Nyika yakamira makore makumi mashanu apfuura mukati mesvondo rekupedzisira raGumiguru, kubva panguva yayakaziva kuti Soviet Union yakanga yaisa zvombo zvenyukireya muCuba kudzamara dambudziko rapera zviri pamutemo - kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe neveruzhinji, zviri pamutemo chete.
Mufananidzo wenyika wakamira wakamira kutendeuka kwechirevo waSheldon Stern, aimbova munyori wenhoroondo paJohn F. Kennedy Presidential Library, uyo akaburitsa vhezheni yemvumo yematepi emisangano yeExComm apo Kennedy nedenderedzwa repedyo revanopa mazano vakakakavadzana kuti vopindura sei dambudziko. Misangano iyoyo yakarekodhwa muchivande nemutungamiri wenyika, izvo zvingave zvichitsigira chokwadi chekuti kumira kwake mukati mezvikamu zvakarekodhwa zvine mwero zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vatori vechikamu, avo vanga vasingazive kuti vaitaura nenhoroondo.
Stern ane yakabudiswa chete kuongororwa kunowanikwa uye kwakarurama kweiyi rekodhi yakakosha yezvinyorwa, pakupedzisira yakabviswa mukupera kwema1990. Ndicharamba ndichidaro pano. โHazvisati zvamboitika kana kuti kubvira ipapo,โ iye anogumisa kudaro, โkupukunyuka kwebudiriro yavanhu kwave kuri mungozi mumavhiki mashomanene ekurukurirano dzine ngozi,โ kuchiguma neโvhiki iyo nyika yakamira.โ
Pakanga pane chikonzero chakanaka cheitiro hanya yenyika. Hondo yenyukireya yakanga yava pedyo zvikuru, hondo yaigona โkuparadza Northern Hemisphere,โ Purezidhendi Dwight Eisenhower akanga anyevera. Kutonga kwaKennedy pachake kwaiva kuti mukana wehondo unogona kunge wakakwira se50%. Kufungidzira kwakawedzera apo kunetsana kwakasvika pakakwirira uye "chirongwa chezuva rekupedzisira chakavanzika chekuona kuti kupona kwehurumende kwatanga kushanda" muWashington, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa nemutori wenhau Michael Dobbs mumutengesi wake akanyatsoongorora nezvedambudziko (kunyangwe asingadaro" t tsanangura chikonzero nei paine chikonzero chakawanda mukuita kudaro, zvichipihwa mukana wehondo yenyukireya).
Dobbs anonokora mashoko Dino Brugioni, "nhengo yakakosha yeCIA timu inotarisa kuumbwa kweSoviet missile," uyo akaona pasina nzira yekubuda kunze kwe "hondo uye kuparadza zvachose" sezvo wachi ichienda ku "miniti imwe kusvika pakati pehusiku,โ musoro webhuku rake. Musonganiri wapedyo waKennedy, wezvenhau Arthur Schlesinger, akarondedzera zviitiko zvacho seโnguva ine ngozi zvikurusa munhau yomunhu.โ Munyori weDziviriro, Robert McNamara, akashamisika nenzwi guru kana "aizorarama kuti aone imwe Mugovera manheru," uye akazoziva kuti "takaita rombo rakanaka" - zvishoma.
โNguva Yengozi Yakanyanyaโ
Kunyatsotarisisa zvakaitika kunowedzera mazambiringa akaipa kune aya mitongo, nekudzokorora kunguva yazvino.
Kune akati wandei akamirira "nguva ine njodzi zvakanyanya." Imwe ndeye Gumiguru 27th, apo vaparadzi veUS vaimanikidza kuvharirwa kuCuba vaidonhedza mhosva dzakadzama pazvikepe zveSoviet. Maererano nenhoroondo dzeSoviet, dzakashumwa neNational Security Archive, vakuru vakuru vezvikepe zvepasi pemvura โvakanetsekana zvakakwana kuti vataure nezvokupfura mabhomba enyukireya, ane mabhomba anoputika 15 kiloton akaenzana nebhomba rakaparadza Hiroshima muna August 1945.โ
Mune imwe nyaya, sarudzo yakashumwa yekuunganidza torpedo yenyukireya yekugadzirira kurwa yakabviswa paminiti yekupedzisira neChipiri Captain Vasili Arkhipov, angave akaponesa nyika kubva munjodzi yenyukireya. Pane kusahadzika kudiki kuti maitiro eUS angadai akave akadzingwa torpedo, kana kuti maRussia vangadai vakapindura sei nyika yavo ichikwira muutsi.
Kennedy akange atozivisa nezve yambiro yepamusoro yenyukireya ichangotangwa (DEFCON 2), iyo yakabvumidza "ndege yeNATO nevatyairi veTurkey ... [kana vamwe] ... maererano ne Graham Allison, muongorori ane ruzivo rweHarvard University, achinyora mujenari guru rekutanga Foreign Affairs.
Mumwe mumiriri ndiGumiguru 26. Zuva iro rakasarudzwa se "nguva ine ngozi zvakanyanya" nemutyairi weB-52 Major Don Clawson, uyo akatyaira imwe yeadzo ndege dzeNATO uye anopa tsananguro inosimudza bvudzi yezvinyorwa zveChrome Dome (CD) mishoni panguva yedambudziko - " B-52s payambiro yendegeโ ine zvombo zvenyukireya โmuchikepe uye yakagadzirira kushandisa.โ
Gumiguru 26th raive zuva iro "nyika yaive pedyo nehondo yenyukireya," anonyora mu "anecdotes yake isingaremekedzi yemutyairi weAir Force," Ndicho Chimwe Chinhu Chinofanira Kuzivikanwa Nevashandi? Pazuva iro, Clawson pachake aive ari munzvimbo yakanaka yekumisa dambudziko ringangove rekupedzisira. Anopedzisa achiti, "Takaita rombo rakanaka kuti hatina kuputika pasirese - uye kwete nekuda kwehutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika kana hwemauto enyika ino."
