Asiyiyo yonke into ejongene nayo enokuguqulwa. Kodwa akukho nto inokuguqulwa de ibe ijongene. Imbali asiyoxesha elidlulileyo. Yile yangoku. Siphethe imbali yethu kunye nathi. Siyimbali yethu. Ukuba sizenza ngenye indlela, singabaphuli-mthetho ngokoqobo.
- uJacob Baldwin
Umthunzi omde we-fascism yasekhaya, ochazwa njengeprojekthi yokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko, unathi kwakhona. Abantu baseMelika babone iziporho zobuFasi ngaphambili kwizenzo zobukoloniyali ezinoburhalarhume kunye nokuhluthwa komhlaba, ngexesha lobukhoboka eliphawulwe buburhalarhume bokubethwa kunye neentsimbi zentamo, nakwiminyaka yobudala bukaJim Crow eyona nto ibonakalayo kukoyikeka okumangalisayo kokubulawa kwabantu. Kutshanje siye sabona izenzo zoloyiko lobufascist kwezopolitiko zokunyamalala nokupheliswa kohlanga phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe luka-Adolf Hitler, uAugusto Pinochet eChile, nabanye. Yaye kwimeko nganye, imbali iye yasinika ikroba lokuba isiphelo soluntu siya kuba njani.[1]
Uhlobo oluphuculweyo lwe-fascism kunye ne-nativism yayo ekrakra kunye nentiyo yokuxubana kobuhlanga okwangoku isembindini wezopolitiko e-United States. Imilinganiselo yesithethe yenkululeko yokulingana, ubulungisa kwezentlalo, ukuchasana, kunye nenkululeko ngoku zijongwa njengesoyikiso kuMbutho weRiphabhlikhi oxhasa amanqanaba amangalisayo okungalingani, ubuzwe bamaKristu amhlophe, kunye nokusulungeka ngokobuhlanga. Nangona kunjalo izifundo zembali kunye neenkampu zayo zokufa, oomatshini bokungcungcuthekisa, kunye nokwamkela ubundlobongela obubulalayo njengesixhobo sezopolitiko zihlala zingahoywa-nangona inkanuko yayo yobufasisti iphinda isondele.[2] Le politiko yokuba ndindisholo nokukhanyela ayiyonyani kuphela kushicilelo oluqhelekileyo kodwa ikwasebenza kwizifundiswa ezininzi ezikhululekileyo nezingasekhohlo.[3]
Isilayidi saseMelika kwipolitiki yobuFasi sifuna ukuqonda okuhlaziyiweyo komzuzu wembali esizifumana sikuwo, kunye nohlalutyo olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo entsha yezopolitiko ephawula eli xesha. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi njengoko i-neoliberalism ingasakwazi ukuzikhusela. Iimeko ezidodobalisayo zongxowankulu behlabathi kunye nokuxubana kokungalingani okukhohlakeleyo kunye neendlela ezandayo zolawulo kunye nengcinezelo zikhomba kuzo zombini ingxaki yomthetho kunye nokujikela kwindlela ephuculweyo ye-fascism. Olu hlaziyo lweniyo-fascist yinxalenye yovukelo-mbuso olwaqhutywayo ngokuchasene nemvukelo yabafundi kwiminyaka yoo-XNUMX, intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, intshukumo yabasetyhini, kunye noluhlu lokuchasa oluthe lwafumana amandla kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu idlulileyo.[4]
Ukujongana nale ntshukumo ye-fascist yokuchasana ne-revolution idinga ukudala ulwimi olutsha kunye nokwakhiwa kwentshukumo enkulu yentlalontle ukuze kwakhiwe iindawo ezixhobisayo zemfundo, ezopolitiko, ubulungisa, inkcubeko, kunye namandla acela umngeni kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo zobunganga abamhlophe, ubuzwe obumhlophe, ukungazi okwenziwa. , kunye nengcinezelo yezoqoqosho.
Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko abo bajongelwe phantsi ngomgangatho, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga kunye nenkolo baya beqonda ngakumbi ukuba baphulukene nolawulo olungakanani na kwiimeko zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezokufundisa kunye nezentlalo ezithwaxa ubomi babo kweli xesha litsha lezopolitiko zobuFasi. . Imibono iye yaba yi-dystopian, iguqukela kwimvakalelo yokushiywa ngaphandle, ishiywe, kwaye iphantsi kweenkqubo ezikhulayo zoloyiko kunye nobundlobongela. Esinye isiphumo lithuba lokufundisa lokuxhalaba, ukungaqiniseki kunye nokungacaci okuphawulwa ziinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezithotyiweyo kunye nothotho olungapheliyo lweentetho ezinentiyo. Siphila kwixesha lokuqhekeka, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukuncipha kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwememori yembali, yonke into evumela ukugcinwa kwekhaya kwizinto ezingenakucingelwa.
Le mibandela ayinakujongwa njengengxaki yomntu ngamnye okanye eyodwa. Ziyimbonakaliso yokusilela okubanzi kwezopolitiko, ukuba asiyontelekelelo yoluntu. Ngaphezu koko, into efunekayo ayilulo uthotho lohlaziyo lwe-stopgap kuphela kumaziko okanye amaqela athile kodwa kukudilizwa kobungxowankulu njengesiqalo esibhekiselele kwizenzo zokuchasana zehlabathi.
Iqondwa kakuhle, i-neoliberal capitalism luhlobo lwe-necropolitics, okanye ngakumbi, uhlobo lwe-gangster capitalism eyingozi. Ubungxowankulu bemigulukudu buqhuba kakuhle ekuthuleni kwabo bacinezelweyo kunye nokubambisana kwabo balukuhlwayo ngamandla abo. Yipolitiki yokuthobela kunye nokukhanyela. Njengeprojekthi yokufundisa, lirhweba ngobumfama bokuziphatha, ukulibala ngokwembali, nentiyo yobuhlanga neyodidi. Esinye isiphumo sesokuba njengoko iingqondo zemarike kunye nokuziphatha ziqinisa amandla kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu, amaziko edemokhrasi kunye namacandelo oluntu ayathotywa, ukuba awapheli ngokupheleleyo, kunye nabemi abafundileyo, ngaphandle kwayo akukho demokrasi. Isoyikiso kwidemokhrasi kulo mzuzu wangoku wembali sikwabonakala kumanyano lwemibutho esahlumayo yobuFascist kuluntu-ukususela kwi-neo-Nazis kunye nabaGcini beZifungo ukuya kubuzwe bobuKrestu kunye namakhwenkwe aziQhayiyayo-ngamandla aphendulayo alawulwa yiGOP. eFlorida, eTexas, eIdaho, eTennessee, phakathi kwabanye.[5]
Oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe barhweba ngoloyiko kunye nokucinezelwa kwengxabano. Abalandeli bobuFasi abanjengoRhuluneli uRon DeSantis, njengoko uJudith Butler esitsho, “bayayoyika amandla okuthetha, okuhlab’ amadlala, okubuza imibuzo ngokungafihlisiyo.”[6] Xa ingcinga ebalulekileyo ihambelana namandla ezopolitiko, i-fascists ivala amaziko kunye nabantu abavakalisa ilizwi lokubamba amandla. Yiyiphi enye indlela yokuchaza ukugxothwa kwabenzi bomthetho ababini abaMnyama beDemokhrasi kwindlu yaseburhulumenteni yaseTennessee ngokuqhankqalaza ngoxolo kwigumbi lendlu ngokuchasene nobundlobongela bompu?
Imfazwe yedemokhrasi kunye nabantwana yathatha ithuba elibi eTennessee njengoko abameli ababini abaMnyama, abameli uJustin Jones kunye noJustin Pearson, bagxothwa ngenxa yokuqhankqalaza bexhasa imithetho yokulawula imipu. Umlingane wabo omhlophe akazange agxothwe. Isityholo sokuba abenzi bomthetho abathathu abaqhankqalazayo baphule isimilo siyamangalisa sivela kwabezopolitiko baseRiphabhlikhi “abalugatyayo ulawulo olusindisa ubomi kwizixhobo ezibulalayo” kwaye baphinde bawise imithetho ethintela iingxoxo.[7] Njengebhodi yokuhlela ye Los Angeles Times Uthe, "ibingamaRiphabhlikhi, kwiminyaka yobumongameli emva kukaTrump, abagqibezela ubugcisa obumnyama bokuthulisa abantu baseMelika…. ngokudabukisayo iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo yeRiphabhlikhi ukucinezela ingxoxo. Sukuthi gay, ungathethi ukulawula imipu, ungathethi ngobuhlanga, musa ukuvumela abantwana bafunde iincwadi “ezingalunganga” okanye bazifundele abantu “abangalunganga,” musa ukuvumela abantwana ukuba bafunde ngezinto zabo. imibutho okanye amalungelo abo.”[8] Isibheno sokuhonjiswa ngabaqulunqi bomthetho beqela lase-Tennessee Republican lukhuselo nje oluphantsi lokwala inkululeko esisiseko ngelixa ugunyazisa ukongama kwabamhlophe kunye nezopolitiko zobuFasi njengezixhobo zolawulo.
Ubuhlanga emva kokugxothwa bucacile kodwa into engaxoxwa ngayo kwimidiya elawulwa yinkampani yinzuzo eyenziwa ngamashishini ompu kunye nabapolitiki baseTennessee abafumana imali yegazi kubathengisi bokufa. Amajelo osasazo aphambili athi olu hlaselo lwedemokhrasi lumalunga ne-GOP efuna ukuxhasa ulungiso lwesibini. Elo sisigqubuthelo nje sokwala ukuvuma ikhonkco eliphakathi kobukapitali boburhalarhume kunye nabezobupolitika abonakeleyo abangathanda ukufumana ingeniso kunokuba bathabathe amanyathelo okuthintela abantwana abaneminyaka elithoba ubudala ukuba baqwengwe ngezixhobo zohlaselo.
Esinye isithethi se-GOP sabanga ukuba uqhanqalazo lwabenzi bomthetho abaMnyama luthelekiseka nemvukelo ye-6 kaJanuwari. Kuphela ngumntu wobuFasi onokuthi uhlaselo lweqela lasekunene elikude kwiCapitol elixhaswa nguTrump kunye namahlakani akhe ukuze kubhukuqwe unyulo lufaniswa noqhanqalazo lwamatsha-mthetho amathathu akhaliphileyo ukukhusela abantwana abancinci ekubulaweni ngombayimbayi we-AK 15. . Ezo ntetha zibonisa ukuba siphila kwixesha loburhalarhume-elifana nelangaphambili apho imizimba yabantsundu yayibulawa, iincwadi zazitshiswa, abahlalutyi bavalelwa entolongweni, yaye abantu baphelela kumagumbi okufela.
Ayisiyiyo kuphela inkcaso kunye nemizimba enyamalalayo kweli xesha le-fascism i-popologetic. Ngokwandayo, amaziko anje ngemfundo angqingwe eTennessee, eFlorida, eTexas, nakwamanye amazwe alawulwa yiGOP. Nabo bayagxothwa kumbhalo wedemokhrasi, kuba eyona nto ilungileyo abezopolitiko be-GOP bayoyika ngemfundo kukuba yeyona ndawo apho abantu abatsha banokufunda khona uxanduva lokuba ngabemi abagxekayo nababandakanyekayo. Njengoko uMoira Donegan exoxa, imfundo kuwo onke amanqanaba "isisiseko kwidemokhrasi kwaye sisizathu sokuba iDeSantis kunye nelungelo elikude lihlasele imfundo." Ubhala athi:
Izikolo neeyunivesithi ziilabhoratri zolangazelelo, iindawo apho abantu abatsha bahlakulela amandla abo, bazibeke esichengeni kumava kunye neembono zabanye zehlabathi, kwaye bafunde oko kuya kufuneka kubo ukuze baphile ubomi obunenkathalo, obunyamezelayo kuluntu olunobuninzi. Kusesikolweni apho bafunda khona ukuba imigangatho yentlalontle ayihambelani ngokuyimfuneko nokufaneleka komntu; kusesikolweni apho bafumanisa khona iimpazamo zexesha elidlulileyo, nalapho bafumana khona izixhobo zokungaziphindi. Akumangalisi ukuba i-DeSantis ilungile, kunye noloyiko lwayo lokugxeka kunye nokuzinikela kwiindlela ezibuyisela umva zolawulo, kubonakala ngathi kunobutshaba ukuvumela abantwana bafunde: imfundo yindlela abantwana abakhula ngayo babe luhlobo lwabantu abadala abangakwaziyo ukubalawula.[9]
Into efunekayo ekuphenduleni olu hlaselo yidemokhrasi yobusoshiyali echazwa yimibono, iinjongo, amaziko, ubudlelwane boluntu, kunye nezifundo zokuxhathisa. Okungundoqo kwikhwelo elinjalo kukusekwa kwezopolitiko zenkcubeko eyenza uluntu lukwazi ukucinga ubomi obungaphaya kobungxowankulu apho ubundlobongela obusekelwe ngokobuhlanga kunye nesini buvelisa uhlaselo olungapheliyo kuluntu kunye nokucinga koluntu, ukulamlwa ngokunyuka. yemfazwe, ukulwa, ubudoda obunobundlobongela, kunye nezopolitiko zokulahlwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla. I-Neoliberal capitalism bumatshini obuqhutywa kukufa obudala intsana, buxhaphaze, bujongele phantsi ubomi bomntu, kunye nesijikelezi-langa ngokwaso.
Nayiphi na i-pedagogy esebenzayo yokuxhathisa kufuneka idale imibono yezemfundo kunye neyokufundisa kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa inguqu enkulu kwingqondo; kufuneka ikwazi ukuqaphela imigaqo-nkqubo yomhlaba etshisiweyo yeniyoliberalism kunye neengcinga ezijijekileyo zobufasi eziyixhasayo. Olu tshintsho kwingqondo alunakwenzeka ngaphandle kongenelelo lokufundisa oluthetha nabantu ngeendlela abanokuthi baziqaphele, bachonge imiba eshukuxwayo, kwaye babeke ushishino lwabucala kwiingxaki zabo kwimeko yenkqubo ebanzi.
Siphila kwixesha apho isibetho se-fascism sivela kwiindawo zombini zezopolitiko kunye nemithombo yeendaba enamandla yasekunene, njengeFox News. Ipolitiki yobuFasi iyaphumelela koomatshini bokuphelisa ubuqhetseba ababenza buqheleke ubudlelwane bamagunya, benze iintsana zabantu, baze bavelise iingcamango ezicinezelayo ezifihlakele njengengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Njengoko uC. Wright Mills uye wacacisa, xa intlalontle inyamalala kwaye yonke into ithengiswa kwaye ithengiswa, kunzima kubantu ngabanye ukuguqulela iingxaki zangasese kwimiba yoluntu kwaye bazibone njengenxalenye yeqela elikhulu elikwazi ukuxhasana kunye nokuchasana. Ukukhukuliseka kweentetho zoluntu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwenkcubeko yokungazi okuveliswayo kwenza ukungenelela kolwaphulo-mthetho kwezopolitiko. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi xa imfundo ingenzeki ezikolweni kuphela kodwa nakuluhlu lwezixhobo zenkcubeko ezibandakanya amajelo eendaba ezentlalo, i-intanethi, kunye namanye amaqonga e-intanethi.
Imfundo ibisoloko isisiseko kwezopolitiko, kodwa ayifane iqondwe njengendawo yomzabalazo malunga nendlela izazisi ezibunjwa ngayo, ixabiso lisemthethweni, kunye nekamva lichazwe. Ngokungafaniyo nesikolo, imfundo ingena kuluhlu lwezixhobo ezilawulwa yinkampani ezisuka kwiindlela zomoya zedijithali ukuya kwinkcubeko yoshicilelo. Phantsi kolawulo loloyiko lweGOP, ezi zixhobo ziye zaba ziindawo ezihlaziyiweyo zokufundisa abantu ngocalucalulo. Yintoni eyahlukileyo ngemfundo namhlanje ayizizo kuphela iindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenzeka kuzo, kodwa kwakhona inqanaba eliye laba yinto yokungakhathali okucwangcisiweyo kunye neprop yolongamo lwabamhlophe, ukutyunyuzwa kwempikiswano, kunye nenkcubeko eyonakeleyo kunye neyokuziphatha. ulungelelwano lwezopolitiko. Oku kucacile kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis kunye nabanye abathi uhlaselo lwabo kwimfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo lukhalimele ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ludibanisa ubumhlophe njengesixhobo sokulawula, kunye nokuhlola ixesha elidlulileyo ukuze kupheliswe ikamva.
Lo ngumzekelo wemfundo osikhumbuza oko kwenzeka kwi-Third Reich. Ukubuyiswa kwembali kuyasebenza kulo mzuzu wangoku wembali apho ukutshiswa kwencwadi, ukujongwa, ukudutyulwa kwembali, kunye nokucocwa kobuhlanga kwimbali kudityaniswa nomzamo we-GOP we-extremist wokuguqula imfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo ibe ngasekunene, i-white supremacist ikhuthaza ukufundiswa. amaziko asebenza phantsi kwamandla olawulo lukarhulumente. Imigaqo-nkqubo equka uqwalaselo kunye ne-amnesia yembali inyanzelela abafundi kwinkungu yangoku ngaphandle kwexesha elidlulileyo, ukungazi okwenziwayo okugqunywe kwibango elichasene nobukrelekrele ngokuphandle ukwenza abantu bakhululeke. Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, injongo yemfundo asikokwenza abantu bazive bekhululekile, kodwa kukubenza bacinge nzulu, bacele umngeni kwingqikelelo yengqiqo eqhelekileyo, babeke emngciphekweni, benze izigqibo ezizizo, basebenzise iintelekelelo zabo, kwaye bamkele amandla abo njengamandla. ii-arhente zomntu kunye nezentlalo. Imfundo ifanele iphazamise, inike amandla, ikhuthaze, kwaye ifundise abantu ukuba bazibuze kwaye bacinge nzulu ngeziqu zabo, ubudlelwane babo nabanye, kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Imfundo njengohlobo lokungabi nalwazi kwabantu abaninzi ibonakala ekugxothweni kwenqununu yesikolo esiqeshwe yiFlorida ngenxa yokubonisa abafundi bebanga lesithandathu umfanekiso kaMichelangelo othi “David”. Omnye wabazali abathathu owakhalazela eso sifundo wawubiza lo mboniso ubalaseleyo ngokuthi “iphonografi.”[10] Kwesinye isihlandlo, umphathi wesikolo saseSouthlake, eTexas wacebisa abafundisi-ntsapho “ukuba ukuba banencwadi ethetha ngokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo kumagumbi abo okufundela, bafanele banike abafundi ithuba lokufumana incwadi ngokwembono ‘echasayo’.”[11] Omnye umfundisi-ntsapho wabuza ukuba wayeza kukuchasa njani ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo. Umlawuli uzibophelele ekusasazeni ukungazi okuvunyiweyo ngurhulumente, ukuba asikokubaleka uxanduva lokuziphatha nentlalontle, waphendula wathi “Ndikholelwe. Kwavela oko. "[12] Ngelinge lokuthobela umthetho kaRhuluneli uRon DeSantis obizwa ngokuba yi-Stop WOKE act, umpapashi weencwadi zokufunda, iStudies Weekly, wasicamba mhlophe isenzo sikaRosa Park sokuchasa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga xa engazange avume ukunikela isihlalo sakhe kumlungu kwibhasi yaseMontgomery, eAlabama. ngowe-1955. Kunokuba athi waxelelwa ukuba afuduke ngenxa “yomthetho owawusithi abantu abaNtsundu baseMerika bamele bancame izihlalo zabo ebhasini ukuba umlungu ufuna ukuhlala phantsi,” incwadi ehlaziyiweyo yale ncwadi yathi: kwathiwa makafudukele kwesinye isihlalo.”[13]
Yonke le mizekelo ibonisa indlela yemfundo yobuFasi evelisa ukungazi okunyanzeliswayo, ubuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo, kwaye icinezela imbali eyenza abo bamhlophe kunye nesiseko sabo bazive bengakhululekanga. Njengoko uMichael Datcher ephawula ngokufanelekileyo, akumangalisi ukuba xa "uMgwebi weSithili wase-US uMark Walker ekhupha umyalelo wokuqala ochasene ne-Stop WOKE ngokuphulwa kokuQala kunye ne-14th Amendment, [wayibiza] ngokuba 'yi-dystopian'."[14] Nangona kunjalo kuninzi okusebenzayo apha kunolwimi lwase-Orwellian lokuvalelwa kunye nokungazi okuveliswe ngobuninzi, kukwakho i-echoes yeprojekthi yokubulawa kwabantu ngokwenkcubeko ebisoloko isisiseko kulwimi lwe-fascism.
Inkcubeko njengamandla emfundo iye yatyhefwa kwaye idlala indima ephambili kwipolitiki yobuFasi eMelika nakwihlabathi liphela. Imithombo yeendaba ijike yaba ngumlilo wentiyo nocalucalulo, obhalwe njengomboniso. Ukuphelisa intlupheko, i-atomization yentlalontle, ukufa kwekhontrakthi yentlalontle, ukulwa nendawo yoluntu, ukugxilwa kobutyebi kunye namandla ezandleni zezemali kunye nabalawuli abaphezulu, konke kuphembelela ipolitiki yobuFascist. Iimpawu zobuFasi azisafihli emthunzini. Oku kucace ngakumbi njengoko ipolitiki ye-fascist yanamhlanje idonsa amandla ayo kwinkcubeko yokwesaba, intukuthelo, ukholo oluyimfama, kunye nesimo sengqondo apho ukuhlukana phakathi kwenyaniso kunye nobuxoki buwela kwezinye izinto.
Ngokuchasene nabo bezopolitiko, iipundits, kunye nezifundiswa ezixokayo zibanga ukuba i-fascism iphumle ngokupheleleyo kwixesha elidlulileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba i-fascism ihlala ikhona kwimbali kwaye inokuqaqamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Okanye njengoko umbhali-mbali uJason Stanley ephawula, “UbuFasi ‘buyindlela yezobupolitika’ enokuvela nanini na, naphi na, ukuba iimeko zilungile.”[15] I-arc yembali ye-fascism ayinqandwanga kwimbali; iimpawu zayo zihlala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, zilindele ukuqhelana namaxesha alungele ukuvela kwayo. Njengoko uPaul Gilroy ephawulile, "izinto ezoyikisayo [ze-fascism] zihlala zisondele kakhulu kuthi kunokuba sithanda ukucinga," kwaye umsebenzi wethu awukona ukujonga kude kodwa ukubenza babonakale.[16] Ukwala kweqela lezopolitiko, izifundiswa, kunye namajelo eendaba aphambili ukuvuma ubungakanani besoyikiso sobu-fascist esithwaxa uluntu lwaseMelika sisenzo sokwala, sisenzo sokusebenzisana.
Okwangoku, kuya kuba bubulumko kubafundisi kunye nabanye ukuba bathobele amazwi osindileyo kwi-Holocaust kunye nombhali uPrimo Levi owathi encwadini yakhe. Umngxuma omnyama waseAuschwitz ubhala:
Yonke iminyaka ine-fascism yayo, kwaye sibona iimpawu ezilumkisayo naphi na apho ugxininiso lwamandla lukhanyela abemi ukuba kunokwenzeka kunye neendlela zokubonisa kunye nokwenza ngokuthanda kwabo. Zininzi iindlela zokufikelela kweli nqanaba, kwaye kungekuphela nje ngokoyikiswa ngamapolisa, kodwa ngokukhanyela kunye nokugqwetha ulwazi, ngokujongela phantsi iinkqubo zobulungisa, ngokukhubaza inkqubo yemfundo, kunye nokusasaza ngeendlela ezininzi ezichuliweyo nostalgia for a kwihlabathi apho ucwangco lwalulawula, nalapho ukhuseleko lwabambalwa abakhethekileyo luxhomekeke ekusetyenzweni ngenkani nasekuthuleni ngenkani kwabaninzi.[17]
Amagama kaLevi asikhumbuza ngokubaluleka kwemfundo ebaluleke kakhulu, inkumbulo yembali, ukufunda nokubhala ngoluntu, kunye nokuchasana ngokuhlangeneyo njengento echaseneyo nolwimi lwangoku lwe-nativism, i-ultra-nationalism, i-biology kunye nobundlobongela. Likhwelo elingxamisekileyo lokuchasa ukucinywa kwembali. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ngexesha apho iMelika isondela kufutshane nenzonzobila ye-fascist njengoko ukucinga kuba yingozi, ulwimi lukhutshwa kuyo nayiphi na into, ezopolitiko ziqhutywa ngabaphezulu bezemali, kwaye amaziko asebenzela uluntu oluhle aqala ukunyamalala.
Phantsi kolawulo lwangoku lwezopolitiko zobuFasi, imfundo ichazwa ngakumbi njengendawo evuselelayo yobundlobongela, impindezelo, ingqumbo, kunye nokuba lixhoba njengelungelo lesazisi esimhlophe sobuKristu. Amalungu owiso-mthetho alwela amalungelo axhobisa imfundo ngokucela ukuba kugxothwe i-faculty ebhekisa kwithiyori yobuhlanga ebaluleke kakhulu, bazibandakanye ngokunzulu nembali yase-Afrika yaseMelika, bafundise izifundo zesini kwaye baxhathise “umthetho ochasene nenguqu ofuna ukuhlanganisa iindima zesini zakudala.”[18] Iphiko lobuFascist le-GOP lifuna ukuba urhulumente abeke iliso kwiimbono zootitshala, avelise kwakhona iindlela zokufundisa ngengcinezelo, aphelise i-tenure, kwaye achaze ngokutsha indima yemfundo ephakamileyo ngokwemigaqo yobuthixo esisiseko. Kule meko, sikhunjuzwa ngebango likaJames Baldwin Akukho gama kwisitalato ukuba xa ukungazi kudibana namandla, “imfundo sisithetha-ntonye sokufundisa, ukuba umhlophe, nokuzithoba, ukuba umnyama.”
Ixesha langoku le-barbarism libonisa imfuneko yokugxininisa indlela indawo yenkcubeko kunye ne-pedagogies yokuvalwa esebenza njengamandla ezemfundo kunye nezopolitiko kwinkonzo yezopolitiko ze-fascist. Phantsi kweemeko ezilolo hlobo, abafundisi-ntsapho nabanye mababuze kungekuphela nje oko abantu bakufundayo kuluntu oluthile kodwa noko bafanele bakuyeke, nokuba ngawaphi na amaziko abonelela ngeemeko zokuba benjenjalo. Ngokuchasene neemfundiso zocalucalulo zengcinezelo kunye nokuthotyelwa-okumiliselwe ekuhlolweni, ubuhlanga, nokubulawa kwentelekelelo-kukho imfuneko yeendlela zokufundisa ezibaluleke kakhulu ezixabisa inkcubeko yokubuza imibuzo, ukujonga i-arhente ebalulekileyo njengemeko engundoqo yobomi boluntu, kunye nokugatya ukufundiswa. ukuxhasa ukukhangelwa kobulungisa phakathi kweendawo zemfundo kunye namaziko asebenza njengamanqanaba oluntu edemokhrasi.
Ngexesha apho ukufunda kubotshelelwe kwimfundiso yengcinezelo kwaye ubumi bufana nobuzwe obumhlophe bobuKrestu, kubalulekile ukuba abantu babe ngabemi abagxekayo nabazimeleyo abakwaziyo ukugocagoca ubuxoki kunye nobuxoki obusasazwa ngabezopolitiko, iipundits zamaphiko asekunene, ngokuchaseneyo iinkcuba-buchopho zikawonke-wonke, kunye namaqonga eendaba ezentlalo aphiko lasekunene ngelixa ekwazi ukulwela idemokhrasi ethe kratya kunye nekamva elinobulungisa. Kodwa kukho okungakumbi apha kunokufunda indlela yokuzihlaziya; kukho kwakhona ubugcisa bokufunda indlela yokuguqula imemori kunye nokugxeka kwindlela yokuchasana ngokuhlangeneyo, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele ekudaleni ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi beentlanga ezininzi.
Ukulwa nemimoya yexesha elidlulileyo njengoko ivela kwiifom ezintsha, kubalulekile ukufunda kwimbali. Njengoko uStuart Jeffries exoxa, kunyanzelekile ukuba iinkcuba-buchopho zigrumbe oko “kuye kwaphoswa ukuba ilityalwe ngabo baphumeleleyo….ukufumana elilityelweyo, eliphelelwe lixesha [kunye] nokutyholwa njengento engabalulekanga.”[19] Naluphi na uhlobo lokuchasana olusebenzayo lufuna ukwandisa ukuqonda koluntu ngamandla engqiqo yembali, ubungqina bokuziphatha, kunye namandla enkontileka yentlalo apho amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye namalungelo omntu adityaniswa namalungelo ezoqoqosho. Inkumbulo ehlangulayo isivumela ukuba sijongane neenyaniso ezimnyama zembali kwaye sixhathise ukukhubazeka kwengqiqo yokuziphatha kunye nemeko yokungakhathaleli ezopolitiko ezala ukoyikeka kwaye idale izilo ezikhulu. Ukongeza, iphulo elikhulu lokufundisa liyafuneka ukuze kwakhiwe iimbono ezibuyela umva zenkululeko kunye nokuzicingela kumbindi woluvo lweniyoliberal. Kwangaxeshanye, indawo yokusabela enetyhefu yobuhlanga kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kufuneka kujongwane nayo kwiindawo ezininzi njengomzabalazo ongenene ngokunzulu kwezopolitiko nezemfundo.
Imiba yemfundo ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni umbono wobusoshiyali bedemokhrasi. Imfundo yindawo apho umntu ngamnye kufuneka akwazi ukuzicingela njengee-arhente ezibandakanyekayo kunye nezopolitiko. Ngexesha lengcinezelo, imfundo iba sisiseko sezopolitiko. Abafundisi, iinkcuba-buchopho zikawonke-wonke, amagcisa, abasebenzi, amalungu emibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabanye abasebenzi benkcubeko kufuneka benze imfundo ibaluleke kakhulu kutshintsho lwentlalo kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, babuyisele indima edlalwa yimfundo ekuphuhliseni ulwazi lwezopolitiko kunye namandla oluntu, zombini eziyimfuneko. izinto ezifunekayo ekuphuhliseni idemokhrasi yobusoshiyali.
Imfundo njengoxhotyiso kufuneka ikwazi ukuthabatha umsebenzi wokutshintsha ingqondo ukwenzela ukuba abantu ngabanye bazichaze, bathintele ukucima kwabo, bajongane neemeko zoqoqosho, ezentlalo, nezopolitiko ezibumba ubomi babo, kwaye bafunde ukuba inkcubeko sisixhobo samandla. Ukuze oku kwenzeke, abantu kufuneka baqaphele into ethile ngabo kunye nemeko yabo kwiindidi zemfundo ekubhekiswe kuzo. Lo ngumcimbi wokuvusa zombini imvakalelo yokuchongwa kunye nomzuzu wokuqaphela. Njengeprojekthi yezopolitiko, imfundo kufuneka icinezele amabango obulungisa bezoqoqosho kunye nentlalontle kwaye yomeleze ikhwelo lokufunda nokubhala malunga noluntu kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo ezihlangeneyo.
Kubuso besoyikiso sangoku sobuFasi, abaqhubela phambili kufuneka bahlaziye kwaye bahlengahlengise intetho kunye nenjongo yemfundo njengeprojekthi yezopolitiko exhobisayo. UMalcolm X wayenyanisile xa wathi, 'Imfundo yincwadana yokundwendwela kwixesha elizayo.' Wakha phezu koku kuqonda xa wabhala esithi 'Amandla ekukhuseleni inkululeko makhulu kunamandla egameni lengcinezelo nengcinezelo, kuba amandla, amandla okwenene, avela kwinkolelo yethu evelisa isenzo, isenzo esingaguqukiyo.' Ulwimi lokugxeka, uvelwano kunye nethemba kufuneka lube yimbumba, lwamkele unxibelelwano lwethu njengabantu, kwaye luhloniphe ubudlelwane bethu obusondelene kakhulu neplanethi.
Ipolitiki yedemokhrasi yobusoshiyali kunye nentshukumo ifuna ulwimi lonxibelelwano. Nakuphi na ukuqinisekiswa kwentlalontle kufuneka kuqinisekise ukuba iinkonzo zoluntu kunye nezibonelelo zentlalo zisidibanisa njengabantu. I-Capitalism ibonakalise ukuba ayinako ukusabela kwezona mfuno zisisiseko zoluntu okanye ukulungisa ezona ngxaki zinzima zentlalo. Kwakhona, i-neoliberalism iphulukene nokuba semthethweni kwaye ayisakwazi ukuzalisekisa izithembiso zayo ezingenanto. Ngumatshini wokufa omiliselwe kwingqiqo yococeko ngokobuhlanga, ukulahlwa kwezentlalo, kunye nokungabandakanywa. Ubugwenxa bayo, inkohlakalo, ukungabi nabuntu, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo nezopolitiko ezikhulayo ze-fascist ngoku ziboniswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-fascism ye-Republican Party. Kukho imfuneko yokuba ootitshala baphinde babange iimbali zokungathobeli nokuchasa baze bazihlaziye baze bazenze umthetho ngokufanelekileyo ngeli xesha langoku lembali. Kuye kwacaca kwixesha lezibetho kunye nebarbarism ukuba nayiphi na intshukumo eyimpumelelo yokuchasa kufuneka ingabi yedemokhrasi kunye ne-anti-capitalist; kufuneka kwakhona ibe anti-fascist. Sityala umngeni onjalo kuthi, kwizizukulwana ezizayo, nakwisithembiso sedemokhrasi yehlabathi yobusoshiyali elindele ukudubula.
UbuFasi yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu kwixesha lethu; ubukho bayo abunakuthatyathwa njengexesha elikwanti embalini. Inkumbulo kufuneka ibe yindawo yokuvula, indawo enemveliso elwa umzabalazo wokungakhumbuli kakuhle, ulwazi olungeyonyani, kunye nobunjineli bokungazi. Iminqweno yokukhuthaza i-fascism kufuneka iqondwe kwaye yenziwe yabonakala ukuze ibathintele ekugqumeni uluntu kunye nokusongela ikamva. Abafundisi abadingi nje ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwenkumbulo yembali kunye neengcambu ze-fascism kunye neendlela zayo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kufuneka basebenze ngabanye kunye neqela ukuze baqinisekise ukuba i-XNUMX yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ezopolitiko ze-fascist ziyasilela.. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho bangafundi nje kwizinto zexesha elidluleyo kodwa baqonde noko bekukhe kwenzeka abangafundanga kunye nento eye yalityalwa ngabom okanye yabhalwa ngokutsha ukuze kufihlwe kwaye kufihlwe ukuvela kwezopolitiko zobuFasi.
Kuluntu apho idemokhrasi iphantsi kongqingo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba elinye ikamva linokwenzeka kwaye ukwenza ezi nkolelo ngumqathango wangaphambili wokwenza utshintsho olumandla lubekho. Apha kusengozini inkalipho yokuhlangabezana nocelomngeni lokuba luhlobo luni lwehlabathi esilufunayo—luhlobo olunjani lwekamva esifuna ukulakhela abantwana bethu? Isithandi sobulumko esibalaseleyo, u-Ernst Bloch, wagxininisa ukuba ithemba lingena kowona mava anzulu kwaye ngaphandle kwawo isizathu nobulungisa abunakudubula. Kwi Umlilo Ngexesha Elilandelayo, UJames Baldwin wongezelela ikhwelo lovelwano kunye noxanduva lwentlalo kulo mbono wethemba, lowo unetyala kwabo baya kusilandela. Ubhala athi: “Izizukulwana aziyeki ukuzalwa, yaye sinoxanduva kuzo . . . [T] xa sisophula ukholo omnye nomnye, ulwandle lusigubungela, kwaye ukukhanya kuyacima.[20] Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili abafundisi-ntsapho bamele baphile ngokuvisisana nocelomngeni lokugcina imililo yokunganyangeki uvutha ngamandla obushushu. Kungoko kuphela apho siya kukwazi ukugcina izibane zikhanya kwaye ikamva livulekile. Kuphela kungoko iya koyiswa i-fascism.
Amanqaku.
[1] UAlberto Toscano, "Isithunzi eside sobuFasi bobuhlanga," Uphononongo lweBoston. (ngo-Oktobha 27, 2020). Kwi-intanethi http://bostonreview.net/race-politics/alberto-toscano-long-shadow-racial-fascism
[2] UHenry A. Giroux, I-Pedagogy of Resistance (eLondon: Bloomsbury, 2022)
[3] U-Anthony DiMaggio, "UbuFascist bokukhanyela iSitayile saseMelika: Okubalaseleyo kwiNqaba ye-Ivory," Uluhlu lwezahlulo (Epreli 5,2023. Kwi-Intanethi: https://www.counterpunch.org/2023/04/05/fascism-denial-american-style-exceptionalism-in-the-ivory-tower/
[4] UHenry A. Giroux, Uqhankqalazo: Imfundo kwiXesha lezoPolitiko zokuLwa iRevolutionary (eLondon: Bloomsbury, 2023).
[5] Bona, ngakumbi, uWilliam Robinson, iGlobal Police State (London: Pluto Press, 2020).
[6] UJudith Butler, "Ulwaphulo-mthetho loLwazi," Inkcazo yeMfundo ePhakamileyo, [NgoMeyi 27, 2018]. Kwi-intanethi: https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Criminalization-of/243501
[7] Ibhodi yokuhlela, "Umhleli: Uhlaselo oloyikekayo lwaseTennessee kwintetho kunye nenkululeko," Los Angeles Times (Ngo-Epreli 7, 2023). Kwi-intanethi: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-04-07/editorial-tennessee-republicans-appalling-assault-on-speech-and-freedom?utm_id=92895&sfmc_id=5116563
[8] Ibid.
[9] Moira Donegan, "Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi ziphantsi kwemfazwe yenkcubeko yaseMelika." Guardian [NgoFebruwari 5, 2023]. Kwi-Intanethi: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/05/schools-and-universities-are-ground-zero-for-americas-culture-war
[10] UChris Walker, “Inqununu yagxothwa ngenxa yezikhalazo zabazali kwiSifundo esibonisa ‘uDavid’ kaMichelangelo,” Thunti (NgoMatshi 23, 2023). Kwi-intanethi: https://truthout.org/articles/principal-fired-over-parent-complaints-on-lesson-showing-michelangelos-david/
[11] UMike Hixenbaugh kunye no-Antonia Hylton, "Inkokeli yesikolo saseSouthlake ixelela ootitshala ukuba balungelelanise iincwadi zeHolocaust kunye neembono 'ezichasayo'," NBC News(Okthobha 14, 2021). Kwi-intanethi: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/southlake-texas-holocaust-books-schools-rcna2965
[12] Ibid.
[13] Cheyanne M. Daniels, "Incwadi yaseFlorida yatshintshwa ukuze isuse iimbekiselo kugqatso lweRosa Parks: ingxelo," Hill (NgoMatshi 17, 2023). Kwi-intanethi: https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3905312-florida-textbook-altered-to-remove-references-to-rosa-parkss-race-report/
[14] UMichael Datcher, "Vumela Abafileyo Bathethe." Truthdig [NgoJanuwari 30, 2023]. Kwi-intanethi: https://www.truthdig.com/articles/let-the-dead-speak/
[15] Icatshulwe kuRuth Ben-Ghiat, "Yintoni iFascism?" Lucid Substack [NgoDisemba 7, 2022]. Kwi-intanethi: https://lucid.substack.com/p/what-is-fascism
[16] UPaul Gilroy, "Intetho ka-2019 yaseHolberg, ngu-Laureate uPaul Gilroy: Ungaze uphinde: ukwala ubuhlanga kunye nokusindisa umntu," Holbergprisen, [Novemba 11, 2019]. Kwi-intanethi: https://holbergprisen.no/en/news/holberg-prize/2019-holberg-lecture-laureate-paul-gilroy
[17] Primo Levi, Umngxuma omnyama waseAuschwitz, iguqulelwe nguSharon Wood, 31–34. (Cambridge: Polity Press. 1974, 2005), iphe. 34.
[18] UTalia Lavin, "Kutheni iTransphobia iseNtliziyweni yeNtshukumo yaMandla aMhlophe." Wesizwe [NgoAgasti 18, 2021]. Kwi-intanethi: https://www.thenation.com/article/society/transphobia-white-supremacy/
[19] Stuart Jeffries, Grand Hotel Abyss: Ubomi beSikolo saseFrankfurt (ENew York: Verso, 2017), iphe. 27.
[20] Icatshulwe kuToni Morrison, umhleli, UJames Baldwin : Izincoko eziqokelelweyo : Amanqaku oNyana woMthonyama / Akukho mntu ulaziyo igama lam / Umlilo Ngexesha elizayo / Akukho gama esitratweni / uMtyholi ufumana umsebenzi / esinye isincokos (eNew York: iThala leeNcwadi laseMelika, ngo-1998), iphe. 710.
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