enza uthotho lwezithembiso ezinesibindi.
Ngo-2003, umlawuli wezokhuselo u-Dov Zakheim uxelele iKomiti yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yeNdlu, "Silindele ukuba sibe nophicotho olucocekileyo ngo-2007." Kungekudala emva kokusichasa eso sithembiso, wathi, “Okukhona sigrumba ngakumbi . . . kokukhona kuvela ubunzima.”
Kwi-2005, i-Pentagon yaqala ukuncedisa izithembiso zayo zomlomo kunye neengxelo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) isicwangciso. Le ngxelo ikuxelela minyaka le ukuba siyasondela ekulungiseni zonke ezi zinto. Ezinye izicatshulwa:
Disemba 2005: “Inkqubela yenziwe.” NgoSeptemba 2006: “Inkqubela yenziwe.” NgoSeptemba 2007: “Kuye kwenziwa inkqubela kwiindawo ezininzi.” NgoMatshi 2008: “Inkqubela enkulu yenziwe.” NgoMatshi 2009: “Inkulu inkqubela esele yenziwe, kodwa kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe.”
IPentagon ibizama ukwenza uphicotho kwisebe ngokubanzi ukusukela ngo-1996. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000, mhlawumbi abaphicothi-zincwadi abali-100 abasuka kumhloli jikelele we-DoD, kunye nekhulu okanye ngaphezulu abaphuma kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo, ngonyaka bebezama ukwenza ingxelo enye yezemali. , nangona kunqongophala phantse ngokupheleleyo kolwazi lokulandelela uphicotho. Benza iingcebiso eziluncedo, kodwa abanakuze baye kude kakhulu phambi kokuba kuqukunjelwe uphicotho-zincwadi bebengenakwenzeka.
“Besizama ukwenza isuphu yenkukhu ngeshit yenkukhu,” utsho umphicothi-zincwadi, ehleka elusizi.
Emva kweminyaka eli-15 yokuzivocavoca okunjalo, uGrassley wacaphuka kangangokuba wazisa isilungiso esiyalela iPentagon ukuba iyeke ukuzama ukuziphicotha ide ikwazi ukwenza into eluncedo. Esi sihlomelo sapasiswa saza sasebenza njengeCandelo le-1003 loMthetho woGunyaziso lweSizwe loKhuselo lowama-2010.
Ukulungiswa kwe-NDAA ye-2010 kwakhona yalela i-Pentagon ukuba ilungele ngokwenene i-2017. "Yayiyi, 'Qala kwakhona kwaye uyenze,' " utsho uGrassley ngoku.
Isihlomelo seGrassley siye sakumisa ukuhlanganisana kwamakhulu eminyaka yabaphicothi-zincwadi, kodwa aluzange lulumise ngokupheleleyo uphicotho. Imithetho emibini ekhuphisanayo - uMthetho weCFO kunye ne-NDAA ka-2010 - yenza i-Catch-22 yokoqobo, kunye neenkonzo eziyalelwe zombini kwaye zingayalelwanga ngumthetho ukuba zigqibezele uphicotho ngokwazo.
Iinkonzo zazama ukuchitha indlela yazo yokuphuma kule ngxaki. Ngokumangalisayo, baqala ukukhuphisana ukuze babone ukuba bangavuthela kangakanani na kwiinkqubo zokulungela uphicotho. Ngo-1997, uMkhosi wachitha ubuncinane iibhiliyoni ezi-4 zeerandi kwiNkqubo yeNkxaso yokuLwa kweHlabathi, iZiko leMfezeko yoLuntu lathi yayiyilelwe ukubeka kumbindi iinkqubo ezininzi zocwangciso-mali eziphelelwe lixesha. I-Marine Corps encinci yaphuhlisa inkqubo yayo enegama elifanayo, kwaye yehla i-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
I-GAO ngo-2009 emva koko yakhupha ingxelo ikhalaza i-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola sele ichithwe kulungiselelo lophicotho-zincwadi. Ngokutsho kwe-GAO, kuthathe loo mali ingako ukufumana iPentagon kwindawo apho inokulandelela ngokuchanekileyo ulwabiwo-mali olungenayo.
