Umngcipheko wemfazwe kwi-peninsula yaseKorea uhlala uphezulu, kwaye urhulumente wase-US uyawuphakamisa ngokuvula i-front front yezoqoqosho. NgoSeptemba 2005, ngenye imini emva kokuba uthethathethwano lwengingqi luvelise isivumelwano esinokuphelisa ukungavisisani phakathi koMntla Korea-U.S., urhulumente waseUnited States watyhola uMntla Korea ngokwenza umgunyathi wamatyala ayi-R100. Ibiza lo mzamo utyholwayo waseNyakatho Korea njengohlaselo oluthe ngqo kulongamo lwase-US kunye nobuchwephesha isenzo semfazwe, iWashington yabeka iwebhu ehlala iqina kwaye ikhula njalo yezithintelo zemali kwilizwe.
Eli phulo lezoqoqosho, elandiswa kwaye laqina emva kokuba i-missile yasePyongyang iqalise ngoJulayi kunye novavanyo lwenyukliya ngo-Oktobha 2006, ngumzamo wamva nje wokuhlukanisa kunye nokunciphisa iDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Izityholo zihambelana nendlela yezenzo eziye zaphazamisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo intshukumo ethembisayo yoxolo kwi-peninsula yaseKorea. Kumjikelo wamva nje weeNtetho zamaQela amaThathu, ebezibanjwe ngoDisemba, izithintelo zingqineke zingowona mqobo mkhulu kwindlela yokufikelela kwisivumelwano. Uxinzelelo oluvezwa zizithintelo lukhulisa uxinzelelo eMpuma Asia kwaye lubeka uxinzelelo olunzima kumaKorea, ngakumbi eMntla.
I-Gambit yezoqoqosho yaseWashington, eyaqaliswa kwi-2005 kwaye yomelezwa yizohlwayo ze-UN kwi-2006, iphakamisa imibuzo yexesha, isongelo lokunyuka, ukuziphatha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngaphandle kweengxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe ezicetyiweyo ngoku, indlela yoqoqosho olungqongqo oluya ngaseMntla Korea ibe yindlela echaseneyo neziphumo ezibi kwimiba ecinezelayo yedenuclearization kunye nediplomatic normalization. Izithintelo kunye nezohlwayo, kude nokubuyisela iNorth Korea kwitafile yothethathethwano, ibe yeyona nto isisikhubekiso kuthethwano. Iboniswe njengenye indlela yeendlela zomkhosi kutshintsho lolawulo, iphulo lezoqoqosho libonakalise ukuba akanamveliso xa i-DPRK yaphendula ngovavanyo lwayo lwemijukujelwa kunye nenyukliya. Ekugqibeleni, le ndlela yezoqoqosho ijongela phantsi iinzame zaseNyakatho Korea ekuhlaziyweni nasekuvuleni, eyona nkqubo iphikisanayo abaninzi kufuneka ixhaswe ngokuziphatha, kunye neqhinga, izizathu.
Ukusondelelana okuThintelweyo
Ikhuthazwe ngokuyinxenye ziziphumo ezibi zoqoqosho zokulahleka kwamaqabane ayo orhwebo ebloc yaseSoviet kunye nothotho lwezaqhwithi ezoyikekayo kunye nembalela, iNorth Korea ibizama ngenkuthalo ukulungisa ubudlelwane ne-United States ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi. Ukusondelelana kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho kuya kubandakanya ukususwa kwezohlwayo ezigcinwe yiWashington ngokuchasene nePyongyang iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu (nangona ulawulo lukaClinton luziphakamisile ezinye izohlwayo) kunye nokubhalisa inkxaso ye-US yobulungu kumaziko ahlukeneyo apho iWashington ivalile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
INorth Korea ifumanise ukuba inye kuphela into eya kutsala i-United States kwiingxoxo-inkxalabo malunga nenkqubo yayo yenyukliya. Ke ngoko, urhulumente waseNyakatho Korea ulidlale ngokungqongqo ikhadi lakhe lenyukliya. INkqubo-sikhokelo eSivumelwano yowe-1994, eyasombulula ingxaki yokuqala yenyukliya kusingasiqithi, yaba sisiqalo esithembisayo sokuphucula ubudlelwane. I-DPRK ithembise ngokukhenkcisa kwaye ekugqibeleni iyichithe inkqubo yayo yenyukliya esekwe kwigraphite. Utshintshiselwano, urhulumente wase-US uvumile ukubonelela ngezixhobo zenyukliya ezitsha, ezilula zamanzi ukusombulula ukunqongophala kwamandla e-DPRK, ukuphelisa ukuvalwa kwayo kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokulungelelanisa ubudlelwane.
I-US, nangona kunjalo, ayizange izifezekise izibophelelo zayo. Uqinisekile ukuba iingxaki zoqoqosho ziya kukhokelela ekuweni korhulumente waseNyakatho Korea, kwaye ujongene neCongress enobutshaba, ulawulo lukaClinton aluzange luphumelele ukuphishekela ukuqheleka okanye ukwakha i-reactors ethenjisiweyo. Ngelixa iPyongyang yayibonakala izinikele ngakumbi kwisivumelwano, nayo, yaphosa imiqobo kwindlela yokugqiba i-reactors kwaye, mhlawumbi, yahlola enye inkqubo yenyukliya. Sekunjalo, sibulela inxalenye yemizamo yaseMzantsi Korea - ngokukodwa intlanganiso yembali phakathi komongameli waseMzantsi Korea uKim Dae Jung kunye nenkokeli yaseNyakatho yaseKorea uKim Jong Il ePyongyang ngoJuni 2000, emva kweenyanga ezine emva kokutyelela kukaNobhala we-US uMadeleine Albright ePyongyang - ukuphuculwa kokwenene kwi-US-DPRK ubudlelwane kwabonakala kunokwenzeka.
Ulawulo lwangoku lwaseU.S., nangona kunjalo, luthe gqolo lujongela phantsi olu phuhliso luthembisayo. Kwanangaphambi kokuba athathe isikhundla, uGeorge W. Bush wabhengeza inkcaso yakhe kwiNkqubo-sikhokelo eVunyiweyo. Ngo-2001, ekuthatheni kwakhe ubongameli, wamgxeka esidlangalaleni uKim Dae-Jung ngeenzame zakhe zoxolelwaniso kwaye wabhengeza ukuzimisela kwakhe ukubhukuqa urhulumente we-DPRK. Kwintetho yakhe kaJanuwari ka-2002 yeSimo seManyano, uBush wabhengeza iNorth Korea njengelungu โle-axis yobubi.โ
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2002, ilungisa isicwangciso sayo sokutshintsha ulawulo, iWashington yatyhola uMntla ngokulandela izixhobo zenyukliya usebenzisa inkqubo efihlakeleyo yeuranium (HEU) etyetyiswe kakhulu ngokwaphula iNkqubo-sikhokelo eVunyiweyo. Ilizwe laseMantla lisikhabile esi sityholo, kwaye iUnited States ayikavelisi bungqina obabanelisa abanye oorhulumente kulo mmandla. Nangona kunjalo, intlawulo ye-HEU isebenze njengesingxengxezo kulawulo lukaBush ukuba luphelise ngokusesikweni uthatho-nxaxheba lwalo kwiNkqubo-sikhokelo eVunyiweyo ecinge ukuba inceda ukugcina ulawulo loMntla. Ukuphendula kwesi sigqibo sase-US, uMntla uye warhoxa kwisivumelwano sokungabhebhetheki kwenyukliya kwaye wayimisa inkqubo yayo yenyukliya.
Esoyikela iziphumo zoku kunyuka koxinzelelo, urhulumente waseTshayina uye wazama ukudlala indima yolamlo ngokubamba iiNtetho zeQela lamaThandathu ezaqala ngo-Agasti ka-2003 kwaye zibandakanya iPRC, uMzantsi Korea, uMntla Korea, iUnited States, iJapan kunye neRussia. Nangona kunjalo, iintetho zathintelwa kukwala kwe-US ukubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo ezibanzi nezithe ngqo kunye neNorth Korea. Kuphela xa amaTshayina esongela ngokugxeka esidlangalaleni iUnited States ngokusilela kwediplomacy kwaye ekugqibeleni kwasayinwa isivumelwano. Esi sivumelwano somhla we-19 kuSeptemba ka-2005 sabiza inkqubo yenyathelo nenyathelo apho uMntla uza kukhenkcisa kwaye uphelise iinkqubo zawo zenyukliya ngokutshintshiselana nobonelelo lwase-US lwesixhobo esixhathisayo esixhathisayo kunye nesiqhelo. Yile nkqubo eyafa ngokukhawuleza xa i-US yatyumba ibhanki eMacao njengeyona nto "yeyona nto ixhalabisa ngayo imali."
Izithintelo kunye noThethwano
NgoSeptemba 2005, iSebe lezeMali lityumbe i-Banco Delta Asia (BDA) e-Macao njenge-conduit ekrokrelekayo yeebhilidi ze-100 zeedola, ezibizwa ngokuba "ngamanqaku aphezulu" athi iNorth Korea yayivelisa. Ukuphendula, ibhanki yeMacao yamisa iiakhawunti zaseNyakatho Korea. Ixesha lalirhanelwa. Iinkxalabo zase-US malunga neebhiliti zomgunyathi zibuyela kwi-1989. Kwiminyaka emininzi, enyanisweni, amagosa karhulumente wase-US acinga ukuba i-Iran yayingasemva kobuqhophololo kwaye ezinye iingcali zithandabuza amandla eNyakatho Korea yokuprinta loo manqaku aphezulu. Kwakhona, njengenkqubo erhanelwayo ye-HEU, isoyikiso sithe kratya xa sithelekiswa nemingcipheko emikhulu yokwanda kwenyukliya. Ngokutsho kweSebe lezeMali laseUnited States, ixabiso lilonke lamanqaku omgunyathi achongiweyo zii-$50 ezigidi.
Nangona kunjalo, iSebe likaNondyebo licinezele amanye amazwe ukuba alandele i-US ekhokelayo kwaye amise iiakhawunti zebhanki ezigcinwe nguMntla Korea phesheya, umzamo we-de facto wokuphelisa ukungena nokuphuma kwemali elizweni. Njengoko i-Undersecretary ye-Treasury Stuart Levey yathi, "i-US iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza amaziko emali ukuba ahlole ngononophelo umngcipheko wokubamba naziphi na iiakhawunti ezinxulumene noMntla Korea." U-Levey uqhube wathi akunakwenzeka ukwahlula phakathi kwentengiselwano yaseNyakatho Korea kunye nengekho mthethweni, ebeka yonke intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho yaseNorth Korea kunye nehlabathi langaphandle phantsi kokukrokra. UTokyo ukhokele ekubekeni izohlwayo zezoqoqosho ePyongyang kunye nokuthintela iinqanawa zaseNyakatho Korea ukuba zingene kumazibuko ayo. I-China, nayo, yabeka izithintelo kwiibhanki zayo zenza ishishini noMntla Korea.
Nangona kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokuba izithintelo zemali ziye zachaphazela ukuthengiselana koqoqosho lwaseNorth Korea kunye nabantu bangaphandle, i-24 yezigidi zeedola ekhenkcezisiweyo kwi-BDA iye yaba sesona sikhubekiso kwiinzame zokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwi-peninsula yaseKorea. Emehlweni kaPyongyang, izohlwayo zezemali zinyhasha ilungelo lakhe lokuzibandakanya kwintengiselwano esemthethweni, ziphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nentando yeWashington yokuhlalisana ngoxolo, kwaye imele amanyathelo akude nobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo.
Abanye abahlalutyi bacebise ukuba iSebe likaNondyebo likhulule ezo akhawunti ze-BDA ezingabandakanyekanga kwimisebenzi yomgunyathi engekho mthethweni. Abantu baseNyakatho Korea banikezele ukusebenzisana nabasemagunyeni baseMelika ukuthomalalisa iinkxalabo zaseMelika. Ukuthula kolawulo lukaBush phambi kwezi ziphakamiso zongeza kwimbono yokuba luhlala luchasene nothethwano olunentsingiselo kunye nePyongyang. Ukwala kwayo ukuphendula kuye komeleza ukuzimisela kukaPyongyang ukuqhubela phambili nemveliso yenyukliya.
Izohlwayo kunye neMfazwe
Emva kovavanyo lwe-missile yaseNorth Korea ngoJulayi kunye novavanyo lwenyukliya ngo-Oktobha, i-United States kunye neJapan zatyhala ngezigqibo ze-UN ezigweba izenzo zikaPyongyang kwaye zabiza izigwebo zezoqoqosho. Isigqibo sikaJulayi sijolise ekunciphiseni inkqubo ye-missile yaseNorth Korea. Isisombululo se-Okthobha esifikelele ngakumbi sizama ukuvala zonke iintengiselwano ze-DPRK eziqhagamshelwe kwimveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwezixhobo zokutshabalalisa (WMD).
Owona mcelimngeni wezopolitiko wezohlwayo usebenza kulawulo lorhwebo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweNorth Korea ebandakanya inkalo ethile ye-WMD. Isixhobo esona sixhobo sokuphumeza le ntengiso ye-embargo - ngokukodwa ukuhlolwa kwempahla yaseNyakatho Korea - yi-Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), ebhengezwe nguMongameli Bush ngo-2003. Eli nyathelo lixhasa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zemikhosi, phantsi kwee-euphemisms ezifana ne "interdiction" kunye โUkhuselo olusebenzayo,โ ukunqanda amazwe ekuphuhliseni okanye ekwandiseni izixhobo nezixhobo zenyukliya. Oku kuxhomekeka kwiindlela zomkhosi kuphuma kwi-2002 "iSicwangciso seSizwe sokuNqanda izixhobo zokutshabalalisa iMisa," ethi iUnited States kunye namahlakani ayo banelungelo lokuphumeza "amanyathelo okukhusela," "ukuthintela ukuhamba kwe-WMD" kunye "nokufumanisa. kwaye utshabalalise impahla yeWMD yotshaba ngaphambi kokuba ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswe.โ
I-PSI ikhule kubulungu kunye nobubanzi bokusebenza. Amanye amazwe angamalungu sele enze umthambo womkhosi ukulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kweenqanawa zomkhosi ukumisa, ukukhwela, kunye nokubamba izikhephe ekurhaneleka ukuba zithwele iWMD kulwandle oluphakamileyo. Oku kucetywayo kokusetyenziswa komkhosi womkhosi kukhathaza abaphengululi bezomthetho abaninzi bezizwe ngezizwe abakugqala njengokunyhashwa kwenkululeko yokuhambahamba kulwandle oluphakamileyo njengoko kumiselwe yi-UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Ukuba isetyenziswe kwiinqanawa zaseNyakatho Korea, i-PSI ibeka umngcipheko wokuqalisa ukulwa nomkhosi. I-Pyongyang iqinisekisile ukuba iya kuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa kwezohlwayo njengesenzo semfazwe, esihambelana nombono wokuvumelana komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuvuma ubungozi, uSeoul kunye neBeijing ukuza kuthi ga ngoku benqabile ukujoyina i-PSI.
Izohlwayo kunye nokuziphatha okuhle
Abo babiza izohlwayo babanga umhlaba ophakamileyo wokuziphatha, besithi iNorth Korea iye yadelela izithethe zamazwe ngamazwe malunga nezixhobo zenyukliya ngokuphuma kwi-NPT ngo-2003 kwaye ikhawuleze ukuya kuvavanyo lwenyukliya. Ikwatyholwa ngokwenza imali yase-US yomgunyathi, ukuthengisa izixa ezikhulu zeziyobisi, kunye nokurhwaphiliza ingeniso evela kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo engekho mthethweni ngokusebenzisa amaziko ohlukeneyo emali. Kwaye irekhodi likaPyongyang lamalungelo oluntu, ngokutsho kwe-Amnesty International, i-Human Rights Watch, kunye ne-UN Special Reporteur Vitit Muntabhorn phakathi kwabanye, imbi.
Eminye imibutho yoluntu yalatha eBurma kunye noMzantsi Afrika njengeemeko apho izohlwayo ziye zaba nesibongozo sokuziphatha. Nangona kukho ukufana, nangona kunjalo, imeko yangaphakathi eMntla Korea yohluke kakhulu kuleyo yaseBurma kunye nocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, akukho qela lasekhaya kuMntla Korea elixhasa izohlwayo, njengoko yenzayo i-African National Congress eMzantsi Afrika kunye neNational League for Democracy eBurma, zombini ezibone ezo zohlwayo ziqinisa imizabalazo yazo yasekhaya ehlukeneyo yenguqu yedemokhrasi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba izohlwayo ngokwenene zikhokelela kutshintsho lolawulo eNyakatho Korea, akukho ntshukumo yasekhaya esebenzayo elinda emaphikweni ukunika isikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo omtsha. Ayisiyiyo kuphela isohlwayo esibeka ingozi kwimfazwe entsha kwi-peninsula yaseKorea, kodwa iziko elibekwe kakuhle ukulawula iNorth Korea kwimeko yesiphithiphithi, umkhosi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ube nendlela eyahlukileyo kwinyukliya okanye umba wamalungelo abantu. I-South Korea, ngaphezu koko, iyayikhaba imeko "yokufunxa", kungekhona nje ngenxa yengozi enkulu yemfazwe, kodwa nangenxa yokuba ifuna ukuququzelela isiseko esinobuntu kunye nesizinzileyo soxolelwaniso lwaseKorea.
Ukuziphatha kukaWashington kule minyaka yakutsha nje kuthoba iingxoxo zokuba izohlwayo yimpendulo efanelekileyo emva kokungaphumeleli okuphindaphindiweyo ukufikelela kwisivumelwano sothethathethwano kule ngxaki ikhoyo. Kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo ubuncinci, iWashington yalile ukulandela eyona ndlela icacileyo nenokuba nemveliso - uthethathethwano oluthe ngqo oluzinzileyo kunye nePyongyang. Ngaphaya koko, ukunyanzeliswa kweWashington ekugcineni ukhetho "lokuqala" kunye nokuphuhlisa izixhobo zenyukliya ezitsha, ngokukodwa, akuphelelanga nje ekunciphiseni umgangatho wokuziphatha kodwa kunikeze iPyongyang ingqiqo eyongezelelweyo yenkqubo yayo yenyukliya.
Kwaye, mhlawumbi ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokwanda komngcipheko wemfazwe ngaphakathi nakwi-peninsula yaseKorea, izohlwayo ayisosixhobo esibuthuntu kuphela kodwa mhlawumbi siyingozi kakhulu. Nangona irekhodi lamalungelo oluntu eNyakatho Korea libi, imfazwe kwi-peninsula yaseKorea, eya kukhokelela ekufeni kwamakhulu amawaka abantu baseKorea kwiinyanga zokuqala zongquzulwano, iya kuba yintlekele enkulu kakhulu.
Ngaba Ziya Kusebenza?
Ukuqwalaselwa kokugqibela kukusebenza kwezohlwayo. Apha, kwakhona, izohlwayo ziyasilela kuvavanyo. INorth Korea ngoku inamandla ayo okuvelisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunye nemijukujelwa, ngoko ke ukuvala ilizwe akuyi kuziphelisa ezi nkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, nge-China yenqaba ukuthenga-kwizohlwayo, akunakwenzeka ukuba udibanise ngokufanelekileyo iNorth Korea. Kwaye uMzantsi Korea awuzimisele ukunqanda iinqanawa zaseNyakatho Korea. I-United States ibango ukuba i-UN ka-Oktobha izohlwayo zisebenza kuyo yonke imisebenzi etyholwa ukuba ixhasa imveliso ye-WMD, kubandakanywa ukuthengiswa kwemali, ukukhwabanisa, kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi. Kodwa oku akuhambelani nolwimi lwesigqibo kwaye akwamkelwa jikelele ngabatyikityi.
Ingxaki elinganayo yinto yokuba izohlwayo zizonke-okanye-akukho nto. Banika iNorth Korea inkuthazo ukuba bazibophelele kwinkqubo yothethathethwano okanye bathobele iimfuno ezichazwe kwizigqibo. Njengoko ingcaphephe kwezohlwayo uDavid Cortright ebhala, โIzohlwayo zisebenza kakhulu xa zidityaniswe nenkuthazo, njengenxalenye yonxibelelwano lomnqathe kunye nentonga eyilelwe ukusombulula impixano kunye nokuzisa isisombululo ekuxoxwe ngaso.โ
Ngamafutshane, izohlwayo akunakwenzeka ukuba ziphumelele ekunyanzeliseni iNorth Korea ukuba yamkele isivumelwano esichasayo okanye itshabalalise urhulumente oye waphila ngezohlwayo eziqatha kunye nezithintelo kwisiqingatha senkulungwane yokugqibela. Enyanisweni, kwimeko yaseNyakatho Korea, u-Economist u-Ruediger Frank ugqiba ukuba izigwebo zezoqoqosho azibizi nje kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba, baphinde bacele umngeni kwiinkqubo zohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho kunye nedemokhrasi ukuba amazwe ahlawuliswayo afuna ukuyikhuthaza.
Uqhube njani
Nangona bexhamla umlinganiselo othile wenkxaso evela kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, izohlwayo ezihlawuliswa iNorth Korea zongeza kuphela amafutha emlilweni. Ngaphezu koko, babonisa indlela ephazamisayo yolawulo lukaBush olungeyo-diplomacy ukuya ePyongyang. Iphulo lezoqoqosho elaqala ngowama-2005 latyhalela uMntla Korea ekukhawuleziseni inkqubo yawo yenyukliya. Izohlwayo zakutsha nje, ukuba ziphunyezwe ngothintelo lwaselwandle, zonyusa umngcipheko wemfazwe.
Ngokucacileyo utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo wase-US luyafuneka. Ngokukodwa ngakumbi, i-United States kufuneka iqale isebenze kunye ne-China kunye ne-North Korea ukohlula ngaphandle kwe-lat kwizenzo zemali ezingekho mthethweni ukuze i-BDA ikhulule i-asethi yaseNorth Korea exhasa izenzo zayo ezisemthethweni. Okulandelayo, i-US kufuneka inxibelelane ngokuthe ngqo neNorth Korea malunga nendlela engcono yokuqinisekisa ukungafihli kwezemali kwimisebenzi yezemali yokugqibela. Ukusombulula imiba ebangelwe luzohlwayo lwamva nje lwe-UN, omabini amacala kufuneka akulungele ukwenza iminyinyiva ngokulandelelana โkwenyathelo lenyatheloโ elinokuthi lisuse isoyikiso esikhawulezileyo esibangelwa kukuthintelwa komkhosi waselwandle ukuze kubangele ungquzulwano lomkhosi.
Okokugqibela, ecinga ngokubaluleka kokuthintela imfazwe ngaphakathi nakwilizwe laseKorea kunye nokwanelisa iimfuno ezisemthethweni zokhuseleko zaseNyakatho Korea nase-United States, iWashington kufuneka izimisele ukumisa iphulo layo lezoqoqosho ngokuchasene, kwaye izibophelele ekwalathiseni iingxoxo zamazwe amabini kunye neNorth Korea, ngenjongo yokususa i-Peninsula yaseKorea kunye nobudlelwane obuqhelekileyo. Ukuqheleka akungomvuzo. Endaweni yoko, sisikhokelo apho i-United States kunye neNorth Korea zinokujongana ngcono neenkxalabo zabo ezibalaseleyo. Ulawulo lukaBush kunye neNkongolo entsha yeDemokhrasi inako kwaye kufuneka ithathe amanyathelo acacileyo, okuthintela ukuthintela i-Northeast Asia ukuba yehlele kuhlobo lobundlobongela obuphazamisa uMbindi Mpuma.
UMartin Hart-Landsberg ngunjingalwazi wezoqoqosho kunye nomlawuli wenkqubo yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko eLewis naseClark College. UJohn Feffer ngumalathisi wePolisi yezaNgaphandle ekuGqaliseni kunye neNgcaciso yaseJapan. Olu luguqulelo olufinyeziweyo kancinane lwenqaku elivele kulo Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle NgoJanuwari 17, 2007.
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