Ehlabathini lonke, amaziko edemokhrasi afana namajelo eendaba azimeleyo, izikolo, inkqubo yezomthetho, amaziko athile emali kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo aphantsi kongqingo. Isithembiso kunye neenjongo zolawulo lwentando yesininzi ziyancipha njengoko abantu abanobugocigoci basekunene baphefumla ubomi obutsha kwixesha elidlulileyo lobufascist kwaye bajongela phantsi ukucinga kwentlalo. Ukubuyisela ilifa le-fascist elibi kunye nokuthanda ukucoceka ngokobuhlanga, ubuzwe obumhlophe kunye nokwaliwa kwenkululeko yoluntu, i-supremacist emhlophe iphinda iqhubele phambili - ukuguqula ulwimi, imilinganiselo, isibindi, umbono kunye nokuqonda okugxekayo.
Imfundo iye yanda ibe sisixhobo sokulawula njengezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokufundisa ezilawulwa ngabasomashishini babasebenzi abahlasela inzondo, abahlwempuzekileyo, abantu bemibala, ababaleki, abafuduki abangabhalwanga phantsi, abantu be-LGBTQ kunye nabanye babonwa njengento yokulahla. Phakathi kwexesha apho intlalontle endala idilika kwaye entsha izama ukuzichaza ngokwayo, kuvela ixesha lokudideka, ingozi kunye namaxesha okungazinzi okukhulu. Umzuzu wangoku uphinda ukwinqanaba lembali apho amacandelo enkululeko kunye noozwilakhe, ubuFasi kunye nedemokhrasi, ezama ukubumba ikamva elibonakala liphupha elibi elingenakucingelwa okanye liphupha elinokwenzeka.
Ngoku siphila kwihlabathi elifana nenoveli ye-dystopian. Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, uhlobo oluthile lobungxowankulu, okanye into enokuthiwa neoliberalism, iye yalwa imfazwe nentlalontle, iimpahla zoluntu kunye nekhontrakthi yezentlalo. I-Neoliberalism ikholelwa ekubeni imarike kufuneka ilawule hayi uqoqosho kuphela kodwa yonke imiba yoluntu. Ijolisa ubutyebi ezandleni zabantu abaphezulu kwezemali kwaye iphakamisa ukuzicingela, ukuzinceda, ukucinywa kwemithetho kunye noshishino lwabucala kwimigaqo elawula uluntu.
Phantsi kweneoliberalism, yonke into iyathengiswa kwaye ekuphela kwesinyanzelo sobumi kukuthenga. Kwangaxeshanye, ayizihoyi iimfuno zabantu ezisisiseko ezifana nokhathalelo lwempilo, ukhuseleko lokutya, imivuzo endilisekileyo kunye nemfundo esemgangathweni. I-Neoliberalism ibona urhulumente njengotshaba lwemarike, imisela umda eluntwini kusapho kunye nabantu ngabanye, yamkele i-hedonism esisigxina kwaye icela umngeni kwaingcamango yokulunga koluntu. Phantsi kweneoliberalism, zonke iingxaki zezomntu kunye nezomntu ngamnye, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukuguqulela iingxaki zabucala zibe ziingcamango ezibanzi zenkqubo. Ekuveleni kwayo mva nje, i-neoliberalism isebenzela ukuphelisa upolitiko kunye nokudiliza uninzi lwabemi oluchasa i-ajenda yayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ixhasa i-gerrymandering, ukucinezelwa kwabavoti kunye namandla emali enkulu ukuqhuba ezopolitiko, ngelixa ujongela phantsi zonke iindlela ezisebenzayo zemfundo yoluntu kunye noluntu.
Siphila kwixesha apho umsebenzi wezoqoqosho uqhawulwe kwiindleko zentlalo, ngelixa imigaqo-nkqubo evelisa ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemekobume, impi kunye nokungalingani okumangalisayo kuye kwaba yimpawu ezicacileyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neendlela ezimiselweyo zolawulo. Ngokucacileyo, kukho imfuneko yokuphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngendima yemfundo kweli xesha lengcinezelo ezayo. Okanye ukubeka ngenye indlela: Ziziphi izibophelelo zemfundo kwidemokhrasi ngokwayo? Oko kukuthi, imfundo ingasebenza njani ukubuyisela ingcamango yedemokhrasi apho imiba yobulungisa kwezentlalo, inkululeko kunye nokulingana ibe yimpawu ezisisiseko zokufunda ukuhlala ngesidima kwidemokhrasi?
Ukukhula kwegunya eUnited States, okukhokelwa ubukhulu becala yiRiphabhlikhi yeRiphabhlikhi, kubo bonke ububi bayo, iindlela zokuvelisa ukufa kobungangamsha abamhlophe: ukungalingani kwenkqubo, ukulawulwa, inkcubeko yenkohlakalo kunye nohlaselo oluya lusiba yingozi kuluntu nakuluntu. imfundo ephezulu. Ngoku siphila kwixesha apho isoyikiso solawulo-melo siye saba yingozi ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Oku kubonakala njengoko uninzi lwamazwe abomvu luye lwamisela uluhlu lwemigaqo-nkqubo yezemfundo esukela ekuyekisweni kweencwadi kunye nokufundiswa โkwethiyori yobuhlanga ebaluleke kakhuluโ ukuya ekunyanzeleni ootitshala ukuba basayine izifungo zokunyaniseka, bathumele iisilabhasi zabo kwi-Intanethi, bancame ingqesho, vumela abafundi ukuba benze ifilimu kwiiklasi zabo nokunye okuninzi.
