Mumwedzi ichangopfuura Mutungamiriri weTurkey, Recep Teyipp Erdoฤan, uye vapi vezano vake vakuru havana kuita chakavanzika kuti vari kuongorora hukama hweTurkey nevavakidzani, nenyika dzedunhu, uye nevatambi vezvematongerwo enyika.
Iyo Yekutanga Agenda yeAKP
Pakapinda bato reJustice and Development (AKP) musimba muna 2002 rakatanga kugadzirira hurongwa hwekune dzimwe nyika mushure meCold War zvichibva pane pfungwa yekuti yaive nguva yekutsiva iyo Cold War chimiro chekuzviremekedza kweTurkey kuUnited. Nyika, kunyanya mukati meNATO uye bipolar mamiriro, uye inoratidzira fungidziro yezvido zveTurkey zvakagadziridzwa muAnkara pane kutevedzera hurongwa hweWashington. Munguva yayo yekutanga yehutungamiriri hwenyika, AKP yaiita senge ichiita zvinangwa zvina zvine chekuita nedzimwe nyika:
-kugadzirisa kusawirirana kweCyprus;
-ipa pamberi pekutsvaga nhengo yakazara muEuropean Union (EU);
-Kuvandudza hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika nevezvematongerwo enyika neArab World;
-tsvaga kuenderera muUS / NATO / EU hukama, asi nekuzvimirira kwese.
Munguva yeBazi rezvekunze raAbdullah Gul, vachiratidza uye nekubatanidza dzimwe dzeAhmet Davutoฤlu pfungwa uye pfungwa yake yekuda yebasa rakakodzera reTurkey repasi rose, uku kusimba kutsva kwegwaro rekunze reTurkey rakaitwa nemhedzisiro inoshamisa. Siginecha yeTurkey ye 'Zero Problems nevavakidzani' (ZPN) yakatanga kuonekwa sekutora maonero ekugadzirisa gakava redunhu, uye kupihwa kutendeseka kwekutanga nekushandura hukama neSyria kubva paruvengo kuenda mukuwirirana. Siria yakava mwana weZPN, uye nzira itsva yakasimbiswa nekuwedzera nokukurumidza kwehukama hwehupfumi netsika nenyika dzeArab World. Kupfuura izvi, Turkey yakawedzera mutemo wayo wekune dzimwe nyika nekubudirira kukuru kwehupfumi uye hwezvematongerwo enyika kune dzisiri dzechiArabu dzeNyika yeIslam, pamwe nekumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa. Istanbul, kwete Paris kana London, yakakurumidza kuve nzvimbo inosarudzika yekusangana kwakasiyana siyana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunofarira kuGlobal South.
Paivewo nekusimbisa kukuru kwakaiswa mukati memakore ekutanga eAKP pamusoro pekukasira kwekupinda mudhipatimendi neEU, zvichitungamira kuhurumende yeTurkey kusingatarisirwi nenzira dzakaderedza kuwanda kwemauto mune zvematongerwo enyika uye nekufamba chaizvo munyika. gwara rekuzadzisa zviga zvekodzero dzevanhu, demokrasi, uye kusazvibata izvo zvingaite sezvinokodzera kuti Turkey ive nhengo yeEU, tichienzanisa zvakanaka nerekodhi yenyika dzinoverengeka dzekuEast Europe dzakawana nhengo muEU pasina kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakasimba zvekupinda. Iyo AKP yaivewo nezvikonzero zvepamba zvekuvaka firewall kupikisa kupidigura kweramangwana nemauto ane hutungamiriri hwaive hwakazara nekutenda kweKemalist, kusanganisira kutyira kupindira kweIslam mune zvematongerwo enyika mukutonga.
Ndichiri kugadzira hurongwa hwekune dzimwe nyika hunoshanda uye hwakazvimirira, hutungamiriri hweAKP hwakaramba huchisimbisa hukama hwahwo neUnited States, uye semubatsiri akasimba weNATO. Chisimbiso ichi chakamboyedzwa muna 2003 apo Washington yakamanikidza Turkey kuti ibvumidze chikamu chekurwisa kwakarongwa kweIraq kuti chienderere mberi kubva munharaunda yeTurkey. Paramende yeTurkey yakaramba kupa mvumo, uye hutungamiriri hweErdoฤan vachimanikidzwa neUnited States, vakaendesa chikumbiro cheAmerica kechipiri nechikumbiro chevakuru chekubvumidza, asi Paramende yakaramba zvakare. Zvichiri kusava nechokwadi kuti Erdoฤan ainyepedzera kutsvaga mvumo yeparamende here kana kuti aida chaizvo kubvumidza Turkey kuti ipinde mukurwisa kweIraq yakavakidzana nayo. Kurwiswa kweIraq pakwakaenderera pasina mvumo yeUN, Turkey yakatora nzira yakaderera iyo yaisanganisira kugadzirira kushandira pamwe nekutorwa kwakaitwa Iraq neAmerica, uko kwaitsvaga kudzoreredza kugadzikana munyika. Muchokwadi, iyo itsva AKP mutemo wekunze waida kuwana rusununguko rwekuita zveTurkey asi pasina kuzunungusa hwaro hwemutemo wekunze uyo wakatungamira hutungamiriri hwakasimba hwenyika kubva pakatanga republic.