Iko kukanganisa, kuvhiringika, njodzi-pedyo, uye kusanzwisisa kwehutungamiriri hunonzi naClawson hunokatyamadza zvakakwana, asi hapana chakafanana nemirairo yekuraira-uye-kutonga - kana kushomeka kwayo. Sezvo Clawson anorondedzera zvaakasangana nazvo panguva ye15 24-awa maCD mamissions aakabhururuka, nepamusoro pezvaikwanisika, vatungamiriri vepamutemo "vakange vasina simba rekudzivirira mbavha kana nhengo yechikwata kubva pakupakata uye kuburitsa zvombo zvavo zvethermonuclear," kana kunyange. kubva pakutepfenyura mishoni ingadai yakaendesa "mauto ese eAirborne Alert pasina mukana wekuyeuka." Apo vashandi vakanga vangobhururuka nendege vakatakura zvombo zve<em>thermonuclear, anonyora kuti, โkwaizodai kunobvira kupfuta ndokuzvidonhedza zvose pasina chimwe chinhu chinobva pasi. Pakanga pasina inhibitor pane chero masystem. "
Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimba rose raive mumhepo, sekureva kwaGeneral David Burchinal, mutungamiriri wezvirongwa paVashandi veMhepo paAir Force Headquarters. Iyo Strategic Air Command (SAC), ine tekinoroji inotungamira, inoita seisina kudzora. Uye maererano neakaunzi yaClawson, veNational Command Authority vakachengetwa murima neSAC, zvinoreva kuti ExComm "vanosarudza" vachifunga nezveramangwana renyika vakatoziva zvishoma. Nhoroondo yemuromo yaGeneral Burchinal haina kunyanya kusimudza bvudzi, uye inoratidza kuzvidza kwakanyanya kwemurairo wevanhu. Maererano naye, kubatwa kweRussia hakuna kumbove nekukahadzika. Mabasa eCD akagadzirirwa kuita kuti zvive pachena kune veRussia kuti vakanga vasingatombokwikwidzani mukurwisana kwemauto, uye vaigona kukurumidza kuparadzwa.
Kubva kuExComm zvinyorwa, Stern anopedzisa kuti, muna Gumiguru 26th, Mutungamiri Kennedy "akatsamira kuhondo kuti abvise zvombo zvinokandwa" muCuba, zvichiteverwa nekupinda, maererano nehurongwa hwePentagon. Zvaive pachena ipapo kuti chiitiko ichi chingave chakatungamira kuhondo yekupedzisira, mhedziso yakasimbiswa nezvakazozarurwa zvakazoitika kuti zvombo zvehunyanzvi zvenyukireya zvakaiswa uye kuti mauto eRussia aive akakura kwazvo kupfuura kungwara kweUS kwakange kwataura.
Sezvo misangano yeExComm yakanga yava kunopera na6 pm musi wa26, tsamba yakasvika kubva kuMutungamiriri weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev, yakatumirwa zvakananga kuMutungamiri Kennedy. โShoko rake raiita serakajeka,โ Stern anonyora kuti: โzvombo zvinokandwa zvaizobviswa kana US ikavimbisa kusapinda muCuba.โ
Mangwana acho, na10 mangwanani, purezidhendi akabatidza zvakare tepi yakavanzika. Akaverenga zvinonzwika mushumo wewaya waakange achangobva kupihwa: "Mutungamiriri Khrushchev akaudza Mutungamiri Kennedy mumeseji nhasi kuti achabvisa zvombo zvinogumbura kubva kuCuba kana United States ikabvisa maroketi ayo kubva kuTurkey" - Jupiter zvombo zvine zvombo zvenyukireya. Mushumo wacho wakakurumidza kusimbiswa.
Kunyangwe yakagamuchirwa nekomiti sebhaudhi isingatarisirwe kubva mubhuruu, zvanga zvave zvichitarisirwa: "isu takaziva kuti izvi zvinogona kuuya kwevhiki," Kennedy akavazivisa. Kuramba kubvumirwa nevoruzhinji kwaizova kwakaoma, akaziva. Aya aive mapfumo echinyakare, akange atotemerwa kubviswa, munguva pfupi yaizotsiviwa nezvinouraya zvakanyanya uye zvinobudirira zvisinga pindike Polaris submarines. Kennedy akaziva kuti aizova mu "isingatsigirwi chinzvimbo kana ichi chikava [chikumbiro chaKhrushchev]," zvese nekuti zvombo zveTurkey zvaive zvisina basa uye zvaive zvichibviswa zvakadaro, uye nekuti "zvichaita - kune chero munhu kuUnited Nations kana chero imwe. rational murume, zvicharatidzika sekutengeserana kwakanaka kwazvo. "
Kuchengeta Simba reUS Risingadzoreki
Naizvozvo vaironga vakatarisana nedambudziko guru. Vakanga vaine zvirevo zviviri zvakasiyana kubva kuKhrushchev kugumisa kutyisidzira kwehondo ine njodzi, uye chimwe nechimwe chaizoratidzika kune chero "munhu ane njere" sekutengeserana kwakanaka. Saka ndoita sei?