Usongelo olukhulayo lwe-authoritarianism lukwabonakala ekuveleni kwenkcubeko echasene neengqondo ehlekisa ngayo nayiphi na ingcamango yemfundo ebalulekileyo. Into ebikade ingacingelwanga malunga nohlaselo kwimfundo kawonke-wonke sele iqhelekile. Phantsi kokuhlaselwa ngabawi-mthetho baseRiphabhlikhi ngootitshala, abafundi, abazali kunye noonolayibrari abachasa ukuvalwa kweencwadi kunye nokuxhasa ukufundisa okubalulekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, baya bexhatshazwa ngakumbi, besongelwa kwaye betyholwa njengabapedophiles ngabantu abanenzondelelo yempambano. Ngaphaya koko, ikhwelo lobulungisa kwezentlalo, ukulingana ngokobuhlanga kunye nonikezelo olubalulekileyo lwembali zijongelwa phantsi njengezingathand' izwe. Ukungazi ngoku ngokoqobo kunconywa njengento elungileyo.
Olu hlaselo lwasekunene kwidemokhrasi yintlekele. Ayinakuvunyelwa ukuba ijike ibe yintlekele apho lonke ithemba lilahlekileyo. Kunzima ukucinga umzuzu ongxamiseke ngakumbi wokuthathela ingqalelo imfuneko yokwenza imfundo ibe sembindini wezopolitiko. Oku kuphakamisa ukujonga imfundo njengengcamango yezentlalo esekelwe kwinjongo yokuxhotyiswa kunye nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu, ngakumbi ukuba asifuni ukusilela kwindima yemfundo njengommandla woluntu wedemokhrasi. Le yindlela yemfundo ekhuthaza i-arhente yabantu ngokudala iimeko ezenza ukuba abafundi bangabi ngabacingisi abagxekayo kuphela, kodwa kunye nee-agent zentlalo ezithintekayo. Lo ngumkhuba wokufundisa obiza abafundi ngaphaya kweziqu zabo kwaye wamkele isinyanzelo sokuziphatha sokukhathalela abanye, ukudiliza izakhiwo zolawulo kunye nokuba zizifundo kunokuba zizinto zembali, ezopolitiko kunye namandla. Ukuba ootitshala baza kuphuhlisa ipolitiki ekwaziyo ukuvusa iimvakalelo zethu ezigxekayo, ezithelekelelwayo nezembali, kubalulekile ukuba sikhumbule imfundo njengeprojekthi yokuxhobisa umntu ngamnye kunye neqela - iprojekthi esekelwe kukhangelo lwenyaniso, ukukhulisa ukucinga. kunye nokwenza inkululeko.
Le yiprojekthi yezopolitiko apho ulwazi loluntu lufakwe kulwimi lokuhlaba amadlala kwaye lusenokwenzeka lujongana noluvo lokuba akukho demokrasi ngaphandle kwabemi abanolwazi nabanolwazi loluntu. Olo lwimi luyimfuneko ukuze iimeko zibangele ukuchasana okuhlangeneyo phakathi kootitshala, ulutsha, amagcisa kunye nabanye abasebenzi benkcubeko ekukhuseleni iimpahla zoluntu. Umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe wokukhusela ubugcisa boluntu, inkumbulo yembali kunye nokufundisa okubalulekileyo kubalulekile ngexesha apho iphiko lasekunene liphuphuma kumajelo eendaba ngobuxoki kunye neethiyori zamayelenqe, zijongela phantsi ngakumbi isakhono soluntu sokwahlula phakathi kwenyaniso nobuxoki, okulungileyo nokubi. Imfundo ebalulekileyo - kumanqanaba amaninzi nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo - ibaluleke kakhulu kuluntu apho idemokhrasi yokuhamba kolwazi iye yachithwa kwidemokhrasi yokuhambahamba. ngcaciso. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni i-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu idibanisa ulwazi kumandla okuzazisa kunye nokuzimela, inika ingqalelo ngokunzulu kulwimi oluyimbali kunye nomxholo ngelixa ugcina abafundi benolwazi ngemibuzo ekufuneka ibuzwe ukuze bathethe kwaye benze isikhundla sokusebenza kunye nokuxhotyiswa.
Kubalulekile kuthi njengabafundisi ukuba siqaphele ukuba ixesha langoku liphawulwa ngokunyuka "kwemishini yokulahla" evelisa ukungazi okwenziwa kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili, kwaye ngokwenza oko unike ubugunya ubomi obutsha. Okubi nakakhulu, siphila kwixesha apho izinto ezingenakucingwa ziye zaba yinto eqhelekileyo, apho kunokuthiwa nantoni na kwaye yonke into ebalulekileyo ishiywe ingachazwanga. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu lwaseMelika luphulukana ngokukhawuleza nolwimi kunye negrama yokuziphatha ukucela umngeni koomatshini bezopolitiko kunye nobuhlanga benkohlakalo, ubundlobongela baseburhulumenteni kunye nokungabandakanywa ekujoliswe kuyo.
Intshukumo yamazwe ngamazwe ekukhuseleni ukufunda nokubhala koluntu kunye nenkumbulo yembali ibalulekile ngexesha apho ilungelo likhukula amajelo eendaba ngobuxoki kunye neethiyori zeyelenqe. Idemokhrasi ayinakukhuselwa ngaphandle kwabantu abafundayo nababandakanyekayo.
Kwixesha lokwahlukaniswa kwezentlalo, ukuphuphuma kolwazi, inkcubeko yokukhawuleza, ukutyeba kwabathengi kunye nobundlobongela obumangalisayo, kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuthathela ingqalelo ingcinga yokuba idemokhrasi ayinakho okanye ikhuselwe ngaphandle kwabantu abafunda ngokugxekayo nababandakanyekayo. Imfundo, ngokwemifuziselo nangokweziko, inendima engundoqo ekufuneka iyidlalile ekulweni ukuvela ngokutsha kobuxoki bembali, ukongama kwabamhlophe, ubufundamentali bezenkolo, ukulwa nobuzwe obugqithisileyo. Njengoko iintshukumo ezithe qelele kwihlabathi jikelele zisasaza ucalucalulo oluyityhefu kunye nemifanekiso yobuzwe yakudala, kubalulekile ukubuyisela imfundo njengendlela yokwazi imbali kunye nobungqina bokuziphatha.
Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa ngexesha apho i-amnesia yezembali kunye nentlalontle iye yaba yinto yokuzonwabisa yelizwe, iqhubela phambili i-normalizing yezopolitiko ezigunyazisiweyo ezikhula ngokungazi, ukwesaba, inzondo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokuphikisana. Ukudityaniswa kwamandla, ubuchwepheshe obutsha bedijithali kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla abutshintshanga nje ixesha kunye nendawo, baye bandisa ukufikelela kwenkcubeko njengamandla okufundisa. Inkcubeko yokukhawuleza, kunye noloyiko lwembali kunye nokuhamba kolwazi lwe-24/7, ngoku kulwa imfazwe malunga nolwazi lwembali, ixesha lokuqwalasela, kunye neemeko eziyimfuneko zokucinga, ukucamngca kunye nokufikelela kwizigwebo ezivakalayo.
Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukuvuma ukuba imfundo njengohlobo lomsebenzi wenkcubeko inabela ngaphaya kwegumbi lokufundela kwaye impembelelo yayo yokufundisa, nangona isoloko ingabonakali, ibalulekile ukuba ucele umngeni kwaye uxhathise. Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba imfundo kunye nesikolo azifani, kwaye imfundo kufuneka ijongwe njengenqanaba elahlukileyo kumandla okufundisa asebenzayo kwinkcubeko enkulu. Imfundo ingaphezulu kwesikolo, kwaye loo nto ibethelela ingcamango yokuba kubaluleke kangakanani na njengesixhobo sokubumba ingqondo, ingcamango yoluntu kunye ne-arhente ngokwayo.
Isifundo esinye esibalulekileyo sokufundisa esimele sifundwe ngexesha apho ulwimi luhlaselwa kwaye luhluthwa nayiphi na intsingiselo esebenzayo kukuba ubuFasi buqala ngamazwi anentiyo, ukunyanzeliswa kweedemon kwabanye kugqalwa njengokulahlwayo, emva koko kuqhubele phambili ekuhlaseleni iingcamango, ukutshisa iincwadi, ukubamba iingqondi eziphikisayo. , bahlasele abantu abancinci ngokwesini, kwaye bandise ukufikelela kwi-carceral state ngelixa beqinisa ukoyikeka kweentolongo kunye neentolongo.
Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuba kukhunjulwe ngoku, njengoko imfundo kumashumi amane eminyaka edlulileyo iye yancipha ngokukhawuleza kumandla ayo okufundisa abantu abatsha kunye nabanye ukuba babe ngababonisi, abagxekayo nababandakanyekayo ekuhlaleni. Ngokuya kukhula, amathuba e-utopian awayefudula enxulunyaniswa nemfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo njengento yoluntu ekwaziyo ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwezentlalo kunye nokuxhasa idemokhrasi iye yaba yingozi kakhulu kubapostile bolawulo-melo. Izikolo zikarhulumente ziphantsi kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili kumandla ayityhefu okwenziwa kwezinto zabucala kunye nekharityhulam emgangathweni engenangqondo, lo gama ootitshala bexhotyiswe ngezakhono yaye bephantsi kweemeko zengqesho ezinganyamezelekiyo. Ngelishwa, imfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo ngoku ilinganisa inkcubeko yezoshishino eqhutywa ngumkhosi wabaphathi beeofisi. Kwangaxeshanye, onke amanqanaba emfundo ahlaselwa ngamaRiphabhlikhi aphiko lasekunene afuna ukuphonononga imbali, ukunqanda iingxoxo malunga nobuhlanga, ukuvalwa kweencwadi, ukuphelisa i-tenure kunye nokubeka izithintelo kukuzimela kootitshala.
Imikhosi ekhoyo ngoku yolongamo lwabamhlophe ayikuphela kwesisongelo kuluntu nakwimfundo ephakamileyo. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s, abagcini bemithetho kunye nabenkululeko baye bazama ngamandla ukwenza imodeli yemfundo yoluntu emva kwenkcubeko yezoshishino, ukulungelelanisa ikharityhulamu, ukufundisa uvavanyo kunye nootitshala bezokhukula ngeemodeli zokufundisa ezilinganayo zonke. Le modeli yomelezwa ngexesha lobhubhane ngogxininiso olunzima kwisixhobo esikrwada sokufundisa. Oku kuyaqhubeka nokubonwa kugxininiso olungapheliyo kuqeqesho lokufundisa abafundisi-ntsapho nabafundi ngeZoom, amaQela kunye nezinye iindlela zokufundisa kwi-intanethi. Imibono ekhokelayo yedemokhrasi iselubhacweni kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo.
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, imfundo kawonke-wonke iye yalandelwa ngokwandayo emva kwenkcubeko yoshishino, kunye nekharityhulamu emgangathweni, ukufundisa iimvavanyo kunye neemodeli zokufundisa ezilinganayo.
Ingcinga enzulu nengqikelelo yehlabathi elingcono inika isisongelo esingqalileyo kungekuphela nje kubantu abamhlophe abangoongantweni kodwa nakwiingcamango ezamkela umbono omxinwa, wequmrhu lehlabathi apho ikamva lifanele lisoloko liphindaphinda into ekhoyo kwisangqa esingenasiphelo, apho inkunzi nentlaninge. Izazisi ezigunyazisa ukuba zihlangane kwinto enokuthiwa yindawo efileyo yentelekelelo kunye nezifundo zoxinzelelo.. Esinye isiphumo sesokuba umahluko phakathi kwemfundo noqeqesho uye wehla, kwaye awona mava emfundo axatyiswe kakhulu alungiselelwe ukulungiselela umsebenzi. Imifuziselo yoshishino yemfundo izama ukubumba abafundi kwiimantra eziqhutywa yimarike yokuzicingela, ukhuphiswano olungqwabalala, ubuntu obungaqwalaselwanga kunye nokuziphatha komthengi.
Ngoku abantu abaselula baxelelwa ukuba โbatyale imaliโ kwimisebenzi yabo, banciphise imfundo ibe kukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, baze baphumelele nangayiphi na indlela. Yile nto kanye yokutshintshwa kwethemba elifundisiweyo ngeprojekthi enobundlobongela ye-dystopian neoliberal kunye nezopolitiko zenkcubeko ezikwamele olunye uhlaselo oluyingozi kwimfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngaphantsi kolu luvo lwesikolo lweshishini kunye nemarike, iimantras zokuthengisa izinto zabucala, ukupheliswa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kokulunga koluntu zihambelana nokudityaniswa okunetyhefu kokungalingani, ukuhlelwa kwentlalo, ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kunye nolwimi lwama-nativist lwemida, iindonga kunye neenkampu.
Emthunzini wobu busuku buzayo, isifundo esingenako ukusilibala kukuba i-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu inika isithembiso sendawo ekhuselweyo yokucinga ngokuchasene nokhozo loluvo olufunyenweyo, indawo yokubuza kunye nokucela umngeni, ukucinga ihlabathi kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye ukucinga, ukucinga ngokwethu ngokunxulumene nabanye kwaye, ngokwenza njalo, ukuqonda ukuba kuthetha ukuthini "ukuthatha imvakalelo yoxanduva lwezopolitiko nezentlalo."
Ukuba i-authoritarianism ekhulayo kunye ne-fascism ebuyiselweyo e-United States iza koyiswa, imfundo ebalulekileyo kufuneka ibe ngumgaqo oququzelelayo wezopolitiko. Ngokuyinxenye, oku kunokwenziwa ngolwimi olubhenca luze lutyhile ubuxoki, iinkqubo zengcinezelo nobudlelwane obubi bamagunya ngoxa kucaca ukuba elinye ikamva linokwenzeka. U-Hannah Arendt wayechanekile ukuxoxa ukuba ulwimi lubalulekile ekuqaqambiseni "izinto ezifihliweyo" ezihlala zifihliwe ezenza ukuba ulawulo-melo lube lula ngakumbi.
Ulwimi lokufundisa okugxekayo kunye nokufunda zixhobo ezinamandla ekufuneni inyaniso kunye nokugwetywa kobuxoki kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni. Ngaphezu koko, kungenxa yolwimi apho imbali ye-fascism inokukhunjulwa kwaye izifundo zeemeko ezenze isibetho sokubulawa kwabantu zinokwazisa ukuqonda ukuba i-fascism ayihlali kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye umkhondo wayo uhlala ulele, nangona kunjalo. ezona demokrasi zinamandla. UPaul Gilroy uxoxa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba kubalulekile kulo mzuzu wangoku wembali ukuphinda uzibandakanye ne-fascism, ukulungisa indlela ethe yaqaqamba ngayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngokwenza njalo "ukusebenzela ukuhlangula eli gama lisusela ekuncipheni nasekulibuyiseleni kwindawo efanelekileyo. kwiingxoxo ezingemilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyezobupolitika yoko kwamkelekileyo.โ
Ukungazi ngoku kulawula iMelika: Hayi ukungazi okumsulwa kokungabikho kolwazi, kodwa ukungazi okukhohlakeleyo okwenziwe ngenxa yokwala ukucinga nzima malunga nemiba okanye ukubandakanya ulwimi ekufuneni ubulungisa.
Usongelo oluqhubekayo lwezopolitiko ze-fascist kunye nokuhlaselwa kwayo kwiziseko zokuqonda okubalulekileyo sesinye isizathu sokuba abafundisi benze ipolitiki ibe yinkqubo yokufundisa kunye neyokufundisa ngakumbi yezopolitiko. I-Pedagogy isoloko yezopolitiko kuba okokuqala kwaye iphambili ingumzabalazo malunga ne-arhente, izazisi, iminqweno kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ngelixa nayo inendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iyidlalile ekujonganeni nemiba ebalulekileyo yentlalo, ukucacisa ikamva kunye nokukhusela imfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo njengemimandla yoluntu yedemokhrasi. I-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu yenza kucace ukuba imfundo ayithathi cala kwaye imiba ye-arhente, ulwazi, ukuqonda, kunye nomnqweno yizizathu zezopolitiko.Ukwenza i-Political Pedagogical, kulo mzekelo, iphakamisa ukuvelisa iindlela zolwazi kunye nezenzo zentlalo ezingagcini nje ukuqinisekiswa kweengcamango ezichasayo. kunye nezenzo zokufundisa kodwa zikwabonelela ngamathuba okudibanisa iimeko zomsindo odibeneyo, kunye nentshukumo yenyambalala ethe ngqo, ngokuchasene nobungxowankulu obungenalusini bekhasino kunye nezopolitiko ezikhulayo zobufasi. Olu hlanganiso kufuneka luchase ukungalingani okubonakalayo koluntu lwethu kunye nenkolelo ephoxayo ekhulayo yokuba idemokhrasi kunye nobungxowankulu bemigulukudu ziyafana. Okona kuncinci, i-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu iphakamisa ukuba imfundo yindlela yokungenelela kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi, enye enokudala amathuba okutshintsha komntu kunye nentlalontle.
Ukungazi ngoku kulawula iMelika. Hayi nje ukungazi, okutyholwa ngokuba msulwa okuvela kukungabikho kolwazi, kodwa kukungaqondi okukhohlakeleyo, okwenzelwe ikratshi lokungavumi ukucinga nzulu ngombandela okanye ukubandakanya ulwimi ekufuneni ubulungisa. UJames Baldwin wayechanile xa wayekhupha esi silumkiso singqongqo esithi โAkukho gama Esitratweniโ: โUkungabi nalwazi, okuhambisana namandla, lolona tshaba lukhohlakeleyo olunokufunyanwa kokusesikweni.โ
Kwincwadi yokudlala ye-fascist ekude, ukucinga ngoku kujongwa njengesoyikiso- kwaye ukungacingeli kuthathwa njengokulunga. Yonke imikhondo yeengcamango ezigxekayo ibonakala kuphela kwimida yenkcubeko, njengoko ukungazi kuba ngumgaqo ophambili wokulungelelanisa uluntu lwaseMelika. Njengoko kusaziwa, ukungazi kukaDonald Trump okunekratshi kusaboniswa mihla le kwaye uphila ngeqela leRiphabhlikhi elithathwe ngoontamo-lukhuni.
Inkcubeko yobuxoki kunye nokungacingeli ngoku inceda ukuthintela amandla ekubeni aphendule. Ukungazi lutshaba lokucinga okunzulu, iingqondo ezibandakanyekayo kunye neendlela ezikhululayo zemfundo. Ukungazi ngoku kuya kuba yingozi ngakumbi, ngakumbi xa izichaza njengengqiqo ngelixa ibonisa ukungafuni inyaniso, ubungqina besayensi kunye nesigwebo esinengqiqo. Kukho okuninzi okusemngciphekweni, nangona kunjalo, kunokuveliswa kohlobo oluyityhefu lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala olubhiyozelwa njengengqiqo eqhelekileyo, ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kweendaba ezingeyonyani kunye nentetho evelayo yolongamo lwabamhlophe. Kukwakho nokuqukunjelwa kombono wezobupolitika, kukhatshwa ngamazwi acacileyo enkohlakalo โnenkohlakalo evunywa ngokubanzi.โ Inkohlakalo elolo hlobo ibonakala kuhlaselo lwelungelo lamabhinqa lokuqhomfa, ukwanda kwamalungelo emipu okuphembelela ugonyamelo olukhulu eUnited States, amanqanaba akhwankqisayo okungalingani, imithetho yokucinezela abavoti kunye neziganeko eziqhubekayo zogonyamelo lwaseburhulumenteni nxamnye nabebala elincinane nelodidi.
Iimeko kanye ezenza ukuba abantu babe nolwazi kunye noxanduva lwentlalo baphantsi kongqingo njengoko izikolo zixhaswa ngemali, imidiya iya inyuka, iintatheli ezichasayo zibizwa ngokuba "ziintshaba zabantu" kwaye oko kuthiwa yinyani yeTV iba ngumzekelo wokuzonwabisa ngobuninzi. Ngoku siphila kwixesha elitsha apho sixelelwa ukuba olona phawu luphambili lwearhente yethu kukulwa nabanye, sikhulule elona cala lethu likhohlakeleyo nelinokhuphiswano kwaye sifunde indlela yokusinda kwinto uNaomi Klein ayibiza ngokuba โlihlathi elinquthuliweyo lamva nje. ubungxowankulu.โ
Amagama afana nothando, intembeko, inkululeko, uxanduva kunye nokhetho aphenjelelwe yingqiqo yemarike, acuthwa kubudlelwane borhwebo okanye ukuzingca okucuthayo.
Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, kukho uhlaselo olupheleleyo lokuqiqa okucingayo, uvelwano, ukuchasana ngokudibeneyo kunye nokucinga okunovelwano. Amagama afana nothando, ukuthembana, inkululeko, uxanduva kunye nokuzikhethela aphenjelelwe yingqiqo yemarike ethengisa kwaye ithengisa bonke ubudlelwane botshintshiselwano. Inkululeko ngoku ithetha ukuzisusa kuyo nayiphi na imvakalelo yoxanduva lwentlalo ukuze uhlehle kwiindlela zabucala zokuzifica. Kwaye kunjalo. Iindlela ezintsha zokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala azithethi nje ukungabikho kokufunda, iingcamango okanye ulwazi. Kwaye abanakubalelwa kuphela kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "luluntu lwe-smartphone." Ngokuchasene noko, ukungazi kukwenza ngabom kunye nenjongo esetyenziswa yiRiphabhlikhi Party kunye namahlakani ayo ukwenza abantu bangabikho kwezopolitiko kwaye babenze bahambelane nemikhosi ebeka intlupheko kunye nokubandezeleka ebomini babo.
Ngenxa yengxaki ekhoyo ngoku yezopolitiko, i-arhente, imbali kunye nenkumbulo, abafundisi bafuna ulwimi olutsha lwezopolitiko kunye nokufundisa ukujongana neemeko eziguqukayo kunye nemiba ejongene nehlabathi apho imikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi itsalela ekudibaneni okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwezixhobo - imali, inkcubeko, ipolitiki. , ezoqoqosho, inzululwazi, umkhosi kunye neteknoloji - ukusebenzisa iindlela ezinamandla kunye nezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho nabanye bamele ukuchasana nempembelelo yobufundamentali bemarike kunye nolongamo lwabamhlophe, kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa iindlela zemfundo ezikhabayo ukuwohloka komahluko phakathi inkululeko yemarike kwaye inkululeko yoluntu, i uqoqosho lwentengiso kunye a uluntu lwemarike. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwenza okubonakalayo kunye nokuhlasela zonke iinzame zokuguqula imfundo yoluntu ibe yimizi-mveliso emhlophe ecima imbali, ithobe i-LGBTQ kunye nabafundi bemibala, kwaye ichaze nayiphi na intetho malunga nobuhlanga, ukulingana kunye nobulungisa bentlalo njenge-non-American okanye i-unpatriotic.
Kulo mzekelo, ukufundisa okubalulekileyo kuba sisenzo sezopolitiko nesokuziphatha kumlo wokuvuselela ulwazi loluntu, inkcubeko yoluntu kunye nombono wokwabelana ngobumi kunye nokuzibandakanya. Upolitiko luphulukana namathuba alo okukhululwa ukuba alunako ukubonelela ngeemeko zemfundo zokwenza abafundi nabanye bacinge ngokuchasene noko, kwaye bazibone njengabantu abanolwazi, abagxekayo nababandakanyekayo. Akukho zopolitiko ezibukhali ngaphandle kwe-pedagogy ekwazi ukuvusa ingqondo, icela umngeni kwingqiqo kunye nokudala iindlela zokuhlalutya apho abantu bafumanisa umzuzu wokuqonda obenza ukuba bacinge ngokutsha ngeemeko ezibumba ubomi babo.
Njengomthetho, ootitshala kufuneka benze okungakumbi kunokudala iimeko zokucinga nzulu kunye nokondla umoya wethemba kubafundi babo. Kananjalo kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba ethatha inxaxheba yeenkcuba-buchopho zikawonke-wonke kunye nabanqumla imida phakathi kweemeko ezibanzi zasekuhlaleni, kwaye bakulungele ukwabelana ngezimvo zabo nabanye ootitshala kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ngokusebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha beendaba kunye noluhlu lwezinye izixhobo zenkcubeko, ngakumbi ezo zikhululo zizimisele ukujongana ngokunzulu noluhlu lweengxaki zentlalo. Abafundisi-ntsapho banokuthetha nabaphulaphuli ngokubanzi ngolwimi olucacileyo, olufikelelekayo nolungqongqo. Okona kubaluleke ngakumbi, njengoko ootitshala belungiselela ukubalela ukubaluleka kwendima yabo njengabahlohli-bemi kwidemokhrasi, banokwenza umanyano olutsha noqhagamshelwano nemibutho ebanzi yezentlalo ebandakanya nokwandisa ngaphaya kokusebenza nemibutho yabasebenzi. Siyabubona ubungqina bale ntshukumo phakathi kootitshala nabafundi abaququzelela ubundlobongela obungemipu kunye nobuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo okanye ukuzimanya nabazali, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabanye ukuze kuliwe iiloji zemipu kunye nabezopolitiko abathengwa kwaye bathengiswa ngamashishini obundlobongela.
Imfundo isebenza njengendawo ebalulekileyo yamandla kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ukuba ootitshala bazixhalabele ngokunzulu ngokukhusela imfundo, kuya kufuneka bayithathele ingqalelo ngokunzulu indlela ukufundisa okusebenza ngayo kumanqanaba asekuhlaleni nawehlabathi jikelele. Izixhobo zenkcubeko azisabophelelekanga kwimida yesizwe.Ukufundisa okubalulekileyo kunendima ephambili ekufuneka kuyidlalile ekuqondeni nasekuceleni umngeni indlela amandla, ulwazi kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezisasazwa ngayo, ziqinisekiswa kwaye zichaswe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweengxoxo zemveli kunye nenkcubeko. Kwimeko yendawo, i-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu iba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sethiyori sokuqonda iimeko zeziko ezibeka imiqobo ekuvelisweni kolwazi, ukufunda, umsebenzi wezemfundo, ubudlelwane boluntu kunye nedemokhrasi ngokwayo. I-pedagogy ebaluleke kakhulu ibonelela ngentetho yokuzibandakanya kunye nomngeni wokwakhiwa kwemigangatho yentlalo, izazisi kunye neengcamango njengoko zinqumla imida yendawo kunye nelizwe. Ukongeza, i-pedagogy njengendlela yokuvelisa kunye nokugxeka inika intetho enokwenzeka - indlela yokubonelela abafundi ngethuba lokudibanisa ukuqonda nokuzibophelela, kunye nenguqu yentlalo ekufuneni ubulungisa obukhulu obunokwenzeka.