Kudzokorora AKP Foreign Policy
Shanduko huru shanu dzemamiriro ezvinhu dzakakanganisa maitiro ekutanga eAKP kune mutemo wekunze: Chekutanga, kudzikira kwehukama neIsrael kwakazoonekwa zvakanyanya pamisangano yeDavos yeWorld Economic Forum muna 2009 Erdoฤan paakatarisana nemutungamiri weIsrael, Shimon Peres. Kurwiswa kukuru kweIsrael (Cast Lead) paGaza, uye kwakaguma muna 2010 apo maIsrael commandos akarwisa flotilla yekubatsira vanhu ichiunza zvekurapa kuGaza, ikauraya zvizvarwa zvipfumbamwe zveTurkey paMavi Marmara, ngarava hombe pane flotilla yengarava dzaipokana neIsrael blocked. Zviripachena, Israeri yaitumira meseji yambiro kuTurkey kuti yaizodzosera kumashure kune chero dambudziko reTurkey, kusanganisira iro revanhu, kunzira yeIsrael kune vePalestine vanogara pasi pehugaro. Kusangana uku kwakanetsa Washington kuti itsvage kudzoreredzwa muhukama hweIsrael-Turkish kuitira kuti isazofanira kusarudza mativi kana kukanganisa hukama nevose. Energetic diplomatic kuedza naBarack Obama vakatsvaga kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku pakati pevaviri ava vakuru veAmerica vanobatana mudunhu iri.
Chiitiko chechipiri chaisanganisira maitiro eTurkey kumhirizhonga ye2011 muArab World, iyo inonzi 'Arab Spring.' Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti Turkey yaive pakati penyika dzekutanga kusimbisa pasina zvisungo kumukira uku vachipokana nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri, vachitora kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika sekutaura kunogamuchirwa kwedemocratising zvido zvevagari. Chiremerera cheTurkey munharaunda yacho chakasvika pakakwirira, uye kuMiddle East yose kwakanga kune hurukuro pamusoro pekushanda kwe'muenzaniso weTurkey.' Zvaigaro kuregererwa kuti Erdoฤan akaenda kuCairo muChirimo che2011 kukurudzira mauto ezvematongerwo enyika eEjipitori kutevera muenzaniso weTurkey wezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusayedza kuisa chinamato mukutonga. Maonero aya haana kufarirwa panguva iyoyo muEgypt achidudzirwa seye-neo-Ottoman kuedza kukanganisa kodzero dzemukati dzeEgypt dzekuzvisarudzira.
Yechitatu budiriro yaive yekuona zvishoma nezvishoma kweTurkey kuti tarisiro yavo yekuve nhengo yeEU yaive ichidzikira kunyangwe kuedza kwavo kwekutenda kwakanaka kwemukati kutevedzera tarisiro yekupinda. Tsananguro huru yekudzikira uku yaisanganisira kusimuka kweIslamophobia munyika dzakati wandei dzakakosha muWestern Europe avo kubvumidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika nereferendamu yenyika kwaizodiwa nhengo yeTurkey isati yabvumidzwa zviri pamutemo. Nekunyangarika kweiyi sarudzo yeEurope, iyo pragmatic kesi yekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika muTurkey yakashayiwa simba ichiita kuti mabhenefiti ezvematongerwo enyika awedzere kuoneka, achiitwa kuburikidza nekuvhurwa kweTurkey kuIran, Russia, India, neChina. Nemamwe mazwi, yakatarisana nekurambwa zvinodzikisira neEU kunyangwe zvisina kutaurwa zvakananga, Turkey yakatendeudzira kumabvazuva, kana kuti yakafunga kutendeuka kubva kuEurope nekuMadokero, ichisimbiswa zvakanyanya nekuratidzira kwaErdoฤan kutsamwa kukuru mukupindura kushoropodzwa kweEU. . Uku kusimba kwakawedzera kukwidziridzwa nechibvumirano chakanetsana cha2015 neEU icho Turkey yaizononotsa kuyerera kwevapoteri veSyria vachiyambuka miganhu yayo vachichinjana mubhadharo wemari uye rwendo rwemahara kuenda kuEurope kune veTurkey. Kubva pamaonero ekodzero dzevanhu, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa, mabatirwo evapoteri akadai, vachitsauswa kuti 'vanotamira kune dzimwe nyika,' ane mubvunzo zvikuru, zvichiita kuti magumo avo ave nhaurirano pakati pehurumende pane kuremekedza kusadzivirirwa kwavo nekutanga hutongi hunodzivirira.
