[Prefatory Note: Chinyorwa chiri pazasi chine mhinduro dzakagadziridzwa kumibvunzo yakabvunzwa naMohamed Elmenshawy mutori wenhau anoshanda paAl Jazeera Arabic anobva kuWashington (1/10/2024).
1. Tinofanira kududzira sei kupomerwa kweSouth Africa kuti mauto eIsrael muGaza anotyora zvisungo zvenyika pasi peUnited Nations Genocide Convention uye kuti zviito zvayo zvinoumba rudzi?
Kurwiswa kwemauto eIsrael kwakatora mwedzi inodarika mitatu, asi kubvira pakutanga-tanga vacherechedzi vakanzwa vachisangana ne "nyaya yebhuku" yekuuraya rudzi sezvo kurwisa kwemauto kwaive kwakarongeka uye kwakanangana nekuita kuti Gaza isagarike uye kutambudza zvakanyanya vanhu vasina mhosva. kutyorwa kuri pachena kwemitemo yepasi rose. Nhimbe yehondo yakadaro yakaziviswa muaya mashoko okunyanyisa navatungamiriri vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika navarwi veIsraeri uye yakaratidzirwa nguva dzose mumuitiro namazano outsinye aitsamira paari namauto akashongedzerwa aIsraeri. Kuzvidza mutauro wepamutemo wakadaidzira kushandura Gaza kuita 'nzvimbo yekupaka' kana 'kubvisa Gaza yevaPalestine vese' kana kuisa sarudzo ye'kubva kana kufa' kuburitsa kuzvidza kunoshamisa kwekurambidzwa kwemhosva kupara mhosva yekupokana. Israel inofuratira chokwadi chekuti yaive bato kuGenocide Convention, iyo yakavimbisa kuremekedza iyi isina magumo pamaitiro ehurumende, zvichireva kuti kuzvidzivirira kana kurwisa hugandanga kwaigona kupa hwaro hwepamutemo hwekuita kweIsrael kuGaza kubva Gumiguru 7. Pamusoro pezvo, Israel inomonyanisa chokwadi uye humbowo sezvayakaita mumharidzo yayo kuICJ, nekupikisa kuti kurwiswa kweHamas ndiyo yaive nguva chaiyo yekupondwa kwevanhu uye kuti ndiyo Israeri iri kuzvidzivirira kumuvengi anouraya.
2. Chii chinoitika kana South Africa ikahwina kuICJ?
Hatigone kuziva kuti Israeri neUnited States, nedzimwe nyika vaizopindura sei, asi isu tinogona kupa maonero ane ruzivo anokwevera pamusoro pezvaipomerwa neIsrael pamusoro peSouth Africa, tichisimbirira kuti kungounza kukakavara kwemutemo kupomera chokwadi chekupondwa kwevanhu muGaza kunokwana. mhosva yeropa kuvanhu vechiJuda, uye mumutauro wakanyanya kuchengetedzwa weDhipatimendi reHurumende reUS kuti chirongwa cheSouth Africa 'hachina maturo' sezvo chisina hwaro hwemutemo hunogamuchirika. US ingangove kana zvichidikanwa kushandisa simba rayo rekuvhota muSecurity Council nekuzvidza chero chisungo cheGeneral Assembly chinodaidzira kutevedzwa kwechero Provisional Measure dzakatemwa neICJ, sezvainotenderwa kuita pasi peChikamu 41(1) cheStatute inodzora iyo ICJ. mabasa.
Kana izvi zvakateerana zvekunzvenga kana kusateera zvikaitika, zvinogona kukonzera kuratidzira kwakakura uye kwakasimba pasi rose, kusanganisira muNorth America nedzaichimbova nyika dzeEurope dzakakweretesa Israel madhigirii akasiyana erutsigiro uye pakutanga vakapa hurombo hwavo. mvumo kumhinduro yeIsrael ku7 Gumiguruth Hamas kurwisa. Kupokana kuri kuwedzera kwemaitiro eIsrael muGaza kuri kuunza kutyisidzira kwakakomba kwemhedzisiro yakaipa yezvematongerwo enyika mune dzimwe nyika, zvinofananidzirwa nekuzivikanwa kwakawanda kweIsrael se "nyika yepariah" mune mamwe mamiriro, uye kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwehunhu uye mhirizhonga yenyika. hurongwa hwekubatana pasi rose zvinosanganisira kurwisa zvemitambo netsika, uye zvinodaidzwa kurambidzwa kwezvombo uye zvirango zvepasi rose. Uku kushivirira kwemasangano evagari vemo kune mukana wekushandura nzira yekukakavadzana kune mhirizhonga yehurumende zhinji muGlobal South uye pamwe muIsrael nevatsigiri vayo vehurumende. Izvi zvakaitika kushamisiko yavakawanda muSouth Africa, kunyange zvazvo mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvikuru.
3. Chii chinoitika kana South Africa ikakundwa kuICJ?
Israeri pasina mubvunzo yaizopembera, ichipemberera kukunda kwemutemo, uye nekudzikisira vatsoropodzi vemaitiro eIsrael muOp Operation Swords of Iron seanopikisa antisemites. Zvichatungamirawo Israel neUS kuti vanzwe kurevererwa nekuramba kutevedzera ruzhinji rwepasi rose vachifarira kumisa kurwa kwekutanga.
Avo vanotsigira chirongwa cheSouth Africa vangangopindura nemusanganiswa wekuvhiringika uye kutsamwa kukuru pamhedzisiro inoodza mwoyo iyi paICJ. Dare repamusoro-soro repasi rose raizotarisa sei humbowo hwakakura kudaro hwakapihwa kuDare neboka rezvemitemo remuSouth Africa, rotonga zvisizvo uye zvisina basa. Tichifunga kunyange kupatsanurana kwemutongo weruzhinji umo Global West yakamira kuseri kweIsrael ichiramba maonero eavo vari kutora maonero eGlobal South, chimiro cheDare sedare redzimhosva rinofanirwa kuremekedzwa zvakanyanya nenyika dziri nhengo dzeUN chingaderedzwa zvakanyanya. , kwenguva pfupi.
Pane nyaya yepakati yakavakirwa pagakava rekutonga rakaitwa neIsrael padare reICJ rekuti chero danho reDare ringaite 'nguva isati yakwana' sezvo pakatadza kuratidza kuti 'kupokana kwepamutemo' pakati pedare. mapato akange aripo pasati paiswa chikumbiro kuDare. Nharo iyi yakarambwa nechikwata cheSouth Africa pamatare eICJ January, asi inogona kurerutsira Dare, kana vamwe vatongi varo, padanho rekugadzirisa gakava riri pahwaro hwechikumbiro cheSouth Africa chekuti paitwe Provisional Measures, icho chine chekuita nemutemo. kodzero inopesana nezvamatongerwe enyika.
Mune dzimwe nzira, mhedzisiro yakakosha yesarudzo isina kunaka kana kunzvenga kwehunyanzvi kungave kuodzwa mwoyo kwakapararira kunounza maitiro angangoitika mumaonero eruzhinji rwepasirese kuti Dare reNyika harina kubatana nekuyerera kwenhoroondo, uye tichitarisa izvi, kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwezvirongwa zvekubatana kwepasi rose pamwe nemitsara yeBDS zvichaitika zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwekuratidzira kwepasirese. Kutenda kuri kukura kwekuti chete masangano eruzhinji ane tarisiro yekugumisa iyi inotyisa yekubatsira vanhu ca senge zvave kuitika muGaza izvi umo hukuru hwe geopolitics husingaremekedzi mutemo nehunhu kana zvido zvehurongwa zviri panjodzi.
Neimwe nzira, kana chikumbiro cheSouth Africa chekuti Dare ripe Matanho enguva yekumisa kuuraya rudzi chinobudirira kana kuti chikakundikana chingasaite mutsauko mukuru wepakarepo pakukanganisa kwechisarudzo chayo. Kana Dare rikapa chikumbiro cheSouth Africa, Israel icharamba kutevedzera izvo zvinounza hasha dzevagari vemo uye zviito zvekumanikidza mukupindura kusatevedzera kweIsrael. Nepo kana chikumbiro chikarambwa, mhinduro yehasha yeruzhinji inokwidzawo kudyidzana kwevagari vowedzera kuvengana kuIsrael munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira kumwe kuvhiringidzika kwaizonangidzirwa kuICJ senzvimbo isina kukwana kana yezvematongerwo enyika, nepo kana sarudzo yayo yakanaka ikasateererwa, kushushikana kwakawanda kwaizoratidzwa sehasha kuIsrael neUS. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuhwina kana kurasikirwa, kuitwa kwezvimiro zveGenocide Convention kunoenderana nekushaikwa kwepamutemo neicho chatambudza iyo yose UN system kana zvasvika pakutevedzwa-hukuru hwe geopolitics pakuona kuvepo kana kusavapo kwezvematongerwo enyika akakwana. ichaita kune chikamu chevatambi vane hunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti vawane kuteedzera kwezvisarudzo zvine chiremera zvekutonga. Tarisiro yekuvharirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika mukupindura kudanho reSouth Africa kunokonzeresa kutevedzwa kana ICJ ikapa chikumbiro cheMatanho Enguva yekumisa mhirizhonga yeIsrael kudzamara sarudzo yezvakakodzera yauya pamusoro pemhosva yekupokana.
4. Benjamin Netanyahu akati mauto eIsrael ndiye "uto rehutsika pasi rose", Unobvumirana naye here? sei?
Izvi zvaisambopfuura chirevo chakanyanya kukwidziridzwa chakaitwa neIsrael inotyisa hasbara, kana kuti zviri nyore. meseji inofambiswa nemuchina wayo wepropaganda yenyika uye inodzokororwa muGlobal West nemapoka ekutsigira eIsrael. Chirevo cheGoldstone cheUN Human Rights Council yekutsvaga chokwadi chakaitwa mushure mekurwiswa kukuru kwe2008-09 kwepasi / gungwa / kwemhepo kune vanhu vasina rubatsiro veGaza ine humbowo hwakaoma hweakateedzana emhosva dzehondo dzine chekuita nemaitiro uye zvombo zveIsrael. Izvo zvinofanirwa kukosheswa kuti Israeri ine chisungo chakakosha muGaza kuchengetedza vagari vemo, inosimbiswa nechimiro chayo seSimba reKubata, uye nekudaro ichienderana nezvisungo zvemutemo zviri mu4.th Geneva Kokorodzano inotonga Belligerent Occupation. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti makore pamberi pemusangano wazvino uno, kunyange vashanyi vokune dzimwe nyika vanochengeta tsika, somuenzaniso, David Cameron, akataura nezveGaza se‘jeri gurusa rakavhurika pasi pose. Hazvishamisi kuti vanhu vakadzingwa kubva kumisha yavo nekumusha makumi emakore apfuura, ndokuzonyimwa kodzero yekudzoka, uye pakupedzisira 'kusungwa' zvachose pasina mhosva yavakachengeta izvo zvakanzi negurukota rehurumende ane mukurumbira 'chikafu chekudya,' pane dzimwe nguva. kuisa pangozi zvose kuti uwane kuputsika kwejeri, izvo Norman Finkelstein akadana kuti 'kumukira kwevaranda.' Kubva pamitemo netsika yemaonero, kusvika pamwero wakasimbiswa nemasangano akazvimirira, kurwiswa kweHamas musi wa7 Gumiguru kwaisanganisira mhosva dzehondo, uye kutapwa kusiri pamutemo- kutora, uye kunofanirwa kurambwa, kunyangwe chiri chikamu chepamutemo chiito chekupokana nekugara kwenguva refu inodzvinyirira.
Zvichitariswa zvisiri pamutemo uye zvine hungwaru, Israel kubvira 1967 yakashandisa Gaza senzvimbo yakakosha yekuyedza kurwisa uko kwaikwanisa kuratidza kugona kwehunyanzvi hwayo hwekurwisa hugandanga yambiro kuvavengi vayo uye senzira yekutengesa kune dzimwe hurumende inobatsira mukukunda vatengi indasitiri yayo yakasimba yezvombo, kusanganisira zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi mumatekiniki, zvombo, uye kudzidziswa. Yaidawo kuratidza nyika dzine utsinye munharaunda yayo kuti yaizodzorera kudenhwa nechisimba chisingaenzaniswi. Yakagadzira nzira yakadai muDzidziso yeDahiya kare mukutanga kwema1980, maitiro ekufunga airuramisa kuparadzwa kwenharaunda yevarombo kumaodzanyemba kweBeirut yaizivikanwa senhare yeHezbollah yaifarira kutsigirwa nevanhu. Ndiyo iyi Dahiya Dzidziso, mune geometrically yakakurisa fomu, iyo inokonzeresa kuchengetedzwa kwemhinduro inotyisa yeIsrael pakurwiswa kwaGumiguru 7.th, uye kusvika kutambanuko iyo kuita kweIsrael kunorangarirwa nenhamba iri kukura yevacherechedzi semuenzaniso wokupondwa kwemarudzi vachinyomba kuedza kupfuurira kuratidza mauto akashongedzerwa eIsrael se‘tsika dzakanaka kwazvo pasi rose.’ Tsika hadzina kusangana zvakanaka nevakuru vakuru vehurumende. zvirevo kubva kuvatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vemauto kuti maPalestine sevanhu vanhuwo zvavo uye vanokodzera kubatwa saizvozvo. Sangano rose repasi rose rekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu rinobva panheyo yekuenzana kwevanhu, uye pasi rose rekodzero yepamutemo yekuremekedzwa kwevanhu.
5. Hondo paGaze inobata sei ruremekedzo uye mukurumbira weInternational Mutemo?
Mhinduro yenguva pfupi, asi isina kukwana, ichapesvedzerwa zvikuru nemabatiro anoita ICJ chikumbiro chekuSouth Africa cheProvisional Measures, uye kuti nyika dzepasi rose, kunyanya Israel neUN, dzinoratidza kushora kana kuremekedza zvakabuda. Zvakare zvakakosha idhigirii iro veruzhinji vanofadzwa nemhinduro yeICJ kuchikumbiro cheSouth Africa, kusanganisira kuendesa kwayo nekukurumidza. Mhedzisiro yakanaka ichava nedzikinuro pamaonero emutemo wepasirese pasirese, uye kuita zvekunyengetedza kutsigira maonero ekuti kunyangwe nyika dzikaramba kutevedzera uye UN ikashaya zvekuita, mutemo wepasirese unogona kubatsira kune vamiriri veruramisiro. kuburikidza nemutemo.
Kana tikawedzera maonero kunze kwekuongororwa kwepamutemo kwemhirizhonga yemushandirapamwe weIsrael muGaza, zvinova pachena kuti Israel yagara ichityora pachena mutemo wepasi rose wevanhu panguva yekugara kweGaza kwakatanga nekukunda kwayo muHondo ye1967. Pakati pemitemo yakawanda isiri pamutemo, Israel inogona kupihwa mhosva panguva iyi payaive nezvisungo zvakawedzerwa zvine chekuita nekuve Simba reKubata zvine chekuita neOccupied Palestine, chakanyanya kujeka chirango chemubatanidzwa, kugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara dzemaJuda munzvimbo inogarwa, zvichemo zvehuchangamire pamusoro. guta rose reJerusarema, kugoverwa kwemvura nezvimwe zviwanikwa muWest Bank, kutadza kubva munzvimbo dzakatorwa panguva yeHondo ya1967 kana kuzadzisa nekutenda kwakanaka mabasa ekutanga sezvakatsanangurwa mu4.th Geneva Convention kuchengetedza vanhu vePalestine vari pasi pesimba rekutonga seSimba Rekuita. Israel yakarambawo kuterera ICJ Advisory Opinion ya2004 ichipokana nekuvakwa kwemadziro ekuparadzanisa munzvimbo inogarwa yePalestine. Kazhinji, Israel yakazvidza mutemo wepasi rose pese apo kutevedzera kwaizokanganisa zvakanyanya marongero enyika uye zvakakosha zvine chekuita nevanhu vePalestine. Panguva imwecheteyo Israeri inodaidza mutemo wepasi rose pese pawaigona kushandiswa kupembedza zviito zvayo kana kunyunyuta pamusoro pekupokana kwePalestine. Mitsetse yayo inosiririsa yekukakavadzana Ndira 11th ICJ Hearings on the South Africa initiative yakatsvaga kushandura chokwadi neumbowo nekuzvipa chinzvimbo cheakabatwa neHamas genocide kwete muparidzi wayo.
Nemanomano akadai, Mutemo Wepasi Pose unodzikisirwa kuita mutemo wepasi rose, kureva kuti, Mutemo Wepasi Pose unova mudziyo wegwara mumudziyo wekushandisa wemaitiro enyika inorerekera divi rimwe chete, kunyanya nzira yenhema yekusimbisa nharo dzemutemo dzekuzvimiririra dzinotsigira zvirevo zvenyika uye kushorwa kwehunhu. vadzivisi. Kunyengedza uku kunodzikisira zvibodzwa zvemutemo sekuumba bumbiro rezvirambidzo zviri pachiremera chekutonga maitiro enyika dzese dzakazvitonga nenzira dzinobatsirana nenzira yerunyararo nekururamisira. Urwu rudzi rwemitemo yezvinoitika ndiyo iyo UN Charter yakapa pasi rose zvisina tsarukano muna 1945. Kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwemakore akatevera kwakaita kuti UN ishaye simba rekuita izvi zvinangwa zvekudzivirira hondo, uye kazhinji yakashoreka UN muhondo/runyararo.
6. Israel haisi nhengo yenyika yeInternational Criminal Court? Mutungamiriri wayo angatambudzwa pasi pesimba rayo here?
Muchiono, ICC ine simba rekupomera mutungamiri wenyika inozvitonga kana mhosva yepasi rose yakaitwa mukati menzvimbo yebato kuRome Statute inodzora mashandiro ayo. Mukuita, Zvakadaro, kuita kwakadai kunoda kuti ICC iwane kutonga pamusoro pemunhu uye izvi zvinowanzoenderana nekuzvidira kushandira pamwe kwehurumende yenyika yevanopomerwa mhosva ndevenyika isiri bato. Nyika dziri mapato eICC anotonga mashandiro eInternational Criminal Court dziri pasi pechibvumirano chekushandira pamwe neICC, kusanganisira panguva yekuferefeta uye chero zvikamu zvekusungwa zvemutemo. Munhu anenge apomerwa mhosva kana vanhu vacho vanofanira kunge varipowo mudare redzimhosva paine mukana wekuti pave nemhosva.
Israel haifanire kuve bato reRome Statute inotonga masimba eICC kana dare redzimhosva rikaona kuti rine mvumo yepamutemo yekuenderera mberi nekuferefeta uye kupomerwa mhosva kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika nevemauto veIsrael vanopomerwa mhosva yekupara mhosva muOccupied Palestine. Territory, iyo yaizosanganisira Gaza. ICC mushure mekunonoka kwakasiyana-siyana yakasarudza zviri pamutemo muna 2021 mudare rine vatongi vatatu kuti yaigona kuenderera mberi ichiongorora mhosva dzePalestine dzakaparwa munharaunda yeOccupied Palestine muna 2014. Palestine yakanga yave nhengo isingavhote UN muna 2012, uye pahwaro hwekukodzera uku se 'nyika,' gare gare bato kuICC chibvumirano chehurongwa sezvakatsanangurwa muRome Statute. Muchuchisi weICC aripo, Karim Khan, aratidza kufarira kuenderera mberi sekubvumidzwa. Iyi sloth inopesana zvakanyanya nekukasira kunoratidzwa nekuremekedza kupomerwa kwaPutin mhosva dzemuUkraine dzine chekuita ne2022 inonzi hutsinye.
7. Chii chiri kutsvaga kuti South Africa ibudirire panyaya yakadai?
Zvinogara zvakaoma kuratidza vavariro dzenharo yemutemo ine gakava yerudzi urwu, uye panguva ino zvinangwa zvinogona kunge zvisina kujeka pane zvinokurudzira. Post-apartheid South Africa yakabatanidza kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kwePalestine nekurwisa kwayo hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri. Nelson Mandela nemukurumbira akati, "rusununguko rwedu haruna kukwana kudzamara maPalestine asununguka." Neimwe nzira, kuuraya rudzi kunofanira kutorwa sekupera kwerusaruraganda. Ndiwo hunhu hunenge husingachinjiki hwematanho ekupedzisira epurojekiti yevatorwa, inova ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekunzwisisa zviri kuitika muGaza, uye kukoshesa ndangariro dzakaipa dzakaitika muSouth Africa.
South Africa inogonawo kukurudzirwa nekurangarira basa rakaitwa nehurumende dzeGlobal West maererano nehondo yayaimbova nayo kare iyo yakanga isinganetseke nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri nekuti hwaive hwakabatana nehudzvanyiriri hweSouth Africa munguva yeCold War. Palestine yakashungurudzwa uye Israeri yakadzivirirwa uye yakagoneswa nekuzvipira kunotungamirwa neAmerica kune zvayaida kuMiddle East sezvakasimbiswa nepro-Israeli yekubiridzira mudzimba uye kukwidziridzwa kwevanopa zvine chekuita negwara rehurumende nenhepfenyuro.
Vazhinji veavo vanoshanda muchirongwa chekuSouth Africa kana kuti vaitsigira kuedza kwayo kukumbira ICJ kuti imise kuurayiwa kweGaza vakambotaurwa vachitaura pasi rose kuti, "Handina kumbobvira ndadada kuva muSouth Africa kana hurumende yedu.”
8. Munyori weUnited States of State, Antony Blinken, akashora Israel ichiendeswa ku (ICJ) nemhosva yekupokana panguva yehondo muGaza, ichidaidza kuti "hazvina maturo.", Unoitei nezvenzvimbo yeBiden Administration?
Sezvakataurwa mumhinduro dzakamboitika, kukosha kweiyo geopolitics muUS yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo kunotungamira kune kuzviisa pasi pemutemo wepasirese pese apo kutevedzera kunopesana nezvido zvehurongwa. Kudaidza chirongwa cheSouth Africa kuti 'hachina kunaka' tichifunga nezvemaitiro akanyorwa ekuuraya rudzi, marongero, uye mutauro wevatungamiriri vepamusoro veIsrael kuzvidza chokwadi sezvazviri muzvinyorwa zveGenocide Convention, iyo inodaidzira mapato. kudzivirira uye ranga kuuraiwa kwerudzi nevamwe pamwe chete nekuzvidzora pamaitiro akadaro. Kusabvisa 'genocide' kubva kugeopolitics mukutonga kwangu pachayo chiratidzo chekuderera kwenyika panguva iyo ruzhinji rwepasirese ruchida kwazvo kutaura kwekuremekedza vanhu vese vanogara pasi.
Pane pfungwa mbiri dzekucherechedzwa: (1) musiyano uripo pakati peUS inopomedzerwa mhosva yekutyorwa nevavengi vayo, China neRussia, uye kutsigira kwayo kusingaverengeki kune vanopomerwa shamwari dzepasirese uye vanodyidzana navo kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwekusavimbika kwehurumende; (2) hunyengeri hwetsika hune chekuita nemaitiro ehuviri hwakaoma kudaro, hunokanganisa zvakanyanya simba remitemo yenyika yose nekubata vakaenzana zvisina kuenzana, uye nemukana.
IUS iri kubhadhara mukurumbira wakanaka kumba nekune dzimwe nyika nekumira neIsrael ichipokana nekuedza kweSouth Africa, iyo inofarira kutsigirwa pasi rese, nekuti iri kutsvaga kuunza kuponda kwemarudzi kuri kuramba kuchiitika uye kuri pachena. Iyi danho nenzira yeICJ yakaitwa chete mushure mekuedza kwakati wandei muUN Security Council neGeneral Assembly kwakavharwa, kuderedzwa, kana kusateererwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwesimba reUS rakaiswa pachinzvimbo cheIsrael. Inovhenekera mwenje wakajeka pakukoshera kwakakosha kwekuparwa kwemhosva kuchiitiko chinotyisa ichi chiri kuitirwa veruzhinji veOccupied Palestine.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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