Oku kuphakamisa ukuba omnye weyona mingeni inzima ejongene nootitshala, amagcisa, iintatheli, ababhali kunye nabanye abasebenzi benkcubeko ngumsebenzi wokuphuhlisa iintetho kunye nezenzo zokufundisa ezinxibelelanisa ufundo olubalulekileyo lwegama kunye nehlabathi ngeendlela zokuphucula ubuchule bokuyila kwabancinci. abantu kwaye babonelele ngeemeko zokuba babe ngamagosa abandakanyekayo. Ekuthabatheni le projekthi, ootitshala nabanye kufuneka basebenzele ukudala iimeko ezinika abafundi ithuba lokufumana ulwazi, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni kunye nesibindi soluntu esiya kubenza basokole ukwenza intshabalalo kunye nokugxeka kungakholeleki - kunye nethemba elisebenzayo. Ithemba, kulo mzekelo, liyafundisa, lisusiwe kwintelekelelo yombono ongayaziyo imiqobo ejongene nomzabalazo woluntu lwedemokhrasi egqibeleleyo. Ithemba elifundisiweyo ayilobizo lokungahoywa kweemeko ezinzima ezibumba zombini izikolo kunye nolungelelwaniso olukhulu lwentlalo, kwaye asiloplani esusiweyo kwiimeko ezithile nakwimizabalazo. Ngokuchasene noko, ngumqathango ongaphambili wokuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wekamva elingaphindiyo amaphupha amabi angoku, umqathango wokungalenzi ixesha elikhoyo kwixesha elizayo.
Umlo ochasene ne-authoitarianism ekhulayo kunye nobuzwe obumhlophe awukho nje amandla ezopolitiko okanye ezoqoqosho. Ngumzabalazo phezu kwemibono, imibono, ukuqonda kunye namandla okutshintsha inkcubeko.
Ithemba elifundisiweyo lisisiseko sokuwubeka ngesidima umsebenzi wootitshala. Inika ulwazi olubalulekileyo olunxulunyaniswa notshintsho lwedemokhrasi ekuhlaleni, iqinisekisa uxanduva ekwabelwana ngalo kwaye ikhuthaza ootitshala nabafundi ukuba baqaphele ukungaboni ngasonye kunye nokungaqiniseki njengemilinganiselo esisiseko yokufunda. Ithemba elifundisiweyo liyathotywa yinyani entsonkothileyo yamaxesha kwaye iqondwa njengeprojekthi kunye nemeko yokubonelela ngengqondo ye-arhente edibeneyo, inkcaso, ukucinga kwezopolitiko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Ngaphandle kwethemba, nangawona maxesha anzima, akukho nto inokwenzeka yokuchasa, ukuchasa kunye nomzabalazo. I-Arhente yimeko yomzabalazo, kwaye ithemba yimeko ye-arhente. Ithemba liyakwandisa isithuba sento enokwenzeka kwaye libe yindlela yokuqonda kunye nokubiza ubume obungaphelelanga bangoku. Elo themba linika ithuba lokucinga ngaphaya koko sikunikiweyo nokufunda ukwenza ngenye indlela. Nangona lo msebenzi ubonakala unzima kubafundisi-ntsapho, ukuba awukho kuluntu oluninzi, ngumzabalazo ekufuneka wenziwe.
Umlo wangoku ochasene noozwilakhe obusakhulayo kunye nobuhlanga obumhlophe kwihlabathi jikelele ayingomzabalazo nje kuphela kumacandelo ezoqoqosho okanye izikhundla eziphezulu zolawulo lwamashishini. Ikwangumzabalazo phezu kwemibono, izimvo, ukwazi kunye namandla okutshintsha inkcubeko ngokwayo. Kwakhona, njengoko uArendt ebonisa, kukulwa โnoloyiko oluxhaphakileyo lokugweba.โ Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukugweba, kuba nzima ukubuyisela amagama anentsingiselo, ukucinga ngekamva elingalinganisi amaxesha amnyama esiphila kuwo, kunye nokudala ulwimi olutshintsha indlela esicinga ngayo ngathi kunye nobudlelwane bethu nabanye. Nawuphi na umzabalazo womyalelo wedemokhrasi ogqibeleleyo awusayi kwenzeka ukuba โizifundo zobumnyama bangaphambili [azinakufundwa] kwaye ziguqulwe zibe zizisombululo ezakhayoโ kunye nezisombululo zokuzabalaza nokudala uluntu lwasemva kongxowankulu.
Ekugqibeleni, akukho demokrasi ngaphandle kwabemi abanolwazi kwaye akukho bulungisa ngaphandle kolwimi olugxeka ukungabikho kobulungisa. Idemokhrasi iqala ukungaphumeleli kwaye ubomi bezopolitiko buba yintlupheko ngokungabikho kwezo nkalo zibalulekileyo zoluntu ezifana nemfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo apho iinqobo zoluntu, ukufundiswa koluntu kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezentlalo zivumela ukuba kuqondwe ngakumbi ikamva elithatha ngokungqongqo iimfuno zobulungisa, ubulungisa kunye nesibindi soluntu. Ngaphandle kwezikolo ezomeleleyo ngokwasezimalini, iindlela ezibalulekileyo zemfundo, kunye nabafundisi-ntsapho abanolwazi nabakhaliphileyo ekuhlaleni, abantu abatsha bavinjwa imikhwa yokuba ngabemi, iindlela ezibalulekileyo ze-arhente kunye negrama yoxanduva lokuziphatha. Idemokhrasi kufuneka ibe yindlela yokucinga ngemfundo, leyo ichulumancisayo ekudibaniseni ubufundisi nenkululeko, uxanduva loluntu kunye nokulunga koluntu. Ndifuna ukugqiba ngokwenza ezinye iingcebiso, nangona zingaphelelanga, malunga nento esinokuyenza njengabafundisi ukugcina imfundo yoluntu kwaye siyidibanise nomzabalazo obanzi malunga nentando yesininzi ngokwayo.
- Phakathi kohlaselo lwangoku lwemfundo yoluntu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo, ootitshala banokubanga kwakhona kwaye bandise ubizo lwayo lwedemokhrasi kwaye ngokwenza oko bazilungelelanise nombono owamkela ubizo lwabo njengolulungele uluntu.
- Basenokuvuma kwaye benze okulungileyo kwibango lokuba akukho demokrasi ngaphandle kwabemi abanolwazi nabanolwazi.
- Imfundo kufuneka ikhuselwe njengento ebalulekileyo yoluntu kwaye ixhaswa ngemali ngeemali zomdibaniso eziqinisekisa imfundo yasimahla, esemgangathweni kuye wonke umntu. Owona mba mkhulu apha ngowokuba imfundo ayinako ukunceda uluntu kuluntu oluphawulwa ngeendlela ezimangalisayo zokungalingani. Ukungalingani kusiqalekiso kwaye kufuneka koyiswe ukuba imfundo kawonke-wonke kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo iza kuphumelela njengento yoluntu.
- Ukuze bawugcine uphila owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo wemfundo, ootitshala kufuneka bafundise abafundi ukuba bazibandakanye kwiindlela ezininzi zokufunda nokubhala, ukusuka kushicilelo nakwinkcubeko yokubonwayo ukuya kwinkcubeko yedijithali. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde indlela yokuba ngabanqamlezi-mida abanokuthi bacinge ngokwelizwi. Ngaphezu koko, bafanele bafunde kungekuphela nje indlela yokusebenzisa inkcubeko kodwa nendlela yokuyivelisa; kufuneka bafunde ukuba ngabagxeki benkcubeko kunye nabavelisi benkcubeko.
- Abafundisi-ntsapho kufuneka bakhusele imfundo egxekayo njengokufuna inyaniso kunye nokuqhelisela inkululeko. Umsebenzi onjalo ucebisa ukuba imfundiso egxekayo ifanele itshintshe kungekuphela nje indlela abantu abacinga ngayo kodwa ikwabakhuthaze ukuba balolonge ihlabathi elingcono abazifumana bekulo. Njengoqheliselo lwenkululeko, i-pedagogy egxekayo ivela kwinkolelo yokuba abafundisi kunye nabanye abasebenzi benkcubeko banoxanduva lokungazinzisi amandla, ukuphazamisa ukuvumelana kunye nokucela umngeni kwingqiqo. Lo ngumbono wokufundisa ekufuneka uphazamise, ukhuthaze kwaye unike amandla abantu abaninzi kunye noluntu. Ezo zenzo zokufundisa kufuneka zincede abafundi bakwazi ukugocagoca ukuqonda kwehlabathi jikelele, babeke umngcipheko ekucingeni kwabo, nokuba kunzima kangakanani na, kwaye bakulungele ukumela ukubuza ngokukhululekileyo besukela inyaniso, iindlela ezininzi zokwazi, ukuhlonelana kunye noluntu. ixabiso. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde indlela yokucinga ngendlela eyingozi, batyhale imida yolwazi kwaye baxhase uluvo lokuba ukukhangela ubulungisa akupheli kwaye akukho luntu luhlala lwanele. Ezi ayizongqwalaselo nje ezicwangcisiweyo kodwa zikwayindlela yokuziphatha nezopolitiko, kuba zicingela ukuyilwa kwabafundi abanokuthi bacinge ngekamva apho ubulungisa, ukulingana, inkululeko kunye nedemokhrasi zibalulekile kwaye zifikeleleka.
- Ootitshala kufuneka baxoxe ngengcamango yemfundo engokwemvelo yezopolitikoโleyo ithandabuza ngokungapheziyo iintlobo zemisebenzi, izenzo neendlela zokufundisa, uphando kunye neendlela zovavanyo ezimiselwa kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Ngelixa imfundiso enjalo inganikeli ziqinisekiso, izichaza njengesenzo sokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko ezihlala zibandakanyeka kubudlelwane bamandla kuba zibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezithile kunye nemibono yobomi boluntu kunye nendlela esinokuzakha ngayo ukumelwa kwethu, abanye, ngokomzimba nangokwentlalo. okusingqongileyo kunye nekamva ngokwalo.
Okokugqibela, ndifuna ukucebisa ukuba kuluntu apho idemokhrasi ingqingiweyo, kubalulekile ukuba ootitshala bakhumbule ukuba elinye ikamva linokwenzeka kwaye ukusebenzelana nezi nkolelo ngumqathango ongaphambili wokwenza utshintsho olukhulu lubekho. Okusemngciphekweni nantsi inkalipho yokuthabatha umngeni wokuba luhlobo luni lwehlabathi esifuna ukulakhela abantwana bethu. Isithandi sobulumko u-Ernst Bloch wagxininisa ukuba ithemba lingena kowona mava anzulu, kwaye ngaphandle kwawo isizathu nobulungisa abunakudubula. Ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili, abafundisi-ntsapho bamele baphile ngokuvisisana nocelomngeni lokugcina imililo yokunganyangeki uvutha ngamandla ashushu. Kungoko kuphela esiya kuthi sikwazi ukugcina ikamva livulekile.
Isibetho se-fascist siphezu kwethu, okwenza ukuba kungxamiseke ngakumbi ukuba ootitshala kunye nabanye bacinge ngendlela eyahlukileyo ukuze benze ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ngakumbi ukuba sifuna ukucinga kunye nokulwela ikamva elisekelwe kwimigaqo, iinqobo kunye namaziko edemokhrasi yobusoshiyali. .
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โUkungazi ngoku kulawula iMelika. Asikuko nje ukungazi, okutyholwa ngokuba msulwa okubangelwa kukungabi nalwazi, kodwa kukungabi nalwazi okunolunya, okubangelwa likratshi lokungafuni ukucinga nzulu ngombandela othile okanye ukuthetha ngolwimi ekusukeleni okusesikweni.โ Esi siqendu sasiphindaphinda- ukucinga ngempazamo.