EzoPolitiko kunye neNkcubeko yeNkohlakalo
Inkohlakalo ibisoloko inendawo ekhethekileyo kwipolitiki yobuFascist. Ayizange iphelele nje ekubeni ibandakanye intetho yentiyo, ubutshaba, nokugocagoca, kwakhona yaqalisa uqheliselo lwegunya elikhohlakeleyo ukuze kupheliswe ezo ngcamango, abachasi, nabantu abagqalwa njengabangafanelekiyo. Ilifa le-fascism kwiJamani kaHitler, i-Pinochet's Chile, i-Franco's Spain, kunye ne-Italiya ka-Mussolini, phakathi kwabanye, yaxuba ulwimi lokwesaba, ukwesaba, kunye nokudelela kunye nezenzo ezixhaphakileyo zokucinezela kunye namandla engcinezelo karhulumente ukuze kupheliswe naluphi na ubulungisa. Ingqikelelo yezopolitiko kunye neemeko zesakhiwo kunye neengcamango ezinokwenzeka zokuphuhlisa uluntu kunye noluntu lwentando yesininzi.
Ngaphantsi kolawulo lobuFasi, nangona kunjalo, inkohlakalo kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo kubundlobongela obugqithisileyo yayithatha eyona nto iphambili kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Inkohlakalo njengohlobo lobundlobongela obugqithileyo yacwangciswa kubudlelwane bolawulo kwaye yarhweba ngoloyiko, ukungakhuseleki, urhwaphilizo, ukunyanzelwa, kunye nokuveliswa koko u-Etienne Balibar akubiza ngokuba "ziindawo zokufa." Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, ezobupolitika nogonyamelo zatyhutyha omnye komnye, yaye ngokwenjenjalo zaguqula yonke imimandla yentlalontle yaba lilizwe lokohlwaya. Ezopolitiko zobuFasi zazimele imfazwe engazange ilwe nedemokhrasi kuphela, kodwa ngokuchasene nesivumelwano sentlalontle, iimpahla zikawonke-wonke, nawo onke amaqhina asekuhlaleni asekelwe โkwintshukumo yenkululeko ejolise ekuguquleni ubume bolawulo.โ Intlalontle ayipheli kulo mxholo kodwa isuka nje isuswe kumaxabiso edemokhrasi kwaye ithotyelwe ngokungenalusini ekusebenzeni kongxowankulu.
Oorhulumente bobuFasi abazange baphelele nje ngokukhuphela nayiphi na intsingiselo ebambekayo ezopolitiko, bayityhalela ekutshatyalalisweni kwayo, beyiguqulela kuhlobo lobukrwada. Xa sijonga umva, oorhulumente bobuFasi benza inkcubeko yobunzima kunye nenkohlakalo yaba sembindini kwezopolitiko zabo-izopolitiko ezazisongela zonke iinkalo zoluntu, zisebenza njengomatshini wokutshabalalisa owatshabalalisa inkcubeko yoluntu, nayiphi na ingqiqo yokuba ngummi oqukayo, kunye nokucinga okubalulekileyo. Ukuzonwabisa kwintlupheko kunye nokubandezeleka kwabanye kwakuqhelekileyo njengenxalenye yemfazwe ebanzi malunga noxanduva lwentlalo kunye namaziko abalulekileyo, ukudala iimeko eziyimfuneko zoloyiso lokungazi, ukungabi nangqiqo, kunye nokugunyaziswa kwento endiyibiza ngokuba yipolitiki yokulahla.[6]Ukudityaniswa kobundlobongela kunye nezopolitiko kwenze okungaphezulu kokuvavanya imida yedemokhrasi kunye nobulungisa bezentlalo, kwaye kwatyhala kwimida yezinto ezingenakucingelwa kwaye zingenakucingelwa. Njengoko umqobo wonyamezelo eluntwini kunye nobulungisa bentlalontle unyamalala, kwavela uhlobo lobugrogrisi obunguzwilakhe apho amaqela aphawulelwa ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ukulahlwa kwezentlalo, kwaye kwimeko embi kakhulu, ukutshatyalaliswa. Esinye isiphumo sokwamkelwa kwenkohlakalo yenkcubeko ngoorhulumente bobuFasi yayikukuba isithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uEtienne Balibar sikubiza ngokuba โyimveliso yokuphelisa.โ Kufanelekile ukucaphula ixesha elide:
Xa sijongene nemiphumo eyongezelelekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobundlobongela obugqithisileyo okanye ngenkohlakalo eboniswa kwinto endiyibiza ngokuba "yimimandla yokufa" yoluntu, sikhokelwa ukuba sivume ukuba indlela yangoku yokuvelisa kunye nokuvelisa ibe yindlela yokuvelisa. Ukupheliswa, ukuveliswa kwabemi abangenakufane basetyenziswe okanye baxhatshazwe kodwa abasoloko bengabalulekanga, kwaye ngenxa yoko banokushenxiswa kuphela ngeendlela โzezopolitikoโ okanye โzendaloโโnto leyo ezinye iingcali ngentlalo yoluntu zaseLatin America ngokucaphukisayo ziyibiza ngokuba yipoblacion chatarra, โ abantu benkunkuma,โ ukuze โbalahlweโ kude, ngaphandle kwesixeko sehlabathi lonke. Ukuba oku kunjalo, umbuzo uvela kwakhona: yintoni ingqiqo yoko? Okanye ngaba sijamelene noloyiso olupheleleyo lokungabi nangqiqo?