Kubudirira kwechina kune chekuita nezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuti Erdoฤan aive achitora chinzvimbo chehutongi mukutonga kweTurkey, kunyanya mushure mekukunda kweAKP musarudzo muna 2011. Mumakore aya Erdoฤan akagashira maonero makuru edemocracy achinetesa hunhu hweRepublican. hurumende yeTurkey. Izvi zvakasimbiswa mushure mekunge ave Mutungamiri weTurkey muna 2014, uye mukupindura kumutsiridzwa kweruvengo nevashoma veKurdish, kunyanya vachimiririrwa nePeoples Workers Party (PKK). Maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika aErdoฤan, akasanganiswa neakamboita eTurkey ekuzvitonga uye kuparadzana neIsrael, akakurudzira izwi rakanyanyisa kutsoropodza mukubata kwenhau dzepasi rose kwehutungamiriri hweAKP muTurkey. Shanduko iyi yakaenzana neshanduko yegungwa kana ichienzaniswa nemaitiro akaenzana akatorwa pakati pe2002-2011. Kuvengana naErdoฤan kwakakwira mukupindura chiitiko cheGezi Park muna 2013 apo mapurisa eTurkey akashandisa simba rakawandisa kuputsa kuratidzira kweIstanbul nemauto anopikisa. Zvinoita sezvinei kuti kushoropodzwa kwekutyora kodzero dzevanhu kweTurkey kwakapihwa kutarisisa kwenyika dzakawanda kudarika kupindirwa kwakaipisisa kwehutongi hweSisi muEgypt nehumambo hweSaudi. Musiyano uyu mumaonero epasi rose unoratidza simba remhiri kwemakungwa revanopikisa AKP pamwe nekusiyana kwemitemo iri pakati peAnkara neWashington, Brussels, neTel Aviv.
Kubudirira kwechishanu kwakabatana nekutadza kukwikwidza kwaChikunguru 15th.
Hurumende yeTurkey uye maonero evanhu veTurkey vemukati vakagutsikana zvakasimba kuti vakapara mhosva vakabatana nesangano reFetullah Gรผlen (kana kuti Hizmet), uye kuti hurumende yeUnited States yakanga iine ruzivo rwekare, uye kana humbowo huripo huchizovimbika, hunogona kusaina. chiedza chegirini kuvapari vemhosva. Mukati mekupidigura hurumende, uye munguva yazvakazoitika, hapana US kana Europe yakaratidza kutsigira kwavo hurumende yakasarudzwa nedemocracy yeTurkey, vachitora kumirira uye kuona maitiro aiita seakagadzirira kubvuma, kana zvisiri kugamuchirwa, zvakabuda kubudirira. Kupfuura izvi, Hurumende yeUS haina kupindura chikumbiro cheTurkey, ichitadza kusunga Fetullah Gรผlen apo hurongwa hwemutemo hwaienderera mberi. Zvakare kufukidzwa kwenyika dzepasirese mushure mekupidigura hurumende Turkey inopa kutarisisa kwayo kune Erdoฤan kukanganisa kune avo vanofungidzirwa kuve nechekuita nesangano reHizmet, iro kunyangwe rakanyanyisa uye richinetsa, hariratidzi mamiriro ayo zvine musoro kuti hutungamiriri hweAKP hunzwe. kutyisidzirwa kubva mukati nekuenderera mberi kweHizmet kupinda kwenhengo dzehurumende uye nekuda kweKurdish militancy uye ISIS hugandanga. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinonzwisisika kuti mauto epasi rose anovenga AKP anofanira kuratidza kudzingwa kukuru kubva kuzvikoro zvedzidzo uye kuvharwa kwenhau kwakapararira sekunge kuvhima varoyi.
YeTurkey Foreign Policy Reset?
Tichipesana nemamiriro akadai, hazvishamise kuti Turkey inofanirwa kunge iri kuongorora sarudzo dzayo dzekunze. Zvechokwadi, kuongorora kwakatangira kuedza kwekupidigura hurumende kwegore rapfuura. Kusundidzira kugadzirisazve mutemo wekunze weTurkey kwakaratidza kudzoka kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakaomesesa uye dzakaomesesa pesvedzero yaDavutoฤlu uye kubvumidza kwekuyedza kudzikisa kusawirirana kwedunhu nepasirese.
Zvakanyanya kukakavara kubva pakuona kweAmerica, kutendeuka kwepragmatic kwaiita sekunge sepakati payo kwakavandudza hukama neRussia. Chinangwa chaive chakakura chakavakirwa kubatirana pamwe neRussia mukucherechedza zvido zvakagovaniswa, kusanganisira kubvumirana pane nzira yekumisa kumisa pfuti muSyria. Kubva pakuona kweAmerican National Security Organisation Cooperative Russian/Turkish hukama hwakaonekwa sechinhu chisina kunaka kusvika pakukunda musarudzo kwaDonald Trump. Apo tarisiro yekuti Hillary Clinton achazove mutungamiri weAmerica yakanga yave pedyo, paive paine tarisiro huru yekuti nyika dzekumavirira dzichakurumidza kutarisana neRussia nenzira yakatsunga kupfuura panguva yehusachigaro hwaObama. MuTurkey izvi zvakakurudzira kutenda kuti sangano reUnited States rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika rakapesana zvakakwana nehukama huripo pakati peRussia neTurkey sezvo yakatsanangura tsigiro yaro yekuedza kupidigura hurumende kwaChikunguru wapfuura, kana kuti zvishoma, kusanzwisisana kwayo pamhedzisiro. Kufungira uku, kunyangwe kwakagovaniswa zvakanyanya muTurkey, kunoramba kusina humbowo, uye kungofungidzira.
Sezvo VaTrump vachive mutungamiri weAmerica anotevera zvinoita sezvingangoita, asi pasina kuvimbiswa, kuti hukama pakati peMadokero neRussia huchatungamirwa zvakare nemafungiro echokwadi ezvido zvakabatana. Tarisiro iyi inokurudzirwawo nekubuda muEurope kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vakati wandei vanofarira pekugara neRussia. Panogona kuve nekukonana kwekutanga kwemitemo kana VaTrump vakatevera pachitsidzo chake chekuramba chibvumirano chenyukireya neIran kana kuwedzera zvakanyanya kumanikidza kuita kwayo.
Makakatanwa neEU pamusoro pechibvumirano chekutama uye nekuita nhaurirano dzekutora nzvimbo dzinotyisa zvakare dzinoita kuti Turkey iongorore dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa, kusanganisira kufunga kunonzi kujoinha mapoka epasi rese asina kurongeka anotungamirwa neChina neRussia.
Pakupedzisira, kana Trump ikatevera nenzira isiri-yekupindira kuMiddle East, uye kugadzikana kweTurkey mukati kunodzorerwa, zvinoratidzika sezvingangoita kuti pachava nekuderera kwehukama neEurope neUnited States, asi pasina kuputsa, uye hapana kutama kunofanirwa kunzi 'kuchinjazve.' Turkey ingangonyanya kusimbisa hukama hwehupfumi uye hwekudyidzana neAsia, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwekudyidzana mukati meMiddle East neNorth Africa, kuderedza misiyano yepfungwa.
mhedziso
Pane kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda maererano nezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose kupfuura chero nguva kubva pakupera kweCold War. Kusavimbika uku kunoratidza kusimuka kwevatungamiri vane masimba munyika dzakawanda dzakakosha dzinofarira kutsigirwa kwevakaungana-rerudyi populism inopesana nekudyidzana kwepasi rose kwehupfumi uye inopa kukurudzira kune kusabatanidzwa kwemarudzi. Turkey chikamu cheiyi nzira yakafararira yepasirese, uye inoita kunge yakabatwa pakati pekupokana kwekumanikidza kuenderera uye kusaenderera mberi mukuita kwemitemo yayo yekunze. Nekukwirira kwaTrump zvakafanana zvinogona kutaurwa nezveUnited States.
Kazhinji, zvinoita sezvichikurudzira kuti Turkey yaita senge iri kusarudza hurongwa hwekune dzimwe nyika huri pragmatic kwete hurongwa uye hutsika, kunyangwe panguva ino isiri kushandisa rudzi rwekurudziro nehutungamiriri mudunhu uye kupfuura izvo zvinoratidzira. Davutoฤlu kusvika. Nguva dzinosiyana, dzichida kuti pave neshungu uye kudzikama kukuru.
Kuti kudzoreredzwa uku kweTurkey kune hukama neMabvazuva neMadokero, Maodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba, kuchapedzisira kwapenya kunoramba kusina chokwadi. Kunyangwe zvichikonzera shanduko huru mukuita zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekuti zvisungo zveTurkey kuMadokero zvinochengetedzwa, mhirizhonga yeMiddle East irimo, uye zvematongerwo enyika eTurkey anodzikama.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta