Abantu baseRiphabhlikhi kunye neeDemokhrasi bathanda ukubanga ukuba bamacala ahlukeneyo emiba ebalulekileyo. Ewe, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ovuthuza ngayo umoya, ngamanye amaxesha batshintsha amacala, njengenkxaso yorhwebo lwasimahla kunye nokusilela komanyano. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, akukho yantlukwano xa kuziwa kumkhosi.
Umzekelo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomdibaniso wonyaka-mali ka-2018 (ophela ngoSeptemba 30) lubandakanya imali eninzi emkhosini kunokuba kwacelwe nguMongameli uDonald Trump. UTrump wayecele uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi we-603 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ukwanda kwe-25 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kunyaka-mali ka-2017; ICongress ivume i-629 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
UTrump ucele i-65 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuxhasa umlo okhoyo ngoku, i-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola; ICongress ivume i-71 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
UMthetho wokuGunyanyiswa koKhuseleko lweSizwe we-2018, obeka uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olujoliswe kwiSebe lezoKhuselo kweli nqanaba liphezulu, yamkelwa yiNdlu yeeNgwevu ngoSeptemba 2017 ivoti ye89-9.
Ngamagama kwi<em>The New York Times: โKwisenzo esinqabileyo sokungavisisani kwabantu ababini eCapitol Hill, iNdlu yeeNgwevu yawisa umthetho wezokhuselo oziibhiliyoni ezingama-700 . . . ebeka umbono we-muscular of America njengamandla ehlabathi, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwePentagon olungaphezulu lee koko uMongameli uTrump akucelile. "
Lo Mthetho ukwafuna ukonyuka kwenkcitho yasemkhosini ye-16 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunyaka-mali ka-2019 (oqala nge-1 ka-Okthobha ka-2018). Kwaye, ngoJuni 2018, iNdlu yeeNgwevu ivotile 85 ukuya kwi-10 ukugunyazisa olo nyuso, ukonyusa unyaka-mali weSebe lezoKhuselo ka-2019 ukuya kuthi ga kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-716 zeedola.
Oku kukwamkela kwamaqela amabini emfazwe kuza iindleko ezinkulu kubantu abasebenzayo. Ezi ndleko ziquka ukuthotywa kwenkxaso-mali yezindlu zoluntu, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo; ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweziseko ezingundoqo zethu; uphando olusisiseko kunye nophuhliso; kunye neenzame zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu.
Ikwabandakanya i ukulwa kwamapolisa, ekubeni umkhosi udlulisela ngovuyo izixhobo zawo ezingaphezulu okanye eziphelelwe lixesha kumasebe asekuhlaleni avumayo.
Kwaye kukwabandakanya umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle onemfazwe. Imeko: ICongress ikwenze kwacaca ukuchasa kwayo kwisigqibo solawulo sikaTrump sokuhlangana nenkokeli yaseNyakatho Korea uKim Jong-un kunye nokumisa imidlalo yemfazwe ejoliswe kuMntla Korea, ngokucacileyo ikhetha ukubakho kweMfazwe entsha yaseKorea.
ICongress nayo izama uku ukuwisa umthetho oko kuya kuthintela amandla kamongameli ekunciphiseni inani lamajoni ase-US amise eMzantsi Korea.
Ngamafutshane, indawo yemizi-mveliso yasemkhosini yase-US, kubandakanya nemvumelwano ye-bipartisan enceda ukukhuthaza ukuba semthethweni komkhosi, lolona tshaba lubalulekileyo nolunamandla ekufuneka soyise ukuba sifuna ukujongana nzulu neengxaki zethu ezihlala zikhula zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezendalo.
Umkhosi ukho kuyo yonke indawo
I-US inamalunga nama-800 iziseko zomkhosi ezisemthethweni kumazwe angama-80, anamajoni angama-135,000 amiswe kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukubeka oku ngendlela, u-Alice Slater Iingxelo ukuba: โNgamanye amazwe ali-11 kuphela aneziseko kumazwe angaphandle, angama-70 ewonke. IRashiya inamazwe aqikelelwa kuma-26 ukusa kwangama-40 kumazwe asithoba, inkoliso yawo eyayisakuba ziiRiphabliki zaseSoviet, kwanaseSyria naseVietnam; i-UK, iFransi, kunye neTurkey zineziseko ezine ukuya kwezili-10; yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba isiseko esinye ukuya kwesithathu sihlala eIndiya, eTshayina, eJapan, eSouth Korea, eJamani, eItali naseNetherlands.โ
Imikhosi ekhethekileyo yase-US isasazwe kumazwe amaninzi ngakumbi. Ngoku ka Nick Turse, ukususela ngo-2015, le mikhosi yayisebenza kumazwe angama-135, ukunyuka kwe-80% kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo. โOko kumalunga nama-70% amazwe asemhlabeni. Suku ngalunye, enyanisweni, awona majoni abalaseleyo aseMelika enza amaphulo kumazwe angama-80 ukuya kwangama-90 egqogqa ebusuku okanye maxa wambi ewaqhuba ngokwenene, eqeqeshelwa ukudutyulwa okanye ngamanye amaxesha adubule iintshaba zisuka kude.โ
Oku kusasazeka kwejografi akumelanga nje uqikelelo olurhabaxa lwemidla ye-US elite, ikwabonelela ngengqiqo efanelekileyo kwabo bafuna ukugcina imali ihamba. Umkhosi, kunye nabo baxhasa inkxaso-mali yabo, bahlala bekhalaza ukuba umkhosi ufuna imali engaphezulu ukuze uqhube umsebenzi wawo. Kakade ke, imali eyongezelelweyo yenza ukuba umkhosi wandise ukufikelela kwimisebenzi yawo, ngaloo ndlela uthethelela enye imfuno yemali engakumbi.
Umkhosi uxhaswa ngemali
Akuyonto ilula ukuqikelela ukuba sichitha malini kwimisebenzi enxulumene nomkhosi. Isiseko sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi sisiqalo. Imele isixa-mali se-discretionary federal budget eyabelwa iSebe lezoKhuselo.
Ke kukho ingxowa-mali yemisebenzi eyenzeka phesheya kolwandle, eyiphuli yemali eyahlukileyo ehleli ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imiqobo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ethi umkhosi ufunyanwa minyaka le kwiCongress ukuze uhlawule iindleko zemfazwe eqhubekayo.
Kukudityaniswa kwezi zibini zicatshulwe ngabahlalutyi abaninzi xa bethetha ngobungakanani bohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi. Isebenzisa lo mlinganiselo udityanisiweyo, iStockholm International Peace Research Institute fu maneka ukuba iUnited States ichithe imali eninzi emkhosini wayo kunalawo asixhenxe alandelayo achitha imali eninzi emkhosini edityanisiwe, lawo yiTshayina, iRashiya, iSaudi Arabia, iIndiya, iFransi, iBritani neJapan.
Njengetshathi elandelayo ibonisa, Inkcitho yomkhosi wase-US (ibhajethi esisiseko kunye nengxowa-mali yemisebenzi yeemeko ezinokwenzeka phesheya), elungelelaniselwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, sele inyuka ixesha elithile, kwaye ngoku iphezulu kunaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwexesha lokuphakama kwemfazwe yase-Iraq.
UJeff Stein, umbhalo kwi Washington Post, inikela ingxelo yokuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi lusenokuba โlolona lukhulu kwimbali yakutshanje yaseMerika ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1970 ubuncinane, luhlengahlengisa ukuhla kwamandla emali.โ
Nokuba inkulu kangakanani na, lo mlinganiselo ungentla wenkcitho yasemkhosini uyijongela phantsi itotali. NjengoJP Sottile Ichaza: โIProjekthi yokuBeka iliso kuRhulumente (i-POGO) yenze itheyibhile yonke 'inkcitho enxulumene nokhuselo' ngo-2017 no-2018, kwaye ibethe malunga ne-1.1 yeetriliyoni zeedola kunyaka ngamnye kule mibini.
"Inxalenye 'enxulumene nokhuselo' ibalulekile kuba uMthetho woGunyaziso lwezoKhuselo lonyaka, owaziwa njengebhajethi yezokhuselo, awuzibandakanyi ngokupheleleyo zonke iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenkcitho yokhuseleko lwesizwe eziye zifakwe kwisiqingatha seearhente."
UWilliam Hartung, ingcali kwinkcitho yasemkhosini, waya kwi-arhente ukuze aveze zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nomkhosi ezifihlwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Njengoko yena bonisa: "Unokucinga ukuba ezona zixhobo zinamandla kwi-arsenal yase-US - iimfazwe zenyukliya - ziya kuhlawulwa kwi-Budget ye-Pentagon. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uya kuba ungalunganga.
โIindleko zokuphanda, ukuphuhlisa, ukugcina, kunye 'nokuphucula' izixhobo zenyukliya zaseMelika ezingama-6800 ziwela kwi-arhente efihlakeleyo engaphakathi kwiSebe lezaMandla, kuLawulo lweSizwe loKhuseleko lweNyukliya, okanye iNNSA.
โIkwasebenza nakwizixhobo zenyukliya zaselwandle, ihlawulela ukucocwa kwemekobume yezixhobo zenyukliya, ize ixhase ngemali iindawo ezintathu zokusebenzela zezixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe, ngeendleko zonyaka ezingaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezingama-20 zeerandi ngonyaka.โ
Itotali enkulu kaHartung, ebandakanya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iindleko zoKhuseleko lweLizwe, uncedo lomkhosi wangaphandle, iinkonzo zobuntlola, iVeterans Administration kunye nomdla kwityala eliveliswe yinkcitho yexesha elidlulileyo emkhosini, yi-1.09 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola, eziphantse zifane ne POGO iyonke ikhankanyiwe ngasentla.
Ngamafutshane, iinkokeli zethu zezopolitiko zikude nokuza malunga nobungakanani bokwenyani benkcitho yethu emkhosini.
Ukongeza unyeliso kukwenzakala, umkhosi awunakuphendula ngendlela osichitha ngayo isabelo esibalulekileyo semali oyinikiweyo. IReuters' inqaku nguScott Paltrow ubalisa eli bali: โImali yoMkhosi waseUnited States iguquguquke kangangokuba kuye kwafuneka ukuba wenze iibhiliyoni zeerandi zohlengahlengiso olungafanelekanga lwengxelo-mali ukuze kudaleke inkohliso yokuba iincwadi zawo zilungelelene.
โUmhloli Jikelele weSebe lezoKhuselo, kwingxelo kaJuni [2016], uthe uMkhosi wenze i-2.8 yetriliyoni yeedola kuhlengahlengiso olungalunganga kumangenelo e-accounting kwikota enye kuphela ngo-2015, kunye ne-6.5 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngonyaka.
Kodwa uMkhosi wawungenazo iirisithi kunye nee-invoyisi zokuxhasa loo manani okanye uzenze nje.
โNgenxa yoko, iingxelo zemali zoMkhosi zonyaka ka-2015 'zazichazwa phosakeleyo,' yaphetha ingxelo. Ulungelelwaniso 'lokunyanzeliswa' luzenze iziteyitimenti zingabi namsebenzi ngenxa yokuba 'abaphathi be-DoD kunye noMkhosi abakwazanga ukuxhomekeka kwidatha ekwiinkqubo zabo zocwangciso-mali xa besenza izigqibo zolawulo nezibonelelo.'...
"Le ngxelo ingqina uthotho lwe-Reuters ka-2013 etyhila indlela iSebe lezoKhuselo lilahlekisa ngayo ingxelo ngobungakanani obukhulu njengoko belizama ukuvala iincwadi zalo. Ngenxa yoko, akukhange kubekho ndlela yokwazi ukuba iSebe lezoKhuselo - kude nakude eyona nxalenye inkulu yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka lweCongress-iyichitha njani imali yoluntu.
"Ingxelo entsha igxile kwiNgxowa-mali Jikelele yoMkhosi, inkulu kwiiakhawunti zayo ezimbini eziphambili, ezine-asethi ye-282.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2015. Umkhosi ulahlekile okanye awugcinanga idatha efunekayo, kwaye idatha eninzi eyayinayo yayingachanekanga, i-IG. watsho.
โ'Iya phi imali? Akukho mntu waziyo, utshilo uFranklin Spinney, umhlalutyi wasemkhosini osele esidla umhlala phantsi kwiPentagon kunye nomgxeki wokucwangciswa kweSebe lezoKhuseloโฆ
โKangangeminyaka, uMhloli-Jikelele โ umphicothi-zincwadi osemthethweni weSebe lezoKhuselo โ ufake isilandulo kuzo zonke iingxelo zonyaka zomkhosi. Ubalo-mali aluthembekanga kangangokuba 'iingxelo zemali ezisisiseko zinokuba neempazamo ezingabhaqwanga ezibambekayo nezigqubayo'.
Inkcitho yasemkhosini inkulu kushishino
Phantse isiqingatha yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi waseMelika luya kwiikontraka zomkhosi zabucala. Ezi khontrakthi zomkhosi zingundoqo kuninzi lweenkampani ezinkulu e-US.
U-Lockheed Martin kunye no-Boeing babeka enye kunye neyesibini kuluhlu lweenkampani ezifumana imali eninzi kurhulumente. Kwi-2017 i-Lockheed Martin ibike i-51 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiintengiso, kunye ne-35.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezivela kurhulumente. I-Boeing ifumene i-26.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
Abathathu balandelayo emgceni nguRaytheon, iGeneral Dynamics kunye neNorthrop Grumman. Ezi nkampani zintlanu ziphezulu zifakwe ezinye zeedola ezili-100 zeebhiliyoni kwiikontraka zePentagon kwi-2016.
Kwaye, njengoko Hartung ichaza: โI-Pentagon ithenga ngaphezu kwezixhobo nje. Iinkampani zokhathalelo lwempilo ezifana ne-Humana (i-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola), iQela leMpilo eliManyeneyo (i-2.9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola), kunye ne-Health Net (i-2.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) kunye nemali, kwaye badityaniswa, phakathi kwabanye, iinkampani zonyango ezifana noMcKesson (i-2.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) kunye neeyunivesithi. ebandakanyeke ngokunzulu kuphando oluntsonkothileyo lwemizi-mveliso yezomkhosi njengeMIT (i-$1 yamawaka ezigidi) noJohns Hopkins (iidola ezingama-902 ezigidi).โ
Ayimangalisi ke into yokuba, xa kujongwa ukuba ezi zivumelwano zinengeniso kangakanani na, iikontraka zabucala sebenza nzima ukuqinisekisa ububele beCongress. Ngo-2017, umzekelo, iinkampani zezokhuselo ezingama-208 zichithe phantse i-100 yezigidi zeedola ukuhambisa i-728 exeliweyo lobbyists.
Ukuphembelela kwenziwa lula kakhulu inyaniso ukuba ngaphezu kwe-80% yamagosa aphezulu e-Pentagon asebenze kwishishini lezokhuselo ngexesha elithile kwimisebenzi yabo, kwaye abaninzi baya kubuyela emsebenzini kwishishini lokukhusela.
Emva koko kukho ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle. Lawrence Wittner Cits Uphononongo olwenziwa yiStockholm International Peace Research Institute efumanise ukuba ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kunye neenkonzo zomkhosi ngababoneleli bomkhosi abakhulu behlabathi be-100 kuphelele kwi-375 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2016.
Wittner ubhala athi: โIinkampani zaseUnited States zandisa isabelo sazo kweso simbuku saya kutsho phantse kuma-58 ekhulwini, zithumela izixhobo ubuncinane kumazwe ali-100 ehlabathini lonke.โ
Ezimisele ukukhuthaza ishishini lezixhobo, amagosa karhulumente asebenza nzima egameni lawo. Njengoko Hartung Ichaza: โUkususela kumongameli kuhambo lwakhe kumazwe aphesheya ukuya kutyelela iinkokeli zehlabathi ezimanyeneyo ukuya koonobhala bakarhulumente nezokhuselo kubasebenzi bozakuzo base-US, amagosa [aseMelika] ahlala esebenza njengabathengisi kwiifemu zezixhobo.โ
Okungakumbi emkhosini, kuncinci kuyo yonke enye into
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-federal lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ngamacandelo amathathu: inkcitho enyanzelekileyo (ngokuyintloko ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nonyango), inkcitho enokubonwa kunye nenzala kwityala. Iindlela ezimbini kwinkcitho enokuvela, icandelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusetwa minyaka le ngokwesigqibo seNkongolo, ibonelela ngefestile malunga nokuba umkhosi ucinezela njani inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo ezibonelela iimfuno zesininzi.
Umkhwa wokuqala ophawulekayo kukukhula kwenkxaso ye-Congressional yokukhusela (isiseko sebhajethi yasemkhosini) ngaphezu kweenkqubo ezingezizo zokukhusela. Ngo-2001, uninzi lwenkxaso-mali enokuvela iye kwiinkqubo ezingezizo ezokhuselo.
Noko ke, oko kwatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, njengoko sibona kwisicangca ngezantsi, ngenxa โyemfazwe yobugrogrisi.โ Kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, yokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi inyuke nge-50%, ngelixa inkcitho kuzo zonke ezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente inyuke nge-13.5% kuphela.
Kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-2018, i-54% ye-discretionary funds yabelwe umkhosi (ichazwe ngokucacileyo), i-700 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya emkhosini kunye ne-591 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiinkqubo ezingezizo ezomkhosi.
Ishati ngezantsi ibonisa isicelo se-Trump discretionary budgetary year-fiscal year 2019. Njengoko sibona, isabelo semali yomkhosi siya kunyuka siye kwi-61% yetotali.
Ngokutsho Iprojekthi ePhambili yeSizwe, "Iziphakamiso zikaMongameli uTrump malunga nenkcitho yexesha elizayo, ukuba yamkelwe yiCongress, iya kuqinisekisa ukuba, ngo-2023, umlinganiselo wenkcitho yasemkhosini [kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunokuzikhethela] uya kunyuka ukuya kwi-65%.
Ewe, esona sabelo somkhosi sikhulu kakhulu, kuba umkhosi uchazwa ngokumxinwa. Umzekelo, iiBenefits zamagqala zibandakanyiwe kwicandelo elingelokhuselo.
Okwesibini okuvezwayo kukwehla kwenkcitho enokuvela ngaphandle kokhuselo xa kuthelekiswa neGDP. Ke, ayikuphela nje ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesiseko somkhosi lukhula ngokukhawuleza kunohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweenkqubo ezingezizo ezokhuselo, inkcitho kwiinkqubo zokungakhuseli ngokwengqiqo ayihambelani nokukhula koqoqosho.
Lo mkhwa uguqulela ekubeni amandla oluntu ahlayo ukuxhasa uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso, kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo zezindlu, imfundo, impilo kunye nokhuseleko, ukuphendula kwiintlekele ... uluhlu lude.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-2018 ye-bipartisan ye-bipartisan yonyusa inkcitho enokuvela kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokhuselo kunye nezingakhuseli, kodwa isivumelwano asenzanga nto ingako ukuguqula oku kwehla kwexesha elide kwinkcitho engakhethiyo yokhuselo ngokumalunga nobukhulu boqoqosho.
I-Progressive Policy Institute yebhlog yeposi nguBen Ritz Ichaza: โUMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ka-2011 (BCA) uvale omabini amacandelo enkcitho enokuvela njengenxalenye yeenzame ezibanzi zokunciphisa intsilelo kwixesha elizayo.
โXa iCongress isilela ukufikelela kwisivumelwano se-bipartisan malunga neerhafu kunye nezinye iindidi zenkcitho yomdibaniso, iBCA ngokuzenzekelayo yabangela ukunqunyulwa okunzulu ngakumbi, kwibhodi yonke kwinkcitho enokuvela eyaziwa ngokuba kukuhluthwa.
โNgelixa i-sequester iphakanyiswe amatyeli aliqela ukusukela oko yaqala ukusebenza, inkcitho enokuvela iye yahlala ingaphantsi kwe-BCA yokuqala.
โLo mkhwa uphele ngoMthetho weBhajethi yeBipartisan ka-2018 (BBA). Esi sivumelwano sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali asiphakamisanga nje kuphela inkcitho ebekelwe okunokuvela ngaphezulu kwamanqanaba amiselweyo โ siphinde saya ngaphaya kwe-BCA yokuqala iminyaka emibini.
โNangona kunjalo, inkcitho eqikelelwayo yokubona yangaphakathi kunyaka-mali ka-2019 ingaphantsi kakhulu kumyinge wembali njengepesenti ye [GDP]. Ngaphezu koko, nokuba abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo baye bandisa olu tshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ngaphaya kweminyaka emibini egutyungelwe yi-BBA, siqikelela ukuba imali echithwayo ngokwasekhaya inokuhla iye kwi-3% kuphela ye-GDP kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo-elona nqanaba lisezantsi kwimbali yanamhlanje [jonga umgca omnyama odayiweyo kwitshati. ngaphantsi].