Inkcubeko yenkohlakalo inembali ende eUnited States. UAdam Serwer, ebhala ngaphakathi the Atlantic, usikhumbuza kwiikhathalogu zenkohlakalo eziboniswe kwiMyuziyam yeMbali yase-Afrika yaseMelika kunye neNkcubeko. Ulatha kwizinto ezenziwe ngonya ezibandakanya amakhamandela amakhoboka anxitywa ngabantwana, imizimba eyaphukileyo yamadoda aNtsundu axhwiliweyo, kunye neefoto zabamhlophe abanesineke abavuya kakhulu ekuthuthunjisweni kwaloo mizimba igqalwa njengengento yanto, engenaxabiso, nezinto zokudelelwa ngokobuhlanga. Kwixesha langoku, sinemizekelo yemizimba eyathinjwayo, yathuthunjiswa, yavalelwa kwimingxunya emnyama ngabalawuli bakaBush. Ewe kunjalo, iyaziwa into yokuba umongameli weTrump wenza inkohlakalo ibe ngumgaqo-nkqubo ophambili ekusebenzisaneni nabafuduki, abantu bemibala, kunye nokwahlula abantwana emdeni kubazali babo. Uvavanyo lwamva nje lwenkohlakalo engafanelekanga, olunxitywe njengebheji yembeko, luvela kwiqela leerhuluneli ze-GOP, ngakumbi uRon DeSantis waseFlorida, abahlasela abantwana abaguquguqukayo, besebenzisa abafuduki njengeentambo zezopolitiko, kwaye bavuselela inkcubeko yolongamo olumhlophe. .
Ulawulo lweTrump luphinde lwavelisa uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo evuyiswa kukunxunguphala kwabanye okubonakalayo ekusikeni komnatha wokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo ezibandakanya inkxaso yeHabitat for Humanity, abangenamakhaya, inkqubo yokutya ngamavili, uncedo lwamandla kwabahlwempuzekileyo, ngokusemthethweni. uncedo, kunye nenani leenkqubo zokulwa nentlupheko. Ngokufaka ubundlobongela kwezopolitiko, ukuyisusa kwimida ukuya embindini wegunya, uTrump kunye nabalandeli bakhe baqhubela phambili ukuhla kwe-US kwibarbarism. Ubundlobongela ngoku bugxininise kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseMelika kangangokuba kubonakala ngathi buqhelekile. Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwi-Gun Violence Archive, kukho ngaphezu kwe-600 yokudubula kwabantu abaninzi ngonyaka ngonyaka e-US ukususela ngo-2020. Ukudubula kwabantu abaninzi ngoku kwenzeka yonke imihla kwaye akuvunyelwanga, kwaye ukuba kuqatshelwe, kuphantse kube ngokwemibandela yobuqu, kuncitshisiwe. ukuphonononga ubomi bobuqu babenzi bobubi kunye namaxhoba. Oonobangela benkqubo abakhulu bobundlobongela abaseyonxalenye yohlalutyo. Ugonyamelo luye lwenziwa ngendlela engafanelekanga yaye alusenasizathu sakufuna kucingisiswa nzulu ngoonobangela nemiphumo yalo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi malunga nobundlobongela, obuyimiqondiso kunye nolwenyani, olwenziwa egameni lolongamo lwabamhlophe nguMbutho weRiphabhlikhi onocalucalulo ngokunzulu kunye nolawulo lwayo. Ugonyamelo, njengoko uJonathan Schell wakha waphawula, โngokuthe ngcembe luye lwazuza umhlaba kunye nokholo olomeleleyo njengesicombululo phantse kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki, enoba kusekhaya okanye kwamanye amazwe. Ukuthanda ukubulala kuluphawu olucacileyo lwenkohlakalo.โ
Kunqabile ukuba oku kuhla kwangoku kwinkcubeko yenkohlakalo edityaniswe nelifa le-fascism kunye nenguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ye-authoritary capitalism okanye into endiyibize nge-neoliberal fascism. Yintoni entsha kumzuzu wembali yangoku kukubonakala kunye nokuqhelekileyo kobundlobongela obugqithisileyo kunye nenkohlakalo-ukubonakala okuveliswa kwimidiya yoluntu, ukuhanjiswa kweendaba, nakuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino lokuzonwabisa. Ubundlobongela buye baba yinxalenye yemidlalo yeqonga kunye nendlela yethiyetha yezopolitiko ebuyela emva ekudityanisweni kwe-fascist ye-aesthetics kumboniso ophazamisayo wobundlobongela kunye ne-auras enzulu kunye nemiboniso yenkohlakalo. Ubundlobongela sele buyinto engekhoyo kwaye bunomtsalane. Ithiyetha yenkohlakalo kunye nobundlobongela ngoku isebenza ukuhlanganisa amandla, ukuqhawula amaqhina obumbano, kunye nokudala inkcubeko yolongamo lwabamhlophe kunye nenzondelelo yobuKrestu.
Iziporho zobuFasi zibuyile.
