Selelekela
Ho tloha ha e saena NAFTA (1994) mme e kenela Mokhatlo oa Amerika, mmuso oa Canada o hokahane haufi-ufi leano la ona la kantle ho naha le la United States ho feta neng kapa neng nalaneng ea morao tjena. Ka nako e tšoanang, ’muso oa Canada o ’nile oa thahasella litaba tsa Latin America le Caribbean.
Tlhokomelo e 'ngoe e lebisitsoe ho lintho tse kang boikoetliso bo kopanetsoeng ba sesole sa Caribbean le U.S. le lilekane tse ling, tšehetso bakeng sa mekhoa e senyang ea lik'hamphani tsa merafo tsa Canada, le boteng bo ntseng bo eketseha ba lithahasello tsa lichelete tsa Canada ka Boroa lefatšeng ka bophara, empa sebaka se secha sa Canada. Boemo ba leano la kantle ho naha bo fana ka tumello ea ho hlahlobisisoa: Ho kenya letsoho ho tebileng ha Canada lebaleng la likhohlano la mesebetsi ea machaba ea 'khothatso ea demokrasi'.
Sengoliloeng sena se tla tsepamisa maikutlo haholo ho Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL), mokhatlo oa 'quasi-governmental' eo e leng sebapali sa bohlokoa empa se sa ananeloe ho thusa leano la Canada la litaba tsa kantle ho naha ka lebitso la demokrasi, likhoebo tsa poraefete, le. limmaraka tse sa lefelloeng. E le 'letsoho le letona' la 'muso oa Canada sebakeng seo, FOCAL e boemong ba pele ba mekhoa e pharaletseng ea mesebetsi ea Canada ea' nts'etsopele ea demokrasi 'hemishpere. Mokhatlo o tsebahala ka maqhama a eona a lintho tse bonahalang le a maikutlo ho NED le mekhatlo e meng ea U.S. FOCAL e etsa karolo e le 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea ho phahamisa demokrasi ea Canada, empa tlhahlobo ea mesebetsi ea eona e bontša hore na ke hobane'ng ha mekhatlo e tsoelang pele ea sechaba e lokela ho ela hloko mofuta ona o mocha oa ho kenella lipolotiking litabeng tsa lichaba tsa Global South.
Ho Khothalletsa Demokrasi ka 'Overt Operations'
‘Re etsa hoo e batlang e le mosebetsi oa boromuoa’¦Re bone seo Masocialists a se etsetsanang. Re bone seo Makomonisi a se etsetsanang. Mme jwale re tlile, mme re na le mokgatlo o pharalletseng wa demokrasi, matla a demokrasi.' Ho boletse Keith Schuette, hlooho ya lekala la machaba la U.S. Republican Party ha a hlalosa maikutlo a bobona a basebetsi mmoho le yena sebaka se ntseng se hlaha sa 'khothatso ea demokrasi' ho New York Times bohareng ba 1986.(1)
The National Endowment for Democracy e thehiloe ka 1982 ke 'batho ba seng bakae ba matla,' ho kenyeletsoa Mongoli oa mehleng oa Naha Henry Kissinger, ea ileng a nka 'manoeuvrings a bohlale'(2) ho fumana kamohelo ea mahlakore a mabeli bakeng sa ho phehella ka matla 'leano la Amerika le mabifi. ho hlohlelletsa mohato o lebisang demokrasi lefatšeng la boraro.'(3) Ho ne ho se ho fetile matsatsi a tšehetso e ke keng ea qojoa ea lipolotiki bakeng sa mebuso ea bohatelli ea sesole, leano le neng le phehelletsoe ka thata ho pholletsa le sebaka seo boholo ba nako ea Ntoa ea Mantsoe ke lefapha la tšireletso le mahlale la U.S. . Nako ena e bile le mehato e fetang 4 e arohaneng ea sesole sa U.S. le Central Intelligence Agency ho pholletsa le Latin America.(XNUMX)
David K. Shipler oa New York Times o ngotse hore 'lenaneo la NED le tšoana le thuso e fanoeng ke Central Intelligence Agency lilemong tsa bo-1950, 60 le 70's ho matlafatsa lihlopha tsa lipolotiki tse tšehetsang Amerika.' ho fana ka monyetla o mocha oa ho etsa boiteko ba thuso ea 'Muso kantle ho naha, bakeng sa ho etsa seo mekhatlo ea semmuso e so kang ea lokoloha ho e etsa phatlalatsa.'(5) Ntlha ena ea bohlokoa e ile ea phetoa lilemo tse hlano hamorao sengolong sa Washington Post, se neng se khetholla NED e le 'The sugar daddy of overt operations.'E mong oa bathehi ba NED, Allen Weinstein, o ile a bolella Post ka thabo hore 'Tse ngata tseo re li etsang kajeno li entsoe ka lekunutu lilemo tse 25 tse fetileng ke CIA.'(6)
Ho ngola ho Covert Action Quarterly, James Ciment le Immanual Ness ba hlalosa phapang ea mehato ea NED:
'[T] o ile a NED' le hoja chelete ea eona e ntse e le karoloana ea e ntseng e sebetsa ka mokhoa o patehileng ke CIA 'e fana ka mokhoa o poteletseng, o rarahaneng, le o amohelehang lipolotiking bakeng sa ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tsa leano la US linaheng tse ling. Moo CIA ea mehleng ea Ntoa ea Mantsoe e kileng ea hatella mekhatlo ea demokrasi ea 'nete'¦e leka ho e kopanya.'(7)
Sehlahisoa sa nako ea Cold War e ntseng e fokotseha, mesebetsi ea NED, e hlokang tumello ea Lefapha la Naha 'me e hlokomeloa ke Congressional, e thusitse "ho fokotsa tšabo ea baeta-pele ba bang Washington hore mebuso ea bohatelli ea sesole e nang le botsoalle e ka fana ka sebaka ho mebuso e khethiloeng ka demokrasi e sekametseng ho makomonisi. tšusumetso.'(8)
Moqolotsi oa litaba ea ileng a fetoha setsebi sa thuto ea sechaba William I. Robinson o ngotse ka mesebetsi ea NED ka lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli. Tlhahlobisong ea hae e matla ea ho kenella ha US Nicaragua, A Faustian Bargain: Ho kenella ha US Likhethong tsa Nicaragua le Leano la Kantle ho Naha la Amerika ka Nako ea Ntoa ea Cold, Robinson o hlalosa NED e le mothating oa pele oa 'ts'ebetso e ncha,' : 'Theho ea Tlhōlo ea Naha ea Demokerasi e bile karolo le karolo ea ho qaleha hape ha boitshunyako kantle ho naha le nts'etsopele ea lithuto tsa likhohlano tse matla haholo.'(9)
Sengoliloeng sa hae sa morao-rao mabapi le ho kenella ha U.S., Promoting Polyarchy: Globalisation, US Intervention and Hegemony, Robinson o hlalositse NED e le 'e kopantsoeng ka botlalo le ts'ebetsong e akaretsang ea ts'ireletso ea naha ea US le leano la kantle ho naha'¦ NED e sebelitse hammoho le bakena-lipakeng bohle ba ka sehloohong. mesebetsi ea lilemo tsa bo-1980 le bo-1990.'Mohaho oa NED, o nang le 'moko-taba o hokahaneng oa litsebi tsa ntoa ea lipolotiki' o e etsa 'seipone se nepahetseng hantle sa sebopeho sa setheo sa matla United States.'(10) Robinson o bua ka sena. litsi tse 'ne tsa litšiea' tse fumanang lichelete ho tsoa ho NED. Tsena li kenyelletsa mapheo a machaba a mekha ea Democratic and Republican "International Republican Institute (IRI), le National Democratic Institute (NDI), ka ho latellana. Litšiea tse setseng ke boemeli ba likhoebo tse kholo ka Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), 'me basebetsi ba bangata ba emetsoe ke Solidarity Centre. Litsi tse 'nè, hammoho le sopho e entsoeng ka alfabeta motsoako oa tse ling tse overt operators'ka mohlala, International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), the America's Development Foundation (ADF), Creative Associates International Inc., (CAII), Development Alternatives International ( DAI), Management Systems International (MSI)'ba fumana boholo ba lichelete tsa bona ho tsoa USAID. Ho ea ka 'muelli oa IRI, Christopher Sands, lichelete tsa morao-rao tse kopantsoeng tsa NDI le IRI li ne li batla li le limilione tse likete tse 200. (11), e fifalang ka makhetlo a fetang habeli tekanyetso ea selemo ea NED ea liranta tse limilione tse 80.
Robinson o pheha khang ea hore 'phatlalatso ea demokrasi… e bitsoa polyarchy.'Polyarchy 'e bua ka tsamaiso eo ho eona sehlopha se senyenyane se laolang, 'me ho nka karolo ha batho ba bangata ba etsa liqeto ho fella feela tabeng ea ho khetha har'a batho ba hlōlisanang le batho ba phahameng sechabeng. .'(12) Libakeng tse ling, Robinson o phehile khang ea hore 'polyarchy e le mokhoa o ikhethileng oa puso ea batho ba phahameng sechabeng e etsa mosebetsi oa ho tiisa ho se lekane ho teng, 'me e etsa joalo ka katleho ho feta bolaoli.'(13) Ha re bua ka mokhoa o hlakileng, joalo ka Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa mehleng oa State Strobe Talbott o hlalositse mabaka a 'nete a lipolotiki' a entseng hore ho tlohe ho tšehetse puso ea bolaoli ho ea ho khothaletso ea polyarchy, 'demokerasi e ka ba balekane ba tšepahalang khoebong le lipuisanong,' me ho na le monyetla oa ho latela maano a kantle ho naha le ts'ireletso a lumellanang le lithahasello tsa Amerika.' (14)
E qaliloe ke 'muso oa US, ts'ebetso ea demokrasi e phatlalalitsoe lefatšeng ka bophara. Le ha US e ntse e le sebapali se ka sehloohong ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho romela polyarchy, linaha tse ngata tsa Leboea li sebelisa mekhoa e tšoanang. Haufinyane tjena, Machaba a Kopaneng a thehile 'UNDEF,' Letlōle la Demokrasi la Machaba a Kopaneng, le seng le phatlalalitse hore le tla qhala lidolara tse limilione tse 36 tsa 'chelete ea demokrasi' ho 'mekhatlo ea sechaba' ho pota lefatše.(15) UNDEF e amohetsoe ntle le tumello likhetho ke Seboka se Akaretsang sa Machaba a Kopaneng Sebokeng sa Lefatše sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa 2005, hammoho le boiteko bo bong bo tsosang khang, ba ho kenella, bo kang Boikarabello ba ho Sireletsa thuto, morero oa Canada o lumellang, ka ho fetola ha molao oa Machaba a Kopaneng, bakeng sa ho kenella sesoleng le ho emisoa ha bobusi ba naha ha linaha li nkuoe e le 'ho hloleha kapa ho hloleha.'(16) Ha ba itokisetsa ho kena lefapheng la 'ts'etsopele ea demokrasi', liofisiri tsa UNDEF li ile tsa kopana le mekhatlo ea U.S. ho kenyeletsoa le palo ea mekhatlo e amanang le NED, e le taelo ea pele ea khoebo.( 17)
Lintlafatso tsena li bonts'a hore puo ea 'khothatso ea demokrasi' e se e tloaelehile menahanong ea batho ba kenellang lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, le hoja Ciment le Ness ba bontša hore 'ha ho hlake hore ho na le mohlala o le mong oa liphetoho tsa lipolotiki, demokrasi kapa tse ling, kae kapa kae lefats'e le ka hlahisoang ke lenaneo la NED.'(18) Tlhahlobo e pharaletseng ka ho fetisisa ea mesebetsi ea NED ho fihlela joale, e entsoeng ke Eric T. Hale, e fihletse qeto e tšoanang :
'Phuputso ena ha e fumane bopaki ba hore NED e atlehile ho khothaletsa demokrasi le tokoloho ea moruo nakong ea bo-1990. Tšusumetso ea ho khothaletsa demokrasi le tokoloho ea moruo e kanna ea babatseha, empa, ntle le bopaki ba ho sebetsa ha eona, ho bonahala ho na le likotsi tse ngata ho feta melemo. Patlisiso ena ha ea khona ho fumana bopaki bo hlokahalang ho lokafatsa mokhoa oa eona o tsoelang pele.'(19)
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo tšehetsang taba ea hore NED, ho ea ka maemo a fapaneng, e entse mesebetsi ka katleho, hole le ho babatseha, e reretsoeng ho nyenyefatsa metsamao e tsebahalang le ho kenya lits'ebetso tsa polyarchic lefatšeng ka bophara.
Hona joale ke tla hlahloba ka bokhutšoanyane karolo ea Canada ea ho khothalletsa polyarchy.
Canada e Hlahisa Matla a Overt Ops
Baetsi ba maano ba Canada ba amohetse phetoho e tsoang ho tšehetso ea US bakeng sa puso ea bohatelli ea sesole ho ea ho 'demokerasi.' Ho tšehetsa bohatelli pepenene ho ne ho sa lumellane le seriti sa Canada e le 'matla a mahareng' a sebelisang 'boitseko bo se nang boithati'(20) le mofuta o ikhethileng oa 'boikhethelo,' menahano e ruileng leano la kantle ho naha la Canada le hlahisitsoeng le ho hlahisoa ke mmuso oa Canada. Polelo ea 'khatlo ea demokrasi,' joalo ka ha re tla bona, e lumellana hantle le pale ea Canada e ikhethang, e akarelitsoeng polelong e latelang ea mokha oa Liberal: "Nalane ea Canada e le matla a sa kopaneleng likolone, 'mampoli oa linaha tse ngata tse hahang le tse sebetsang tsa machaba. mokena-lipakeng, o tšehetsa karolo ea bohlokoa le e ikhethang har'a lichaba ha li ntse li batla ho theha taolo e ncha le e betere'¦'(21)
Ho e 'ngoe ea litlhahlobo tse nyarosang tsa Canada le demokrasi, Mark Neufeld o pheha khang ea hore "ho its'epaha ho US ho linaha tsa maemo a bobeli joalo ka Canada ho phethahatsa mesebetsi ea bona joalo ka baetsi ba molao" re sa bue ka ho nka karolo e etelletseng pele maemong ao boitseko ba US bo neng bo tla ba teng. etsa kotsi e ngata ho feta botle ' ha ea lokela ho hlokomolohuoa.'(22) Neufeld o hlalosa kamoo leano la 'demokrasi' 'in/of' la Canada le neng le reretsoe ho 'hlahisa ho nepahala ha leano la kantle ho naha la Canada mahlong a khanyetso ea eona. bahlahlobisisi ba tumellano.'(23) Bahlahlobisisi bao Neufeld a buang ka bona ba ne ba hlahlobisisa Leano la Canada la Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha bakeng sa boitlamo ba bona ba bokhaphithaliste bo ntseng bo hlaha, lithuso tse tlamahantsoeng, maano a tokiso ea meralo ea IMF, le lithahasello tsa libanka tsa Canada le lithahasello tsa likhoebo. E le ho arabela ho se khotsofale ho atileng, Neufeld o ngola ka mokhoa oa Gramscian, 'baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba Canada ba ile ba khona ho theha' phetohelo e sa fetoheng, e neng e akarelletsa 'kopano ea baeta-pele ba lihlopha tse nyenyane ka leano la' ho kopanya le ho ruisa mehopolo e ka bang kotsi ka ho e fetola hore e lumellane le maano a mokhatlo o moholo oa kopanelo. ”(24)
Bahlahlobisisi ba neng ba batla "demokrasi" ea leano la kantle ho naha la Canada ba ile ba fumana ho fetang seo ba neng ba se rerile ha Canada e ntse e fana ka puo ea bona 'me e qala ho theha lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa ho phahamisa demokrasi. Neufeld o hlokomela hore 'puisano ea ho hanyetsa tumellano e fane ka lisebelisoa tsa molao bakeng sa tšehetso ea Canada ea polyarchy mose ho maoatle.' lipolotiki tsa bankakarolo ke sesebelisoa se khabane sa tsamaiso ea lipolotiki bakeng sa basebeletsi ba mmuso'¦'¦e tlama bankakarolo ka thata ho maano a amohetsoeng qetellong.'(25)
Ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980, ’muso oa Canada o ile oa theha mekhatlo e ’maloa ea lihlomo bakeng sa ho inehela ho ‘tšelisong ea demokrasi’. Ka nako e ts'oanang, matsapa a macha a lichelete a ile a tataisa phetoho ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng e teng ho ba likoloi bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea polyarchy. Thomas Axworthy le Les Campbell, ba sa tsoa sisinya le ho fana ka maikutlo a 'polane' ea sebopeho se kang sa NED tlas'a letšoao la 'Democracy Canada Institute,' ba bontša hore 'lipuisano tsa pele tsa mmuso tsa ka hare' bohareng ba bo-1980, ' ba khothalelitse hore baetsi ba melaoana ba ne ba batla ho theha Mokhatlo o ts'oanang le National Endowment for Democracy,'o neng o le har'a 'mefuta ea machaba eo Canada e lokelang ho e hlahloba.'(26)
Lintho ha lia ka tsa tsoela pele joalo ka ha ho ne ho reriloe, 'me Paramente e ile ea theha Setsi sa Machaba sa Litokelo tsa Botho le Nts'etsopele ea Demokrasi (ICHRDD, eo hamorao e ileng ea rehoa Litokelo le Demokrasi (R&D)), Ka 1988 Ed Broadbent o ile a reoa mopresidente oa pele oa R&D, kamora ho tlohela mosebetsi joalo ka moetapele oa mokhatlo. NDP. Leha ho le joalo, ha se lekunutu hore R&D e boloka kamano e haufi-ufi le NED, e arolelanang database ho websaeteng ea NED, hammoho le lichelete kapa ho sebelisana le mekhatlo e meng e tšoanang le ea NED. Webosaeteng ea eona, NED e hlalosa R&D e le ‘setheo se sebetsanang le eona,’ ’me e senola hore ‘Nakong ea ho rala Setsi se secha, litho tsa sehlopha sa Paramente li ile tsa buisana le boetapele ba NED.’(27)
Menehelo ea Campbell le Axworthy e bonts'a mokhoa o sa nkeng lehlakore oa ts'ebetso ea Canada. Campbell ke mookameli oa mehleng oa moeta-pele oa NDP Audrey McLaughlin. Hamorao o ile a ikopanya le se seng sa litsi tsa mantlha tsa NED, NDI, moo e leng motsamaisi oa lebatooa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea Middle East. O hirile batho ba bangata ba Canada ho sebetsa moo hoo hoo e ka bang kotara ea basebetsi ba NDI e leng Canada. ho Tonakholo Pierre Trudeau. Boithuto bona bo behiloe 'me bo behiloe Setsing sa Patlisiso ea Leano la Sechaba (IRPP), 'e leng setsi sa naha se nang le tšusumetso e kholo.'(28) Nakong ea phatlalatso ea litlaleho, IRPP e ne e etelletsoe pele ke Hugh Segal. , Senator ea Conservative le moeletsi oa mehleng oa Tonakholo ea Conservative Brian Mulroney. Segal hape ke molula-setulo oa boto ea poraefete ea Walter le Duncan Gordon Foundation, ea ileng a ntša $ 29 bakeng sa 'Canadian Democratic Institute Feasibility Study' ka 50,000. (2004)
Ho theosa le lilemo, mekhatlo e mengata e nang le melumo e metle e sebelitse molemong oa leano la Canada la kantle ho naha, e etsa merero ea ho khothaletsa demokrasi ka lidolara tse limilione ka lichelete tsa CIDA kapa tsa Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha. E hlahelletseng lefapheng la ho kenella likhethong le tloaelo ea likhetho tsa lipontšo, e bile Likhetho Canada. Mookameli e Moholo oa Likhetho oa Canada, Jean Pierre Kingsley, o Botong ea Batsamaisi ba IFES, setho sa NED se sebetsang haufi-ufi le IRI le NDI. Molula-setulo oa IFES, le eena, o lula Botong ea IRI. Ho boetse ho na le Setsi sa Mecha ea Phatlalatso, Leano le Sechaba (IMPCS), eo Les Campbell oa NDI a lutseng holim'a bona; ho boetse ho na le Reseau Liberté, NGO ea litaba ea machaba e thehiloeng Quebec eo, joaloka IMPCS, e tsejoang ka ho sebelisana le USAID le NED; Mekhoa e meng hape ke NGO e 'ngoe ea media le ea sechaba e sebetsang le basebetsi ba U.S. overt. Basebelisi ba bang ba hlahelletseng ba Canada ba kenyelletsa Setsi sa Paramente, Foramo ea Mekhatlo, Mokhatlo oa Canada oa Maparamente a Pele, Setsi sa Tsamaiso ea Sechaba ea Canada (IPAC), har'a ba bang ba bangata. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsena e hloka ho hlahlojoa ka botlalo. Bakeng sa ho utloisisa boholo ba likhokahano tsa basebetsi ba Canada ba fetang United States le maemo a feteletseng ao basebetsi ba Canada ba ikemiselitseng ho ea Latin America, leha ho le joalo, joale ke tla fetela thutong ea Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL). ).
TLHOKOMELISO: Phetoho ea Puso
The Canadian Foundation of the Americas (FOCAL) ke phuputso e molemo ea ho utloisisa boholo ba ts'ebetso ea Canada ho Latin America hammoho le ho hokahana ha eona le mohlala oa U.S. oa 'ts'ebetso ea demokrasi' ka kakaretso le NED ka ho khetheha. Sebopeho sa boetapele ba FOCAL se na le maqhama a tebileng a nalane ea ts'ebetso e hlakileng lefats'eng, le maqhama a lintho tse bonahalang ho baetsi ba maano a boemo bo phahameng ba ho kenella naheng ea U.S. Nyeoe ea FOCAL e bonts'a maemo a feteletseng ao basebetsi ba Canada ba tla ea 'ka lebitso la demokrasi' molemong oa phetoho ea puso. Ke tla boela ke hlahlobe ka bokhutšoanyane karolo ea FOCAL ho thusa le ho thusa ho phethahatsa leano la kantle ho naha la Canada Haiti, moo phetoho ea puso e ileng ea etsahala ka February 2004, 'me Canada e bapala karolo ea boetapele e neng e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng ka lebaka leo. Ke ka karolo e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa Canada tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa' nts'etsopele ea demokrasi' hore ba khone ho nka karolo e joalo mathoasong a lekholo la bo21 la lilemo, 'me bopaki bo bongata bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ba ikemiselitse ho bapala karolo e tšoanang mehatong e tlang.
FOCAL e thehiloe ka 1990 ka lebaka la qeto ea boemo ba Kabinete ea ho tebisa maqhama le Latin America 'ka lipuisano le tlhahlobo ea maano.' Karolo ea eona ea mantlha, ho latela tlhahlobo e laetsoeng ke 'muso ea mesebetsi ea eona ka 2004, ke ho sebetsa' joalo ka leano. borokho lipakeng tsa mekhatlo ea sechaba, mmuso le lekala la poraefete.'(31) Le hoja e ipolela hore ke 'NGO e ikemetseng e sa kopaneleng lehlakore,' bangoli ba tlhahlobo ba hlakisa hore FOCAL e nkoa e le batho ba bangata e le mokhatlo o ikemetseng. katoloso ea mmuso ka boona. Tlaleho e re, ‘Batho ba amehang ho tsoa mafapheng ohle le
ho tsoa sechabeng sa barutehi, haholo-holo, e bontšitse hore FOCAL e se e nkoa e le 'letsoho le letona la' muso, 'me e fana ka maikutlo le litumelo tsa mekhatlo ea eona ea lichelete, ho e-na le mokhatlo o ikemetseng, oo e seng oa 'muso.'(32) Libakeng tse ling. , Boemo ba leano la FOCAL bo hlalosoa e le 'bo ka holimo feela,'(33) 'me ba nkoa ke ba amehang e le 'ba ikamahanyang le maemo a 'muso oa Canada ho feta tekano'(34) 'me 'ha ba ikemisetse ho kena lipuisanong tse bulehileng le ho buisana ka liforamo tsa bona kapa lipampiri.'(35) Ka kakaretso, 'bankakarolo ba ile ba belaella bonnete ba lipuisano tse hlahang' moo FOCAL e amehang.(36)
Mmuso oa Canada, ka Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha Canada, CIDA, le Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Nts'etsopele ea Machabeng (IDRC), ke motšehetsi ea ka sehloohong oa FOCAL.(37) Taba ena, le boteng ba bodiplomate ba hajoale le ba mehleng, liofisiri tsa mmuso, batsamaisi ba khoebo, le barutehi botong ea eona ea batsamaisi ba entse ho fokolang ho fetola setšoantšo sena. Tekolo ena e lumela hore sena se thatafatsa litaba, moo ‘boholo ba bahlanka ba mehleng ba ’muso ho Boto bo kenyang letsoho boemong ba bona bo bonahalang ba ho tšehetsa ’muso litabeng tse ngata le maikutlo a latelang a FOCAL e le setsi se tšoanang le sa puso.’(38)
E le karolo ea taelo ea FOCAL ea ho matlafatsa maqhama le marang-rang le mekhatlo e ikemetseng, Molula-setulo oa Boto John W. Graham o ile a tlisa batho ba babeli ba amanang hantle ho FOCAL's Board ka 2002, Beatrice Rangel le Alan J. Stoga. Graham o ile a tseba Rangel ha e ne e le lenģosa la Canada Venezuela mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990. Ka nako eo, Rangel e ne e le moeletsi le mookameli oa basebetsi ba Mopresidente oa Venezuela Carlos Andres Perez, molekane ea sa rateheng oa U.S. ntoeng ea bona e "tlase" khahlanong le Sandinistas Nicaragua, le sepheo sa boiteko bo hlōlehileng ba ho ketola puso ke Lt. Col. Hugo Chavez ka 1992. Rangel o qetile lilemo tse ngata lefapheng la khoebo a sebeletsa Gustavo Cisneros, 'muelli oa litaba oa limilione tse likete, motsoalle oa botho oa George Bush, Sr. le Brian Mulroney,' me ho thoe ke motšehetsi oa tlhaselo ea 'muso ea April 2002 khahlanong le Hugo Chavez. Ka 2004, Mopresidente oa mehleng Perez o ile a re Mopresidente Chavez ‘o tlameha ho shoa joaloka ntja, hobane e mo tšoanela.’(39)
Ho na le mats'oao a matla a hore Rangel o na le semelo se ruileng sa ts'ebetso e hlakileng, mohlomong le ts'ebetso ea lekunutu. Karolo e 'ngoe ea William I. Robinson's A Faustian Bargain e nehetsoe 'khokahanyo ea Venezuela,' e faneng ka tšehetso ea bohlokoa ho U.S boitekong ba bona ba ho senya Phetohelo ea Nicaragua. Joalo ka Mopresidente Ronald Reagan ka nako eo, Mopresidente Carlos Andres Perez o ne a lumela hore 'Phetohelo ea Nicaragua e lokela ho ba teng ... e hlalosa karolo ea Rangel, eo Perez a mo khethileng e le moemeli oa hae "likhokahanong tse ling le tsamaiso ea Bush." Rangel…o ile a kopana le liofisiri tsa tsamaiso Washington ka makhetlo a mangata halofong ea pele ea 40. sutuk'heise e kentsoeng ka lichelete tsa lekunutu tse tsoang Washington le Miami ho ea Caracas bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ts'ebetsong ea Nicaragua e thehiloeng Venezuela.'(1989) Libakeng tse ling, Robinson o hlalosa kamoo Perez a sebelitseng haufi-ufi le NED le CIA. ‘Ho phalla ha lichelete ka lekunutu ho ne ho ameha ka ho hlaka CIA le NED hammoho le Lefapha la Naha…’(41)
Karabong ea lengolo-tsoibila, Rangel o ile a hana ho nka mekotla ea chelete. 'Ha ke e-s'o fumane le ho fumana chelete leha e le efe ho tsoa ho' muso oa US ntle le litlaleho tsa lekhetho; Ha ho mohla nkileng ka tlisa chelete leha e le efe Managua.’(43)
William Robinson, karabong ea e-mail, o ile a ema le mehloli ea hae ea pele le boitsebiso.
Kamora ho kenela Boto ea FOCAL, Rangel o ne a tla tsamaisa thuso ea pele ea National Endowment for Democracy for FOCAL. O entse joalo ka 2004 ka likhokahano tsa hae le Motsamaisi oa mehleng oa NED oa Latin America le Caribbean, Christopher Sabatini. 'Na le Chris Sabatini, ka tsatsi le leng ke ne ke mo bolella hore ke nahana hore FOCAL e etsa mosebetsi o makatsang le mokhatlo oa sechaba le hore NED e lokela ho e tšehetsa, ke ne ke leka feela ho fumana chelete ea FOCAL..'(44) The mabaka ao Rangel a fanang ka 'ona bakeng sa mokhatlo oa Canada o kenang ho etsa mosebetsi oa NED ka mokhoa o hlakileng o bua le sehlooho se hlalositsoeng pejana sa boikhethelo,' Ke lumela hore United States, hajoale, e na le setšoantšo se sebe joalo, mosebetsi o ne o tla tsoela pele hantle haholo, 'me. e ka ba letsete le molemo, bakeng sa NED haeba FOCAL e etsa mosebetsi hobane Canada, batho ba Canada ha ba hlahise maikutlo a mofuta ona a ho khesoa ao Maamerika a a etsang hona joale.'(45)
Karolo ea FOCAL e le 'moemeli oa NED' e ka 'na ea boela ea e-ba ka lebaka la tlhahlobo e kholo ea mesebetsi ea NED ka hare ho Venezuela. Ha a pepesa karolo ea Amerika tekong ea bofetoheli ea 2002, e qaqileng ka litokomane tsa Molao oa Tokoloho ea Boitsebiso, Khoutu ea Chavez, Eva Golinger o bua ka Beatrice Rangel moelelong oa nalane ea NED naheng ea Venezuela. Golinger o boetse o hlalosa liqoso khahlanong le mohiri oa Rangel, Gustavo Cisneros. Phello ea buka ea Golinger e bile tlhahlobo e kholoanyane ea mesebetsi ea NED le liqoso tsa bofetoheli khahlanong le batho ba bang ba Venezuela ba amohelang lichelete tsa NED, tse kang Sumate.(46) Nakong ea phetohelo, motsoalle oa Rangel Sabatini o ne a okametse ts'ebetso ea NED. Rangel o hanyetsana le Golinger, a mo bitsa 'Moamerika ea tloaelehileng ea tsoang ka letsohong le letšehali ea lumelang likhopolo tsa bolotsana.'(47) 'Me, ha a sireletsa NED, o itse, 'Ke nahana hore NED e thusitse nts'etsopele ea mekhatlo Latin America eohle. . Ha ke nahane le motsotso o le mong hore NED e sebelitse ho senya puso ea demokrasi.’
Ka 2005, NED e ne e tla fana ka FOCAL $94,516, 'Ho hlahisa lipuisano mabapi le karolo eo mekhatlo ea sechaba le machaba a ka e bapalang ho phahamisa le ho sireletsa demokrasi lefatšeng. ba ile ba khetha ho se phatlalatse, hammoho le 'likopano tse latelang Venezuela le Ecuador mabapi le mekhatlo ea sechaba le litloaelo tsa machaba le tsa machaba bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ts'ireletso ea demokrasi.'(48)
Kajeno, Rangel e boetse e le Mopresidente le CEO oa AMLA Consulting, eo e leng setho sa setho sa FOCAL Board Alan Stoga, eo hape a etellang pele Zemi Communications, feme ea likamano tsa sechaba e 'ntlafatsang le ho laola mananeo a likhokahano bakeng sa mekhatlo e meholo hammoho le mebuso.' (49) Ho bontša mohlomong mofuta oa 'nete oa maqhama a lekala la poraefete ao FOCAL e a lemang, Stoga o na le maqhama a khale le Mongoli oa mehleng oa U.S. Henry Kissinger. Ka lilemo tse ngata, Stoga o sebelitse e le setsebi se ka sehloohong sa moruo Kissinger & Associates. Webosaete ea likhokahano ea Zemi e thathamisa balekane ba bararo ba maano, e 'ngoe ea bona ke boeletsi ba AMLA. Ba bang ba babeli ke Kissinger & Associates le McLarty-Kissinger.(50) Stoga o boetse o le lekhotleng la Lekgotla la Lekgotla la Lekgotla la Americas la Elitist Business roundtable Council. Christopher Sabatini, ea ileng a tloha NED ka 2005, 'me o hanne likōpo tsa lipuisano, o sebeletsa Lekhotla, ha Gustavo Cisneros a le lekhotleng la boeletsi la machaba la Molula-setulo, hammoho le hlooho e hlaheletseng ea Lekhotla la Baokameli ba Canada, Tom D' Aquino.
Molula-setulo oa FOCAL nalane ea John Graham e tsoela pele ho bua ka likamano tsa FOCAL le karolo ea Washington le Canada joalo ka moemeli oa leano la kantle ho naha la U.S. ka OAS. Graham ke motho ea sebetsang ka nako e telele ka mekhoa e mengata. E ne e le hlooho ea pele ea Unit for Promotion of Democracy ka hare ho OAS, eo Canada e thusitseng ho e theha hang ka mor'a ho kenela OAS. Ho tloha ka nako eo, motho e mong oa Canada haesale e le moetapele oa motheo ona, o 'ikarabellang mesebetsing ea ts'ehetso ea khokahanyo ea demokrasi linaheng tseo e leng litho.'(51) Graham hamorao e ile ea e-ba moeletsi oa IFES, setho sa NED se sebetsanang ka ho khetheha le boitshunyako ba likhetho le ho kenya letsoho litabeng tsa likhetho. kopanelo ya ditokelo tsa botho. Litho tse ling tsa Boto ea FOCAL tse nang le maqhama ho OAS li kenyelletsa Paul Durand, Moemeli oa Canada ho OAS, le Elizabeth Spehar, eo e neng e le hlooho ea UPD ho fihlela a nka karolo ea ho okamela 'likhetho tsa lipontšo' Haiti molemong oa OAS. Boemong bona, o ile a thusa ho phetha karolo ea ‘ trusteeship’ e neng e buelloa ka matla ke FOCAL nakong ea lipuisano tsa Paramente mabapi le karolo ea Canada Haiti.
FOCAL e ne e tla phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho faneng ka tumello le toka bakeng sa karolo ea Canada ho 2004 coup d'etat e ileng ea liha Mopresidente oa Haiti Jean Bertrand Aristide. Taelo ea bona ea semmuso ke ho 'tšehetsa boitlamo ba Canada kahong bocha ea naha le moruo oa Haiti.'(52)) Ba hlahile e le lipaki tsa Likomiti tsa Paramente, ba hlophisitse liboka tsa boemo bo holimo le ba boholong ba Haiti, Canada le ba bang ba libaka, le ba hlaoletse maqhama a haufi le batho ba phahameng sechabeng ba Haiti, bao bongata ba bona ba neng ba le letšolong la ho ketola Aristide. FOCAL e boetse e bile har'a batho ba buang ka ho fetisisa ba hoeletsang hore ho be le 'balebeli' holim'a Haiti. Ka Mmesa, 2004, John Graham o ile a bonya maikutlo ana nakong ea nyeoe ea Paramente:
'Tabeng ea Haiti, ho na le tlhokahalo ea hore mekhatlo ea machaba e nke sebaka se seng se lahliloe ke mmuso oa Haiti….Re tlameha ho ba hlokolosi haholo - mme ha ke re 'rona,' ke bolela Canada kapa sechaba sa machaba ka kakaretso - ka ho rarolla bothata ba mofuta ona esere ra ba le majoe a khahlanong le bokoloniale a re koetliselitsoeng. Ha re batle ho e bitsa trusteeship…Empa taolo e itseng e tlameha ho fuoa sechaba sa machabeng ho fa Haiti qalo.'
Carlo Dade ke Moeletsi e Moholo oa FOCAL 'me e bile motho ea ka sehloohong oa lenaneo la FOCAL' Canada le Rebuilding of Haiti'. E bile 'muelli ea matla oa' karolo ea boetapele 'bakeng sa Canada ho post-Aristide Haiti. Ha a bapala ka sehlooho sa boikhethelo ba Canada, Dade o ile a bolella Komiti e Emeng ea Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha:
'Canada le Caribbean li hlile li ikhetha ho latela kamano ea nalane le Haiti, 'me sena se hlahisa monyetla o moholo, chelete e ngata ea motse-moholo oa lipolotiki oo re tlamehang ho o sebelisa Haiti…Canada le eona e natefeloa ke maikutlo sebakeng seo. e le ho hanyetsana le se nkoang e le seabo se matla sa U.S. sebakeng seo, lentsoe la ho leka-lekana, tšusumetso e ntle…'me seo se fana ka monyetla oa ho kopanela.'(53)
Dade o ile a boela a nka nako e telele ho hlalosa karolo e ka bang teng ea Canada Haiti le taba ea ho matlafatsa likamano tsa Canada le U.S.: ‘U.S. e ka amohela ho kenya letsoho ha Canada le hore Canada e etelle pele Haiti. Tsamaiso ea Washington e na le matsoho a eona ho feta Afghanistan, Iraq…Ona ke monyetla oa hore Canada e hatele pele le ho fana ka tlhokomelo le boetapele bo joalo, 'me tsamaiso e ka thabela sena.’(54)
Hoa thahasellisa hore Dade o bua ka ketelo ea morao-rao ea Ottawa ke Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa Naha oa Latin America, Roger Noriega, le hlooho ea USAID bakeng sa Latin America, Adolfo Franco, bao ka bobeli ba ileng ba bolela hore karolo ea boetapele ba Canada 'ke ntho e thahasellisang.' (55) Khokahano ena e bohlokoa ha re nahana hore Dade, moahi oa U.S., o ne a sebetsa setsing sa 'muso se tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete ke Congressionally se bitsoang Inter-American Foundation (IAF). IAF e fane ka FOCAL bonyane $50,000 ea lichelete. Noriega, ea nkoang e le setsebi se ka sehloohong sa meralo boitekong ba U.S. ba ho nyenyefatsa Aristide, le Franco, ea ka beng a okametse boiteko ba U.S. ‘ntšetsopele ea demokrasi’ Haiti pele ho phetohelo, ke litho tsa Boto ea IAF.(56)
Karolo ea boikitlaetso ba FOCAL ba ho 'aha moruo oa Haiti bocha' bo kenyelelitse ho sutumelletsa 'muso oa Canada ho fana ka tumello ea ho etsa liindasteri tsa mantlha tsa Haiti, e leng ts'ebetso e hanetsoeng ke batho ba Haiti maemong a tlase, hammoho le Mopresidente Aristide pele a lihuoa. 2004. 'Tlhahlobo ea leano'eo FOCAL e faneng ka eona ho CIDA e sa rereloa phatlalatso ea sechaba e fana ka maikutlo a hore 'Ho na le tlhokahalo e hlakileng ea lenaneo la privatization le nang le kelello, le pepeneneng le le bohlale.'(57) Tlaleho ena e bile litholoana tsa kopano ea boemo bo holimo. -e hlophisitsoeng ke FOCAL ka September 2005, e tlisitseng litho tse 'maloa tsa batho ba phahameng ba Haiti ho buisana ka sehlooho sa 'karolo ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng' Haiti le liofisiri tsa lipolotiki le tsa lipolotiki tsa Canada. Tonakholo ea mehleng le Setho sa Boto ea FOCAL Joe Clark e ne e le molula-setulo oa kopano.
Ho hang ha ho shejoa ka bokhutšoane ba bang ba batšoantšisi ba FOCAL ho khathatsa boholo ba karolo ea FOCAL e le ‘letsoho le letona’ la ’muso oa Canada kapa maqhama a bona a totobetseng ho mekhatlo ea bohlokoa ea lipolotiki le batšoantšisi ba U.S. Leha ho le joalo sena ha se fane ka kananelo e nepahetseng ea litlamorao tsa boitšoaro tsa FOCAL e tšehetsang phetohelo e khahlanong le Tjhata ea OAS eo Canada e batlang ho e tšehetsa. Phetoho ena e ile ea fella ka ho bolaoa ha likete tsa baahi ba Haiti ke lihlopha tsa sesole, mapolesa le mabotho a sesole a hapileng. Kamano ea lichelete ea FOCAL le NED e tšoantšetsa 'kopano' ea bona le sepheo se akaretsang sa NED ka hohle kamoo e ba amang kateng 'mesebetsing e totobetseng' ea NED libakeng tse kang Venezuela le Ecuador. Mohlala oa FOCAL o re fa mohlala oa hore na lisebelisoa tse hlahelletseng tsa "ntšetso-pele ea demokrasi" tsa Canada li "hokahane" le tsa U.S., e ntseng e le sebapali se ka sehloohong lebaleng. Khanyetso e hlakileng ea FOCAL bakeng sa mekhatlo ea batho le mekhatlo ea bofetoheli e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ba tla bitsoa, joalo ka Haiti, ho fana ka tumello, tokafatso, le ts'ehetso ea kelello le ea lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa "liphetoho" tse tlang tseo Canada e ikemiselitseng ho ba karolo ea tsona. Sena se hlahisitsoe ke setsebi sa maemo a holimo sa Canada Haiti, eo ho buisanoeng le eena ka Loetse 2005:
Canada ke e 'ngoe ea bafani ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa naheng eo' me ke nahana hore hona joale ho na le moea o mocha 'me haeba re ka sebelisa multilateralism ena e ncha ho rarolla bothata ba Haiti, sena se ka ba mohlala oa tlokotsi. ho tla ka hemisphere ena. Re ka nahana, ka mohlala, hore na ho tla etsahalang ha Cuba e tla be e le phetohong, na e tla ba taba ea Amerika feela? Kapa na e tla ba taba ea li-hemispheric?… Haiti e bohlokoa bakeng sa Canada, ba ntseng ba phehella, nka re, eseng feela kemiso e le 'ngoe, merero e fetang e le' ngoe, 'me ke nahana hape ho bona Canada e bapala karolo ea boetapele Haiti, Ke na le bonnete ba hore ho amoheloa hape Washington, ho bolela hore Canada e ikemiselitse ho bapala karolo sebakeng, ke bolela moo Washington e nang le lithahasello mme mohlomong ha e na letsatsi le le leng, ka lebaka la nalane, ha ba na bokhoni bo ts'oanang, ho tenyetseha joalo ka ha re etsa ho kenya letsoho naheng ena.'(58)
Leano la Canada la Latin America le Caribbean le se le hlaheletse haholoanyane le ho kopanngoa haufi-ufi le la United States. Nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse pharalletseng tsa "demokrasi (kapa, ka nepo, polyarchy)" tse nang le maqhama a lintho tse bonahalang le mohopolo le lisebelisoa tse hlahelletseng le tse kenang lipakeng tsa U.S., Canada e ka baka kotsi e kholo ho mokhatlo ofe kapa ofe o tsebahalang o lokelang ho hlaha hemisphere ka sepheo sa ho matlafatsa batho ba futsanehileng le ho tiisa tumellano ea Washington / Ottawa.
Notes
1. Shipler, David K. New York Times, ‘BAROMUOA BA TEMOKRASE: U.S. AID FOR GLOBAL PLURALISM,’ June 1, 1986, Leqephe 1.
2. Madison, Christopher. The National Journal, ‘Selling Democracy,’ June 28, 1986, Moq. 18, No.26.
3. NYT, ‘BAROMUOA BA TEMOKRASE.’
4. Kakaretso e ntle ka ho fetesisa ea ketsahalo ena e fumanoa ho William Blum. Ho bolaea Tšepo: Mehato ea Sesole sa US le CIA ho tloha Ntoeng ea Bobeli ea Lefatše (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2004)
5. NYT, ‘BAROMUOA BA TEMOKRASE.’
6. Ignatius, Davida. Washington Post, ‘Ho Hloka Melato Linaheng Tse Ling: Lefatše le Lecha la Liqhoebeshano Tse Hloekileng,’ Loetse 22, 1991, C1.
7. Ciment, James le Immanuel Ness, ‘NED le Liaparo tse Ncha tsa Empire,’ Covert Action Quarterly, Number 67, Spring-Summer 1999, p. 66.
8. NYT, ‘BAROMUOA BA TEMOKRASE.’
9. Robinson, William I. A Faustian Bargain: Ho kenella ha U.S. Likhethong tsa Nicaragua le Leano la Kantle ho Naha la Amerika Nakong ea Ntoa ea Cold (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), leq. 14
10. Robinson, William I. Ho khothalletsa Polyarchy: Globalisation, U.S. Intervention, le Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), leq. 88
11. Puisano le mongoli.
12. Robinson, William I. Likhohlano tsa Linaha Tsa Machaba: Amerika Bohareng, Phetoho ea Sechaba, le Tšebelisano ea Lefatše (New York: Verso, 2003), leq. 53. Sheba hape Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Ho ba le Seabo & Khanyetso (Cumberland, Rhode Island: Yale University Press, 1971).
13. Robinson, Ho Khothalletsa Polyarchy, leq. 51.
14. E qotsitsoe ho Ciment and Ness, ‘Ned and the Empire’s New Clothes,’ leq. 66. Talbott o buile sena ka la 18 March, 1996.
15. UN News Service, la 30 August, 2006, ‘Ho fanoe ka chelete e ka holimo ho lidolara tse limilione tse 36 ha Letlōle la UN la Democracy le lokolla lithuso tsa pele,’ http://www.un.org/democracyfund/.
16. Bona ‘Boempherishene bo Semolao’: ‘Boikarabelo ba ho Sireletsa’ le Nyeoe e Feteletseng ea Haiti,’ ho Briarpatch Magazine, December 2005, http://briarpatchmagazine.com/news/?p=48.
17. ‘THOMO YA UNDEF HO WASHINGTON DC,’ April 27-28, 2006, http://www.un.org/democracyfund/UNDEF_mission_at_Washington_DC-Apr2006.htm.
18. Ciment and Ness, leq. 66.
19. Eric T. Hale, TLHOKOMELISO EA BOKANG LE BOHLOKOA BA NAKO EA NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY, 1990-1999, Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana State University, December 2003
20. Neufeld, Mark. Lithuto ho Moruo oa Lipolotiki 58, 'Democratization in / of Canada Foreign Policy: Critical Reflections, Spring 1999.
21. Ho tsoa ‘Canada in the World,’ e qotsitsoeng ho Neufeld, Mark. Lithuto ho Moruo oa Lipolotiki 58, 'Democratization in / of Canada Foreign Policy: Critical Reflections, Spring 1999: leq. 103
22. Ibid., leq. 112.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., leq. 102.
25. Ibid., leq. 106. Bakeng sa mohloli oa pele bona Nossal, 'The Democratization of Canadian Foreign Policy: The Elusive Ideal,'in Maxwell A. Cameron le Maureen Appel Molot, ed., Democracy and Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 1995 (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995), leq. 39.
26. Axworthy, Thomas S. le Leslie Campbell, 'Ntšetso-pele ea Demokerasi Linaheng Tse Ling: Tlhahiso ea ho Theha Setsi sa Demokrasi Canada,' IPaper E Hlahisitsoe Setsing sa Lipatlisiso ka Leano la Sechaba, Karolo ea Canada ho Thuso ea Machaba ea Ntlafatso ea Demokerasi, September 10-11, 2004, leq. 12.
27. Websaete ea NED e http://www.ned.org. Sebaka sa polokelo ea boitsebiso se bitsoa ‘Democracy Projects Database
28. Puisano ea mongoli le Campbell.
29. Joalokaha ho boletsoe sehloohong sa Maclean. Khoutu e phatlalla le leqephe la lehae la IRPP (http://irpp.org). Sheba Anthony Wilson-Smith, Maclean’s, June 10, 2002, ‘Countdown, by Chretien’s clock,’ leq. 2.
30. Motheo oa Walter le Duncan Gordon. Tlaleho ea Selemo ea 2004, leq. 15
31. Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha Canada le The Canadian International Development Agency. Ofisi ea Mohlahlobi Kakaretso. Lekala la Tlhahlobo. Tekolo ea Motheo oa Canada oa Linaha tsa Amerika (FOCAL). Tlaleho ea ho Qetela. November 2004, leq. 13.
32. Ibid., leq. 16.
33. Ibid., leq. 17.
34. Ibid., leq. 20
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., leq. 22.
37. Sheba Litlaleho tsa Selemo tsa FOCAL, 1998-2004. FOCAL e amohetse chelete e fetang $8 milione ho tsoa mehloling ea mmuso nakong ena. http://www.focal.ca/about/annualreport/index_e.asp
38. Tlhahlobo ea Motheo oa Canada oa Linaha tsa Amerika, leq. 33.
39. Ho Golinger, Eva. Khoutu ea Chavez: Ho Hlakola ho kenella ha U.S. Venezuela (Havana, Cuba: Mohlophisi Jose Marti, 2005), leq. 165.
Bona Edward S. Herman le Frank Brodhead. Likhetho tsa Lipontšo: Likhetho tsa U.S.-Staged in the Dominican Republic, Vietnam, and El Salvador (Boston: South End Press, 1984).
43. Mabapi le karolo eo ho thoeng ke Cisneros, bona Corn, David, The Nation, August 5, 2002, ‘Sehlopha sa Rōna Venezuela? THE NAKO EA SECHABA BAKENG SA DEMOCRACY NE phathahane-le hole le mong; Asociacion Civil Consorcio Justicia.’ Hape bona Joseph Contreras le Michael Isikoff, Newsweek, April, 29, 2002, ‘Pitso e Haufi ea Hugo: Chavez o ile a pholoha. Hona joale tsamaiso ea Bush e tobane le lipotso tse thata mabapi le maqheka a eona Venezuela, "leq. 36.
40. A Faustian Bargain, leq. 92.
41. Ibid., leq. 93.
42. Robinson, William I. 'The Venezuelan Connection,' sebaka se ka thōko ho 'U.S. Tlhahisoleseding e Fetileng: 'Boemo ba Likhetho' ba Nicaragua, Bulletin ea Boitsebiso ba Ketso ea Covert. Nomoro 34 (Lehlabula 1990), leqepheng la 31-36.
43. E-mail e tsoang ho B. Rangel, March 5, 2006.
44. Puisano le mongoli, January 2006..45. Ibid.
46. Libakeng tse ling mabapi le karolo eo ho thoeng ke Cisneros, bona Corn, David, The Nation, August 5, 2002, ‘Sehlopha sa Rōna sa Venezuela? THE NAKO EA SECHABA BAKENG SA DEMOCRACY NE phathahane-le hole le mong; Asociacion Civil Consorcio Justicia.’ Hape bona Joseph Contreras le Michael Isikoff, Newsweek, April, 29, 2002, ‘Pitso e Haufi ea Hugo: Chavez o ile a pholoha. Hona joale tsamaiso ea Bush e tobane le lipotso tse thata mabapi le maqheka a eona Venezuela, "leq. 36.
47. Puisano le mongoli, Pherekhong 2006.
48. Mongoli o ile a fumana likopi tse hlakotsoeng tsa lithuso tsa NED tsa Latin America le Caribbean FY2005 ka Tšitoe 2005, 'me a li beha ho http//:inthenameofdemocracy.org. Li ile tsa phatlalatsoa ka molao ka Phuptjane 2006.
49. Bona http://www.consultamla.com/
50. Ka semelo sa Stoga le Kissinger, bona The National Journal, June 22, 1985, Moq. 17; No. 25; Tq. 1456, ‘Kissinger’s Associates at Kissinger Associates.’ le Madison, CHRISTOPHER, The National Journal, June 22, 1985, Moq. 17, No. 25; Tq. 1452
, ‘Kissinger Firm e Tšepa ho Etsa Letšoao la Eona e le Baeletsi ba Likotsi ho Marena a K’hamphani.’
51. Bona http://www.upd.oas.org, kaha e ile ea rehoa lebitso la ‘Ofisi ea Khothaletso ea Demokerasi.
52. E-mail e fumanweng ho tswa ho Carlo Dade, Mmesa 2006
53. Bakeng sa bopaki bo felletseng ba Dade le Graham, bo fanoeng ka la 1 Mmesa 2004, bona:
http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/373/fait/evidence/ev1287678/faitev10-e.htm#Int-873671
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Noriega le Franco ka bobeli ba ile ba hana likōpo tsa lipuisano mabapi le taba ea 'phatlalatso ea demokrasi' Haiti pele le ka morao ho phetohelo. Dade o boetse a hana kopo ea lipuisano ho buisana ka semelo sa hae le mesebetsi ea FOCAL ho / ho potoloha Haiti.
57. Tokomane e amohetsoeng ka lengolo-tsoibila ho tsoa Ofising ea CIDA Media Relations, la 5 Mmesa, 2006.
58. Puisano le mongoli, Embassy ea Canada, Port au Prince, Haiti, September 2005.
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