Kwi-2011, umlawuli wezoKhuselo ngoko uRobert Hale wavuma kwiCongress, "Asiyiqondi ngokupheleleyo kwiSebe lezoKhuselo into ekufuneka uyenzile ukuze uphumelele uphicotho-zincwadi lwenkonzo yasemkhosini, kuba asizange siyenze."
Uguqulo: Ngaphandle kokuba nabasebenzi abangama-60,000 bolawulo lwezemali abaneminyaka engama-21 ukuba basonge iintloko zabo kumsebenzi wokwenza ingxelo yezemali, uHale uvumile ukuba akukho namnye okhe wathatha inxaxheba: “Awunakufunda ukuqubha elunxwemeni.”
Ethetha ngamalwandle, u-Hale uthe unethemba lokusebenzisa i-Marine Corps njenge-accounting "i-beachhead," kuba yayiphambi kwezinye iinkonzo ngokuphicothwa. Kodwa i-2011 "i-trial audit" yeeMarines yaphela yintlekele. Umhloli jikelele wafumanisa ukuba ayinakukwazi ukwenza i-2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwinkcitho. Kuvakala kubi ngakumbi xa ucinga ukuba bebephicotha kuphela i-4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwisabelomali seMarines.
Amajoni aseLwandle aphindaphindeka kabini. Kwi-2014, i-Pentagon yazisa ukuba i-Corps idlulise uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-2012. Esi siganeko sasibaluleke kakhulu, baphawula umcimbi kwiHolo yePentagon yeHeroes. UNobhala wezoKhuseleko emva koko u-Chuck Hagel unikezwe isiqinisekiso esakhiweyo sombono "ococekileyo". UHagel, ihlakani elingaguqukiyo kwezokhuselo, wavuya njengoko wayesithi, “Asichithi xesha elininzi sisebenzisa ii-megaphones ezinkulu ukubonakalisa impumelelo yethu enkulu. . . . Siyawenza umsebenzi.”
Kodwa ilizwi laqalisa ukusasazeka lokuba uphicotho lwaseLwandle kwakhona lububuqhophololo. “Yayisisenzo sobukrelekrele ekuqhatheni nasekuqhatheni,” utsho uGrassley, oofisi yakhe yayiphakathi kumzamo wokufumana iofisi yomhloli jikelele ukuba iphinde iphonononge iziphumo. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka, umhloli jikelele wayirhoxisa imvume yakhe. Yathi, "Uluvo lwethu malunga ne-FY 2012 United States Marine Corps," yathi, "ayinakuxhomekeka kuyo."
Okubi nangakumbi, kwavela ukuba iofisi yomhloli jikelele yayithumela ii-imeyile phantsi
ikhonkco, ukucinezela abaphicothi-zincwadi ukuba bavumelane nenkampani yophicotho-zincwadi yangaphandle, esele inerekhodi yophicotho olugwenxa lweMarine Corps. Oku bekufanele ukuba yiflegi ebomvu, ngokutsho komphicothi-zincwadi wasemkhosini odla umhlala-phantsi uJack Armstrong.
"Kutheni ungafuni ukuqeqesha iliso elisondeleyo xa sele ukrokrela malunga nomgangatho womsebenzi wabo?" utsho uArmstrong.
Umlawuli weSebe lezoKhuselo uMike McCord wayeyifilosofi malunga ne-Marine fiasco. “Ngamava okufunda,” utshilo.
