Waxaa dhiirigeliyay dhiirigelinta Flora Tristan - oo ay si weyn u xoojiyeen Marx iyo Engels - "Shaqaalaha Adduunka, Midow!" (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2013), dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha ayaa ku dhiirigelinayay shaqaalaha si ay u dhisaan wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah si ay awood midba midka kale iyo si loo hagaajiyo dhammaan nolosha shaqaalaha iyo fayoobi dib ugu noqoshada ka hor International First. Horumarka ugu sarreeya ee tani waxay ahayd diidmada shaqaalaha Biritishka ee dharka inay ka farsameeyaan suufka koonfurta antebellum ee ku salaysan addoonsiga, inkastoo ay la macno tahay dhibaatada korodhay ee shaqo la'aanta (eeg Featherstone, 2012).
Dhaqankan, iyadoo uu burburay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo UK oo dhinac ah iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti oo dhinaca kale ah, ayaa dib loo soo nooleeyay ilaa 1970-meeyadii iyada oo dadaallo ay sameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha iyo aqoonyahannada si loo dhiso wadajirka xuduudaha qaranka ee adduunka oo dhan ee shaqaalaha. , dadaal u muuqda inuu korayo. Warqadani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku doodaysaa in dhisidda wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah aysan hadda ahayn mid la jecel yahay; isbeddelka cimilada iyo burburka deegaanka ayaa tan ka dhigay lama huraan.
Qeexid
Maxaynu uga jeednaa wadajirka shaqaalaha adduunka? Waxaa lagu qeexay sida:
Midnimada shaqada caalamiga ah waa fal, ama ficil socda oo ay sameeyaan shaqaalaha, ururadooda, iyo ururada ay xulafada yihiin, iyo sidoo kale qorayaasha, fannaaniinta, iyo hawl-wadeennada kale, si ay u taageeraan shaqaalaha xuduudaha beesha siyaasadeed, dadaalkooda kor loo qaado nolosha shaqaalaha, mushaharka, xaaladaha shaqada, iyo mararka qaarkood jiritaankooda sida ay go'aamiyaan kuwa ay saameeyeen. Si loo xoojiyo awoodda iyo fayo-qabka shaqaalaha adduunka oo dhan, shaqaaluhu waa inay horumariyaan wadajirka guud ahaan golayaasha bulshada siyaasadda marka lagu daro horumarinta wadajirka shaqaalaha dalkooda; Midnimada shaqaalaha caalamiga ah ma hoos u dhigto wadajirka shaqaalaha isla waddan laakiin waxay kobcisaa awoodda, wanaagga, iyo aqoonta shaqaalaha adduunka.
Midnimadani waa inay noqotaa mid ku salaysan ixtiraam iyo is-taageeraan, taas oo meesha ka saaraysa fikradaha macaamiisha, qulqulka fikradaha, lacagta, iyo kheyraadka kale ee aan jihada ahayn, iyo xukunka hal dhaqdhaqaaq shaqaale oo kale (taas oo ah, waxay diidaysaa imperialism shaqaale). Midnimadan waxay ka soo bixi kartaa mid ka mid ah shaqaalaha Koonfurta ama Waqooyiga ama ururadooda, waxaa ku jiri kara ururo shaqaale oo badan, waxaana loo jihayn karaa shaqaalaha Koonfurta ama Waqooyiga iyo ururadooda.
Wadajirkaani wuxuu noqon karaa mid u dhexeeya shaqaalaha iyo ururada isku heer ee urur siyaasadeed ama ka dhexeeya shaqaalaha iyo ururada heerarka kala duwan ee urur siyaasadeed.
Midnimadan waxaa dhiirigelin kara dano gaar ah, wadajir, ama daacadnimo (Scipes, 2016c: 45-46).[1]
History
Dagaalkii Maraykanka ee Fiyatnaam waxa uu u adeegay sidii biyo-xidheenka midnimada caalamiga ah ee dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka kadib; malaayiin dad ah oo adduunka ah ayaa u yimid inay fahmaan saameynta xun ee dagaalka Mareykanka, haddii aysan u iman inay si firfircoon uga soo horjeedaan dagaalka Mareykanka, tiro badan oo kuwan ka mid ah waxay si miyir leh ula midoobeen halgankii xoreynta Vietnam; "Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh, NLF ayaa guulaysan doonta!" ma ahayn hees aan caadi ahayn oo ka dhacay kulliyado badan oo Maraykan ah iyo xarumo jaamacadeed dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii/horraantii 70-meeyadii iyo sii kordheysa si la mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa ballaaran ee ka-hortagga dagaalka Mareykanka. Dagaalkan iyo halgankii looga soo horjeeday ayaa ahaa kii u sahlay in dadka adduunka ku nool ay siyaabo cusub u eegaan dhacdooyinka ka baxsan xudduudahooda qaran.
Xiligani waxa ay ahayd wakhti qalalaase aduunka ka dhacay. Waxa kale oo ka dhacay halganno qaran oo xornimo doon ah oo adduunka oo dhan ka socday, lagana warqabay Kacaankii Ruushka ee 1917, Kacaankii Shiinaha ee 1949, Kacaankii Kuuba ee 1959, Kacaankii Aljeeriya ee 1962; Dhab ahaantii, wacyiga halganka Falastiin wuxuu soo galay miyir-qabka caalamiga ah 1967.
Dalkan Maraykanka, tan waxa ku biiray dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah/dhaqdhaqaaqa awooda madow, oo ay weheliyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa ardayda, ka dib dhaqdhaqaaqa ka soo horjeeda Vietnam, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoraynta Haweenka, dhaqdhaqaaqa ka soo horjeeda dagaalka gudaha ciidamada Maraykanka, Gay iyo Lesbian Dhaqdhaqaaqa xoraynta, dhaqdhaqaaqa beeralayda, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka. Taas, dabcan, waxa barbar socday halgankii dulmiga lagaga soo horjeeday ee ka socday dhammaan wadamadii Imbaraadooriyadda, iyo waddamo badan oo hore loo gumaysan jiray oo adduunka ah.[2]
Muddadaas, waxa dhacay afgambigii Maraykanku taageeray ee afgambiyay dawladdii dimuqraadiga ahayd ee Salvador Allende ee Chile 11-kii Sebtembar, 1973, 9-11 kii ugu horreeyay.
Laakiin waxaan ku doodayaa — anigoo raacaya hogaanka heesaaga/heesaha Dave Lippmann, “Vietnam, Vietnam, Vietnam. Waxaad shiday fiyuuska bamka wakhtiga Imperial” -in uu ahaa dagaalkan iyo halgankii sii kordhayay ee ka dhanka ahaa kii ku qarxay fahamkii ugu horeeyay ee halgankii caalamiga ahaa ee lagaga soo horjeeday dulmigii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka kadib (1945-kii).
Arrimuhu way is beddeleen. Sida iska cad, dhaq-dhaqaaqii ka soo horjeeday dagaalkii Vietnam ayaa hoos u dhacay horraantii 1970-meeyadii iyadoo madaxda talada haysa ay soo afjareen qabyo-qoraalka nacaybka ee Mareykanka-militariga, waxay kala baxeen ciidamada Mareykanka ee Vietnam 1973-dii, ka dibna waxay daawadeen guushii Vietnam ee 1975 iyo sidoo kale Cambodia iyo Laos . Taasi waxay caddahay in aanay soo afjarin halgankii gumaysi-diidka- Angola, Mozambique, iyo Guinea-Bissau mid waliba waxa uu xornimadoodii siyaasadeed ka helay Portugal 1975kii, halgankii xornimo-doonka waxa uu ka curtay Koonfur Afrika 1976-kii taas oo ka dhalatay xasuuqii ardaydii ka dhacay Soweto, oo ah magaalo madow oo ka baxsan Johannesburg. Zimbabwe waxay xornimadeeda qaadatay 1978, Nicaragua waxay heshay madax banaanideeda 1979. Hase yeeshee, dhamaadkii 1970-meeyadii, waxay u muuqatay "xilliga xoraynta" inuu guud ahaan socday.
Sababta waxaas oo dhami ay muhiim u tahay waa in muddadani ay soo saartay kaadiriin firfircoon oo waddammada Imperial-la qiray, kaliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah kuwii la abaabulay - kuwaas oo qaatay fahamka "caalmiga", oo garwaaqsaday in aan dhisno midnimo. caalami ahaan, in aynaan ku soo koobin karin aragtideena gudaha xuduudaha qaranka. Waxaa jiray in yar oo fahamkan caalamiga ah ku soo kordhiyey shaqadooda siyaasadeed ka hor xilligii xorriyadda - way joogeen, laakiin tiro yar - laakiin waxaad mooddaa in kaadiriintaas intooda badani ay ahaayeen kuwo da 'yar oo u heellan inay wax ka beddelaan adduunka. Haddi ay si gooni gooni ah u horumariyeen caalimnimadan ama haday tahay mid ka dhalatay ururo siyaasadeed iyo halgankii ay ku jireen, wakhtigan xoriyada ee u dhexeeyay qiyaastii 1955-1979 waxa uu saamayn weyn ku yeeshay siyaabo badan oo waara, waxaanan ka arki karnaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada shaqaalaha. labadaba Kanada iyo Maraykanka iyo sidoo kale meelo kale. Horumarka xiga oo loo qaybiyo laba xilli, 1970-2010 iyo 2011 ilaa maanta, waxay gacan ka geysataa iftiiminta in wadajirka shaqalaha adduunku uu sii fidayo iyo in kale.
Warqadani waxay taxaysaa dadaallo hore oo la sameeyay tan iyo 1970-meeyadii si kor loogu qaado dadaalka hadda socda ee lagu dhisayo wadajirkan loo baahan yahay. Tani waxay bilaabatay intii lagu jiray dagaalkii qaboobaa, ugu yaraan wax ka mid ah wax soo saarka ardayda iyo/ama xubnaha firfircoon ee ururada bidix ee galay dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada, halyeeyada markii la sii daayo waxay helayaan shaqo, gargaar waqti dheer / shaqaale horumarineed, aqoonyahanno horusocod ah, muddo dheer- waqti-ganacsatada, iyo sidoo kale dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha muddada dheer ee madowga ah, kuwaas oo ka warqabay dhaqdhaqaaqyada xoreynta qaran ee Afrika, gaar ahaan dhaqdhaqaaqa Pan African, oo ku dhex milmay ururrada.
1978-2010[3]
In kasta oo wacyiga adduunku uu u hadhsanaa hawl-wadeenno badan, tani inta badan kama muuqan dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada-taas oo weli si xad dhaaf ah loo go'aamiyay ficillada AFL-CIO ee Maraykanka iyo Ururka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga ee UK-iyo sidaas. , marka laga reebo wax yar, ma jirin wax wacyigelin ah oo ku saabsan shaqaalaha wadamada kale ee shaqaalaha boqortooyada.[4]
Muddadii 1978-2010 waxay arkeen dhowr horumar oo si xoog leh u horumarin doona halganka wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah waxayna arrimahan ku dhejiyeen guddiga: kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan shaqo joojin ka dhan ah shirkadaha caalamiga ah ee dalalkii hore ee la gumaysan jiray iyo dadaallada lagu doonayo in taageero laga helo dalalka Imperial ee shaqaalaha halkaas oo kuwan caalami ah ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda; by caan korodhay ee aasaasiga ah "adduunka saddexaad" daraasaadka horumarinta, gaar ahaan Yurub; iyo kordhinta shabakadaha isgaadhsiinta - mid rasmi ah iyo mid aan rasmi ahayn - kuwaas oo gudbiyay aqoonta shaqo-joojintan iyo horumarka kale (gaar ahaan ku saabsan horumarinta ururada shaqaalaha ee kala duwan ee dalalka "adduunka saddexaad") ee shabakadaha yaryar ee aqoonyahannada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha adduunka oo dhan. Aasaaska horumarinta dheeraadka ah ayaa la dhigay muddadan ugu horreysa, laakiin ma jirin wax dammaanad ah oo ah inay sii socon doonto muddada soo socota.
Ficilada furaha u ah horumarkan waxaa ka mid ahaa weerarradii xagjiriinta ee Sao Paolo Metalworkers ee ka dhanka ahaa shirkadaha baabuurta caalamiga ah kuwaas oo ahaa dhufeyskii dhaqaale ee kalitaliskii militariga Brazil (eeg TIE, 1984; Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010);[5] daabacaadda buug ay qoreen Don Thomson iyo Rodney Larson (1978) oo cinwaan looga dhigay Halkee joogtay walaal? Xisaabta Imperialism Ururka Shaqaalaha, kaas oo cambaareeyey Shirweynaha Ururka Shaqaalaha Ingiriiska oo uu ku sheegay inuu ka shaqaynayo danaha shaqaalaha ee dalalkii Boqortooyadii hore ee Ingiriiska.[6] iyo bilaabista NILS, the Wargeyska Daraasaadka Shaqada Caalamiga ah Waxaa qoray Peter Waterman.[7] 1979kii, FOSATU (Federation of South Africa Trade Unions) ayaa laga aasaasay wadankaas (eeg MacShane, Plaut and Ward, 1984).[8] Iyo Maajo 1, 1980, ururada guud ee Filibiin waxay u midoobeen inay abuuraan Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU-May Dhaqdhaqaaqa Koowaad) Xarunta Shaqada (eeg Scipes, 1996),[9] halka bishii Agoosto ee sanadkaas, shaqaalaha Polish ay abuureen Solidarnosc (MacDonald, 1981; eeg Garton Asch, 1983; Bernhard, 1993; iyo Bloom, 2014).
Waagani waxa hubaal ah inuu socday 1978 ilaa 1997, kaas oo arkay daabacaadda Kim Moody's Shaqaale ku sugan dunida caatada ah: Ururada dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah.[10] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilliga ayaa si muran leh u sii socday ilaa 2010, sida lagu muujiyay daabacaadda Jeffrey Sluyter-Beltrao (2010) ee ku saabsan midowga cusub ee Brazil iyo Kim Scipes 'buugga (iyo maqaalka xiga) ee barnaamijka siyaasadda dibadda ee AFL-CIO (Scipes, 2010a) , 2010b; eeg 2016a).
Xiligan 1978-2010 waa mid ay qayb ahaan garanayaan inta badan dadka u ololeeya shaqada ee wakhtigan, walina waxa ay saamaynaysaa horumarka maanta, in kasta oo ay u badan tahay been abuur iyo isfaham la'aan.
Fikradda aragtiyeed ee midaysa waagii 1978-2010 waa "Ururka dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada."
Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay heleen nooc cusub oo midnimo ganacsi oo ay samaysay CUT ee Brazil, KMU ee Filibiin, FOSATU / COSATU ee Koonfur Afrika, iyo suurtogalnimada ururada cusub ee ganacsiga ee South Korea, iyo Peter Waterman wuxuu horumariyay fikradda " Dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada unionism" (SMU) si loo tixraaco (Waterman, 1988b). Cilmi-baarayaashan oo isku dayaya in ay u fahmaan nooc ka duwan midawga ganacsiga, waxa ay bilaabeen dood caalami ah oo ku saabsan sidii loo fahmi lahaa, iyo qaab dhiirigelinaya shaqaalaha dalalka kale in ay iyaguna horumariyaan.[11] Natiijooyinka muhiimka ah ee daraasaddan waxay ahayd in ururnimada dhaqdhaqaaqa bulsheed ay ahayd nooc cusub oo urur ganacsi oo aan kaliya caqabad ku ahayn loo-shaqeeyaha iyo / ama xukunka gobolka ee goobaha shaqada. iyo Bulshooyinka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ka horyimaadeen shabakadaha dhaqalaha-siyaasadeed ee caalamiga ah (ie, imperialism) kuwaas oo dalalkooda lagu gumaado.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyada oo ku saleysan qoraallada Gay Seidman (1994) - oo isticmaalay ereyga SMU, laakiin aan ka mid ahayn doodaha caalamiga ah - Kim Moody (1997) ayaa markii dambe u adeegsaday ereygan muuqaal bulsho oo tayo duwan, "cusub" urur shaqaale. horumarka Maraykanka. Codsigan aan habboonayn ee fikradda dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa bulsheed ee horumarinta midowga ee Maraykanka ayaa horseeday jahawareer aragtiyeed oo ballaadhan oo weli jira maanta - cilmi-baarayaasha labadaba Imperial iyo dalal hore oo la gumeysto - taas oo wiiqday muhiimada horumarka ka dhex jira saddexdan xarumood ee shaqada.
Jahwareerkan aragtiyeed lama kala saarin ilaa 2014, markii Scipes dib ula hawlgashay mawduuca oo ay furfurtay (Scipes, 2014c; dib loo daabacay 2021: 231-262).[12]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo jahawareer aragtiyeed ka dhex jira aqoonyahannada kale ee caalamiga ah ee shaqada, tiro dadaallo ah oo la taaban karo oo lagu dhisayo wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah ayaa la bilaabay muddadan, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan hawlo iskood u shaqeysta iyo sidoo kale ficillada lagu soo sheegay cilmi-baarista iyo dadaallada cilmi-baarista ee lagu falanqeynayo, aragtida. iyo/ama qorshee dadaalkan si caalami ah.[13] Dadaalka muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa:
- Fred Hirsch, oo ah tubiistaha ganacsiga iyo xubin ka tirsan Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 393 ee San Jose, California ayaa ogaaday ku lug lahaanshaha AIFLD (Machadka Mareykanka ee Horumarinta Shaqada Bilaashka ah, ururka gobolka AFL-CIO ee Latin America) si ay gacan uga geystaan dhisidda shaqada 1973-kii afgambigii millatari ee ka dhacay Chile iyadoo la abaabulayey weerar ba'an oo milkiilihii baabuur xamuul ahaa oo ka dhan ahaa dawladda Allende. Hirsch waxa uu daabacay laba buug oo yaryar (1974, laakiin sida muuqata 1975) ee hawlgalladan. Waxa uu u horseeday Golaha Shaqaalaha ee South Bay si uu u gudbiyo qaraar rasmi ah oo lagu cambaareynayo ka-qaybgalka AIFLD, ka dibna wuxuu hoggaamiyay caabbinta guusha leh ee dadaalka AIFLD - oo uu hoggaamiyo Agaasimaha Fulinta, William Doherty, Jr - si loo helo golaha shaqaaluhu inuu baabi'iyo qaraarka (eeg Hirsch iyo Muir, 1987).
- Sanadihii 1970-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1980-meeyadii, shaqaalaha doomaha ee International Longshore iyo Warehouse Union (ILWU) -Ururka xeebaha dheer ee US West Coast - waxay bilaabeen qaadacaada shixnadaha hubka u qaada Chile iyo xamuulka laga keenay Koonfur Afrika (Cole, 2018; Scipes, 1985).
- Sannadkii 1984kii, Xarunta Shaqada ee KMU ee Filibiin waxay bilawday "Amuuraha Wadajirka Caalamiga ah" ee sannadlaha ah (ISA), kaas oo ku martiqaaday shaqaalaha iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha shaqada ee adduunka si ay u yimaadaan waddankooda oo ay ku qaataan 10 maalmood oo ay la kulmaan xaqiiqada soo food saartay shaqaalaha Filibiin.[14]
- Warbixinnada Shaqada Caalamiga ah, joornaal ku saleysan Ingiriis, waxaa la bilaabay 1984 si loo dhiso wadajirka shaqada adduunka oo dhan (eeg Scipes, 2021: 43-57). Joornaalkani waxa uu soo daabacay warar iyo warbixino ku saabsan shaqaalaha iyo halgankooda adduunka oo dhan labadii biloodba mar iyada oo qaab la heli karo.[15]
- Intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii, shaqaalaha Kanadiyaanka ah waxay horumariyeen barnaamijyo midnimo si ay u taageeraan halganka horumarka ee Maraykanka (shaqaalaha beeralayda) oo ay la socdaan halgankaas Chile, Falastiin, iyo Koonfur Afrika (eeg Nastovski, 2014, 2016). Kuwani waxay si weyn ugu salaysnaayeen fikradda wadajirka tooska ah ee shaqaalaha iyo shaqaalaha.
- 1986kii, Xarunta Shaqada Qaranka ee Xuquuqul Insaanka iyo Dimuqraadiyada ee El Salvador waxaa horumariyay shaqaalaha Maraykanka iyo hogaamiyayaasha kaniisadaha si ay u taageeraan xuquuqda aadanaha iyo dimuqraadiyadda El Salvador; waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaareen sidii ay u wiiqi lahaayeen taageerada AFL-CIO ee siyaasadda dibadda ee Reagan waxayna muhiim u ahaayeen ka hortagga Mareykanka inuu ku duulo Nicaragua (eeg Battista, 2002).
- Sannadkii 1988-kii, ka dib markii uu muddo lix bilood ah u socdaalay Galbeedka Yurub iyo Filibiin, Scipes ayaa ka warbixisay dadaallada ay wadaan hawl-wadeennada dalal dhowr ah si ay u dhisaan wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah (Scipes, 1988; dib loo daabacay 2021: 29-42).
- 1989. CISTUR (Guddiga Wadajirka Caalamiga ah ee Xuquuqda Ganacsiga) waxaa lagu aasaasay San Francisco Aubrey Grossman si loo dhiso wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah. Tani waxay ahayd halka ay ku kulmeen Fred Hirsch iyo Kim Scipes, kuwaas oo markii dambe lahaa waxyaabo muhiim ah shaqadooda wadajirka ah horaantii 2000-meeyadii.
- Sanadihii 1990-meeyadii, Eric Lee wuxuu aasaasay "Labour Start", mashruuc wadajir ah oo dhanka khadka ah oo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha adduunka oo dhan kaasoo socda ilaa maantahttps://www.labourstart.org). Bilawga Labour-ku waxa uu diiradda saaray soo jeedinta dareenka halganka shaqada, si loo taageero iyaga iyo/ama taageerayaashooda.
- 1994kii, Roger Southall waxa uu baadhay taageerada ururada shaqaalaha ee "Waqooyiga" ee ururada shaqaalaha Koonfur Afrika.
- Sannadkii 1995, oo ku salaysan qayb ahaan ka soo horjeedda hawlgallada caalamiga ah ee AFL-CIO, ku-sugihii Lane Kirkland, Tom Donohue, ayaa la diiday doorashadii ugu horreysay ee hoggaanka dimuqraadiga ah ee taariikhdeeda, iyo John Sweeney wuxuu la wareegay madaxnimada AFL-CIO.
- Sannadkii 1997-kii, Sweeney waxa ay kala dirtay AFL-CIO ururradeeda gobolka-AAFLI (Machadka Shaqada Bilaashka ah ee Aasiyaanka Ameerika) ee Aasiya; AALC (Xarunta Shaqaalaha Afrikaanka Ameerika) ee Afrika; iyo AIFLD (Machadka Mareykanka ee Horumarinta Shaqada Bilaashka ah) ee Latin America-oo ay ku bedeshay Xarunta Mareykanka ee Wadajirka Shaqada Caalamiga ah, oo badanaa loo yaqaan Xarunta Wadajirka, inkasta oo markii dambe noqotay magaceeda rasmiga ah. Xarunta Wadajirku waxa ay ahayd hawl aad uga liidata marka loo eego machadyada gobolka, mararka qaar xitaa caawisa shaqaalaha, laakiin waxa ay weli tahay "machad udub-dhexaadka ah" ee Imperialist National Endowment for Democracy (NED). (Fiiri Bass, 2012; Robinson, 1996; Scipes, 2010a: 96-105).
- Sanadihii 1990-meeyadii, shaqaleyaasha Koonfur Afrika ayaa diiday in ay qabtaan shixnad milateri oo ka timid Shiinaha oo loo waday Zimbabwe (Cole, 2018).
- Dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii, dadaallo la taaban karo oo lagu dhisayo midnimada xudduudaha ee shaqaalaha Mareykanka iyo Meksikaanka iyo Kariibiyaanka ayaa la sameeyay, badiyaa dhanka dharka iyo soosaarka dharka (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2005; Hathaway, 2000).
- 1998, Peter Waterman wuxuu daabacay buugiisa muhiimka ah Caalamiyaynta, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Bulsho ee Cusub, iyo Caalamiga.
- SIGTUR (Initiative South for Global Trade Union Rights) waxaa aasaasay urur-yaqaano horusocod ah oo ku sugan Koonfur Afrika iyo Galbeedka Australia, iyagoo doonaya inay dhisaan wadajirka shaqada ee Koonfurta Caalamka oo dhan. Markii dambe waxay ku fiday adduunka oo dhan. (Fiiri gaar ahaan O'Brien, 2019; sidoo kale eeg Dobrusin, 2014; Framil Filho, 2021; Lambert, 2002; Lambert iyo Webster, 2001; iyo Scipes, 2019.)
- Kordhinta warbixinta tayada sare leh ee ku saabsan iyo falanqaynta ururada shaqaalaha ee la sameeyay, gaar ahaan Koonfur Afrika iyo Filibiin, iyo ilaa xad ka yar, South Korea iyo Brazil: Koonfur Afrika, eeg gaar ahaan Adler, Maller iyo Webster, 1992; Baskiin, 1991; Friedman, 1987; Kraak, 1993; MacShane, Plaut iyo Ward, 1984; Pilay, 1990; Scipes, 2001, dib loo daabacay 2021: 173-203; Seidman, 1994; iyo labadii biloodba mar Warqadda Shaqada ee Koonfur Afrika; iyo Filibiin, eeg Scipes, 1996 iyo West, 1997. Koonfurta Kuuriya, eeg Chun, 2003; Gray, 2008; Koo, 2001, Hees, 2002; Ka dibna, Brazil, fiiri Seidman (1994) iyo Sluyter-Beltrao (2010) .
- Sannadkii 2003dii, hoggaamiyeyaasha darajada-iyo-fayl-ku-jirka ah waxay aasaaseen Shaqaalaha Maraykanka ee Ka-hortagga Dagaalka (USLAW) si ay u dhisaan wadajirka shaqaalaha Ciraaq intii lagu jiray duullaankii Mareykanka iyo ka dib markii la qabsaday; waxay markii dambe ballaariyeen dadaalkooda ah in ay dhisaan wadajirka shaqaalaha Iran, Falastiin, iyo Venezuela. Waxay heleen qaraar laga soo saaray Shirweynihii Qaran ee AFL-CIO ee 2005 ee Chicago, xilligii Maraykanku uu dagaalka Ciraaq ku jiray, si ay uga dalbadaan Mareykanka inuu ka baxo dhammaan xawaaraha suurtagalka ah. (Fiiri Fletcher, 2003; Onasch, 2003; Scipes, 2003, 2010a: 77-78; Zweig, 2005, 2016.)
- In ka badan 400 oo ergo ah oo ka qayb-galaya Shirweynaha AFL-CIO ee Gobolka California- oo ah ururka ugu wayn ee gobolka iyo lix-meelood meel wadarta guud ee xubinimada AFL-CIO wakhtigaas-waxay si wada jir ah u ansixiyeen qaraar, "Dhis Midnimo iyo Kalsooni ka mid ah Shaqaalaha Adduunka oo dhan," kaas oo cambaareeyay AFL Qaranka -Siyaasadda dibadda ee CIA (Hirsch, 2004; sidoo kale eeg Scipes, 2004).
- Dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu waxay abuureen Guddiga Wadajirka Shaqaalaha iyo waxay horseedeen dagaalka lagu cambaareynayo hawlgallada caalamiga ah ee AFL-CIO ee 2005 AFL-CIO Convention ee Chicago, halkaas oo hoggaanka qaranka ee AFL-CIO uu beddelay qaraar ka yimid Gobolka California AFL-CIO mid ka mid ah dhaleeceynta qaranka. Hawlgallada shisheeye ee AFL-CIO si ay mid iyaga u ammaanaan oo ay u diidaan in taageerayaasha xallinta asalka ah ka hadlaan dabaqa heshiiska (Scipes, 2010a: 69-82; Scipes, 2012a).
- In 2010, Dagaalka Qarsoon ee AFL-CIO ee ka dhanka ah Horumarinta Shaqaalaha Dalka: Midnimo Mise Khasaare? iyo sidoo kale fahamka aragtida Scipes ee barnaamijkeeda ajnabiga ah ayaa la daabacay (Scipes 2010a, 2010b; sidoo kale eeg Scipes, 2016.). Buuggani kaliya kuma koobnayn in ka badan 100 sano oo hawl-gallada caalamiga ah ee shaqaalaha Maraykanka, balse waxa uu dulmar ka bixiyey hawlgalladan caalamiga ah ilaa 2007. Sannadkii 2012, Scipes waxa uu waraysi qoto-dheer siiyey Steve Zeltzer oo ku saabsan Buugga Scipes's (2012b).
- Shabakado ay ku jiraan Xarunta Kheyraadka Kormeerka Aasiya iyo Xidhiidhinta Shaqaalaha Aasiyaanka Australia (AAWL), ayaa laga sameeyay Aasiya oo dhan.
Marka la soo koobo, dadaallo ballaaran - oo inta badan ay bilaabeen dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha, intooda badan oo leh taageero yar oo hay'ad ah oo ay bixiyaan ururada shaqaalaha - ayaa ka soo baxay adduunka oo dhan, iyagoo raadinaya inay isku xiraan oo ay taageeraan shaqaalaha meel kasta oo ay ku halgamaan caddaaladda bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha.
2011 ilaa maanta (2024)[16]
Muddadan-oo maanta sii socota-waa muhiim sababtoo ah waxaa muuqata isbeddel dhab ah oo lagu dhisayo wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah, si aan u tixraaco dadaalladii 2010 ka dib sidii dhismo. caalamka wadajirka shaqada halkii caalami ah wadajirka shaqada (fiiri Scipes, 2020a). Tani waa isbeddel muhiim ah, laakiin waxay u baahan tahay in la horumariyo.
Waxaa lagu horumariyay dadaaladii 1978-2010, waxay soo bandhigaysaa ururo badan iyo dad badan oo shaqeeya baahida loo qabo horumarinta wadajirka shaqaalaha adduunka, iyada oo aragti ahaan ay noqonayso mid aad u casri ah iyada oo cilmi-baaristu ay sii xoogaysanayso iyada oo la baarayo lana ogaanayo xaaladaha adduunka oo dhan. . Xidhiidhka fikraddan iyo tusaalooyinka halganka lagu dhisay iyo ku xeeran dhisidda wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah ayaa noqday mid aad u casrisan waxana uu fikraddan u saadaaliyay shaqaale badan iyo ururadooda adduunka oo dhan. Runtii waanu aragnay—oo qoraagani waxa uu saadaaliyay in aan sii arki doono shirka Qoraalada Shaqaalaha ee Abriil 2024—aqoonsi weyn oo ay hayaan hawl-wadeennada shaqada ee baahida loo qabo in la gaadho lana taageero shaqaalaha la halgamaya meel kasta iyo meel kasta oo adduunka ah, oo ay weheliso rabitaanka korodhka in aan tan ula dagaalamo iyada oo leh darajo "caadi" ah oo aan fayl gareeyo xubnaha ururadooda si loo ballaariyo dadaalladayada caalamiga ah.
Tani waxay sidoo kale ku biirtay diidmada sii kordheysa ee imbaraadooriyadda shaqada meel kasta oo ay ka muuqato madaxeeda dulmiga ah. Sida Peter Waterman (1998) uu xusay, in badan oo ka mid ah waxa u soo gudbay sida wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa caalamiga ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa caalamiga ah ilaa wakhtigaas waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u aabbenimo, waxay ahaayeen hal-jiho (mid-jiho ah), oo ka yimid ururrada wadamada loogu yeero wadamada horumaray ( kuwa Galbeedka Yurub, Kanada, US, Japan, Australia iyo New Zealand) ee ururada ka jira wadamada soo koraya (kuwa Afrika, Aasiya, Latin America iyo Bariga Dhexe), waxaana la socday wax badan oo "Waqooyi ah," inta badan Eurocentric, dhaqanka, caadooyinka, qiyamka, rajooyinka iyo kibirka. Mararka qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wadajirkaani wuxuu bixiyaa dhaqaale iyo taageero taas oo dhab ahaantii caawisay shaqaalaha halgankaas ee wadamada soo koraya. Waqtiyo kale, gaar ahaan lagu arkay dadaallo badan oo ay samaysay xarunta shaqada ee Mareykanka, AFL-CIO, waxa loogu yeero “midnimada” ayaa dhab ahaantii ka shaqeysay inay carqaladeyso ama carqaladeyso dadaallada shaqaalaha dalka ee soo koraya.[17] (eeg Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2012b. 2020c; sidoo kale eeg Bass, 2012; Cox and Bass, 2012; Carew, 2018; Radosh, 1969; Schuhrke, 2019, 2020, 2024, 1992).
Waxa is bedelay waa fahamka sii kordhaya ee kuwa ku nool wadamada Imperial ee macnaha guud ee caalamiga ah ee ay ku nool yihiin; waxay si isa soo taraysa u fahmayaan in xoogag ka baxsan wadamada Imbaraadooriyadda ay saamayn ku yeelan karaan inta badanna dhacdooyinka dalkooda. Waxaan filayaa in meesha ay tani runtii ka bilaabmatay in ay wax ka badasho weeraradii 9-11, Sebtembar 11, 2001; mar dambe ma ahayn dhacdooyinka adduunku si fudud "halkaas."
Intaa ka dib, wacyiga caalamiga ah ee sii kordhaya ayaa inta badan ka dhashay xoogag taban oo adduunka oo dhan ah oo hoos yimaada fikradda caalamiga ah. Malaayiin shaqaale ah oo ka shaqayn jiray wadamada Imbaraadooriyadda ayaa 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ka barakiciyay shaqooyinkoodii kadib markii ay go’aansadeen maamulka shirkadaha in wax soo saarka laga wareejiyo wadamadii Imbaraadooriyadda loo bedelay kuwii hore ee la gumeysan jiray, gaar ahaan kuwa ay dowladahooda ka dhigi karaan kuwo raqiis ah oo ay gacanta ku hayaan (eeg. Qoraallada, 2006, 2023a).
Haddana, waxaa jira wax ka badan tan. Xataa sida ay dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqaya ay ka warqabeen dadka ku nool wadamada kale, tani guud ahaan lama xiriirin caalamiyeynta. Sababtu waa sahlan tahay: iyadoo fahamka guud ee caalamiga ah ee lagu soo ururiyey sidii in la wada aqbalay (eeg Friedman, 1999), ma jirto meel lagu fahmo in fikraddu tan aad uga ballaadhan tahay.
Ilaa 2016, Scipes waxa ay isku dayaysay in ay balaadhiso fikirka shaqada ee ku saabsan caalamiyaynta. Si tan loo sameeyo, wuxuu dhisay shaqada Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2015). Nederveen Pieterse waxa uu ku doodayaa in caalimiyaddu ay tahay mid kala duwan (in ka badan dhaqaalaha kaliya, waxa ku jira siyaasadda iyo dhaqanka) waana ka hor casriyaynta, Scipes-na waxa uu aqbalay balaadhintiisa fikradda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Scipes waxay ku doodaysaa in caalimiyaddu sidoo kale tahay mid isku dhafan, oo leh laba heer oo kala ah: caalamiyeynta shirkadeed/militaristic-ka sare (taas oo, dhab ahaantii, ahayd macquulnimada fikradda Friedman 1999, xitaa haddii uusan u muujin qaabka), iyo hoose -Dhaqdhaqaaqa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha, mid ka mid ah kuwa nolosha kor u qaadaya, iyo in dhaqdhaqaaqan hoose uu caqabad ku yahay dabeecadda burburinta iyo qiyamka nooca kore-hoos (Scipes, 2016b: 16-17; Shiva, 2005; Starr, 2005). Fahamka jiritaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa hoose ee caalamiga ah wuxuu noo ogolaanayaa inaan xiriir la samayno kuwa u dagaallamaya adduun wanaagsan oo adduunka oo dhan ah.
Shaki la'aan, waxaa jira xiisaha iyo fahamka shaqada ee adduunka oo dhan, hubaal dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha iyo tiro yar laakiin sii kordheysa ee xubnaha ururka. Tani waxay u muuqataa inay la socoto fahamka sii kordhaya ee soo ifbaxa dhaqdhaqaaqyada bulsho ee kor u qaadaya nolosha ee adduunka oo dhan (kuwo kale oo badan, eeg Bevins, 2023; Klein, 2014; Moghadam, 2020; Scipes, 2021, 2022b) sida dhaqdhaqaaqa haweenka, iyo gaar ahaan dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka. Sida ay dadku ula kulmeen-si toos ah ama si dadban-khatarta sii kordheysa ee isbeddelka cimilada iyo burburinta deegaanka (fiiri, qaar kale oo badan, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Harper iyo Snowden, 2017; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2017b, 2023b , 2024), waxay sii wadaan inay si aad ah uga warqabaan waxyaabaha ay wadaagaan adduunka oo dhan.
Haddana tani waxay inta badan ku koobnayd dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa; iyo sida aan ixtiraamka u hayo hawlwadeenadayda, hal daciifnimada shaqadeena guud ahaan waa inaanaan ku xidhin "dadka caadiga ah" (ie, kuwa aan firfircoonayn) ee wadamada boqortooyooyinka si ay u kasbadaan kalsoonidooda iyo raacitaanka.
Isbeddelka wax soo saarka caalamiga ah ayaan weli la xiriirin caalamiyeynta ka socota dhaqdhaqaaqa hoose sababtoo ah xitaa marka ay ka warqabaan dadka adduunka oo dhan, inta badan dadka degan waddanka boqortooyada ma fahmaan in shaqaalaha dalalka kale ay yihiin. xulafo iman kara, ma aha cadowyo. Waxaa si aan kala go' lahayn loogu sheegay "hogaamiyeyaasha" siyaasadeed iyo kuwa dawladeed - oo ay weheliyaan tiro badan oo shaqaale ah "hogaamiyeyaasha" - in Meksikaanka, Shiineeska, qof kasta, uu xaday shaqooyin "anaga", iyo inta badan warbaahinta caadiga ah ayaa si toos ah u faafisay tan. been, samaynta shaqaalaha ajnabiga ah u muuqdaan inay yihiin "cadowgayada," ma aha xulafada. Annagu hawl-wadeennadu ma aynaan awoodin in aan si wadajir ah u sharaxno xaqiiqada oo aan ka dhaadhicino in maamulka shirkadaha ee shirkadaha caalamiga ahi ay samaynayeen go'aannada lagu burburinayo shaqooyinka Maraykanka iyaga oo u guuraya wax soo saarka dibadda, ma aha shaqaale waddamo kale ah (Scipes, 2006; sidoo kale eeg, qaar badan oo ka mid ah) kuwa kale, Cox, 2012).
Waxaa jiray horumarro kale oo muujiyay in Maraykanku uu ka shaqeeyo jawi caalami ah oo weyn; isgaarsiinta caalamiga ah oo la xoojiyey (oo ay ku jiraan tirada sii kordheysa ee wararka dibadda, iyo sidoo kale filimada "ajnabiga ah"), dagaalladii adduunka oo dhan, socdaal caalami ah oo weyn, ballaarinta barnaamijyada waxbarashada ee jaamacadaha Mareykanka ee adduunka; Faafida COVID-19; iyo sidoo kale socdaalka caalamiga ah iyo, dabcan, isbeddelka cimilada, mid kastaa wuxuu gacan ka geystay fahamkan ballaaran, oo loo dhan yahay oo caalami ah.
Horumarradan, wax badan kamaanu helin shaqaaluhu, xitaa aqoontan la xoojiyey. Inta badan aqoonta habaynta shaqaalaha ee heer caalami ee wadamada Imperial waxay ku luntay hawlgab, da 'weyn iyo xaaladaha qaarkood dhimasho, iyo qabanqaabiyeyaasha cusub ayaan la barin baahida loo qabo horumarinta xiriirka caalamiga ah marka laga reebo kiisaska xaddidan. Abaabulayaasha maanta ma aysan keenin wacyigan caalamiga ah goobaha shaqada sidii hore. Haddana, in la helo faham caalami ah ayaa aad uga muhimsan sidii hore; waxaanan u baahanahay in aan fahanno in aan ka bedelno miyir-qabka caalamiga ah ee "waa in" (jiilka Vietnam) si aan u dhisno wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah haddii aan dooneyno in aan ka hortagno shirkadaha raasumaalka ah iyo isbeddelka cimilada (oo ah qabanqaabiyeyaasha dambe.)
Marka la ogaado, Ronald W. Cox 'shaqada (2012) ayaa awood u leh inay ka caawiso shaqaalaha inay arkaan muhiimada aragtida caalamiga ah.[18] Cox waxa uu baranayey ururka hantiwadaaga iyo waxa uu wax ka qorayey waa isbeddelka ka dhex jira shirkadaha waaweyn ee caalamiga ah ee ka imanaya hababka wax soo saarka gudaha ee ku salaysan kuwa la isku duwo-ha noqoto si toos ah ama si dadban - ee khadadka sahayda caalamiga ah. Kuwo kale way fahmeen fikraddan silsiladaha sahayda caalamiga ah, laakiin aqoontayda, Cox waa kii ugu horreeyay ee si toos ah ugu xidha hababka wax-soo-saarka shirkadaha hanti-wadaaga, iyo in la muujiyo sida ay u dhiseen taageerada siyaasadeed ee heerarka ugu sarreeya ee maamullada madaxweynayaasha Mareykanka ee labada xisbi siyaasadeed ee waaweyn. si kor loogu qaado hababkaas.
Cox wuxuu tan u dhigayaa aragti taariikhi ah: bartamihii 1960-meeyadii, dalalkii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka ee France, Germany, Japan, iyo Boqortooyada Midowday ay ka soo kabteen ilaa heer shirkadahooda ay awoodaan inay la tartamaan kuwa Maraykanka ee Yurub iyo Japan. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, shirkadahan qaarkood waxa ay kula tartamayeen shirkado Maraykan ah gudaha Maraykanka. Sannadkii 1980-aadkii, shirkadaha shisheeye waxay si isa soo taraysa u maalgelinayeen tas-hiilaadka wax soo saarka ee gudaha Maraykanka, iyaga oo kor u qaadaya xaaladooda tartan ee ka dhanka ah shirkadaha Maraykanka.
Cox wuxuu tilmaamay in isbeddelladani ay keeneen "heerka hoos u dhaca faa'iidada soo food saartay shirkadaha fadhigoodu yahay Mareykanka dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1970-meeyadii," kaasoo socday 1970-meeyadii ilaa bartamihii 1980-meeyadii.[19] Waxa uu diiradda saarayaa "imtixaanka tillaabooyinka ay qaadeen shirkadaha Mareykanka ee ka jawaabaya heerarka faa'iidada hoose," oo ay ku jiraan labadaba dib-u-qaabaynta suuqa ku salaysan ee loogu talagalay hoos u dhigista kharashyada soo-gelinta, oo ay weheliso urur siyaasadeed oo loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo siyaasadda gobolka Mareykanka jihada neoliberal, Natiijooyinka isaga iyo Cathy Skidmore-Hess waxay soo sheegeen 1999kii.
Cox ayaa si faahfaahsan u sharaxaya:
Shirkadaha Maraykanka, habka soo jireenka ah ee lagu ilaalinayo heerarka faa'iidada ayaa ahaa in la isticmaalo awoodda suuqa oligopolistic iyo booska si kor loogu qaado qiimaha. Istaraatiijiyadan waxa kaliya oo isticmaali kara shirkado ay saamiga suuqa ee warshadaha la siiyay ay ahayd heer xoog leh taas oo ka dhigtay in ay qaali noqoto shirkadaha cusub in ay si wax ku ool ah u soo galaan suuqa oo ay ugu tartamaan qiimo jaban. Shirkadaha caalamiga ah ee fadhigoodu yahay Maraykanka ee baabuurta, birta, kiimikooyinka, iyo qalabka mishiinada ayaa ka faa'iidaystay faa'iidadan oo kale marka loo eego tartamayaashooda illaa dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka ee isla markiiba. Tani waxay awood u siisay shirkadahan inay si wax ku ool ah u qabtaan qaybaha ugu firfircoon, qiimaha lagu daray ee suuqyada Maraykanka ee ka dhanka ah tartamayaasha gudaha iyo dibadda labaatankii sano ee ugu horeysay ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, bartamihii 1960-meeyadii, waxaa jiray dildilaacyo muuqda oo ku yimid qaab dhismeedka oligopolistic taas oo u ogolaatay shirkadahaas inay xukumaan suuqyada Mareykanka.
Kor u kaca tartanka ka imanaya dhoofiyeyaasha Japan iyo Jarmalka, oo ay ku xigto soo gelidda suuqa ee waddamada warshadaha ku cusub ee Aasiya, ayaa wiiqday haynta oligopolies-ka fadhigiisu yahay Mareykanka ee suuqa gudaha. Awoodda shirkadaha oligopolistic ee Maraykanka ee warshadaha muhiimka ah si ay kor ugu qaadaan qiimaha si ay u ilaaliyaan faa'iidada ayaa hoos u dhigtay qulqulka tartanka shisheeye ee weyn. Intaa waxaa dheer, shirkadaha ajnabiga ah ee dib u cusbooneysiiyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib waxay ka faa'iideysteen faa'iidooyin ka badan dhiggooda Mareykanka: waxay qaateen tignoolajiyada cusub ee ka dhigay inay aad u tartamaan oo ay waqti yar ka hooseeyaan kharashyada "qarsoon" marka loo eego tartamayaashooda Mareykanka. Shirkadaha Maraykanka, iyaga oo horumariyay hantidooda wax soo saarka ah intii lagu jiray 1930-meeyadii, waxay lahaayeen hawlgab iyo waajibaad daryeel caafimaad oo ka sarreeya kuwa dhiggooda ah ee ajnabiga ah - taas oo ka tarjumaysa labadaba heerarka sare ee khaaska ah ee kharashyadan Maraykanka marka la barbardhigo Yurub iyo muddada dheer ee shirkadaha Maraykanka. in lagugu waajibiyo kharashyadan. Intii lagu guda jiray labaatankii sano ee ugu horreeyay xilligii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib, shirkadaha Mareykanka ee ugu tartanka badan adduunka ayaa isticmaali kara maqaamkooda “warsheeyayaal hore” si ay u abuuraan oligopolies oo xukumayay suuqa Mareykanka dhammaan qeybaha ugu horreeya ee wax soo saarka. Istaraatiijiyadaas waxay noqotay mid aan la sii wadi karin iyadoo kor u kaca tartanka caalamiga ah.
Shirkadaha Maraykanku waxay ahayd inay eegaan xeelado kale si ay uga gudbaan heerka hoos u dhaca faa'iidada. Isku-xidhka dhacdooyinka dabayaaqadii 1970-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1980-aadkii ayaa u horseeday shirkadaha inay dib-u-habeeyaan hawlahooda iyagoo adeegsanaya istaraatiijiyado la isku daray iyo kuwo la wareegay oo ku lug leh iibsiga, ama ku biirista, shirkadaha tartanka, iyo ka dib daadinta hantida habka dib-u-qaabaynta ee loogu talagalay in diiradda lagu saaro hawlaha ganacsiga ee ku xeeran xudunta u ah. hawlqabadyo. Tani waxay ku lug lahayd dib-u-habayn lagu sameeyay shirkadda oo ku wareegsan silsiladaha sahayda caalamiga ah taas oo faa'iidada ugu sareysa ee lagu daray ee la qiimeeyay ay u soo korodhay shirkadaha ugu sarreeya silsiladda. Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii 1980-meeyadii ilaa hadda, waxaa jiray uruurin weyn oo saamiga suuqa ah oo ay gacanta ku hayaan shirkadaha ugu sarreeya silsiladda qiimaha lagu daray ee wax soo saarka, gaar ahaan 'qaybaha tignoolajiyada sare iyo/ama si xooggan loo calaamadeeyay ee caalamka suuqyada….' Habkani waxa uu la noolaa hab-soo-saar caalami ah oo sii cakiran oo wax-soo-saar yar iyo dhexdhexaad ah iyo alaab-qeybiyeyaal kuwaas oo midba midka kale dhammaystiray si uu u qanciyo shuruudaha wax-soo-saarka ee sii kordhaya ee lagu dhisayo 'system integrators' ee ugu sarreeya silsiladda sahayda. Cox, 2012: 15-16).[20]
Adduunkii aan la xidhin ee dhaqaalaha Maraykanku ku dhex shaqaynayey dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka ka dib wuu is bedelayey: oo aan gacanta lagu dhigin Maraykanka, waxa uu ka soo wareegayey nidaamkii dhexe ee uu hal waddan ka talinayey, una wareegayey mid baahsan oo tartan badan ka dhexeeyey. Sannadkii 1980-aadkii, tartanka sii kordhaya ayaa ka imanayey shirkado ka yimid qaar ka mid ah waxa loogu yeero waddamada soo koraya. Isbeddelladan ayaa kaliya sii waday inay horumaraan. Run ahaantiina, waxa aan aragney waa tartan ka dhan ah iyo wadashaqeynta aan la leenahay shirkadaha tartanka ku jira ee dalalka kale, oo ay ku jiraan shirkado ka yimid waddamo hore loo gumeysan jirey.
Marka shaqaaluhu fahmaan in ay tahay dib-u-habayn shirkadeed - dadaallo quus ah si ay dib ugu helaan heerarkooda faa'iidada dhammaan qaybaha dhaqaalaha ee waaweyn - oo ay bilaabeen maareeyayaasha shirkadaha ugu sarreeya kuwaas oo ku kacaya shaqadooda oo aan ahayn shaqaale dibadda ah, markaa taasi waxay fureysaa wadahadalka si loo dhiso wadajirka shaqada ee shaqaalaha aduunka oo dhan.[21] Middaani waxay leedahay laba heer: kuwa wali shaqo haya, iyo kuwa aan haysan.
Xaqiiqda hadda jirta shirkado badan oo caalami ah ayaa ah in shirkadahani ay u baahan yihiin iskaashiga shaqaalaha adduunka oo dhan si ay u abuuraan, isu keenaan, u qaadaan (oo ay ku jiraan maraakiibta loo diro waddamada Boqortooyada, ka dibna u dhoofinta qaaradaha kala duwan oo loo qaybiyo dukaamada tafaariiqda gaarka ah) mid kasta oo ka mid ah alaabtooda. Haddii mid ka mid ah marxaladahaan la xiro, waxay saameyneysaa kuwa ku jira jagooyinka hoose, waxayna saameyneysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo faa'iidada shirkadda oo dhan.[22] Sida macquulka ah, waxaa jira awood cajiib ah fahamkan. Hase yeeshee, waxay u baahan tahay faham caalami ah, go'aan ah in la abaabulo si ay u awoodaan in ay joojiyaan wax soo saarka gudaha, iyo rabitaanka in la raadiyo oo lala xiriiriyo shaqaalaha hay'adaha xaaladaha la mid ah gudaha shirkadda ee adduunka oo dhan. Inta badan ee tan laga samayn karo shirkad kasta, way sii xoogaysanaysaa shaqaalaha ka soo horjeeda maamulka. Iyo, dabcan, midnimo badan oo ka dhaxaysa shaqaalaha guud ahaan shirkadaha ay isku warshad yihiin, mid kastaa wuu sii xoogaysan doonaa.
Hadda, waxa weli jira shaqaalihii hore uga shaqayn jiray shirkadahaas oo aan hadda shaqo haysan. Sida cad, dib u soo celinta shaqooyinka isla shirkad, mar kasta oo ay suurtagal tahay, ayaa ugu fiicnaan lahayd.[23] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiqadu waxay tahay in inta badan dadka shaqo beelay aysan dib u soo celin doonin; iyo kuwa wali shaqeeyaa had iyo jeer waxay la kulmaan xaalad isku mid ah oo suurtagal ah. Mid ka mid ah shay, gaar ahaan haddii shaqo la'aanta ay tahay mid meelaysan, waa kuwa shaqada waayay inay xiriir la sameeyaan shaqaalaha kale ee shaqada laga eryay/la eryay; haddii aysan wax kale jirin, taageerada bulshada ee ka soo kabashada rasaasta-gaar ahaan haddii ay bas tahay oo aan ahayn sababta oo ah "isku-duubnaanta" shakhsi ahaaneed - waxay muhiim u tahay dadka dib u soo kabashada iyo ilaalinta caafimaadkooda, jir ahaan iyo maskax ahaanba.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wada joogista ayaa ka muhiimsan wanaagga qofka, sida ay muhiim ugu tahay qof kasta. Waa inaan bilownaa ka hadalka mustaqbalka.
Xaqiiqda-oo aan sidaas u leeyahay markaan baadhay oo aan arrimahan ka fikiray dhinaca shaqaalaha in ka badan 40 sano (eeg Scipes, 1984, 2023a) — waa taas Nidaamkan dhaqaale ee hanti-wadaagu ma bixin karo mana bixin doono mar kale shaqooyinka iyo heerka nololeed ee ay soo mareen Waqooyiga Ameerika intii u dhaxaysay 1947-1973. Muddada.
Haa, waan ogahay, siyaasiyiinta dhaqameedku waxay si qotodheer u fuulaan sanduuqa saabuunta oo ay yiraahdaan sida ay dib ugu soo celinayaan wax soo saarka, halkaas oo shaqooyin badan oo wanaagsan oo shaqaaluhu ay ku urursan yihiin dhaqan ahaan, oo ay la socdaan ganacsiyada dhismaha. Ugu horrayn, waxa si fudud u xaddidan inta ay iibin karaan shirkaduhu, khatarna kuma geli doonaan in ka badan wax-soo-saar badan, hadday tahay gudaha ama dibadda. Midda labaad, xitaa haddii ay qorsheynayaan inay dib u maalgashadaan waddamada Imperial, waxay isticmaali doonaan inta ugu badan ee mashiinada, robots, iyo kombiyuutarada si ay u yareeyaan baahida shaqada aadanaha (eeg Harris, 2020). Markaa, dhisidda dhir cusub macnaheedu maaha in shaqadu kordhiso wax kasta oo la mid ah kuwii hore. Siyaasiyiintuna tan kuuma sheegi doonaan, laakiin waan yeeli doonaa! Waa fadeexad in shaqaaluhu ay dabada ku fadhiistaan si deg deg ah—siyaasiyiintu ha inoo qabtaan—intay shirkaduhu siyaasiyiinta uga faa’idaystaan dhimis cashuureed, dhul ku habboon isticmaalka, awoodda gaadiidka, iwm, kuwaas oo dhammaan ka soo bixi doona cashuur bixiyayaasha. qarinaya si ay u caawiyaan horumarinta faa'iidada shirkad kasta. Taasina waxay keentaa in shaqaaluhu isku dhacaan.
Markaan ogaano tan-anna waan dammaanad qaadi doonaa-markaas waa inaan bilownaa inaan ka fikirno nooca adduunka aan u rabno nafteena iyo faracayada. Hadda, tani waa inay sidoo kale ka dhacdaa gudaha dhabta ah ee isbeddelka cimilada adduunka iyo burburinta deegaanka (eeg, iyo kuwa kale, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Cox, 2020; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2022b). Waa inaan bilownaa inaan la hadalno asxaabta, asxaabta, deriska, iwm., ka dibna aan ka fikirno sidii aan u wada abaabuli lahayn si aan u bilowno halganka adduun wanaagsan.
Waxaas oo dhan lagu xidhxidhay, waa in la aqoonsado inay jiraan dad aad iyo aad u badan oo baadhaya, falanqaynaya, oo ka hadlaya waxa ka socda caalamka ee shaqaalaha iyo ururadooda. Taasna waxaan ka arki karnaa cilmi-baarista la daabacay, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hoos ku taxay. Muhiimadu waxay tahay in aynu wax badan ka barano waxa ka socda aduunka, iyo doorka ay wadamada aynu ka koobanahay ku leeyihiin caalamkan caalamiyaynta ah, waxaana loo baahan yahay in aynu ka faa'iidaysano. Shaqadan waxa ugu wanagsan waa sida aynu caalamka oo dhan u dhisno garashada iyo fahamka caalamiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale in aynu fahanno sida aynu uga gudbi karno dadaalada lagu dhimayo dadaalkeena.
Horumarrada muhiimka ah ee muddadan labaad, laga soo bilaabo 2011 (inkasta oo qaarkood sanadkaas ka horreeyay) waxaa ka mid ah:
- Peter Waterman's (1988a) wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa isgaarsiinta shaqada caalamiga ah.
- Beverly Silver buuggiisa 2003 ee shaqaalaha iyo caalimaynta.
- Daraasad 2008 ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha "alaabta cad" ee caalamiga ah ee Edward Webster, Rob Lambert, iyo Andries Bezuidenhout.
- Buugaag dhowr ah oo ka eega shaqada gobol (Latin Ameerika) ama aragti caalami ah waxaa ka mid ah Anner (2011), Bacon (2004), Hathaway (2000), Kay (2011), Luce (2014) , iyo Taylor and Rioux (2018) ). Oo arag Thomas Collombat's (2011) qalin-jabinta PhD ee aan la daabicin, kaas oo barbar dhigaya dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada ee Mexico iyo Brazil.
- Tiro maqaallo ah oo ka fekeraya shaqada gobolka (Laatiin Ameerika / Afrika / Aasiya) ama macnaha guud waxaa ka mid ah Anner (2015), Bacon (2016), Burawoy (2009), Brookes and McCallum (2017), Dobrusin (2014), 2016), Evans (2010, 2014), Herodos (2003), Johns (1998), Jungehülsing (2016), McElroy and Croucher (2013), McQuinn (2020), Munck (2010), Scipes (2020d), Stillerman (2003) ), iyo Waterman (2008).
- Dhowr ururin oo la tafatiray oo soo bandhigaya daraasado kiis oo ka hadlaya horumarka heer gobol iyo heer caalami waxaa ka mid ah Alimahomed-Wilson iyo Ness, eds. (2018), Bieler iyo Lundberg, ed. (2011), Bieler, Lundberg, iyo Pillay, eds. (2008), Bronfenbrenner, daabac., (2007); Hale iyo dardaaran, ed. (2007), Hutchinson iyo Brown, Ed., (2001), Nowak, Dutta, iyo Birke, ed. (2018), Ovetz, ed. (2020), iyo Scipes, ed. (2014, 2016).
- Koontada sida Guddiga Wadajirka Shaqaalaha iyo Shaqaalaha u dhisay wacyigelinta sida AFL-CIO ay uga shaqeyso adduunka oo dhan (Scipes, 2012a).
- Aruurinta 2013 ee Robert Waters, Jr., iyo Gert van Goethem waxay isku dayeen inay abuuraan faham cusub oo ku saabsan hawlgallada AFL-CIO ee dibadda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, eeg dib u eegista Scipes (2014a), kaas oo caqabad ku ah dadaalkooda.
- Kim Scipes waxa uu cusboonaysiiyey shaqadiisa muddadan oo dhan: hawlgallada AFL-CIO ee dibadda (2012a, 2012b, 2014a, 2016a, 2018c, 2020c, 2022a, 2022c); dhisidda wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah (2012a, 2014b, 2015, 2019, 2020a, 2020c, 2021); Xarunta Shaqada ee KMU ee Filibiin (2018a, 2018b); ku saabsan aragtida midnimada shaqada caalamiga ah (2014c, 2016b, 2016c); wuxuuna bilaabay inuu wax ka qoro saamaynta isbedelka cimilada (2017a, 2022b). Scipes sidoo kale waxay tafatirtay qayb ku saabsan wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah Working USA ee 2014 (Scipes, ed., 2014), iyo buug la tafatiray ee 2016, oo ay ku jiraan tiro ka mid ah falanqaynta dhismaha wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah (Scipes, ed., 2016).[24]
- Peter Dicken (2015) wuxuu sii waday baaritaankiisa isbeddelka ama xiriirka wax soo saarka ee dhaqaalaha adduunka.
- Buugga Immanuel Ness ee 2016 ee shaqaalaha ayaa sahamiyay dadaalka shaqaalaha ee Shiinaha, Hindiya, iyo Koonfur Afrika, halka 2016 Encyclopedia on Imperialism iyo Anti-imperialism, la tafatiray Zak Cope, si qoto dheer u baadhay arrimahaas. Ness sidoo kale waxay la tafatirtay buug Jake Alimahomed-Wilson (2018) oo ku saabsan dhibcooyinka choke ee shabakadaha saadka ee caalamiga ah.
- Waxaan aragnay shaqooyin badan oo ku saabsan shaqaalaha Shiinaha iyo halgankooda; ka mid ah kuwa kale fiiri Bieler iyo Lee (2017a, 2017b); Chan (2014); Chan, Selden, iyo Ngai (2020); Friedman, (2014); Lambert iyo Webster (2017), Lee (2007); Pringle (2011), Pun (2005), Pun, iwm. al., 2016); Ren, ed. (2016), Zhang (2014); oo fiiri Ness, 2016: 107-147.
- Shaqada Katharine Nastovski waxay diiradda saartay dhismaha wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah; Qoraalkeeda PhD-da ee 2016 waxay baadhay imbaraadooriyadda shaqada ee dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqaalaha Kanada, waxayna isku dayday inay horumariso fahamkayaga wadajirka shaqada “ku-meel-gaadhka ah” (Nastovski, 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2019, 2020).[25]
- Katy Fox-Hodess '2018 qalin-jabinta PhD waxay baadhay wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah ee shaqaalaha dockworkers. Waxay sii waday horumarinta cilmi-baaristeeda ku saabsan shaqaalaha dockworkers adduunka oo dhan (Fox-Hodess, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).
- Ronaldo Munck wuxuu daabacay shaqooyin xiiso leh 2010, iyo 2018a, 2018b, gaar ahaan diiradda saaraya Latin America ee adduunka caalamiga ah.
- Ron Cox (2019) waxa uu daabacay buug ku saabsan lagama maarmaanka u ah ururka wadajirka ah ee shaqaalaha si loola tacaalo shirkadaha caalamiga ah.
- Rob O'Brien wuxuu daabacay buug ku saabsan SIGTUR (Initiative South on Globalization and Trade Union Rights), oo ah shabakad ururo shaqaale ah oo inta badan ku sugan Koonfurta Caalamka, sanadka 2019. Eeg Scipes' 2019 dib u eegis, iyo sidoo kale kaas Framil Filho (2021) .
- Jeff Schuhrke (2019, 2020) wuxuu sii waday inuu baaro dhinacyada siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee AFL-CIO wuxuuna leeyahay buug ka soo baxaya 2024.
- Jörg Novak (2019) wuxuu sameeyay daraasad isbarbardhig cusub oo udhaxeysa halganka shaqaalaha ee Brazil iyo India. Eeg dib u eegista Scipes' 2020b.
- Edward Webster iyo Robert O'Brien waxay dib u milicsadeen 10-kii sano ee ugu horreeyay Global Labor Journal.[26]
- Sannadkii 2021, Scipes ayaa daabacday tiro maqaallo ah oo uu qoray sannado badan, oo la isugu keenay hal meel, kuwaas oo labadooduba tixgaliyay shaqadii muddadii hore iyaga oo dhidibada u aasaya tan dambe (Scipes, 2021).
- 2022, Rob McKenzie wuxuu daabacay buugiisa, El Golpe: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Shaqaalaha Mareykanka, CIA, iyo Afgambigii Ford ee Mexico, Faahfaahinta AFL-CIO, CIA, iyo ururada shaqaalaha ee garabka midig ee hawlgallada Mexico, taasoo keentay hoos u dhigista shaqada Mexico ee horumarka leh horaantii 1990-meeyadii. Tani waa kiiskii ugu faahfaahsanaa ee aan haysano ilaa maanta ee saamaynta hawlgallada shisheeye ee AFL-CIO ee shaqaalaha dalalka kale, dhaaftay Scipes '(1996: 116-125) xisaabaadka Filibiin. (Fiiri Scipes' 2022a dib u eegista buugga McKenzie).
- Gu'gii 2022: Hawl-wadeenno muddo dheer shaqaynaayey oo ka socday tiro ururo ah oo ku kala baahsan Maraykanka iyo Kanada iyo taageerayaashooda ayaa si wadajir ah u bilaabay LEPAIO (Mashruuca Waxbarashada Shaqada ee Hawlaha Caalamiga ah ee AFL-CIO) (Scipes, 2022c). Mareegta LEPAIO waa https://aflcio-int.education. Waxay soo bandhigeen shir waxbarasho oo ka dhacay Washington, DC bishii Abriil 2022, oo ay ku xigto shir kale oo waxbarasho iyo waraaqo waraaqo ah oo ku saabsan AFL-CIO Convention ee Philadelphia intii lagu jiray Juun 2022. Waxay u soo bandhigeen webinar xubnaha UAW Abriil 2023 buuga Rob McKenzie ee dhacdooyinka 1990. warshad Ford shirka ka baxsan ee magaalada Mexico. La shaqeynta shaqaalaha Chilean iyo xulafadooda, LEPAIO waxay soo bandhigtay shir kale oo waxbarasho oo ka dhacay Washington, DC Sebtember 10, 2023, ka dibna waxay qabteen mudaaharaad ka baxsan xarunta AFL-CIO, xusus luminta nolosha iyo saameynta Chile ee afgambigii 1973 50kath sannad-guuradii afgambiga ee Chile, iyadoo la cambaareynayo doorka muhiimka ah ee AFL-CIO ee afgambiga. (Shirka waxbarasho ee Sebtembar 2023 wuxuu ku yaal khadka tooska ah https://youtu.be/eL7Z2uhxaFc.) LEPAIO waxay sidoo kale kafaalo-qaadday Janaayo 27, 2024, webinar ku saabsan "Zionism, the Histadrut, AFL-CIO, iyo South Africa" (LEPAIO, 2024).
- Qoraalada Shaqada (https://www.labornotes.org/), Joornaal ku wajahan hawl-wadeennada Waqooyiga Ameerika, ayaa qabata shir sannadle ah oo hawl-wadeenno ah, kaas oo lagu qaban doono magaalada Chicago ee Abriil 19-21, 2024. Qoraagani waxa uu i-mailka ku helay liiska dhammaan aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada diiradda saaraya caalamiga ah. iyo wadahadallada loo qorsheeyay shirka: liiskan kalfadhiyada caalamiga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee diiradda lagu saarayo aad ayay uga badan yihiin shir kasta oo Qoraallo shaqo ah oo hore, kaas oo qoraagani uu ka soo qayb galay dad badan. In kasta oo qaarkeen ka shaqaynayeen arrintan muddo sanado ah, waxay u muuqataa in weerarrada xasuuqa ee Israa'iil ee Falastiin iyo Falastiin ay kicisay faham cusub oo ku saabsan midnimada caalamiga ah ee shaqaalaha.
Waxa aan ka aragno liiskan in tirada maqaallada la qoray, arrimaha kala duwan ee kala duwan iyo ururada shaqaalaha ee diiradda lagu saaray, iyo ururin ballaaran oo qoraayaal ah ayaa ah in u jeedka u jeedka wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah aan la ilaalin oo kaliya laakiin dhab ahaantii sii faafaya. The Qoraalada Shaqada shirka - aad u weyn in diiwaangelinta lahaa in la gooyo bil ka hor shirka - waa calaamad muujinaysa in xoogga this on wadajirka shaqaale caalami ah ma sii wadi doono oo kaliya in ay sii faafto, laakiin dhab ahaantii dardar-gelin dhammaan Waqooyiga Ameerika.
tixraacyada
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Dhammaantiis
[1] "Xuduudaha bulshada siyaasadeed" waxay ahayd fikrad uu sameeyay Jan Nederveen Pieterse (1989); waxaa si cad uga hadlay Scipes (2010b). Waxay noo ogolaatay inaan ku darno qeexidayada Imperialism-ka asalka ah iyo kooxaha kale ee lagu daray gudaha wadamada Imperial, kuwaas oo ay inta badan iska indhatireen falanqeeyayaasha kale.
Sida degdegga ah loo arki doono, waxaan si weyn uga warbixiyaa oo aan ku tiirsanahay shaqada Kim Scipes. Scipes ayaa si weyn oo xoog leh ugu lug lahaa dadaallada lagu dhisayo wadajirka shaqaalaha adduunka ilaa 1983. Waxa uu ahaa qoraa aad u xeel dheer, oo daabacay buugaag badan, maqaallo badan, iyo tiro sii kordhaysa ee xisaabaadka fiidiyooga ah ee shaqada uu ku hawlan yahay, naftiisa iyo kuwo kale, gudaha Maraykanka iyo tiro dalal kale ah. (Liiska on-line ee daabacaadadiisa, qaar badan oo leh xiriirinta maqaallada asalka ah, tag https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications.) Fadlan ka raali noqo sheegashada aan loo eegin shaqadiisa, laakiin dabeecadda dhamaystiran ee daabacaadadiisa iyo tirada badan ee iyaga ah marka loo eego kuwa kale ayaa dalbanaya fiiro gaar ah.
[2] Waxaan diiday ereyada "dalka horumaray" iyo "horumaray" sababtoo ah waxay qariyaan habraacyadii keenay kala soocidaan; Waxaan ku doodayaa in kala-soocidaani ay ku salaysnaayeen Imperialism (eeg Nederveen Pieterse, 1989). Sidaa darteed, waxaan hadda ku tilmaamaa dalalka “horumaray” inay yihiin wadamo “imperial” ah, halka aan ku tilmaamo “wadamada soo koraya” “wadamo hore loo gumeysan jiray”; Inta aan sheegi karo, dhammaan dalalka ku yaalla Afrika, Aasiya, Laatiin Ameerika, iyo Bariga Dhexe waxa 1915-kii gumaystay dalalkii Imbaraadooriyadda, marka laga reebo Itoobiya, Iiraan (Beershiya hore), iyo Thailand (Siam). ; inta badan ka dib waxay heleen ugu yaraan madax-banaanidooda siyaasadeed.
[3] Qaybtani waxay ka timid Scipes, 2021: ix-xi. Qoraalo iyo faallooyin dheeri ah ayaa lagu sameeyay noocaan. Si aad u hesho liis ballaadhan oo suugaanta ah, oo loo soo bandhigay si ka duwan, eeg Scipes, 2020a.
[4] Tani macnaheedu maaha in AFL-CIO iyo TUC aysan ka shaqaynayn meel ka baxsan dalalkooda; ay ahaayeen. Kaliya ma aysan wargelin inta badan hogaamiyayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqada - iyaga oo ku xaddidaya aqoontan kuwa ka shaqeeya barnaamijyadooda siyaasadda dibadda - mana ay ogaysiin xubnaha ay xiriir la leeyihiin, iyaga oo si miyir leh u ilaalinaya hawlgalladan. Sababta sirtan loo qariyay waxay ahayd asal ahaan inay taageerayaan boqortooyadii dalkooda ka dhanka ah shaqaalihii ka shaqayn jiray wadamadii hore loo gumaysan jiray, iyagoo khiyaameeyay mabda’a dhaqdhaqaaqa shaqaalaha aduunka ee ay si cad ugu dhawaaqeen inay taageersan yihiin. Fiiri gaar ahaan Radosh, 1969; Noocyada, 2010a; Sims, 1992; Thomson iyo Larson, 1978.
[5] Tani waxay ugu dambeyntii keentay aasaaska CUT (Unica dos Trabalhadores) xarunta shaqada ee 1983 (eeg Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010).
[6] Thomson ayaa markii dambe door muhiim ah ka qaatay aasaasida joornaalka fadhigiisu yahay Ingiriiska, Warbixinada Shaqada Caalamiga ah (eeg Scipes, 2021: 43-57), kaas oo bilaabmay Janaayo 1984.
[7] Dib-u-eegis diirran oo ku saabsan dhaxalka cajiibka ah ee Waterman-wuxuu dhintay 2017-ka eeg Chhachhi, 2019.
[8] FOSATU, oo u horumartay xarun xoog leh oo dimuqraadi ah oo shaqaale ah, ayaa markii dambe door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay samaynta COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Unions) dabayaaqadii 1985 (eeg Baskin, 1991).
[9] Buuga kaliya ee ilaa hadda ka bartay KMU ee dalka oo dhan waa Scipes (1996). Buugan oo dhan waxa la dhigay on-line lacag la'aan: tag https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/ xiriirkuna waa ka hooseeya buugaagta la tusay.
[10] Marissa Brookes iyo Jamie McCallum (2017) asal ahaan waxay ku doodaan in daraasadaha shaqada ee cusub ee caalamiga ah aysan bilaaban ilaa 2000, si cad-iyo khalad ah - iska indhatiraya waxa kor lagu soo bandhigay.
Buugga Moody's 1997, in kasta oo uu muhiim yahay gaar ahaan Maraykanka, si miyir leh kuma darin KMU xisaabtiisa xarumaha shaqada ee soo koraya ee adduunka. Tan waxa lagaga hadlay Scipes, 2014c, dhamaadka 15.
[11] Maqaallada ugu horreeya ee dooddan ku saabsan midnimada dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada waxay ahaayeen Lambert iyo Webster, 1988; Qoraallada, 1992a, 1992 b; iyo Waterman,1988b iyo 1993. kaas oo si dhab ah u horumariyay doodihiisa aragtiyeed (Scipes, 1992). Eeg sidoo kale Munck, 2021. Ka dibna, jahwareer badan ka dib doodda, Scipes ayaa dib u soo gashay dooda oo kala furfurtay doodda: eeg Scipes, 101c, oo sidoo kale dib loogu daabacay cinwaan kale oo Scipes, 117: 131-142.
[12] Waxaa lagu dooday in Scipes' 2014c maqaalku uu yahay dood aad muhiim u ah oo ku saabsan aragtida ururka shaqaalaha waana in ay akhriyaan dhammaan ka shaqeeya goobtan. Laga bilaabo Maarso 28, 2024, nooca 2014c ayaa la soo dejiyay 4,075 jeer aduunka oo dhan!
Tani waxay soo afjaraysaa qaybta Scipes, 2021.
[13] Waxaan filayaa inay jiraan dhowr horumar oo kale oo aan seegay; Qaar ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ku jiraan suugaanta aan ilduufay, laakiin malahayga waxaa jira tiro halgan ah oo aan si fudud loo qorin. Waxaan filayaa in, muddo ka dib, aan wax badan ka baran doono. Horaad iga raali ahaada wixii aan seegay. Waxaan rajeynayaa in inta badan la soo sheego, ay ku dari doonaan maqaalkan kuwa kale.
[14] Scipes ayaa wax badan ka qoray shaqada caalamiga ah ee KMU, iyadoo ku doodaysa inay jiraan wax badan oo laga baran karo shaqaalahan. Faallo kooban oo ku saabsan shaqada wadajirka caalamiga ah ee KMU, eeg Scipes, 1996: 199-201; dood aragtiyeed ku saabsan shaqadan wadajirka caalamiga ah oo si gaar ah diiradda loogu saarayo ISA, eeg Scipes, 2000a; warbixin ku saabsan sida KMU ay u dhisto wadajirka shaqada caalamiga ah, eeg Scipes, 2014b; Warbixinta ISA 2015, eeg Scipes, 2015; si aad u hesho dood aragtiyeed oo sii horumarsan, eeg Scipes, 2021: 205-229.
ISA waxay sii socotay ilaa 2020, markaasoo la hakiyay sababtoo ah masiibada Covid-19; wali dib uma bilaabin. Qoraagani waxa uu ka qayb galay ISA sannadihii 1988 iyo 2015. Inta aan ogaan karo barnaamijkani waa mid u gaar ah caalamka; Waxa aan in badan ku dooday in ay mudan tahay in dalalka kale lagu celiyo.
[15] Qoraagani waxa uu u shaqeeyay sidii wakiilkiisa Waqooyiga Ameerika laga bilaabo 1984 ilaa 1989.
[16] Qaybtani waxay ka timid Scipes, 2021: xi-xii, oo sidoo kale laga soo qaatay Scipes, 2020a.
[17] Si dhakhso ah loo soo koobo: Waxyaabaha kale, AFL waxay ka qayb qaadatay afgembi dawladdii si dimuqraadi ah loo soo doortay ee Guatemala (1954), iyo AFL-CIO oo markaa la isku daray ayaa ka qaybqaatay afgembi dowlado si dimoqraadi ah loo soo doortay Brazil (1964), iyo Chile (1973) , waxayna taageertay isku daygii afgambi ee Venezuela (2002). Waxay kaloo taageereen kali-taliyayaashii adduunka oo dhan, waxay wiiqeen dadaalladii ay shaqaaluhu ku abaabuli jireen oo ay u hagaajin lahaayeen noloshooda iyo fayoobidooda, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyo kale oo waxyeello u leh Koonfurta Adduunka. Jeff Schuhrke wuxuu waxyaalahan oo dhan ku cusbooneysiin doonaa buug la daabacayo Sebtembar 2024.
[18] Qaybtan ku saabsan shaqada Cox waxay markii hore ka soo muuqatay Scipes, 2023a.
[19] Wuxuu soo xigtay Prechel (1997: 414), isagoo qoraya "… sida ka muuqata hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka faa'iidada muddadan 500 ee shirkadaha warshadaha ee ugu sarreeya 7.7 boqolkiiba 1973 ilaa 1981 ilaa 4.8 boqolkiiba 1982 ilaa 1986…" (Cox , 2012: 18).
[20] Hal bayaan oo ku jira bayaanka Cox ayaa mudan in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho: wuxuu tixraacayaa waddamada warshadaha ee sii kordhaya ee Aasiya. Sida laga soo xigtay Scipes, "Marka hore, si cad, horumarkani wuxuu ku bilaabmay ama / ama ka faa'iidey dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Maraykanka ee ka dhanka ahaa 'communism', ka dibna wuxuu ku dooday, "horumar dhaqaale waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu dhiso ama dib loo soo celiyo hegemony hanti-wadaaga ee kala duwan. dalalka iyo haybta Imperial ee Maraykanka ee gobolka…” (Scipes, 2020d: 1216). Arrinta yaabka leh ayaa ah in iyadoo la siinayo “goobo maalgashi” shirkado caalami ah, tani waxay siisay goobo badan oo suurtagal ah oo ay shirkadaha Maraykanku uga guuri karaan Maraykanka, taas oo burburinaysa malaayiin shaqooyin ku salaysan Maraykanka.
[21] Tani waa qodob aad muhiim u ah oo u baahan in lagu dhex daro hababka waxbarashada shaqada: waxay ahayd dib-u-habayn shirkadeed-iyadoo go'aamo ay gaareen heerarka ugu sarreeya ee maamulka shirkadaha-taas oo burburisay malaayiin shaqooyin ku salaysan Maraykanka, oo aan ahayn shaqaale waddamo kale ah.
[22] Sida United Auto Auto Workers (UAW) ay si buuxda u muujiyeen intii lagu jiray dayrta 2023 shaqo joojin ay ku sameeyeen shirkadaha baabuurta "Big 3" ee Maraykanka. (Waxaa ka mid ah tiro maqaallo ah Qoraalada Shaqada Inta lagu jiro muddadan, dhaqdhaqaaqa UAW muddada dheer Frank Hammer ayaa dulmar aad u wanaagsan oo ku saabsan shaqo-joojinta khadka internetka ee Shabakadda Caalamiga ah ee Shaqaalaha https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ivH1q0GE5k.)
[23] Deyrtii 2023 shaqo joojinta, UAW waxay awooday inay ku qasbaan Stilantis, shirkadda waalidka ee Chrysler, inay dib u furto warshadeeda shirka ee xidhan ee Belvidere, Illinois.
[24] Maqaalkiisa, "Jajabyada Badan" (Scipes, 2016c) ee muggaas la tafatiray ayaa tafatiray dadaallo badan oo lagu dhisayo wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah, iyo sidoo kale aragtiyeynta wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah.
[25] In kasta oo la isku dayayo in la fahmo asal ahaan isla shay, qoraagani waxa uu qabaa in dhisidda wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ahi ay tahay erey ka ballaadhan, oo loo dhan yahay marka loo eego dhisidda wadajirka shaqaalaha caalamiga ah; "ku-meel-gaar ah" waxay si fudud u tixraaci kartaa ka gudubka in ka yar sida laba xudduudood halka caalamiga ah si sax ah ay ugu jiraan shaqaalaha adduunka oo dhan.
[26] Iyadoo ay muhiim tahay in la tixgeliyo Global Labor Journal iyada oo ah isha laga helo qoraallada ku saabsan shaqada caalamiga ah iyo daraasaadka shaqada ee "cusub" ee caalamiga ah, waxa kale oo muhiim ah in aan la xaddidin fekerka qofka si aad u malaynayso inay tahay isha kaliya ee mawduuca, sida qorayaashani soo jeedinayaan. Sida ku cad buug-gacmeedkayga, waxa jira tiro xarumo kale oo ay ka mid yihiin Wargeyska Shaqada iyo Bulshada (labadaba magacaan wata iyo sidoo kale kii ka horeeyayba, Ka shaqaynta USA), Cilmi-nafsiga Khatarta ah, iyo Heerka, Jinsiyada iyo Awooda Shirkadaha kuwaas oo daabacaya shaqo aad u fiican, iyo kuwo kale.
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