Imwe bviro yaigona kuva kutura befu kuti budiriro yaigona kurarama uye kugamuchira nechido zvose zvinopiwa; kuzivisa kuti US ichatevedzera mutemo wepasi rose uye kubvisa chero kutyisidzira kwekupinda muCuba; uye kuenderera mberi nekubviswa kwezvombo zvinokandwa muTurkey, zvichienderera sezvakarongwa kusimudzira kutyisidzira kwenyukireya kurwisa Soviet Union kune yakakura kwazvo - chikamu chete, chokwadi, chekutenderedza pasi rose kweRussia. Asi izvozvo zvakanga zvisingambofungiki.
Chikonzero chikuru nei pasina kufunga kwakadaro kwaigona kurangarirwa chakatsanangurwa naNational Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, aimbove dhipatimendi weHarvard uye anonzi nyeredzi inopenya zvakanyanya mumhepo yeCamelot. Nyika, akasimbirira, inofanira kusvika pakunzwisisa kuti โ[t] iye zvino kutyisidzira rugare ndiko kwete muTurkey, iri mukati Kiyuba,โ uko zvombo zvinokandwa zvakanangidzirwa kuUS. โโSimba rakakura kwazvo reUS rakadzidziswa muvengi weSoviet asina kusimba uye anonetseka zvakanyanya haaigona kutorwa sekutyisidzira rugare, nekuti isu takanaka, sevanhu vazhinji muWestern hemisphere. uye nemhiri vanogona kupupura - pakati pevamwe vazhinji, vakabatwa nemhosva hondo yemagandanga inoenderera mberi kuti iyo US yaive ichirwa neCuba, kana avo vakatsvairwa mu "mushandirapamwe weruvengoโ munyika dzechiArab zvakashamisa Eisenhower, kunyangwe isiri National Security Council, iyo yakatsanangura zvakajeka.
Ehe, pfungwa yekuti US inofanirwa kudzorwa nemutemo wepasi rose yaive yakapusa zvekuti inokodzera kutariswa. As akatsanangura munguva pfupi yapfuura nemutsinhiri anoremekedzwa wekuruboshwe Matthew Yglesias, โrimwe remabasa makuru ehurongwa hwemasangano epasi rese ndere zviri pamutemo kushandiswa kwemauto anouraya nemasimba ekumadokeroโ - zvichireva kuti US - zvekuti "zvinoshamisa zvisina musoro," zvechokwadi "kupusa," kutaura kuti inofanirwa kuteerera mutemo wenyika dzese kana mamwe mamiriro atinoisa kune vasina simba. Uku kwaive kuratidzwa kwakajeka uye kunogamuchirwa kwefungidziro dzinoshanda, dzakatorwa sezvinei neExComm assemblage.
Muhurukuro yakatevera, mutungamiri wenyika akasimbisa kuti tichava "panzvimbo yakaipa" kana tikasarudza kutanga mhirizhonga yenyika nekuramba zvikumbiro zvingaite senge zvine musoro kune vakapona (kana paine vane hanya). Ichi chimiro che "pragmatic" chaive chinenge chasvika pakufunga nezvetsika.
Mukuongorora kwemagwaro achangoburwa pamusoro pehugandanga hwenguva yeKennedy, Harvard University Latin Americaist Jorge Domรญnguez anoona, "Kamwe chete mumapeji anoda kusvika chiuru ezvinyorwa apo mumwe mukuru weUnited States akamutsa chimwe chinhu chakafanana nekuramba kwehugandanga hunotsigirwa nehurumende yeUnited States": imwe nhengo yeNational Security Council yakataura kuti kupambwa "kune mhirizhonga uye kuuraya vasina mhosva ... zvingareva kudhinda kwakashata mune dzimwe nyika dzine ushamwari.โ
Mafungiro mamwe chetewo akatekeshera mukati menhaurirano dzemukati mukati medambudziko rezvombo, sepaya Robert Kennedy paakayambira kuti kupinda muCuba kuzere kwaizoโuraya vanhu vazhinji, uye tichapisa zvakanyanya pazviri. โ Uye ivo vanokunda kusvika parizvino, nekungosara kushoma, sekunyorwa nyore.
Tingadai takave "panzvimbo yakaipisisa" dai nyika yakaziva zvakawanda nezve zvaiitwa neUS panguva iyoyo. Nguva pfupi yadarika ndipo pakazivikanwa kuti, mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura, US yakanga yaisa muchivande zvombo muOkinawa zvakangofanana neizvo izvo maRussia aizotumira kuCuba. Izvi zvanga zvakanangana neChina panguva yekusawirirana kwedunhu. Kusvika nanhasi, Okinawa ichiri chigaro chikuru chinogumbura chemauto eUS pamusoro pekupokana kunorwadza kwevagari vayo avo, izvozvi, vasingafarire. kutumira yezvikopokopo zvine tsaona yeV-22 Osprey kuenda kunzvimbo yemauto yeFutenma, iri pamwoyo penzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda mudhorobha.
Kusaremekedza Mafungiro Evanhu
Hurukuro dzakatevera dziri kubuda pachena, asi ndichadziisa parutivi pano. Vakasvika pamhedziso. IUS yakavimbisa kubvisa zvombo zvekare kubva kuTurkey, asi yaisazozviita pachena kana kuisa chipo ichi nekunyora: zvaive zvakakosha kuti Khrushchev aonekwe achitonga. Chikonzero chinonakidza chakapihwa, uye chinogamuchirwa sechinonzwisisika nehunyanzvi netsananguro. Sezvakataurwa naDobbs, "Kana zvaiita sekuti United States iri kuputsa mabhesi ezvokupotsera unilaterally, pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kuSoviet Union, mubatanidzwa we[NATO] ungatsemuka" - kana kudzokorora zvishoma nemazvo, kana US yakatsiva zvombo zvisina basa. nekutyisidzira kwakaipisisa, sezvakarongwa kare, mukutengeserana neRussia kuti chero "murume ane njere" angaona seakanaka kwazvo, ipapo mubatanidzwa weNATO ungatsemuka.
Kutaura chokwadi, apo Russia yakabvisa chidziviso cheCuba chete kurwisa kurwiswa kweUS - nekutyisidzira kwakasimba kuti vaenderere mberi nekupinda mumhepo - uye vakanyarara vachibva panzvimbo iyi, maCubans vaizoshatirwa (sezvo, ivo, ivo zvinonzwisisika. were). Asi uku ndiko kuenzanisa kusina kunaka kune zvikonzero zvakajairwa: isu tiri vanhu vane basa, asi ivo vangori "vasiri vanhu," kugadzirisa mutsara unoshanda waGeorge Orwell.
Kennedy akaitawo chitsidzo chisina kujeka chekusapinda muCuba, asi nemamiriro ezvinhu: kwete kungobviswa kwezvombo zvinokandwa, asiwo kugumisa, kana kuti "kuderedza kukuru," kwehupi hupi hwemauto eRussia. (Kusafanana neTurkey, pamiganhu yeRussia, uko pasina chinhu chakadaro chingafungwa.) Apo Cuba inenge isisiri โmusasa une zvombo,โ ipapo โzvichida hatingapindi nechisimba,โ mumashoko emutungamiri wenyika. Akawedzera kuti, kana ichitarisira kusununguka kubva mukutyisidzira kwekupinda kweUS, Cuba inofanira kugumisa "kupandukira kwezvematongerwo enyika" (mutsara waStern) muLatin America. "Kupunduka kwezvematongerwo enyika" wanga uri dingindira renguva dzose kwemakore, rakaitwa semuenzaniso Eisenhower paakapidigura hurumende yeparamende yeGuatemala ndokupinza nyika yaitambudzwa mugomba rakadzika-dzika umo yainge isati yabuda. hondo dzehugandanga dzinotyisa muCentral America mumakore ekuma 1980. "Kupandukira kwezvematongerwo enyika" kweCuba kwaive nerutsigiro rweavo vairamba kurwiswa kwehumhondi hweUS nehurumende dzevatengi vayo, uye dzimwe nguva kunyangwe - kutyisa kwekutyisa - kupa zvombo kune vakakuvadzwa.
Kushandiswa kwacho kwakajairika. Nokudaro, muna 1955, Joint Chiefs of Staff yakanga yadeya kutaura โzvimiro zvitatu zvikuru zvechisimba.โ Yekutanga yaive yekurwiswa nepfuti kuyambuka muganhu, ndiko kuti, hutsinye sezvinotsanangurwa mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Yechipiri yaive "kurwiswa pachena nepfuti kubva munharaunda yeimwe neimwe yenyika dzakazvimiririra," sepaya mauto ehugandanga anopokana nehutongi hunotsigirwa kana kuisirwa neWashington, zvisinei hazvo kana "varwi verusununguko" vachiramba muvengi wepamutemo. Chechitatu: โKurwisa kusiri kwezvombo, kureva hondo yezvematongerwo enyika, kana kupandukira hurumende. Muenzaniso wekutanga panguva iyoyo waive South Vietnam, uko United States yaidzivirira vanhu vakasununguka kubva ku "mhirizhonga yemukati," sekutsanangura kwaKennedy Mumiriri weUN, Adlai Stevenson - kubva "kurwiswa kubva mukati" mumashoko emutungamiri wenyika.
Kunyange zvazvo fungidziro idzi dzakadzika midzi mudzidziso iripo zvekuti haioneki, dzimwe nguva dzinotsanangurwa muchinyorwa chemukati. Panyaya yeCuba, State Department Policy Planning Council yakatsanangura kuti "njodzi huru yatinosangana nayo muCastro ndeye ... zvinomiririra kubudirira kushorwa kweUS, kuramba mutemo wedu wese wehemispheric kweanoda kusvika zana nehafu, "sezvo Monroe Doctrine yakazivisa chinangwa cheWashington, icho chisingazoitike, chekutonga nyika yekuMadokero.
Kwete maRussia enguva iyoyo, asi kodzero yekutonga, nheyo inotungamira yemutemo wekunze inowanikwa pese pese, kunyangwe yakavigwa mukudzivirira: mukati memakore eCold War, nguva nenguva nekudaidza "kutyisidzira kweRussia," kunyangwe maRussia. hapana kwavaionekwa. Muenzaniso wekupinzwa kunze kukuru kwemazuva ano unoratidzwa muIran nyanzvi Ervand Abrahamian yakakoshabhuku riri kuuya yeUS-UK coup yakapidigura hutongi hweparamende yeIran muna 1953. Nekunyatsoongorora marekodhi emukati, anoratidza zvinogutsa kuti akaunzi akajairwa haagone kuchengetedzwa. Zvikonzero zvekutanga zvaisave zvine chekuita neCold War, kana kushaya njere kweIran uko kwaikanganisa "vavariro dzakanaka" dzeWashington, kana kuwana mafuta kana purofiti, asi nzira iyo US inoda "kutonga kwese" - nezvine chekuita nekutonga kwepasirese - yaive. kutyisidzirwa neurudzi hwakazvimirira.
Ndizvo zvatinowana kakawanda nekuferefeta dzimwe nyaya, kusanganisira Cuba (hazvishamise) kunyangwe kunyanyisa mune imwe nyaya kungakodzere kuongororwa. Mutemo weUS wakanangana neCuba unoshorwa nehasha muLatin America yese uye nepasirese, asi "ruremekedzo rwakanaka rwemaonero evanhu" rwunonzwisiswa seruremekedzo rusina maturo rwakataurwa zvisina musoro musi wa4 Chikunguru. Kubva pakaitwa sarudzo panhau iyi, ruzhinji rwevanhu vemuUS vakaita favourite normalization yehukama neCuba, asi izvozvowo hazvina basa.
Kuraswa kwemaonero eruzhinji zvakajairika. Chiri kufadza mune iyi nyaya kudzingwa kwezvikamu zvine simba zvesimba rehupfumi reUS, iro rinofarirawo kusimudzira, uye rinowanzo kuve nesimba mukugadzirisa mutemo: simba, bhizinesi rekurima, mishonga yemishonga, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, pamusoro pezvinhu zvetsika zvakaratidzwa mukushushikana kwevanyanzvi veCamelot, kune chido chehurumende chine simba chinobatanidzwa mukuranga maCuba.
Kuponesa Nyika Kubva Kutyisidziro Yekuparadzwa Kwenyukireya
Dambudziko remissile rakapera zviri pamutemo musi wa28 Gumiguru. Muuyo wacho wakanga usina kujeka. Manheru iwayo, munhepfenyuro chaiyo yeCBS News, Charles Collingwood akashuma kuti nyika yakanga yabuda โmutyisidziro yakaipisisa yokuparadza kwenyukireya kubvira paHondo Yenyika IIโ neโkukundwa kunonyadzisa kwomutemo weSoviet.โ Dobbs anotsinhira kuti vaRussia vakaedza kunyepedzera kuti muuyo wacho โkwakanga kuri kumwezve kukunda kwegwaro rokune dzimwe nyika rinoda rugare reMoscow pamusoro pevanyanyisi vanopisa hondo,โ uye kuti โ[t] akanga akachenjera zvikuru, nguva dzose hutungamiriri hweSoviet hunonzwisisa hwakanga hwaponesa nyika pakutyisidzirwa kwehondo. kuparadza kwenyukireya.โ
Ichibvisa maidi ehwaro mukunyomba kwomufashoni, chibvumirano chaKhrushchev chokusateerera zvirokwazvo chakanga โchaponesa nyika patyisidziro yokuparadza kwenyukireya.โ
Zvisinei, dambudziko racho rakanga risati rapera. Musi wa8 Mbudzi, Pentagon yakazivisa kuti mabhesi ese anozivikanwa eSoviet akabviswa. Nezuva rimwe chetero, Stern anoshuma kuti, โboka rinoparadza rakarwisa fekitari yeCuba,โ kunyange zvazvo nhimbe yehugandanga yaKennedy, Operation Mongoose, yakanga yadzikiswa zviri pamutemo panguva yepamusoro pedambudziko. Kurwiswa kwehugandanga kwaNovember 8 kunopa tsigiro kukuona kwaBundy kuti dambudziko rerunyararo raive Cuba, kwete Turkey, uko maRussia aive asiri kuenderera mberi nekurwisa kunouraya - kunyangwe izvo zvisiri izvo zvaifungwa naBundy kana kuti angadai akanzwisisa.
Mamwe mashoko anowedzerwa nenyanzvi inoremekedzwa zvikuru Raymond Garthoff, aivewo neruzivo rwakapfuma mukati mehurumende, mukungwarira kwake 1987. nhoroondo yedambudziko remissile. Musi waMbudzi 8, anonyora kuti, "chikwata cheCuban chakavanzika chekuparadza chakatumirwa kubva kuUnited States chakabudirira kuputitsa nzvimbo yeindasitiri yeCuba," kuuraya vashandi ve400 maererano netsamba yehurumende yeCuba kuMunyori Mukuru weUN.
Garthoff anotsinhira kuti: โVaSoviet vaingoona [kurwiswa kwacho] senhamburiko yokutsigira kuti chii chakanga chiri, kwavari, mubvunzo unokosha wasara: Vimbiso dzeAmerica dzokusarwisa Cuba,โ zvikurukuru kubvira pakatangwa kurwisa kwemagandanga kubva kuUnited States. zvimwe "zviito zvebato rechitatu" zvinoburitsa zvakare, anopedzisa, "kuti njodzi nengozi kumativi ese zvingave zvakanyanyisa, uye njodzi isina kubviswa." Garthoff anoongororawo kuuraya nekuparadza mashandiro ehugandanga hwaKennedy, izvo zvatingazoona sezvinopfuura zvikonzero zvehondo, kana US kana vabatsiri vayo kana vatengi vakabatwa, kwete vapari vemhosva.