Ngokuvela kwakhona kwe-fascism, idemokhrasi ijika ifane ne-phantom kwaye ibe mnyama, kwaye abantu baseMelika bajongana nesibetho sezopolitiko ezizaliswe yintiyo kunye nezopolitiko ezibulalayo kunye nezandayo zokulahla-ipolitiki apho abanye abantu kunye namaqela athathwa njengabangengobantu, baphathwa. njengokugqithisela kunye nenkunkuma yomntu, ebonakaliswa njengento engenabuso, engafanelekanga, kunye nemiqondiso yoloyiko, izifo, ukuziphatha okungaguqukiyo, nokungafanelanga amalungelo kunye nesidima soluntu. Xa iimpawu zobuFasi zibekwe zodwa kwaye zishenxisiwe kwimbali, akukho lucazululo apha lobudlelwane bamandla enkqubo ebanzi, akukho kugqithelana, okanye ukuqonda okubanzi malunga nendlela ipolitiki esakhulayo yobuFasi eyinxalenye yolwakhiwo olutsha olupheleleyo olungena kuzo zonke iinkalo zocwangco lwentlalo. Ukulandela umsebenzi ka-Adorno kunye noHorkheimer, akukho ndlela epheleleyo yokubuza; oko kukuthi, akukho uhlalutyo olubanzi oluhamba ngaphaya kokugxila kwimiba ekhethekileyo, iingxaki ezizimeleyo, kunye neziganeko zomntu ngamnye-ezifana nokususa uhlaselo olunobundlobongela kumyeni kaNancy Pelosi kwinkcubeko ebanzi yobundlobongela ebonelela ngeemeko zeziganeko ezinjalo ukuba zenzeke. . Okanye uhlahlelo olubanzi olunxulumanisa ubundlobongela obunjalo kwizityholo zobungxowankulu bemigulukudu ngokubanzi. Okushiyekileyo kukwahluka kwaye kuqhawulwe ukubonakaliswa kwengcinezelo, iintshukumo ezinganxulumananga zentlalo, kunye neendlela ezimxinwa zokuhlalutya ezibanjwe kwiindlela ezikhubazayo nezinciphisa ukubuza. Iindlela ezinjalo eziqhawulwayo kunye neziqhekekileyo zithintela kwaye zihlala zingafuni ukuhlola indlela umzuzu wembali okhoyo othwala ngayo ubunzima bembali, ifuna ipolitiki yenkqubo ebanzi, kwaye ifuna ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zethiyori kunye nezopolitiko eziyimfuneko ukuxhathisa kunye nokudiliza isoyikiso sekamva lobufasi. Iintlekele zexesha lethu ziyanda ngokwesiqhelo ngokwala kwicala leengqondongqondo, izifundiswa, iipundits, kunye namaqonga ahlukeneyo eendaba ukubonelela nayiphi na iakhawunti ebanzi yokuphuhlisa isigama esibalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo lokuqonda ukuba iingxaki ezinkulu zentlalo zihambelana njani, ukuba zibonakaliswa njani. kubudlelwane nezinye iintlobo zengcinezelo, kunye nendlela ezidibana ngayo kwaye ziqinisane, kwanokuba luthetha ntoni olu hlobo loloyiko ngoku nakwixesha elizayo.
Neoliberalism njengeSigaba seGangster Capitalism
Kutshanje iUnited States iye yangena kwixesha lembali ye-apocalyptically dystopian. Lixesha eliphawulwe sisigaba esitsha sobuqhophololo kwezoqoqosho-esokuba ukusukela ngoo-1970s bamkele ingcamango yokuba bonke ubomi bentlalo kufuneka bubunjwe ngamandla emarike, nokuba naliphi na iziko lezopolitiko, lezentlalo, okanye lezoqoqosho elibeka umqobo kwishishini kunye noshishino. imidla yabucala, iimarike ezingalawulwayo, ukuqokelelwa kobutyebi bomntu, kunye namalungelo angaqwalaselwanga umntu kunye nempahla, phakathi kweminye imiba, lutshaba lwenkululeko. Ngaphantsi kolu lawulo lwengcinezelo yezoqoqosho, iimfuno zentlalo kunye noxanduva lwentlalo ziye zabanjwa ngokudelela kunye nombuso wentlalontle, okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo, kunye noluntu ngokwalo. Oku kungqinelwe kwibango lalowo wayesakuba yiNkulumbuso uMargaret Thatcher elithi โAyikho into ebizwa ngokuba luluntu. Kukho umntu kuphela kunye nosapho lwakhe [sic]. " Yile ngcinga yomnye umntu ebuyela umva yokuziva ekhululekile kunye nombono wayo ongaqwalaselwanga wokuzingca, ukusebenzela, kunye nenkululeko echaza i-neoliberalism. Iingxaki zasentlalweni, ukungakhathali, ukungathembeki, ukuphelelwa lithemba, ukubandezeleka nosizi ngoku โzabantu ngabanye, yaye zizinto eziqhelekileyo nezingenakuphepheka.โ Ngaphezu koko, ukuwohloka kokuziphatha kugqityiwe kwimbono esisiseko ye-neoliberal yokuba nayiphi na inkxalabo malunga neendleko zentlalo lutshaba lwemarike.
Ulwimi luye lwanqunyulwa, lwaguqulwa lwaba ngumdlalo wentengiso wabathengi, lwatshatiswa kumboniso wemidlalo yemidlalo, lwenziwa isimumu yinkcubeko yabantu abadumileyo, lwaxhotyiswa njengenxalenye yemfazwe yoxanduva lwentlalontle, kwaye lwavalwa ezikolweni ngabaxhaphazi baphiko lasekunene abatshate nabo. ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela njengendlela yokuphumeza iinjongo zezopolitiko. Ulwimi lwezopolitiko lubhalwe ngolwimi lwenkunzi, kungekhona ukuziphatha, ubulungisa, kunye novelwano, okwenza kube lula ukudibanisa ubundlobongela kunye nokusebenza kwamandla okubulala. Ubundlobongela ngoku buququzelelwa yintaphane yokungazi okuveliswayo, okukhawulezileyo ngokuthotywa kolwimi. Kwixesha lokudodobala kokuthathela ingqalelo, ulwimi lunikezela kwinkcubeko edibeneyo yokukhawuleza, ii-tweets, kunye nenkcubeko yorhwebo ethotywayo ethintela ukucinga, ezopolitiko, ubomi boluntu, kunye nedemokhrasi ngokwayo. Kwixesha le-fascism ehlaziyiweyo, inkcubeko yezopolitiko ayiseyona inkcubeko ebaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ngoku isebenza ukujongela phantsi loo maziko asekuhlaleni kunye namaziko abalulekileyo kunye neendawo apho i-anti-capitalist consciousness inokuphuhliswa khona.
Phantsi kwezopolitiko ezisakhulayo ze-fascist, ubundlobongela abusafihlwa emva kodonga lokuthula, ngoku sele inxitywe njengebheji ehloniphekileyo ngabashicileli basekunene kwi-Republican Party kunye nabaxhasi babo. Ukungabi nakuzinceda eMelika kuguqukele ekubeni yinkohlakalo yokufunda kunye nokurhoxa kwintetho yemfesane, inkathalo, kunye nenyaniso. Amaqhina oluntu ayanyamalala kwihlabathi le-neoliberal lonxibelelwano olunciphayo, izifundo ezigudileyo, uluntu olwaphukileyo, ukucinezelwa kwenkumbulo yembali, kunye nokuqhekeka koluntu. Ukujongana neengxaki zobomi ngoku ngumcimbi wedwa oqiniswe luhlaselo oluqhubekayo lwephiko lasekunene kwinkumbulo yembali kunye nokuwohloka kwayo okwandayo. U-Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah, kumagqabaza akhe aneengoma kunye nothando olungo โThe Mystic of Mar-a-Lago,โ ubamba ingcamango eyoyikisayo yokuyilwa kolu lwazi, ingqibelelo, kunye nobudlelwane obunentsingiselo ekuhlaleni. Ubhala athi:
Kule mihla, uninzi lwethu luthetha ulwimi olungxamisekileyo, kodwa luphi ulwimi lwemfezeko, ukunyaniseka, nokuzinikela? Asikho amandla okunyamezela, ukucinga ngaphaya kwethu, nakwezona ndlela zisisiseko. Endaweni yoko, sishiywe ukuba sijonge ubhubhani okhubazayo ngokwethu, abona bantu basemngciphekweni bashiywe kwezabo izixhobo. Siba lilizwe elilala abantu besithi, "Ndiyoyikisela ubomi bam." Imfazwe elwayo ifuna ukuba singayeki sibuze, โKutheni nisoyika nje?โ kodwa kunokuba sithwale ilungelo lethu lokungakhathali nokuqhubeka. Umnumzana uTrump wanika abantu into yokudibanisa njengomthendeleko wokudelela, kodwa yayingathethi nto ekupheleni kosuku.
Into etshintshileyo ukusukela kwintlekele enkulu yezoqoqosho yehlabathi ka-2007-2008 kukuba neoliberalism ibe lixhoba lengxaki yomthetho. Kodwa uluntu lwaseMelika lufumene ngaphezulu kwengxaki, lungene kwinto uStuart Hall ayibiza ngokuba yimbali entsha yokudibanisa. Oko kukuthi, ixesha apho amandla ahlukeneyo asekuhlaleni, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, kunye neengcamango zidibana kunye eluntwini kwaye zinike isimo esikhethekileyo nesicacileyo. Oku kudibanisa okutsha kubalulekile ukubiza nokuqonda ukuze kuxhathise. Njengendlela ehlaziyiweyo yezopolitiko, yenza okungaphezulu kokunika ulawulo lwasimahla kwihlabathi jikelele kwimali eyinkunzi, ikwakhulula izinto zexesha elidlulileyo lobufasi kunye nelifa layo lokucocwa ngokobuhlanga, intiyo ekrakra, ubundlobongela obukhulu, kunye nezopolitiko zokulahlwa. Lo mzuzu mtsha wembali okanye ukudibanisa kubonisa ukuphela kwexesha kunye nokunyuka kwelinye, endilibiza njenge-neoliberal fascism. Olu lwazi lutsha lwengqiqo kunye nomthwalo walo okhohlakeleyo kunye noqoqosho lubonisa ukujika okutsha kunye nokungapheliyo kwidemokhrasi, kwaye kubonisa ukuba ixesha elidala lentlalontle yentlalontle, isivumelwano sentlalontle, kunye nogxininiso kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko ayiseyiyo ipolitiki echazayo yoluntu lwaseMelika. . Ngapha koko, ngoku yinto yemfazwe ye-white supremacist ukuphelisa eli xesha lidala lenkululeko yembali yaseMelika kunye nezopolitiko. Isilogeni seTrumpist Yenza iMelika ibe ntle kwakhona [MAGA] ibamba ngokufanelekileyo lo mzuzu mtsha wembali.
I-Neoliberalism ayisabheneli kuqoqosho oludala lwendalo yobutyebi babucala kunye neenzuzo ezihla zinyuka zithethelela ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho okanye izithembiso zokushukuma kwezentlalo. Ayinazicombululo zentlupheko enkulu, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kweempahla zikawonke-wonke ezibalulekileyo ezifana nezikolo, ingxaki yeenkonzo zentlalontle, ukuwohloka kwecandelo lezempilo likarhulumente, amaxabiso eziyobisi, okanye amanqanaba akhwankqisayo okungalingani kubutyebi namandla. Nakuphi na ukukhula koqoqosho okwenzekileyo kwanceda abo bakwizinga eliphezulu kwezemali. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, amandla ezoqoqosho aguqulelwa kulawulo lwezopolitiko, etshabalalisa ngakumbi iziseko ezisisiseko zombuso wentando yesininzi kunye nolawulo.