EMVA KONKE kwezi ziqalo zobuxoki, kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokufumana iPentagon ukuba izilungise ngokwayo iya kuba ukuba iCongress iyeke ukuthumela imali. Ukuqala kwi-2012, ukulandelelana kwabameli kwiNdlu kunye neSenate, kuquka uTom Coburn, uR-Okla.; uBarbara Lee, uD-Calif.; Ron Wyden, D-Wash.; uRand Paul, uR-Ky.; Bernie Sanders, I-Vt.; kunye noJohn McCain, R-Ariz., Wazama ukwazisa izilungiso zanking inkxaso-mali ukuba iPentagon ayizange izilungise.
“Akukho namnye owenze umthetho,” utsho uMandy Smithberger weProjekthi yokuBeka uRhulumente.
Ingxaki enkulu lutshintsho lwemali yephulo. Buza abasebenzi base-Hill ukuba kutheni kunzima ukuphumelela nayiphi na ibhili ecinga ukubanjwa kwenkxaso-mali ye-Pentagon, kwaye bathi uya kuqhuba ngokubetha kwibhetshi ye-bipartisan ye-refuseniks abaye baxhamla kwiminikelo yephulo lecandelo lokukhusela, ngenxa yesimo sabo Iikomiti ezifana neeNkonzo ezixhobileyo okanye uLwabiwo-mali.
“Awunakufumana iPentagon ukuba ithathele ingqalelo uphicotho-zincwadi ngaphandle kokuba usoyikisa ngokuyeka inkxaso-mali, kwaye awunakuyeka inkxaso-mali ngaphandle kohlaziyo lwemali yephulo,” utshilo omnye wabasebenzi base-Hill.
Ngelishwa, uphicotho-zincwadi lonyaka ngoku ludale ukuhamba kwemali okwesibini kwiifemu zobalo-mali, ezingene ngokusesikweni kusapho lweekontraka zomkhosi ezisisigxina ezifana noLockheed Martin, iGeneral Dynamics, iBoeing neRaytheon.
Ngoku imali iphuma kumacala amabini. Olunye uqikelelo lubeka iindleko zonyaka zocwangciso-mali malunga nebhiliyoni: i-400 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kuphicotho-zincwadi olwenziwa yimizi-mveliso efana ne-Ernst & Young, kwaye malunga nezigidi ezingama-600 zeedola kwiifemu ezifana neDeloitte ukulungisa iingxaki ezichongwe luphicotho oluxeliweyo.
IPentagon inokugcina ababhali-mali bexakekile ngonaphakade besenza umsebenzi wetaxonomic wokuchaza ukungaphicothwa kwayo. ISebe lezoKhuselo liqeshe abantu abazizigidi ezi-3, lineenqanawa ze-280, phantse iinqwelomoya ze-16,000 kunye ne-585,000 "izixhobo" ubuncinane kumazwe angama-80. Uvile ukuba "mkhulu kakhulu ukuba ungaphumeleli" - indalo ye-DoD inkulu kakhulu ukuba ingabalwa. “Akunakwenzeka. . . . Asinakuyenza. . . . Inkulu kakhulu, ”wakhalaza elinye igosa leDoD elicaphukile.
“Basixelela ukuba izakuba mandundu ngaphambi kokuba ibengcono,” yindlela omnye wabasebenzi base-Hill ayibeka ngayo.
Ukuba abaphicothi-zincwadi ekugqibeleni benza ingqiqo kuwo wonke umsebenzi wabo, kufanelekile. Kodwa ngokulula banokuqhubeka bejonge ekuthotyelweni ngonaphakade. UGrassley uthi: “Ngeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka, ufanele ubone inkqubela.”
Ngo-Ephreli 2016, uMlawuli Jikelele wase-US uGene Dodaro wangqina phambi kwe-Senate ukuba i-Pentagon ichithe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuze ihlaziye iinkqubo zayo zokubala. Loo nzame, wathi, "ayikhange ibe neziphumo ezilungileyo."
Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, uSens Grassley noSanders, kunye noWyden nabanye, babebuza uDodaro eleta ukuba kutheni kungekho nkqubela yenziweyo malunga nokubekwa kwezo nkqubo. "Ngaba uza kuyigqiba ebomini bam?" Umsebenzi wase-Hill kuthiwa ufune kwintlanganiso kunye noDodaro. Akazange afumane mpendulo.
