Kwimeko yezopolitiko yangoku i-fascism iyanda, kwaye isoyikiso kwidemokhrasi sibekwe emngciphekweni njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo kunye nesithembiso. Iqela labezopolitiko ababalekela iiofisi ezahlukeneyo zezopolitiko bakholelwa kwiithiyori zeyelenqe, bamkela izinto zokongama kwabamhlophe, baxhasa iimbono ezichasayo. abakhanyeli unyulo, kwaye sixoxela ubuzwe obumhlophe bobuKristu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo exhasa ukucinezelwa kwabavoti kunye nokuvalwa kweencwadi, phakathi kwamanye amanyathelo engcinezelo. Zonke ezi zikhundla kufuneka ziqondwe njengezinto ezinobuthi ze-rhetoric ezikhuthaza i-neo-fascism eyamkelwa uninzi lweqela leRiphabhlikhi - i-rhetoric yokucima imbali, inzondo, inkohlakalo kunye nezopolitiko zokulahla. UbuFasi eUnited States abusayinto enokwenzeka. Ngelixa uMongameli uBiden ebango kwintetho yamva nje yokuba unyulo oluzayo lubeka idemokhrasi kwibhlokhi, ulijongela phantsi kakhulu inqanaba apho iphiko lasekunene elivuselelekayo linokuthi lingenise kwezopolitiko e-United States.
Eyona nto ingamele ilityalwe kukuba abezopolitiko abaxhasa ezi zikhundla zichasene nedemokhrasi, ngoozwilakhe abangootsotsi; kunokuba, ziimpawu zenkcubeko ebanzi kakhulu ye-fascism evumela kwaye iqheleke ubuqhetseba kunye nokukhuthaza ubundlobongela. Zibubuso obutsha bezopolitiko ze-fascist eziphazamisa i-rhetoric ye-Fascist yase-US ayisekho phantsi komhlaba e-US, ivuswe kwaye yamkelwa ngaphandle kokuxolisa ngokuvela kohlobo olutsha lwenkohlakalo. Le yinkohlakalo egcwele ngolwimi lweenkobe, ikhuthaza abo barhweba ngobuxoki nokungazi, kwaye baqhube iimbono zoluntu ekukhonzeni oozwilakhe nobundlobongela. Olu hlobo luhlaziyiweyo lwezopolitiko zobuFasi kunye nabaxhasi bayo kunyulo oluzayo babelana ngokuwohloka kwesazela okuqiniswe luhlobo oluthile lokucinywa kwembali elibalayo ukuba ulwimi lwabo lufana nembali ekhokelele kwimbubhiso, ukufa okukhulu kunye nokuhlaselwa kwesidima somntu.
Le rhetoric idlula kwaye ijolise ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na iqela elithile. Idlulela ngaphaya kwemiboniso ekhulayo yokuchasa abantu abadumileyo abanjengoKanye West nangaphaya kobuzwe obumhlophe bobuKristu bukaDoug Mastriano. Le ntetho ngoku iyinxalenye yolwimi olubanzi lokulahlwa olujoliswe kubafuduki, abantu bebala, iimbacu, kunye nabanye. Into ekufuneka igwetywe apha ayizozenzo zabo kuphela kodwa noluntu oluye lwavumela le fascism ukuba iphinde ibe yesiqhelo. Yintoni emele iqondwe kwaye igocagonwe kwixesha le-fascism ehlaziyiweyo luhlaselo olubanzi lwe-anti-demokhrasi kwi-Party yeRiphabhlikhi kunye namahlakani abo kuloo maziko abalulekileyo ezopolitiko, ezenkcubeko kunye nentlalontle azama ukudala ulwazi kunye nabemi ababandakanyekayo.
Njengoko ii-arhente ezibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi zihlaselwa, iindlela ze-arhente ezigxekayo ziyanyamalala kwinkungu yobuntwana bezopolitiko, ivula indlela yenkolelo yoluntu kwiintetho zokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga, ubufundamentali bonqulo, inkqubo yendalo yobuxoki, ukurhoxa kulwimi loxanduva lwentlalo. , ukuthi phithi lulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo, nokuchongwa kwabachasi njengeentshaba zikarhulumente. Ngoku siphila kwinkqubo yokukhohlisa, uloyiko oluseqongeni kunye nokuveliswa kokungazi okutshabalalisa nayiphi na intsalela yokungakholelwa, ukuthandabuza kunye nokuzigxeka. Ingxubakaxaka yeengcamango, ukugxekwa kunye neenjongo ezikhokelele kwintlekele yesazela kunye nokuwa okufutshane kwezopolitiko zedemokhrasi. Imimoya ye-fascism ngoku ifikelela ngokunzulu kwimiphunga yengubo yentlalo, ukuchaphazela amandla ayo okuphefumla, ukuyiguqula kunye noluntu olusebenza kwisimo sokuhamba kwabafileyo.
Kwisincoko sakhe, โThe Atomization of Man,โ yapapashwa okokuqala kwi Inkcazo NgoJanuwari 1, 1946, uLeo Lowenthal ubhala malunga ne-atomization yabantu phantsi kwemeko yoloyiko olusondela kuhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo lwe-fascist. I-Atomization ye-Lowenthal ibhekisa kubantu abahlala kwintlalontle apho banqanyulwe kwiindawo zoluntu, bancitshiswe ukuba babe ziiarhente ezikhutshiweyo ezinengxaki yokuziva bodwa kunye nokuzixabisa. Bebanjiswe kukhuphiswano olungqwabalala kunye nengcamango ehlehlayo yokungakhethi buso, baziva bengenamandla kwaye batyekele kuhlaselo lokugxeka nokuphelelwa lithemba. Kwabo basweleyo nayiphi na ingqiqo yokunxibelelana, isithuba sentlalontle siyanyibilika, singashiyi nto ngaphandle kobuze bokuzingca kunye nokuzimela. Undoqo kwimeko yabo yimvakalelo yokungabi nakhaya, uhlobo oluthile lokungabi nazingcambu zokomoya. Yintoni uLowenthal ayifumanayo, nakwi-1946, kukuba idemokhrasi ayinakho ukubakho ngaphandle kweenkcubeko zemfundo, ezopolitiko kunye nezakhayo kunye namaziko okwenza ukuba kwenzeke. Kwaye uyaqonda ukuba abantu abane-atomized - abaqhawule umtshato kuluntu - abatyekelanga kwimikhosi yokuphelisa ipolitiki kuphela kodwa nakwinkohliso yobuxoki kunye nomoya we-demagogues, iintetho zentiyo kunye needemon zoMnye.
Siphila kwixesha lobulolo obubulalayo, ukuba yedwa kunye ne-atomization yasemkhosini. Ukuba uyakholelwa kushicilelo oludumileyo, isithukuthezi sifikelela kubhubhani kuluntu lwemizi-mveliso olunentambo. Umrhanelwa oqhelekileyo yi-intanethi, ethatha abantu ekukhanyeni okufudumeleyo kwesikrini sekhompyuter ngelixa besomeleza ukuba bodwa kunye nokuba nesithukuthezi. Iingcamango "zabahlobo" kunye "nokuthandwa" ziba ziindidi ezingafaniyo apho abantu banyamalala kumngxuma omnyama wokuthatha izinto kunye neempawu ezingenanto. Kodwa ukugxeka i-intanethi kulula kakhulu xa umntu ehlala kuluntu apho iingcamango zokuxhomekeka, imfesane, ukufana, ukukhathalela omnye kunye nentlalontle zijongelwa phantsi yi-neoliberal ethi i-neoliberal ethi i-self-interest iba ngumgaqo oququzelelayo wobomi bomntu. Le ndlela yokuziphatha yokuphila ngokugqibeleleyo ivelisa inkcubeko ekhuthaza ngokufanelekileyo ukungakhathali kwintlungu yabanye kwaye okubi kakhulu ikhuthaza inkcubeko yenkohlakalo kunye nokujongelwa phantsi kwabo bangathathi ntweni. Amandla ngoku asezandleni ze-elite yemali elawula iindlela zokuvelisa ulwazi, inkcubeko kunye nawo onke amaziko amakhulu emali.
Kwangaxeshanye, ubundlobongela buye baqheleka njengenxalenye yentetho yezopolitiko, ngamanye amaxesha ibe neziphumo eziyingozi ukuba aziyongozi. Iphenjelelwa ngowayesakuba ngumongameli, umbutho okhulayo wamajoni e-US, kunye nabezopolitiko kumanqanaba aphezulu karhulumente, izoyikiso zobundlobongela okanye izoyikiso ngoku zijolise kubafundisi-ntsapho, abezopolitiko, amalungu ebhodi yesikolo, oosomathala, amagosa onyulo, kwaye phantse nabani na ongomnye othe. iyabuchasa ubuxoki obucwangcisiweyo kunye neengcinga ezichanekileyo ezikhuthazwa liqela elahlukileyo labamhlophe, amaNazi, amaNativist, abavangeli abanomsindo kunye nabanye abaneembono ezibaxiweyo.
Akumangalisi ukuba ezona zoyikiso zinkulu zobundlobongela e-US ngokwe-FBI kunye neqela lamanye amaziko karhulumente, ngoku zivela kwii-extremists ezikude. Ngokomzekelo, njengo-Amy Goodman kunye noDenis Moynihan Phawula: โUbundlobongela bezopolitiko buqatsele igazi kwaye buyaphazamisa e-United States.. Ukusukela ekulahlekelweni kukaTrump ngo-2020, izoyikiso ngakumagosa onyulo ziye zaqatsela. Iziko lezoBulungisa laseBrennan lakhupha ingxelo ngo-2021 echaza iingxelo ezicacileyo ezivela kumazwe kwilizwe liphela, malunga neengxabano ezininzi kunye nezoyikiso ngakubasebenzi bonyulo- uninzi luzele lucalucalulo kunye nokuchasa abantu.
Inkanuko yamandla ngabapolitiki abakhohlakeleyo, iinkampani ezinkulu kunye ne-elite yezemali idonsa ngokuthe ngqo kwincwadi yokudlala yezopolitiko ze-fascist. Umberto Eco kwisincoko sakhe sika-1995 esithi "Ur-Fascism," epapashwe kwi Ukuhlaziywa kweeNcwadi eNew York, yayichanile xa isithi iipolitiki zobuFasi zithatha iindlela ezininzi, zisikhumbuza ukuba ezi zinto zilandelayo zidla ngokuza zitsalwa yimiqondiso nezithethe zoluntu oluzamkelayo. Uluhlu lwakhe lufanelekile ukuba luhlalutye kwaye lucaciswe: 1) isithethe sehlelo kunye ne-nostalgia ngaloo mihla xa amadoda amhlophe anamandla ayelawula uluntu; 2) ukugatywa kwehlabathi lanamhlanje kunye nokujikela kwingqiqo; 3) i-anti-intellectualism enzulu; 4) inkolelo yokuba nakuphi na ukungavisisani namandla amiselweyo kufana nokungcatsha; 5) uloyiko lokwahlukana; 6) isibheno sokwesaba, ukuxhalaba kunye nokungaqiniseki 7) ingcamango yokuba ngubani ofanele ukuba ngummi osekelwe kwingqondo engqingiweyo ye-arhente kunye nesazisi; 8) i-ultra-nationalism enokubonelela isizwe ngobumi bobuhlanga; 9) indelelo kwabaswele amandla; 10) ukwamkelwa kwe-hyper-masculinity engumzekelo wokudelela kunye nokudelela abafazi; 11) i-populism ekhethiweyo apho ingcamango yokuba ngummi ikhawulelwe kwabambalwa abakhethiweyo - abo banengqiqo yobuhlanga, inkolo kunye nezopolitiko nelungelo; 12) ukusetyenziswa kwesigama esihlwempuzekileyo, intiyo yenyaniso kunye nokwamkelwa okuvulekileyo kobuxoki; kunye ne-13) ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkumbulo yembali kunye nobungqina bokuziphatha.
Zonke ezi mpawu ziyasebenza kwipolitiki ehlaziyiweyo yobufasi eqhuba uMphathi weRiphabhlikhi wale mihla. Ababonisi kuphela isoyikiso esiqhubekayo kubulungisa bezentlalo, idemokhrasi, ukulingana kunye nenkululeko, kodwa kwakhona banikezela ngomfanekiso wexesha elidlulileyo le-fascist - nokuba liphefumlelwe ngokubulawa kwabantu boMthonyama kunye nobukhoboka e-United States okanye ilifa leJamani yamaNazi - eyenza. kucace ukuba isiphelo soluntu sijongeka njani. Umboniso weendibano zamaNazi ubambe ukufana okumangalisayo kwezo ndibano zeRiphabhlikhi zibanjwa ngokukhokelela kunyulo lwangoku luka-2022. Abezopolitiko abasuka eDoug Mastriano naseKari Lake baya kuBlake Masters kunye noJD Vance phakathi kwabanye bakhafula ubuxoki, bayakhanyela iziphumo zolonyulo, bayakhanyela iingozi zokutshintsha kwemozulu, bancome amandla emali kwaye bacinezele amalungelo abasetyhini bonke kwisandi sezihlwele ezichwayitisayo. Ulwimi lwabo luzaliswe bubuxoki, iimpempe zezinja zobuhlanga, ukusebenzelana needemon kwabo bangavumelaniyo nabo, ukwamkela intetho yoloyiko nobizo oluhlala lungekho ngqiqweni olunogonyamelo, zonke zisenkonzweni yobuFasi obumangalisayo.
Abantu abakwanti abanalo ibutho labantu eliphila ngokwedemokhrasi. Kulwimi lwethiyori kaMarx ngakumbi, ukwahlukaniswa kukwahlulwa kwiziqhamo zomsebenzi womntu. Nangona oko ngokuqinisekileyo kuyinyaniso kunanini ngaphambili, ukwahlukana kunye nokwahlula ngoku kuninzi kakhulu - kulawula bonke ubomi bentlalo yoluntu kuluntu olusekelwe kubathengi oluqhutywa ziimfuno zorhwebo kunye nokuxhaswa ngemali kwayo yonke into. Ukwahlukaniswa, ukuthengiswa kwezinto zabucala kunye nengqiqo ebandayo yengqiqo esekelwe kwimbono eqhutywa yimarike yokusebenza kakuhle, ixabiso kunye notshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo luye lwadala isiseko esitsha sentlalo kunye nentlalontle apho kuba nzima ukwenza amabhondi oluntu, uxhulumaniso olunzulu, imvakalelo yobudlelwane kunye izibophelelo zexesha elide. Ingozi yokuqala yolawulo-melo ngabo baya kuyichasa. Kwixesha apho imfundo kumacala amaninzi ijike yaba yityhefu kwaye icinezela, ngaloo ndlela isebenzela ukuphelisa ipolitiki yamaqela amakhulu abantu, ezopolitiko zijike zabulala kwaye iintshukumo zamaphiko asekunene zisongela ukutshabalalisa inkcubeko yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko ngokwazo e-United States.
I-Neoliberalism idale ibutho lezilo ezithi intlungu nokubandezeleka ngoku kujongwe njengokuzonwabisa, imfazwe ibonwa njengemeko ehlala ihleli, ubuhlanga bamkelwa njengomgaqo oququzelelayo woluntu kwaye imfazwe igxile njengawona mandla anamandla abumba ubudoda. Izopolitiko zithathe ukuphuma kwiindlela zokuziphatha kwaye ngaloo ndlela umba weendleko zentlalo uqhawulwe naluphi na uhlobo lokungenelela kwihlabathi. Ezi ziimethrikhi zeengcamango ze-zombies zezopolitiko. Igama elingundoqo apha li-atomization, kwaye sisiqalekiso sayo yomibini imibutho ye-neoliberal kunye nedemokhrasi ngokwayo. I-Neoliberal capitalism ngoku ixhaphaza uloyiko lwabahlukanisiweyo, aboyikayo, ababodwa nabangenalwazi lokugalela ipetroli kwimililo yobuhlanga, intiyo kunye nobucalucalulo.
Embindini walo naluphi na uhlobo lwezopolitiko ezinqwenela ukucela umngeni kule nqwelomoya kwipolitiki yobuFascist ayikona nje ukuqondwa kwezakhiwo zezoqoqosho zolawulo, kodwa nento enzulu ngakumbi. Oko kukho imfuneko yokuthatha ngokungathรญ sina loo mandla eengcamango nezemfundo anegalelo ekwakhiweni kwezazisi ezithile, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni, ubudlelwane boluntu, okanye ngokubanzi, i-arhente ngokwayo. Okuphambili ekuqapheliseni okunjalo kukuba ipolitiki ayinakho ukubakho ngaphandle kokuba abantu batyale into yabo kwiintetho, imifanekiso kunye nokumelwa okuza kubo imihla ngemihla. Kunokuba babandezeleke bodwa, batsaleleke kumsindo wentiyo, abantu kufuneka bakwazi ukuchonga - ukuzibona kunye nobomi babo bemihla ngemihla - ngaphakathi kwezigxeko eziqhubekayo zeendlela ezikhoyo zolawulo, kwaye babone ukuba bangayilungisa njani imiba enjalo hayi ngabanye kodwa ngokudibeneyo. Lo ngumceli mngeni onzima kakhulu namhlanje kuba isibetho se-atomization siqiniswa yonke imihla kungekuphela nje ngohlaselo olulungelelanisiweyo lwe-neoliberal ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na imbono esebenzayo yentlalo, kodwa nangobugunyaziso kunye nenkcubeko esekwe kwezemali edibanisa umbono oqinileyo wokuthengisa izinto zabucala ngokubhabha. ukusuka kuyo nayiphi na ingqiqo yoxanduva lwentlalo nokuziphatha.
Izixhobo zenkcubeko ezilawulwa yipesenti ze-1 zezona zinamandla zemfundo kuluntu kwaye ziye zaba ngoomatshini bokutshatyalaliswa - izixhobo zokungaqondi kakuhle, ubudenge kunye nenkohlakalo. I-arhente edibeneyo ngoku i-atomized, ayinalo naluphi na ulwamkelo olusebenzayo lwentlalo. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, ulawulo alucinezeli nje ngezixhobo zalo zoloyiko nogonyamelo, kodwa kwananjengokuba uPierre Bourdieu exoxa ngezo zenzo zobukrelekrele nezokufundisa, โezikwicala lenkolelo nelokweyisela.โ Uninzi lwabantu abaqhubela phambili kunye nabanye abasekhohlo baye balutyeshela uxanduva olukhulu lokuqaphela ubume bokufundisa kwezopolitiko kunye nokucela umngeni kolu hlobo lolawulo-ukusebenzela ukutshintsha ingqiqo kunye nokwenza imfundo ibe yimbindi yezopolitiko ngokwayo.
I-Trump kunye nabalingane bakhe bezopolitiko ngoku, kuquka u-Elon Musk, bathembele kumajelo eendaba njengoomatshini bokutshatyalaliswa kunye neenjini zolwazi olungelulo ngenxa yokuba bafumana konke oku; bayaqonda ukuba ngemfundo ekhuthaza uhlahlelo oluphangaleleyo, ukucinga kunye nokugweba okunolwazi kuza nokwenzeka kommi okhutheleyo ozimiseleyo ukwenza amandla aphendule ngelixa esilwela ukomeleza idemokhrasi ngokwayo. Imfundo enzima lutshaba lweedemagogues. Abafuni kutshintsha ingqondo kodwa bayenze ibe ngumkhenkce phakathi kwezantyalantyala zezothuso, iimvakalelo kunye nezinto ezilula ezifuna kungabikho ngcinga ngelixa becima inkumbulo, ukucinga kunye nengxoxo egxekayo. KuTrump kunye nesityalo sakhe sangoku sokungalungelelani kwezopolitiko ezilwela isikhundla, ukufundiswa kakubi sisitshixo sokunyulwa.
Iinkokeli zeqela langoku leRiphabhlikhi ngoku zenza ibango lokungabi natyala, njengoko uJames Baldwin watshoyo, ngokuzithintela "ngaphakathi kwimbali yabo." Endaweni yokukhululeka kububambe obubambekayo belifa lobungangamsha abamhlophe, uninzi lwabo kunye nabalandeli babo baye bamkela uhlobo lokulibala kunye nokucima imbali ecinezelayo kwaye ibhale imbali kwakhona ukuze ihambelane nezopolitiko zayo kwaye zilingise, ngaphandle kokucela uxolo, ukubulawa kwabantu. amafa exesha elidlulileyo lobuFascist. Ubumsulwa ngoku buye babulala njengoko ukubonakaliswa kwembali yasentsomini kwenza kuphela indawo kubantu abamhlophe abazijonga ngaphakathi kwentetho yobuzwe obumhlophe, ukubukulwa kwabemi bamanye amazwe kunye nobuzwe obukhohlakeleyo, konke oku kubabambise kwipolitiki yobuFasi.
Abaqhubela phambili kunye nabasekhohlo baye basilela ukuyithathela phezulu le ngxaki yangoku ngokusebenza nzima ukujongana neempawu zomzabalazo. Konke oku kuyafuneka ukuze ubuncinci benze abantu bakwazi ukuguqulela iingxaki zabucala kwimiba ebanzi yoluntu. Le yokugqibela ingaba ngumngeni omkhulu wezopolitiko kunye nezemfundo ojongene nabo bangavumiyo ukuvuma ukuba unyulo lwangoku lwe-2022 alukho kuphela kwabo bakholelwa kwidemokhrasi kunye nalabo abangayikholelwayo, kodwa malunga nokuba kungenzeka ukuba i-United States iguquke ibe yi-fascist. urhulumente. Ukuba unyulo aluyi kuba yi-referendum kwidemokhrasi, abantu baseMelika baya kufuneka bathwale umthwalo wokuhlala kwiindawo ezininzi ze-GOP ezihlala zijezisa nabani na ongeyena umKristu omhlophe welizwe, u-white supremacist okanye umxhasi wezopolitiko zobuFascist. .
Iphupha elibi lokuthathwa kwe-fascist alisahlali kwimisebenzi ye-dystopian fiction - ilapha ngoku, isebenza njengentsomi ebulalayo echazwa ngokudelela idemokhrasi kunye nokubhengeza intshabalalo yezopolitiko. Usongelo lwe-fascism aluseyonto yokucinga. Kuza kuvotwa kunyulo olunokuthi luthuthe into engenakucingelwa ukuba ibe yintsomi exhokonxayo ukuya kwinyani ekhohlakeleyo.
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Nikela