Ibali liyafana nenkcitho yokhuselo. Ngombulelo kuxinzelelo olwenziwa yi-sequester, inkcitho ye-defence discretionary yehle yaya kutsho ngaphantsi kwe-3.1% ye-GDP kwi-FY2017.
"Ngaphantsi kwe-BBA, inkcitho yokhuselo iya kunyuka iye kwi-3.4% ye-GDP kwi-FY2019 ngaphambi kokuwa kwakhona [jonga umgca omnyama odayiweyo kwitshathi elandelayo].
"Ngokungafaniyo nenkcitho yasekhaya, nangona kunjalo, ukhuselo luza kuhlala lungaphezulu kwelona xesha lisezantsi lafikelelwa kuzo ngaphambi kohlaselo lwabanqolobi ngo-2001 kule minyaka ilishumi izayo."
Lilonke, iCongress ibonakala izimisele ukucudisa iinkqubo ezingezizo ezokhuselo, ukwanda kwamalungelo okhuselo ngaphezulu kwenkcitho engeyiyo yokhuselo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunokuzikhethela kunye nokuvumela inkcitho engeyiyo yokhuselo njengesabelo se-GDP ukuba iwele kwirekhodi eliphantsi.
Umlinganiselo wenkcitho yokhuselo olunokuvela ngokumalunga ne-GDP ibonakala izinza, nangona kumanqanaba angaphantsi komndilili wayo wexesha elide.
Nangona kunjalo, inkcitho yokhuselo olunokuvela ibhekisa kuphela kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusisiseko lweSebe lezoKhuselo kwaye ngenxa yoko ngumlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu weendleko zomkhosi wase-US.
Kubandakanya iindleko ezikhulayo zoKhuseleko lweLizwe, uncedo lomkhosi wangaphandle, iinkonzo zobuntlola, iVeterans Administration, inzala kwityala elenziwe yinkcitho yexesha elidlulileyo emkhosini kunye nengxowa-mali yemisebenzi eyenzeka phesheya, iya kukhokelela kumfanekiso owahluke kakhulu, oya kushiya. ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ngokuzibophelela kukarhulumente kubini kumkhosi.
Ucelomngeni olungaphambili
Ukulwa nomkhosi akulula. Imikhosi enamandla yezopolitiko kunye nezoshishino yenze inkqubela phambili ekuguquleni i-US ibe luluntu olubhiyozela ubundlobongela, imipu kunye nomkhosi.
Ishati ngezantsi ibalaselisa umlinganiselo omnye wale mpumelelo. Ngokudabukisayo, i-39% yabemi base-US abavotelwe ngenkxaso yokwandisa ukhuselo lwethu lwelizwe ngelixa i-46% icinga ukuba ilungile. Kuphela i-13% icinga ukuba yomelele kunokuba kufuneka.
Uvoto, ewe, luveza nje iimpendulo zomntu ngamnye okomzuzwana kwimibuzo ethi, ngokuzimeleyo, isoloko inika abaphenduli kungabikho mxholo ubalulekileyo okanye iindlela ezizezinye kwaye ngaloo ndlela iveze kancinci malunga neengcinga eziyinyaniso zabantu.
Kwangaxeshanye, iziphumo ezinje ngolu zibonisa ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani na kuthi ukuba sisebenzele ukudala indawo yeencoko zoluntu ezisekelwe kulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nobungakanani kunye neenjongo zomkhosi wase-US kunye neendleko ezinkulu zezopolitiko, ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezendalo. uninzi lwabantu abasebenzayo.
UMartin Hart-Landsberg nguNjingalwazi Emeritus wezoQoqosho eLewis naseClark College, ePortland, eOregon; Umphandi oncedisayo kwiZiko leeSayensi zeNtlalo, iYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseGyeongsang, eMzantsi Korea; kunye noNjingalwazi oyiNjingalwazi kwiNkqubo yeziFundo zezaBasebenzi kwiYunivesithi yaseSimon Fraser, eCanada. Ugcina iblogi Iingxelo ezivela kwi-Economic Front.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela