“Ke ngoko mcingeni njengeqanda lenyoka
Eyaqandusela, njengokuba uhlobo lwakhe lukhula lukhohlakele;
Kwaye umbulale eqokobheni”– UBrutus kuShakespeare kaJulius Caesar
Umphengululi okrelekrele, uPaul Gilroy, wakha wathi siphila kwixesha laxa “izinto ezimanyumnyezi zexesha elidluleyo zisondele kuthi kunokuba sicinga.” [1] Amazwi kaGilroy avakala ngakumbi namhlanje kunokuba ayenjalo ekuqaleni ukubhalwa. Kuwo onke amanqanaba omgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, iziporho ze-fascism ziyabonakala, zisinika umbono wezinto ezoyikisayo ezisilindeleyo njengoko inkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye isenzeka. Kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, igazi liphuma kwiibhombu, iinqwelo zokulwa, kunye neetanki zamazwe akhohlakeleyo eGaza naseUkraine. UBiden usixelela ukuba ukuzisa izisombululo zezozakuzo kwimfazwe eyoyikekayo e-Ukraine nakuMbindi Mpuma akubalulekanga kangako kunengeniso kunye nemisebenzi edalwe ngoomatshini bokufa abenza amashishini okhuselo asondla zombini iimfazwe. Inkcubeko yemfazwe kunye nolwimi lwentiyo luzalisa amaza omoya agunyazisa ugonyamelo njengendlela yokuvula amathuba ezopolitiko. Ulwimi olukhohlakeleyo nezenzo zokonakalisa isidima somntu nokutshabalalisa ngoku zondla inkqubo yezobupolitika yobuFasi eyandayo eUnited States abaqhankqalazi bobuFasi ngoku baqhayisa ngeengcamango zabo zobuhlanga, ukunqula ugonyamelo okungalawulekiyo, nokuchas’ umthetho kwabo okunogonyamelo. Oko u-Ingmar Bergman wakha wakubiza ngokuba “Iqanda Lenyoka,” isafobe sokuzalwa kwe-fascism sele siza kuqanduselwa.
Kwilizwe elibunjwe ngokwandayo bulawulo lobuzwilakhe obusakhulayo, kuye kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukukhumbula ukuba injani idemokhrasi enenjongo nebambekayo, okanye malunga nalo mba, ukuba imbono yedemokhrasi inokucebisa. Idemokhrasi njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo, isithembiso, kunye nokusebenza phantsi kohlaselo, kanye njengokuba inani lemfundo, intengiso, umkhosi, kunye nenkolo yobufundamentali lisanda kuluntu lwaseMelika. Ngokwandayo, kuba nzima ngakumbi ukuhlala kwezo nkalo zikawonke-wonke apho ezopolitiko ziphumelela-apho abantu abacingayo, abathethayo, nababambeleyo babandakanyeka kwaye bajongana ngokugxekayo amandla amakhulu kunye neengxaki ezibeka ubomi babo. Kulo mzuzu mtsha embalini, odla ngokufana namaphupha amabi exesha elidlulileyo lobuFascist kunye nokuvalwa kweencwadi, ukucima imbali, ukuhlaselwa kwabantu abaguqukayo, kunye nenkxaso yobuzwe obumhlophe kunye nokuphakama, umbuzo wokuba uluntu kufuneka lucinge njani okanye yintoni. ikamva layo linokuba yimfuneko ngakumbi xa kucinywa ukwakhiwa kwentlalo egxininisa kwinyaniso, ubulungisa bentlalontle, inkululeko, ukulingana, novelwano.
Imbali kunye ne-amnesia yentlalo ibe yimigaqo eququzelelayo yoluntu lwase-US. Ubuxoki buguquka bube kukubhiyozelwa kobundlobongela kunye nolwimi lube yinxalenye yomatshini wokufa eluntwini, luthotywe kwinqanaba lenkcubeko yabathengi, kwaye lungabinamgaqo wokuziphatha okhutshelwe kwiindawo zokulahlwa kwezopolitiko nezentlalo.
Ukuzithoba, ukuqulunqwa kwesazisi, kunye nokulangazelela uluntu kuye kwaba zizinto ezinamandla zezopolitiko zobundlobongela. Inkcubeko ye-ocular-esekelwe kumfanekiso ibhiyozela inkxwaleko yomntu, ijika izilo zibe ngabantu abadumileyo bezopolitiko abashumayela ulwimi olukhawulezisa ukufa kwabantu abangafunekiyo, abangenamandla, kunye nento uJudith Butler ayibiza ngokuba yinto engabonakaliyo. Amajelo osasazo aphambili enza ukuba iinkokeli eziziinkokeli eziziinkokeli kumacandelo ezopolitiko, ezolonwabo, nezemfundo ziqhuba kakuhle ngamandla abangasekhoyo, abuthathaka nanokulahlwa. Nangona kunjalo, into ehlala iphosakele kukusasazeka kweengcamango ze-fascist, ukwesaba, i-rhetoric, imiqondiso, kunye nemiboniso ejikelezayo kwimibutho yezopolitiko engaphantsi kunye nakwizinga lobomi bemihla ngemihla e-United States. Zonke ezi zinto zithetha ngendlela ubugorha obunzulu, ubundlobongela, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthanda ubufasi kuluntu lwaseMelika kunye nenkcubeko. Imizekelo emithathu yamva nje ithetha kumbindi wepolitiki yobuFasi eUnited States.
Okokuqala, ndifuna ukuqaqambisa amazwi etshantliziyo lasekunene uJack Posobiec owathi “kwintetho yakhe yolwamkelo kwinkomfa yalo nyaka yeConservative Political Action Conference (CPAC,) wathi: “Namkelekile ekupheleni kwedemokhrasi. Silapha ukuze siyibhukuqe ngokupheleleyo. Asizange sifikelele apho nge-6 kaJanuwari, kodwa siza kuzama ukuyisusa kwaye siyibuyisele apha. Emva koko waphakamisa isacholo somnqamlezo waza waqhubeka: “Emva kokuba siwutshise lo mgxobhozo emhlabeni, siya kuseka iriphabliki entsha yaseMelika eluthuthwini lwayo, kwaye inkqubo yethu yokuqala yoshishino iya kuba yimpindezelo yobulungisa kwabo bangcatsha iMelika.”[2] Le yi-fascism kwi-steroids kwaye kunjalo yafumana ingxelo encinci yeendaba kwaye xa iyenzayo yagxothwa njengoluhlobo lwe-extremism ekhohlakeleyo. Ngokwenyani, iphinda nje ingcamango engundoqo ye-MAGA Republicans.
Omnye umzekelo wendlela i-embers yezopolitiko ze-fascist ziye zajika zibe ngumlilo weentetho ezigunyazisiweyo kwaye zihlanjululwe okanye zingahoywa kwiimidiya eziqhelekileyo zibonakala kwintetho eqhubekayo ye-buffoon engazi lutho uMark Robinson oqhuba urhuluneli waseNorth Carolina. Kwimithombo yeendaba eqhelekileyo, nangona i-rhetoric yakhe egqithisileyo, uphathwa njengomviwa oqhelekileyo nangona ebhekiselele kubantu abagqithisayo kunye nabangqingili njengeempethu kunye nokungcola, echaza ukuba "zilingana nezinto ezizishiyayo iinkomo"[3] Emva kokuba umdubuli omkhulu ngo-2016 wabulala abantu abangama-49 kwindawo yokuzonwabisa yasebusuku e-Orlando, eFlorida, uRobinson wathumela kuFacebook “Ndingathanda ukuthandazela imiphefumlo yabo bonke ababuleweyo… ukuzingca.” Uye wachaza ukuba unqwenela iintsuku apho abafazi bengenakuvota kwaye babiza ukudubula kwabantu abaninzi "karma" yokukhupha isisu. Uye wathi amaKristu amele azilawule izikolo zikawonke-wonke kuba abantwana baxhatshazwa ngabafundisi-ntsapho abaxelela abantwana “ngokutshintshela kwisini, ubufanasini nangabo nakuphi na oko kungcola.”[4] Amazwi kaRobinson akwenza kucace ukuba ukungazi ngabom ngumqathango wezopolitiko zobuFasi, kwaye inkcubeko yenkohlakalo kunye nentiyo iye yaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo samathuba ezopolitiko.
Umzekelo wesithathu utsalela phezu kohlaselo lwangoku logunyaziso kwimfundo ephakamileyo eyona nto imbi kakhulu kunayo nantoni na ebinokucingwa ngonyulo lukaRonald Reagan ngowe-1980. Ngenxa yolu hlaselo, amajelo eendaba angayihoya njani iNew College yaseFlorida eqesha uBruce. Gilley, obhale incwadi ebizwa Ityala lobuKoloniyali. Ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso socalucalulo esikwincwadi exhasa ilifa lembubhiso yobukoloniyali, ukwathe esidlangalaleni ukuba "iflegi ye-transgender [i]luphawu lokuncitshiswa ngokwesondo kunye nokwaphulwa kwabantwana," kwaye "phantse yonke inkokeli yomthonyama eCanada ubuqhophololo besazisi.” [5] Ngaphandle kokuqonda okubalulekileyo kwembali, uye wavuma ividiyo yomseki wenkampani yabasebenzi baseBlackwater u-Erik Prince ecela ukuba abeke "umnqwazi wasebukhosini" ukulawula "kakhulu kwiAfrika yonke."[6] Kukho umsebenzi ongaphezulu apha kunokuqeshwa kwe-colonilist ekude-ekunene ehamba njengenjingalwazi, kukho umnxeba ocacileyo olumkisa ukuba imfundo ephakamileyo iguqulwa njani ibe ngamaziko okufundisa kunye noomatshini bokutshatyalaliswa ngokukrakra. UJames Baldwin wayechanile ngokuqinisekileyo ekukhupheni isilumkiso esingqongqo kwi-No Name esitratweni esithi "Ukungazi, okuhambelana namandla, lolona tshaba lukhohlakeleyo olunokubakho."[7]
Ezi ziganeko zifana ngokusondeleyo nengcamango kaBergman “yeqanda leNyoka,” isafobe esifundisayo sokukhanyisa iimeko ezabangela ukuba kubekho ubuFasi. Njengoko uBergman watshoyo kwixesha langaphambili, inzonzobila yobuFasi “ijongeka ngokuyingozi.” Amazwi kaBergman ahambelana nezopolitiko zobuFascist ngoku ezitsalela inkcubeko yobomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye ngokwenza oko isasaza iingcamango zayo, imilinganiselo, ubudlelwane boluntu, kunye nenkcubeko yenkohlakalo kumaziko, izenzo, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye namava olawulo oluthatha i-hue ye-hue. ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo, esongelwe kwintetho yenkululeko, ukuba lixhoba, iingqondo ezivulekileyo kunye nemida enesango.
Kumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga kunye nembongi, uBertolt Brecht, “iqanda lenyoka” licebisa ukuba ngaphantsi kwemibutho ebonakala ngathi inedemokhrasi kukho amandla amnyama, ayingozi naguquguqukayo alindele ukukhululwa ngamandla ongxowankulu. KuBrecht, akukho mntu unokuthetha inyani malunga ne-fascism ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokuchasene nokoyikeka kobungxowankulu. Ukoyikeka kobuFasi kuthe thaa kwithunzi lobomi bemihla ngemihla, yaye njengoko uBrecht ephawula “Ukuba nabani na unqwenela ukuchaza ubuFasi nemfazwe, iintlekele ezinkulu ezingezizo iintlekele zemvelo, umele akwenze oko ngokwenyaniso esebenzayo. Kufuneka… abhale inyani malunga neemeko ezimbi, umntu makayibhale ukuze oonobangela bayo obunokunqanda zichongwe. Ukuba oonobangela abanokuthinteleka banokuchongwa, iimeko ezimbi zinokuliwa.”[8]
Ukubhala ngenyaniso kumele kuqale ngokuqonda indlela inyoka yobuFasi ewabeka ngayo amaqanda ayo—amaqanda enyoka, adla ngokuqanduselwa ngenxa yombono omangalisayo wezobupolitika zelizwe apho ingozi yawo ezayo ityeshelwa. Ucelomngeni kukuvuma indlela imbewu yobuFasi evela ngayo kwithunzi lentetho yemihla ngemihla, izenzo kunye nolwalamano lwasekuhlaleni. I-microaggressions ye-fascism ihlala iphathwa ngokungathi ihlala kuphela kwindawo yemidlalo yeqonga emangalisa ngokugqithisileyo, umbono ogqithisileyo, okanye kwindawo yokuzinikela ingqalelo-ukubamba i-mass hysteria. Okungahoywayo ngamandla oqheliselo lwemihla ngemihla kwisitayela sabo esigqithisiweyo kunye nokubala ixabiso lokothuka, ethi ngokuthe ngcembe ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwaye ikhawuleze, igunyaziswe kwaye yandiswe isenza ukusebenza kakuhle kwento engenakuthetheka ibe yeyona nto iphambili kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Into ehlala igxothwa njengomboniso omncinci kawonkewonke ijika ibe bububi obupheleleyo kwihlabathi elikhokelwa ngamabhari. Kweli xesha lembali, amaqanda enyoka sele eza kuqandusela ukugcina ephila zombini isoyikiso sokuphelisa idemokhrasi, ahlaziye ilifa lobukoloniyali, kwaye kwakhona akhulule ipolitiki yokulahlwa, ukuphelisa, kunye nokufa. USusan Sontag wayechanile ekunyanzeliseni kwakhe imfuneko “yokubona ulangazelelo lobufazi phakathi kwethu.” Ngoku ubuFasi bukhwezela iimvakalelo zabantu ukuze babancede bangene kwibala lentiyo nocalucalulo okanye babenze bangabi napolitiki. Emva kokuba silahlekelwe umbono wendlela ukuguqulwa kwamandla okufihla ngayo kulwimi lwemihla ngemihla. UbuFasi buya kufika hayi ngesithonga sendudumo kodwa ngokuwangawangisa kweflegi kunye nevumba lokufa. Iqanda lenyoka liya kuqanduselwa, nezibane ziya kucima.
Amanqaku.
[1] UPaul Gilroy, "Intetho yaseHolberg yowama-2019, ngu-Laureate uPaul Gilroy: Ungaze uphinde: ukwala ubuhlanga kunye nokusindisa umntu," uHolbergprisen, [ngoNovemba 11, 2019]. Kwi-intanethi: https://holbergprisen.no/en/news/holberg-prize/2019-holberg-lecture-laureate-paul-gilroy
[2] U-Ben Goggin, “Umemelela 'umlo' kunye ne-echoes yomhla we-6 kaJan kwamkelwa ngabazimasi be-CPAC," NBC News (NgoFebruwari 23, 2024). Kwi-intanethi: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/jack-posobiec-jan-6-2024-cpac-rcna140225
[3] Kira Lerner, "umgqatswa ocaphula uHitler uphumelele iprimary gubernatorial yaseNorth Carolina," Guardian (NgoMatshi 6, 2024). Kwi-intanethi: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/05/mark-robinson-north-carolina
[4] Bona: Pic.twitter.com/aXjCPFKTs0
[5] URyan Quinn, "iKholeji eNtsha yaseFlorida iqesha uNjingalwazi oNtshatsheli yobuKoloniyali," Ngaphakathi kwiMfundo ePhakamileyo (Matshi 8, 2024). https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/academic-freedom/2024/03/08/new-college-florida-hires-scholar-who-defends
[6] Ibid. URyan Quinn.
[7] UToni Morrison, umhleli. UJames Baldwin, Izincoko eziqokelelweyo: Akukho gama kwisitalato (ENew York: Ithala leencwadi laseMelika, ngo-1998), iphe. 437.
[8] Bertol Brecht, “Ukubhala iNyaniso-ubunzima obuHlanu,” Revolution Socialism.com (NgoMatshi 2015, 1935). Kwi-intanethi: https://revolutionary-socialism.com/en/writing-the-truth-five-difficulties/
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