USanders kulo nyaka uphelileyo wazisa isilungiso kwi-ding ye-Pentagon ye-0.5 yeepesenti yenkxaso-mali yayo ide idlule (ingathathi, kodwa idlule) uphicotho. Akaphumelelanga, kodwa uza kuqhubeka ezama. Kwiofisi yakhe, umba wophicotho-zincwadi lwe-Pentagon umalunga nezinto eziphambili ekuhlaleni ezingabekwanga kakuhle njengoko umalunga nenkcitho kunye nolawulo olugwenxa.
“Kaninzi, sixelelwe ukuba asinakukwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokhathalelo lwempilo njengelungelo, ukwenza iikholeji zoluntu zingafundi, okanye sijongane nzulu naziphi na iimfuno zabasebenzi,” utshilo uSanders. "Xa kufikwa kwinkunkuma enkulu, ubuqhophololo kunye nokuxhatshazwa ePentagon, kukho inzolo evalekileyo."
Bobabini uSanders kunye noGrassley bebethambekele kwi-windmill yePentagon amashumi eminyaka ngoku, bevela kwiindawo ezichaseneyo zezopolitiko. KuGrassley, kukho imvakalelo yokudinwa.
Ebuzwa ukuba ingakanani inkqubela esele yenziwe ekudaleni inkqubo yokubala esebenzayo ePentagon, uthi, “Kwinqanaba lam, kuya kufuneka ndithi zero. Uyanqumama. "Ngokusekwe kwirekhodi, kubonakala ngathi abafuni ukuyilungisa."
Yonke le mbali ishwankathela le ngxaki. I-Riphabhlikhi i-waste-hawk efana ne-Grassley ikhala ngokungakwazi / ukungafuni kwe-Pentagon ukuphumeza inkqubo yanamhlanje, ye-corporate-style, inkqubo yocwangciso-mali edibeneyo, kwaye uqinisekile ukuba akusayi kubakho uphicotho olucocekileyo de luphuhliswe.
Ngeli xesha, umntu oqhubela phambili njengoSanders, onexhala lokucofa inkcitho yePentagon njengenxalenye yokucinga ngokutsha ngezinto eziphambili zesizwe, ukhala ngokungakwazi/ukungafuni kweCongress ukuthatha amanyathelo okwenyani afunekayo ukunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa. Inkqubo yeminikelo yephulo egcina iikomiti eziphambili zithinjiwe mhlawumbi ivalela le ngxaki endaweni, de kubekho uhlaziyo kweso siphelo.
Zombini iisenethi, ngelishwa, zinenkxalabo esemthethweni. Imiqobo engamawele kuphicotho-zincwadi oluyinyani-inkqubo enye, enye yezopolitiko-zizizathu ezimbalwa kwiNduli baziva beqinisekile ukuba uluvo olucocekileyo luyeza nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala. Njengoko omnye wabasebenzi base-Hill esitsho, “I-DoD iyakuthanda ukufumana ukungasebenzi kakuhle. Oko kuthetha ukuba banokuchitha ngaphezulu. ” Wongeza wathi, “Rhoqo ngonyaka, uyazi ukuba baya kufumana loo 700 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ayizukutshintsha loo nto. ”
De umntu awise umthetho onamazinyo okwenyani, okoyikisa ngokwenene ukusikwa kwesabelo somkhosi, eyona nto inokwenzeka liSebe lezoKhuselo liyaqhubeka nokuthatha kunye nophicotho lwemali ngeendleko ezinkulu ngonaphakade. Okona kulungileyo, nyaka ngamnye sinokugqiba ekubeni sifumane isigqibo esifana nesi malunga nophicotho-zincwadi luka-2018, kumhloli jikelele wePentagon. “Esona siphumo sibalulekileyo . . . ibingeloluvo luphela, ”yabhala i-IG, “kodwa leyo . . . iDoD yenza inkqubela.”