I-Neoliberalism ijikisa amehlo kwintlupheko nokungalingani kwaye ayisanikezeli ukhuselo lweengcinga zayo ezibulalayo. Njengoko uPankaj Mishra ephawulile, ayinako "ukuphucula iimeko eziphathekayo kwaye izise umlinganiselo wokulingana kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho." Ayinakukwazi kwaye ayifuni ukuyikhusela inkxwaleko elubeka kuluntu lwaseMelika, ngoku ibhenela ubuhlanga obucacileyo kunye nobuzwe obugqithisileyo, ibanga ukuba idemokhrasi yenkululeko inoxanduva lweengxaki eziqhubekayo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko ezifikelela โkwinzonzobila yokusilela koluntu.โ Igqalwa njengohlobo lwedemokhrasi engekho mthethweni, i-neoliberal fascism iyayikhaba idemokhrasi โnjengokwabelana okungenakulinganiswa kobomi okwenza ukuba ezopolitiko zibe nokwenzeka.โ Endaweni yoko, bentywiliselwe โkumfanekiso wamanyala wamandla,โ inkxwaleko eveliswe ngobuninzi, kunye nentelekelelo eyinkohliso yokungaphenduli, i-neoliberalism iyazihlaziya, ngokungenazintloni ilungelelanisa imikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi kwihlabathi liphela ebangela iidemon, ivavanye, kwaye ijezise ubuhlanga, isini, inkolo. , kunye nabambalwa ngokwesini. Ukungakhathali, ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga, kunye nengcinezelo zizixhobo ezitsha ezisemthethweni zolu hlobo luhlaziyiweyo lwe-neoliberal fascism. UPaul Mason ubamba olu lungelelwaniso lutsha lwe-neoliberalism kunye ne-fascism. Ubhala athi:
Ukuwohloka kweNeoliberalism kuye kwayihlutha yonke intsingiselo nothethelelo olukhoyo ngoku lokhapitaliโฆ.isithuba esingenasiphelo sivalwa yingcamango echaseneyo namalungelo oluntu, ukulingana ngokwesini, nokulingana ngokobuhlanga; ingcamango enqula amandla, ibona idemokhrasi njengenkohliso, kwaye inqwenela ukusetyenzwa kwakhona okuyintlekele kulo lonke ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi. Okona kubi, isixhobo sokuqala selungelo lase-US yileya "intanda-bulumko yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo" [ekuthiwa] yayinike abantu baseMelika ukungakhuseleki kulawulo lobuzwilakhe: ubuntu babo, obujikiswe kubo ngexesha leminyaka engamashumi amathathu yolawulo lwentengiso yasimahla. , kunye nenkolelo yabo yokuba ukhetho lwezoqoqosho luthetha inkululeko.
Inkululeko iye yajika yambi eMelika. UMichael Tomasky uqaphela ngokufanelekileyo indlela inkululeko kwintetho ye-right-wing ikhutshwe ngayo nayiphi na ingqiqo yoxanduva lwentlalo. Ubonisa inqaku elibonisa ukuba umlinganiselo omnye wenkululeko kuxanduva lwentlalo unokuba kwingxoxo elihlazo ngomgcini wephiko lasekunene entliziyweni yobhubhane "ukuba inkululeko ibandakanya ilungelo lokukhohlela kubantu ongabaziyo kwivenkile yokutya." Ngokunxulumene, uJosh Shapiro, iRhuluneli eyonyuliweyo yeDemokhrasi yasePennsylvania (ekude nokuba ngasekhohlo) ibonelela ngokuchasana kwenkululeko embi exhaswe ngabapolitiki bephiko lasekunene leRiphabhliki yeRiphabhlikhi, njengobuzwe bobuKristu, uDouglas Mastriano, kude lee. -i-right extremist wayoyisile kugqatso, kunye nokuqonda kwakhe into ayibiza ngokuba "inkululeko yokwenene." UShapiro ubhala athi:
Asiyonkululeko yokuxelela abasetyhini into abavunyelwe ukuyenza ngemizimba yabo. Asiyonkululeko leyo. Asiyonkululeko yokuxelela abantwana bethu ukuba zeziphi na iincwadi abavunyelwa ukuba bazifunde. Asiyonkululeko xa [uMastriano] esenza isigqibo sokuba ngubani ovumelekileyo ukuba atshate. Ndithi uthando luthando! Asiyonkululeko ukuthi ungasebenza iiyure ezingamashumi amane ngeveki yomsebenzi, kodwa awukwazi ukuba lilungu lombutho. Asiyonkululeko leyo. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo isihogo asiyonkululeko yokuthi ungaya kuvota, kodwa uya kukhetha ophumeleleyo. Asiyonkululeko leyo. Asiyonkululeko leyo. Kodwa uyazi ntoni? Uyazi ukuba sisenzela ntoni? Siyinkululeko yokwenene. Kwaye mandikuxelele into, mandikuxelele ukuba yintoni inkululeko yokwenene. Inkululeko yokwenyani kuxa ubona laa mntwana umncinci eNorth Philly kwaye ubona okunokwenzeka kuye, ke utyala imali kwisikolo sakhe sikarhulumente. Yinkululeko yokwenene leyo. Yinkululeko yokwenene leyo. Inkululeko yokwenyani iza xa sityala imali kwindawo ahlala kuyo umntwana omncinci ukuze siqinisekise ukuba ikhuselekile, ukuze afikelele kwiminyaka yakhe yokuzalwa elishumi elinesibhozo. Yinkululeko yokwenene leyo.
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ezinye iimbono zangaphambili zengcinga ye-neoliberal yenkululeko kunye nendlela eziye zabelwa ngayo izinto ezibaxiweyo zombutho weRiphabhlikhi. Umzekelo, uFriedrich Hayek, ingcali yezoqoqosho yama-Anglo-Austrian enempembelelo enkulu kunye ne-neoliberal-arch theorist, waxoxa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 ukuba inkululeko yomntu ngamnye inokulingana kuphela nenkululeko yokuthengisa. Inkululeko kule ntetho ivelisa kwakhona ingcamango yokuba ubulungisa bentlalontle kunye nokuziphatha akunamsebenzi, ukuba ayingozi kwinkululeko yokuthengisa. Inkululeko iyasuswa kuyo nayiphi na ingcamango yokuba noxanduva lwentlalontle okanye umanyano. Inkululeko edityanelweyo inokuthi shwaka okanye igqalwe njenge-pathological okanye iyingozi. Ukuthotywa kubuntu obugqithisileyo kunye nomdla wabantu abaphezulu kwezemali, ezi ngcamango zangaphambili ze-neoliberal zemfazwe yenkululeko ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na ingcamango yezopolitiko nezentlalo kunye namaziko abenza bakwazi. Okunxulumene nolu luvo luluvo lwe-iron-clad neoliberal yokuba akukho msebenzi kufuneka uchaphazeleke neendleko zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Njengomnye wabapostile baseMelika beneoliberalism, uMilton Friedman, wakha wathi, ngaphandle kokuzisola okanye ukuphoxa, ikhwelo lokuthotyelwa kwentlalo-ntle lifana โnokushumayela ngobusoshiyali obusulungekileyo nobungangxengwanga [kunye nokuba] kusetyenziswa isambatho soxanduva lwentlalontle, kunye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. ubuvuvu obuthethwa egameni laso ngoosomashishini abanempembelelo nabadumileyo, buyazenzakalisa ngokucacileyo iziseko zebutho labantu elikhululekileyo.โ Kulo mongo, intlekele yoxanduva loluntu iqhagamshelwe kuzo zombini iingxaki ze-arhente kunye nengxaki yezopolitiko.
Phantsi kweneoliberalism, umtshato woluntu kunye nomdla weshishini ongathintelwanga yiyo yonke into ebalulekileyo. Njengoko uCaleb Crain ephawulile, exhomekeke kwiimbono zengqondi yase-emigrรฉ yaseHungary uKarl Polanyi, i-neoliberalism iye yaguquka yaba kuhlobo lobufasi โolususa ezopolitiko kwidemokhrasi kuluntu ukuze โkushiyeke ubomi bezoqoqosho kuphela,โ amathambo angenanyama.โ Ngengxaki yobungxowankulu kunye nokunyuka kwezopolitiko zobuFasi e-US, ngakumbi phakathi kweenkokeli zeqela leRiphabhlikhi, ukuqwalaselwa kokuziphatha, intlalontle kunye nokuziphatha kuye kwaba zizinto zokudelelwa kakhulu, ziphakamisa inkcubeko yenkohlakalo kunye nobundlobongela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingacingelwanga. isixhobo sezopolitiko kunye nomgaqo wolungiselelo woluntu.
Oyena ndoqo wobundlobongela obugquba eUnited States kukujongelwa phantsi kwamalungelo oluntu, ukulingana, nobulungisa. Kule ngqiqo, uvelwano ngomnye luyaphela, unxulumano olubophelela abantu kunye luyanyeliswa, kwaye amaziko anika ithuba lokubakho koluntu olunobulungisa ayapheliswa. Izazisi kunye neminqweno ngoku zichazwa ngengqiqo yemarike ethanda ukuzicingela, ukusinda kweyona ndlela ilungileyo kunye nokungajongwanga komntu ngamnye. Phantsi kweneoliberalism, ukhuphiswano oluchitha ubomi kunye nolungapheliyo yingcinga engundoqo yokuchaza ubudlelwane babantu, ukuba asiyonkululeko ngokwayo. Kuluntu lwabaphumeleleyo nabaphulukeneyo, intshukumo ukusuka kwintiyo yomnye ukuya kubundlobongela obuchasene nomnye iqheleka ngokulula. Ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni olu hlobo lweniyoliberalism luzinze nzulu ngendlela yobufasisti okanye ukungabi nangqiqo, lukwabandakanya iimpembelelo zobuzwilakhe ezisemthethweni nezivelisa izenzo ezingayekeleliyo zobundlobongela obukhulu nobundlobongela bemihla ngemihla nentlupheko eyenziwa phantsi kolawulo lwemigulukudu yobukapitali.
Kweli xesha leneoliberal fascism erhabaxa, ubundlobongela bubonakala ngaphandle kwemida kwaye bungena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, hayi nje ekutsaleni ingqalelo, ekudubuleni kwabantu abaninzi. Akwanelanga nje ukuvelisa iqondo elikhulu loloyiko, ukungakhuseleki, nobundlongondlongo, kwakhona, ngenxa yobukho bayo obugqugqisayo nobusoloko bunomtsalane, iye yaphambukisa ingqalelo kwiimeko eziyivelisayo. Idityaniswe nenkcubeko yemfazwe esisigxina, i-neoliberal fascism ngoku idibanisa ukuzonwabisa kunye nemidlalo yeqonga yezopolitiko. Ngokwenza njalo, ikhulisa inqanaba lemveli lezopolitiko ukuze kwandiswe ngakumbi imida yolawulo lwabamhlophe kunye neengcinga zobuzwe kunye nentiyo yedemokhrasi. Ukuzingca nokubawa ngoku kudityaniswa nogonyamelo lomkhosi apho ukubandezeleka nokufa kwabo bagqalwa njengobugxwayiba nokulahlwayo kube ngumthombo wokuzonwabisa nolonwaboโumthombo wokuzonwabisa ogqithiseleyo, ositha imigaqo yentiyo ekrwada. Ngaphantsi kwe-neoliberal fascism, ukuthandwa kwezopolitiko sele kugqityiwe.
Le ecology kunye nokuveliswa ngobuninzi kwezopolitiko ezisekelwe kwinzondo zibonelela ngeemeko zokukhawulezisa ukujikela kubundlobongela bomkhosi ngabashicileli basekunene. Olunye uphawu olwahlukileyo lobundlobongela be-neoliberal fascist kukusebenzisa amajelo eendaba amadala kunye namatsha njengendlela yethiyetha elawula iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo zabantu kunye noloyiko lwabo kunye namaxhala. Imithombo yeendaba yasekunene ibe ngamagumbi e-echo asebenza njengendawo yokubonisana kunye nokwenza ukuba ubundlobongela bezopolitiko buyanda, ukudubula kwabantu abaninzi, kunye nomkhosi waseMelika. Njengoko i-social sphere shredded, i-politics ifumana ukutshatyalaliswa kwayo, ihamba kunye nokunyuka kwamaqela agxininisekileyo kunye noluntu olutsalwa kwiintetho kunye nezenzo zobuhlanga kunye nezenzo zobuhlanga. Kwesi sihlandlo, ugonyamelo luya lunxulunyaniswa nepolitiki yokucocwa kwenkcubeko nobuhlanga. Njengoko ubundlobongela bunqanyulwa kwingcinga egxekayo, imvakalelo yokuziphatha iyathatyathelwa indawo yenze kube lula ukuba abanxaxhi bephiko lasekunene babhenele kwisityholo sochulumanco kunye namava olonwabo kunye nokwaneliseka okubonelelwa ngumngxuma wokungabi nasimilo, ukuchas' umthetho, kunye nokusebenza kwamandla kwinkonzo ukuhlasela ngobuninzi.
Ukunyanzeliswa kweMilitarization kuMbutho waseMelika
Ukuxhotyiswa emkhosini kwebutho labantu baseMerika phantse kuphelele, nto leyo emele oko uWilliam J. Astore akubiza ngokuba luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwempambano edibeneyo.โ Kunokuba ibe ngumthombo we-alamu, ngumthombo wokuzingca njengoko amandla athathe indawo yentando yesininzi kuphela njengomthombo oyintloko wempembelelo yase-US phesheya, iye yaqheleka njengomgaqo oququzelelayo woluntu lwaseMelika. Akusekho mahluko kumkhosi osetyenziswa phesheya ukusuka kumkhosi osetyenziswayo ngoku ekhaya. Inkcubeko yezixhobo ithathe indawo yenkcubeko yeenqobo zedemokhrasi ekwabelwana ngazo. Ukhuseleko lunxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngcembe nokhuseleko lobuqu, imizi-mveliso yokucupha, kunye namalungelo anganyanzelwanga ompu. Intolongo kunye nezithethe zayo ezivaliweyo ngoku zibonelela ngemodeli yezikolo zikarhulumente, iinkonzo zentlalontle, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, kunye neendawo ezithengisa kakhulu, iicawa, iivenkile ezinkulu kunye nezindlu zesikhungu. AmaRiphabhlikhi asekunene ajonga ulawulo loKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye neenkqubo zalo ngokudelela ngelixa libhiyozela imida ephefumlelwe yi-nativistic kunye noKhuseleko lwaseKhaya.
Azikho iindawo zokukhusela ezisele eMelika. Abanqolobi bangaphandle ukuba i-US yalwa phesheya ngoku babuyele ekhaya. Njengoko i-Anti-Defamation League iye yabonisa, โkwishumi leminyaka elidluleyoโฆ malunga nama-450 okubulala eUnited States [okwenziwe] ngoontamo-lukhuni bezopolitiko. Kwezi ziganeko zokubulala ezingama-450, abantu abaneembono ezibaxiweyo zasekunene benza malunga nama-75 ekhulwini. Abavukeli bamaSilamsi babenoxanduva malunga neepesenti ezingama-20โฆ Phantse isiqingatha sokubulawa kwabantu sasibotshelelwe ngokukhethekileyo kwabamhlophe. Abantu abangoontamo-lukhuni basekhaya ngoku babeka ezona zoyikiso zobundlobongela kubantu baseMelika. Umntu waseMelika onomkhosi onobundlobongela ngoku uzibonakalisa njengobugxwayiba obusulungekileyo bobungangamsha abamhlophe, ubuzwe bobuKrestu obugqibeleleyo, kunye nocalucalulo.
Inkcubeko yemfazwe esisigxina iwuchithile umgca phakathi kobunqolobi basekhaya kunye nobundlobongela obuveliswe egameni lemfazwe yobunqolobi kumazwe angaphandle. Izixhobo zomkhosi ngoku zisezandleni zamapolisa. Abanqolobi basekhaya kunokuba abanqolobi bamanye amazwe bamele ezona zoyikiso zinkulu zobundlobongela e-US Imfazwe echasene neplanethi kunye nesoyikiso semfazwe yenyukliya ayinakwahlulwa kwingqondo yemfazwe esisigxina ngoku ebumba imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya neyangaphandle. I-War fever ilawula ingcamango yoluntu kwaye iye yaba ngamaqhawe. Ayibandakanywanga kuphela kulwimi lwe-right-wing ultra-nationalism kodwa nakwi-authorityism yobuzwe eyamkelwa yi-neo-Nazis ekude, iinkokeli ze-Republican Party, ii-supremacists ezimhlophe, kunye nama-fundamentalists amhlophe angamaKristu.
isiphelo
I-neoliberalism yandisa umatshini wemfazwe kunye nengqondo eyixhasayo. Kuhlobo lwayo oluphuculweyo lwezopolitiko zobuFasi, ivelisa iziqhushumbisi ezitsha zenyukliya, ezinje ngeB-21 Raider, ezisongela uluntu kwaye zixabisa malunga ne-750 yezigidi zeedola inye. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwasemkhosini olusandula ukugqithiswa lufikelela kwi-858 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwaye luphawu lokuphambana kwezopolitiko kunye nokuba likhoboka lengqondo kwizixhobo zokufa. Le yokugqibela yenye yezinto zomkhosi ongazinanziyo iingxaki ezinje ngezinga elimangalisayo lobuhlwempu, ukungabi namakhaya, ukuwohloka kwenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo, ukohlwaya urhulumente, kunye nokuwohloka kwenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo nendalo. Kodwa yenza okungakumbi. Ikwatyhefa ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngokuvalwa kokuqhomfa kunye neencwadi, ukutshabalalisa ukhuseleko loluntu kunye neenkonzo zentlalontle, ukwandisa umkhosi wamapolisa oxhobileyo, kunye nokwandisa ukukhula kweentolongo ngelixa unciphisa inkxaso-mali yezikolo zikarhulumente. Kwakhona emngciphekweni phantsi kwebhanile yemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal ngamalungelo abasetyhini, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, amalungelo emanyano yabasebenzi, kunye namalungelo oluntu.
Kumajelo eendaba kuboniswa inkohlakalo kuphela ngemigaqo ephanga ixesha, isidima nobomi babantu. Lifikile ixesha lokuba kuthotywe i-fascism, kungekuphela nje ngebhokisi yokuvota, kodwa ngomzabalazo omkhulu odibeneyo kunye noqhankqalazo olunokuthi luphelise le politiki ibulalayo kunye nobungxowankulu bemigulukudu obuxhasayo. Eli khwelo lokuhlaselwa ngokupheleleyo kwezopolitiko ze-fascist libaluleke kakhulu kwixesha apho iingcamango zobusoshiyali zihlaziywa. Kumenywa ingeniso yehlabathi jikelele, ukubuyisela amapolisa imali, ukhathalelo lwempilo kubo bonke, ukuqondwa ngokutsha kwemeko yobuhlanga, ubundlobongela baseburhulumenteni, kunye namanqanaba amangalisayo okungalingani-zonke zikhomba ukukhula kokuqonda kobusoshiyali kwi-US Capitalism yilabhoratri ye-fascism. , kwaye nayiphi na indlela esebenzayo yokuxhathisa kufuneka iqale ngokubiza ukuphelisa kunokuba ihlaziywe. Kodwa ukwenza oko, njengoko uBarbara Epstein ephawulile, kubalulekile ukuba nayiphi na intshukumo enokuxhathisa idlulele ngaphaya โkweNxele eliqhekeziweyo elibanjwe ngokuzibophelela okungacacanga kwilizwe elinobulungisa, elilinganayo nelizinzileyoโฆ umsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo.โ Isiqalo sokulwa neo-fascism kukwakha kwakhona ukuqonda kwabantu abaninzi kunye nentshukumo eqhubekayo yeentlanga ezininzi ekwaziyo ukudiliza iimbono ezicinezelayo kunye nolwakhiwo lweniyoliberal fascism.
Kunjengokuba uDavid Harvey eye wagxininisa, iingxaki ezisisiseko zobukapitali โeneneni zinzulu kakhulu ngoku kangangokuba akukho ndlela yokuba singaya naphi na ngaphandle kwentshukumo eyomeleleyo yokuchasa ubungxowankulu.โ Ngoku lixesha lokuphelisa i-neoliberal fascism endaweni yokuzama ukuthambisa imigaqo-nkqubo yayo. Umbono wobukhapitali onovelwano njengoko washunyayelwa nguMongameli Clinton owayesakuba nguNobhala weSebe lezeMali, uRobert B. Reich yi-oxymoron. Lifikile ixesha lentshukumo eyomeleleyo echasene nongxowankulu ekwaziyo ukucinga ngokutsha kwaye ithathe amanyathelo ngendlela uluntu ekufuneka luququzelelwe ngayo ngokwemigaqo yedemokhrasi yobusoshiyali nokuba ithetha ntoni na kuthi nakwizizukulwana ezizayo. IMelika idinga uqhankqalazo olukhulu, oluzinzileyo oluphenjelelwa kukuchasana kwabantu abaninzi kunye nesicwangciso senyathelo elithe ngqo kwinguqu esisiseko yentlalo. Ifuna umbono ocacileyo kunye noko uC. Wright Mills wakha wakubiza ngokuthi "iingcamango ezinkulu" ukuze unike imo kwintshukumo enye yenguqu epheleleyo. Ifuna umkhosi omtsha ophuma kwimizabalazo yangaphambili ukuze kuqulunqwe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo ukulwa esi sibetho seniyo-fascist ngoku.
UbuFasi bukhula kwihlabathi liphela kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko yoluntu kunye nokucinga kwezopolitiko. Ngaphandle kwe-a ngokwezopolitiko intshukumo yezemfundo kunye nezopolitiko ukulwa nayo, intsholongwane ebulalayo ye-fascism iya kufikelela esiphelweni sayo kwaye idemokhrasi, nakwiendlela zayo ezinzima, ziya kuphela. Omnye umthombo wethemba uvela kumazwi kaJames Baldwin abhalwe ngelinye ixesha lobunzima. Ubhala athi: โAsiyiyo yonke into ejongene nayo enokuguqulwa; kodwa akukho nto inokuguqulwa de ijongwe.โ Ukungxamiseka kwamaxesha kufuna ukuba sisuse iimfama ngaphambi kokuba sishiywe lixesha kwaye sijongane nesoyikiso se-fascist ezayo. Umbuzo ongxamisekileyo wokuba luhlobo luni lwehlabathi esifuna ukuhlala kulo alusekho i-rhetorical, lufuna ukubiza ngokukhawuleza kwisenzo. Uxhathiso oluqokelelweyo ayiselulo ukhetho olulindele ukuvela, luyimfuneko engenaxesha lakuyigcina.
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