Kubva mubhuku rimwe chetero tinodzidzazve kuti, pana August 23, 1962, purezidhendi akanga apa National Security Memorandum Nha. , kufambisa, uye kufamba kwemauto nemidziyoโ izvo zvaizivikanwa zvechokwadi kuCuba neRussia. Zvakare muna Nyamavhuvhu, kurwisa kwemagandanga kwakawedzera, kusanganisira kurwiswa kwechikepe chinomhanya pahotera yepamhenderekedzo yeCuba "uko nyanzvi dzemauto eSoviet dzaizivikanwa kuungana, kuuraya chiverengero chemaRussia neCuba"; kurwiswa kwezvikepe zvinotakura zvinhu zveBritish neCuba; kusvibiswa kwekutakura shuga; uye humwe hutsinye uye kuparadza, kazhinji kunoitwa nemasangano ekuCuba ekutapwa anotenderwa kushanda akasununguka muFlorida. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho kwakasvika โnguva ine ngozi zvikurusa munhau yomunhu,โ kwete chaizvoizvo kunze kwebhuruu.
Kennedy akavandudza zviri pamutemo mashandiro emagandanga mushure mekunge dambudziko rapera. Mazuva gumi asati aurayiwa akabvumira chirongwa cheCIA che "mabasa ekuparadza" nemauto emumiriri weUS "kupokana nenzvimbo hombe yekuchenesa oiri nenzvimbo dzekuchengetera, gwenya guru remagetsi, mashuga anonatsa, mabhiriji enjanji, zviteshi zvezvikepe, uye pasi pemvura kuparadzwa kwezvikepe nezvikepe. .โ Rangano yekuuraya Castro sezviri pachena yakatangwa pazuva rekuuraya kwaKennedy. Mushandirapamwe wemagandanga wakamiswa muna 1965, asi anoshuma Garthoff, "chimwe chezviito zvaNixon zvekutanga muhofisi muna 1969 kwaive kutungamira CIA kuti iwedzere kurwisa Cuba."
Tinogona, pakupedzisira, kunzwa manzwi evakabatwa muCanada munyori wenhoroondo Keith Bolender's. Manzwi Anobva Kumwe Rutivi, nhoroondo yekutanga yemuromo yemushandirapamwe wemagandanga - rimwe remabhuku akawanda haafanire kuwana chiziviso chenguva dzose, kana zvakadaro, kuMadokero nekuti zviri mukati zviri kuburitsa pachena.
Munyaya yazvino ye Political Science Quarter, bhuku rehunyanzvi remubatanidzwa weAmerican masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika, Montague Kern anoona kuti dambudziko rezvombo zveCuba nderimwe reaya "matambudziko akazara ... umo muvengi wepfungwa (Soviet Union) anoonekwa pasi rose kuti akarwisa, zvichiita kuti pave nerally-'kutenderera-ye-mureza iyo inowedzera zvikuru. rutsigiro rwemutungamiri wenyika, achiwedzera sarudzo dzake.
Kern ane chokwadi kuti "zvinoonekwa pasi rose" nenzira iyoyo, kunze kweavo vakapukunyuka zvakakwana kubva kumaketani epfungwa kuti vatarise chokwadi. Kern, chokwadi, mumwe wavo. Mumwe ndiSheldon Stern, uyo anoziva zvagara zvichizivikanwa kune vakatsauka vakadaro. Sezvaanonyora, isu zvino tinoziva kuti "tsananguro yepakutanga yaKhrushchev yekutumira zvombo kuCuba yakanga iri yechokwadi: mutungamiri weSoviet akanga asina kumbobvira aronga zvombo izvi sekutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kweUnited States, asi akafunga kuendeswa kwavo senzira yekudzivirira. chengetedza vabatsiri vake veCuba kubva mukurwiswa kweAmerica uye sekuyedza kupa USSR chimiro chekuenzana muchiyero chesimba renyukireya. " Dobbs, zvakare, anoziva kuti "Castro nevatsigiri vake veSoviet vaive nezvikonzero chaizvo zvekutya kuedza kweAmerica kuchinja hutongi, kusanganisira, senzira yekupedzisira, kurwisa kweUS kuCubaโฆ [Khrushchev] aivewo nemoyo wese muchishuvo chake chekudzivirira chimurenga cheCuba. kubva kumuvakidzani ane simba kusvikira kumusoro.
โZvinotyisa Zvenyikaโ
Kurwiswa kweAmerica kunowanzo rambwa mutsanangudzo yeUS semapenzi ehupenzi, CIA shenanigans yakabuda. Icho chiri kure nechokwadi. Vakanakisa uye vakapenya vakaita mukutadza kwekupinda kweBay of Pigs nechisimba chiri pedyo, kusanganisira mutungamiri wenyika, uyo akazivisa nyika kuti: "Vasina hanya, vanozvipira, nzanga dzakapfava dzave kuda kutsvairwa. ungwandangwanda hwenhoroondo. Vakasimba cheteโฆ ndivo vanogona kupona." Uye vaingokwanisa kurarama, sezviri pachena akatenda, nekutyisa kukuru - kunyangwe iyo yekuwedzera yakachengetwa yakavanzika, uye haisati yazivikanwa kune vanovimbika vanoona muvengi wepfungwa se "aenda kunorwisa" (maonero ari pedyo nepasi rose, sezvinocherekedzwa naKern). Pashure pokunge Bay of Pigs yakundwa, munyori wenhau dzakaitika Piero Gleijeses. akanyora, JFK yakatanga chirango chekuranga maCubans nekukunda kurwisa kweUS, uye "akakumbira munun'una wake, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, kuti atungamire boka repamusoro-soro remubatanidzwa raitarisira Operation Mongoose, chirongwa chemauto ehurumende, hondo yehupfumi. , nokuparadza kwaakatanga mukupera kwa1961 kuti ashanyire โzvinotyisa zvepasiโ pana Fidel Castro uye, zvinotonyanya kuipa, kumuparadza.โ
Mutsara wekuti "zvinotyisa zvepasi" ndewaArthur Schlesinger, mune yake quasi-official biography yaRobert Kennedy, uyo akapihwa basa rekuitisa hondo yemagandanga, uye akaudza CIA kuti dambudziko reCuba rinotakura โ[t] iye anonyanya kukosha muhondo yehugandanga. Hurumende yeUnited States - zvimwe zvese ndezvechipiri - hapana nguva, hapana simba, kana simba rinofanirwa kuregererwa โmukuedza kupidigura hutongi hweCastro. Mabasa eMongoose aiitwa naEdward Lansdale, aive neruzivo rwakakwana mu "counterinsurgency" - izwi rakajairwa rehugandanga ratinotungamira. Akapa nguva yaizotungamirira kuโkumukira pachena nokupidigura hurumende yechiKomonisitiโ muna October 1962. โTsanangudzo yokupedzisiraโ yepurogiramu yacho yakaziva kuti โkubudirira kwokupedzisira kuchada kupindira kwakasimba kwemauto eUnited States,โ pashure pokunge ugandanga uye kupandukira zvatanga. Zvazvinoreva ndezvekuti kupindira kwemauto eUS kwaizoitika muna Gumiguru 1962 - apo dambudziko rezvombo rakaputika. Zviitiko zvichangobva kuongororwa zvinobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei Cuba neRussia dzaive nechikonzero chakanaka chekutora kutyisidzira kwakadaro.
Makore gare gare, Robert McNamara akaziva kuti Cuba yaive nechikonzero chekutya kurwiswa. "Kudai ndaiva muCuban kana kuti shangu dzeSoviet, ndingadai ndakafunga saizvozvowo," akadaro pamusangano mukuru pamusoro pedambudziko rezvombo pamusi wegore rechi40.
Kana iri "yekushuvira kweRussia yekupa iyo USSR chimiro chekuenzana," iyo Stern inoreva, yeuka kuti kukunda kwakatetepa kwaKennedy musarudzo dze1960 kwaivimba zvakanyanya ne "gap remissile" rakagadzirwa kutyisidzira nyika uye kushora Eisenhower. kutonga kwakapfava pakuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Paiva ne "gap remissile," asi zvakasimba mukufarira US
Chekutanga "ruzhinji, chirevo chekutonga chisina kujeka" pane chokwadi, sekureva kwemuongorori wehunyanzvi Desmond Ball muongororo yake ine mvumo yechirongwa che Kennedy missile, yaive muna Gumiguru 1961, apo Mutevedzeri weMunyori weDziviriro Roswell Gilpatric akaudza Bhizinesi Council kuti "US. yaizova negadziriro huru yenyukireya yasara pashure pokurwisa kusingakarirwi kupfuura simba renyukireya iro Soviet Union yaigona kushandisa mukurova kwayo kwokutanga.โ VaRussia chokwadika vainyatsoziva nezvehutera hwavo uye kusagadzikana kwavo. Vaizivawo nezvekuita kwaKennedy apo Khrushchev yakapa kudzikisa zvakanyanya mauto anogumbura uye akazviita unilaterally. Mutungamiri akatadza kupindura, akaita chirongwa chikuru chezvombo.
Kuva Muridzi Wenyika, Kare uye Zvino
Mibvunzo miviri yakakosha pamusoro pedambudziko rezvombo ndeiyi: Zvakatanga sei, uye zvakapera sei? Zvakatanga nekurwisa kwaKennedy kwehugandanga kuCuba, nekutyisidzira kwekupinda muna Gumiguru 1962. Yakapera nekuramba kwemutungamiri wenyika yeRussia izvo zvaizoita sezvakanaka kune munhu ane njere, asi zvaive zvisingafungidzike nekuti vangadai vakakanganisa nheyo inokosha iyo US. ane kodzero yeunilateral yekuendesa zvombo zvenyukireya chero kupi, akanangana kuChina kana Russia kana chero ani zvake, uye pamiganhu yavo chaipo; uye mutemo unoenderana nawo wekuti Cuba yakanga isina kodzero yekuva nezvipombi zvekuzvidzivirira pane zvaiita kunge kurwisa kweUS kwave pedyo. Kuti tisimbise misimboti iyi zvakasimba zvakanga zvakakodzera chose kutarisana nenjodzi huru yehondo yokuparadza kusingafungidziriki, uye kuramba nzira dzakapfava uye dzinobvumwa dzokugumisa kutyisidzira.
Garthoff anocherekedza kuti โmuUnited States, makanga mune dzinenge bvumirano yapasi rose nokuda kwokubata kwaPresident Kennedy padambudziko racho.โ Dobbs anonyora, kuti: โKunyanduka kusingadzoreki kwakatangwa nomunyori wenhau dzedare, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., uyo akanyora kuti Kennedy akanga โashamisa nyikaโ kupfurikidza neโmusanganiswa wokuoma uye kuzvidzora, kuda, tsinga nouchenjeri, naizvozvo. inodzorwa noungwaru, yakagadziridzwa zvisingaenzaniswi.'โ Panzvimbo pezvo, ane mwero zvikuru, Stern anobvuma zvishomanene, achicherechedza kuti Kennedy akaramba arambazve zano rokurwa ravapi vamazano vake uye vasonganiri vake avo vaida mauto ehondo uye kubviswa kwezvisarudzo zvine rugare. Zviitiko zveGumiguru 1962 zvinorumbidzwa zvakanyanya seawa yaKennedy yakanakisa. Graham Allison anobatana nevamwe vazhinji mukuvaratidza se "gwara rekugadzirisa kusawirirana, kutonga hukama hwemasimba makuru, uye kuita sarudzo dzine musoro nezvemutemo wekunze zvachose."
Mupfungwa nhete zvikuru, kutonga ikoko kunoratidzika kuva kune mufungo. Matepi eExComm anoratidza kuti mutungamiri wenyika akamira akaparadzana nevamwe, dzimwe nguva vangangoita vamwe vese, mukuramba mhirizhonga isati yakwana. Pane, zvakadaro, mumwe mubvunzo: Humwe hunhu hweJFK mukutonga kwedambudziko hunofanira kuongororwa sei zvichienderana nekumashure kwekufunga kwakakura kuchangobva kuongororwa? Asi mubvunzo iwoyo haumuke mutsika yehungwaru uye yetsika, iyo inogamuchira pasina mubvunzo musimboti wekutanga wekuti US inova muridzi wenyika nerudyi, uye netsanangudzo isimba rezvakanaka kunyangwe paine dzimwe nguva zvikanganiso nekusanzwisisana, kumwe kwairi. zviri pachena kuti zvakafanira kuti US ishandise simba guru rinogumbura pasi rose asi kutsamwa kune vamwe (vanodyidzana nevatengi vakaparadzana) kuita kunyange kamuitiro kadiki-diki munzira iyoyo kana kufunga nezvekudzivisa kushandiswa kwechisimba nechisimba. benign global hegemon.
Dzidziso iyoyo ndiyo yekutanga mhosva yekupokana neIran nhasi: inogona kumisa simba kuUS neIsrael. Kwaive kutariswa panguva yedambudziko remakomba zvakare. Muhurukuro yemukati, hama dzaKennedy dzakaratidza kutya kwadzo kuti zvombo zveCuba zvinogona kumisa kurwisa kweUS kuVenezuela, zvino zvichitariswa. Saka "Bay of Pigs raive chokwadi," JFK yakagumisa.
Misimboti iyi ichiri kubatsira kunjodzi yenguva dzose yehondo yenyukireya. Hapana kuperevedza kwenjodzi dzakakomba kubva pakaitika dambudziko rezvombo. Makore gumi gare gare, munguva yehondo yeIsrael-Arab ya1973, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger akadana chenjedzo yepamusoro yenyukireya (DEFCON 3) kunyevera maRussia kuti vabvise maoko avo pachivande achibvumidza Israeri muchivande kutyora mutemo wekumisa moto. neUS neRussia. Reagan paakapinda muhofisi makore mashoma gare gare, US yakatanga mashandiro ekuongorora dziviriro yeRussia uye kutevedzera kurwiswa kwemhepo nemauto, ichiisa mapfuti ePershing kuGermany aine maminetsi mashanu ekubhururuka kuenda kunzvimbo dzekuRussia, ichipa izvo zvakanzi neCIA "super-. kukasira kutanga kurovaโ kugona. Sezvingatarisirwa izvi zvakakonzera alarm yakakura muRussia, iyo kusiyana neUS yakambopindirwa uye yakatoparadzwa. Ikoko kwakatungamirira kukutya kukuru kwehondo muna 1983. Kwave kune mazana ezviitiko apo kupindira kwevanhu kwakabvisa kurova kwekutanga maminitsi asati atanga, pashure pokunge masisitimu otomatiki akapa nyevero dzenhema. Isu hatina marekodhi eRussia, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti masisitimu avo akanyanya kuita tsaona.
Zvichakadaro, India nePakistan dzave pedyo nehondo yenyukireya kakawanda, uye mavambo egakava aya achiripo. Vese vari vaviri vakaramba kusaina Chibvumirano cheNon-Proliferation Treaty, pamwe neIsrael, uye vakagamuchira rutsigiro rweUS mukuvandudza zvirongwa zvavo zvezvombo zvenyukireya - kusvika nhasi panyaya yeIndia, yava mubatanidzwa weUS. Kutyisidzira kwehondo muMiddle East, izvo zvinogona kuitika munguva pfupi iri kutevera, zvakare zvinowedzera njodzi.
Muna 1962, hondo yakadziviswa nekuda kwaKhrushchev kugamuchira Kennedy's hegemonic zvido. Asi isu hatigoni kuvimba neungwaru hwakadaro nokusingaperi. Chishamiso chiri pedyo kuti hondo yenyukireya yakadziviswa. Pane chikonzero chikuru kupfuura nakare kose chokuteerera nyevero yaBertrand Russell naAlbert Einstein, anodokusvika makore 60 apfuura, yokuti tinofanira kutarisana nechisarudzo โchakasimba uye chinotyisa uye chisinganzvengeki: Tichagumisa rudzi rwomunhu here; kana kuti vanhu vacharamba kurwa here?
Noam Chomsky iInstitute Purofesa Emeritus muMIT Dhipatimendi reLinguistics uye Philosophy. A TomDispatch nguva dzose, ndiye munyori weakawanda anotengeswa zvakanyanya ezvematongerwo enyika mabasa, nguva pfupi yadarika, Tariro Nezvinotarisirwa,Kugadzira Ramangwana, uye Kugara.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Kupera Kwekukunda Tsika, seyenoveli, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndere The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Dzakava Obama's (Haymarket Books).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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