Akunakwenzeka ukubabaxa ubukhulu bengxaki ebangelwa luphicotho olumisiweyo lwe-DoD. Inyaniso yokuba ayinakuphumelela uphicotho-zincwadi ithetha ukuba urhulumente wonke ukwiphenyane elinye. De kube iPentagon ifumene ibakala lokupasa, iUnited States yonke iya kufumana minyaka le into ebizwa ngokuba “sisicalu-calula soluvo” malunga nezimali zayo, ezithi “ezingaphelelanga.”
U-DioGuardi, owabeka yonke le nto kwiminyaka engama-30 eyadlulayo, uthi akukho nkampani ithengiswa esidlangalaleni inokukhupha ibhondi ngaphandle kokudlula uphicotho kuqala. Kodwa i-US ikhupha amakhulu eebhiliyoni kwiibhondi, nangona umngxuma okhoyo kwiincwadi zayo obangelwa yingxaki engapheliyo engasonjululwanga kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. “Ngokwembono yobalo,” utsho, “libali eloyikekayo.”
UAndy uthi: “UErnst & Young baya kuzitya bephila. "Kubi kakhulu kunokuba abantu becinga."
Ngaphezu nje kweminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, uDwight Eisenhower wanika intetho yakhe edumileyo ethi ndlela-ntle elumkisa ngamandla “esakhiwo somkhosi-mveliso.” Owayesakuba ngumphathi-mkhosi wakhalaza ngokudalwa “kweshishini lezixhobo elihlala lihleli ngomlinganiselo omkhulu,” waza wathi “amandla okukhula okuyintlekele kwamandla angafanelekanga akhoyo yaye aya kuqhubeka.”
Isilumkiso sika-Eisenhower sibhiyozelwa ngasekhohlo njengesilumkiso ngokuchasene negunya eligqithileyo lezopolitiko labenzi bokufudumala, kodwa njengoko sibona ngoku, ibiyingqikelelo kwakhona njengombono wobusuku bogcino-mali lwekamva. Umkhosi uye waba sisixhobo esingathintekiyo sokuqokelela iidola zabarhafi kunye nokuzithumela ngeyona ndlela ingasebenziyo. Izikolo ziyawohloka, izibhedlele kunye namaziko okubelekisa avaleleke kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa iinkonzo ezixhobileyo zigcwalisa iindawo zokugcina izixhobo zeenkqubo ezithile “ngoluhlu lwezinto ezixabisa iminyaka eli-1,000 XNUMX,” njengoko elinye igosa lezothutho loMkhosi kutshanje lisitsho.
Ngowona mzekelo wokugqibela wokungaguquki kwenkqubo yezopolitiko yaseMelika. Kwanaxa kukho ukuvumelana okubanzi kwe-bipartisan, kunye nemithetho epasisiweyo, kwaye zombini imali eyabelwe utshintsho kunye nee-arhente ezidalwe ukuba zenze umthetho - ukuba ingxaki inkulu ngokwaneleyo, ixesha ligoba urhwaphilizo, kwaye isiphithiphithi sihlala sidlula uhlaziyo. U-Eisenhower wayengenakuqikelela ukuba wayechane kangakanani na.
UMat Taibbi ngumhleli onegalelo kwiRolling Stone kwaye uphumelele iMbasa yeSizwe yeMagazini ka-2008 kwiikholamu kunye namagqabantshintshi. Eyona ncwadi yakhe yakutshanje ithi ‘Andikwazi Ukuphefumla: Ukubulala kwisitalato iBay,’ malunga nokubulawa kakubi kuka-Eric Garner ngamapolisa esiXeko saseNew York. Ukwangumbhali weNew York Times ethengisa kakhulu 'uMongameli we-Clown ophambeneyo,' 'Ukwahlula,' 'iGriftopia,' kunye 'nokuphazamiseka okukhulu.'
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