Neoliberalism yakatonga zvakanyanya sehuzivi hwehupfumi kweanoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore. Asi mitemo yeneoliberal yakonzera nyonganyonga pasi rose, ichidzoreredza mibairo mizhinji yakaitwa pasi pehutongi hwehutungamiriri mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika yechipiri. Neoliberalism inoshanda chete kune vakapfuma uye makambani makuru. Asi kukundikana kweneoliberalism kunowedzera kunze kwehupfumi. Vakapararira kupinda mune zvematongerwe enyika sezvo miitiro yokuparara kwenzanga inounza masimba masimba ane vimbiso dzokudzokera kumbiri yakarasika. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekufamba neofascist nemapato munyika yanhasi, uye neoliberalism yakagadzira mamiriro ekutangazve kwekurudyi-bapiro rekunyanyisa, sekutsanangura kwaNoam Chomsky mubvunzurudzo yakasarudzika pazasi. Zvakashata. Zvichakadaro, kuratidzira kwave kwakapararira zvikuru munguva yecapitalism yakanonoka, naizvozvo kutamburira imwe nyika kune upenyu zvikuru zvamazvirokwazvo!
Chomsky ndiye purofesa anobuda muDhipatimendi reLinguistics uye Philosophy kuMIT uye purofesa anoremekedzwa wemitauro uye Agnese Nelms Haury Sachigaro muChirongwa cheNzvimbo uye Zvemagariro Evanhu paYunivhesiti yeArizona. Imwe yenyanzvi dzinonyanya kutaurwa pasirese uye nyanzvi yeruzhinji inotorwa nemamiriyoni evanhu sepfuma yenyika nekunze, Chomsky akaburitsa mabhuku anodarika zana nemakumi mashanu mumitauro, zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, zvidzidzo zvenhau, mutemo wekunze weUS nenyika. nyaya. Mabhuku ake achangoburwa ndeaya Chiremera Chisiri Chemutemo: Kutarisana Nezvinetso Zvenguva Yedu (iri kuuya; naCJ Polychroniou), Zvakavanzika Zvemashoko (pamwe naAndrea Moro; MIT Press, 2022); Kubviswa: Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, uye Fragility yeUS Power (pamwe naVijay Prashad; The New Press, 2022); uye Iyo Precipice: Neoliberalism, Denda uye Kuchimbidza Kudiwa Kwekuchinja Kwemagariro (pamwe neCJ Polychroniou; Haymarket Mabhuku, 2021).
CJ Polychroniou: Noam, kubvira mitemo yeNeoliberal yakaitwa makore anopfuura makumi mana apfuura, vanga vaine mhosva yekuwedzera mazinga ekusaenzana, kuparadza magariro emagariro, uye kukonzera kushaya tariro uye magariro malaise. Zvakadaro, zvave pachena zvakare kuti neoliberal social and economic policy inzvimbo dzekuberekesa dzekurudyi-bapiro radicalization uye kutangazve kwehudzvanyiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika. Ehe, isu tinoziva kuti kune kusawirirana kuripo pakati pedemokrasi necapitalism, asi pane humwe humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti neofascism inobuda kubva kuneoliberal capitalism. Tichifunga kuti unobvumirana nechikumbiro ichi, chii chaicho chiripo pakati peneoliberalism uye neofascism?
Noam Chomsky: Kubatana kunokweverwa zvakajeka mumitsara miviri yekutanga yemubvunzo. Imwe mhedzisiro yemitemo yezvemagariro ehupfumi kuparara kwemagariro evanhu, zvichipa mukana wekuberekesa mhirizhonga, ruvengo rwemhirizhonga, kutsvaga mbudzi - uye nzvimbo yakaorera yevane masimba vanogona kumira semuponesi. Uye isu tiri munzira kuenda kune imwe nzira yeNeo-fascism.
The Britannica inotsanangura neoliberalism se "ideology nepolicy modhi inosimbisa kukosha kwemakwikwi emusika wakasununguka," ne "kupindira kudiki kwenyika." Ndiwo mufananidzo wakajairika. Chokwadi chakasiyana. Iyo chaiyo yepolicy modhi yakavhura mikova yevatenzi vehupfumi, avo vanotongawo nyika, kutsvaga purofiti uye simba nezvipingamupinyi zvishoma. Muchidimbu, unconstrained class war.
Chimwe chikamu chemitemo yaive nzira yekudyidzana kwepasirese kunobatanidza kudzivirira kwakanyanya kune vatenzi nekutsvaga basa rakachipa uye mamiriro ekushanda akaipisisa kuitira kuti purofiti iwedzere, ichisiya mabhandi ekuora ari kumba. Idzi isarudzo dzemitemo, kwete kudiwa kwehupfumi. Bato revashandi, rakabatanidzwa neCongress's ikozvino risisashande ongororo Bureau, rakakurudzira dzimwe nzira dzaigona kubatsira vanhu vanoshanda muno nekunze, asi vakadzingwa pasina nhaurirano sezvo Clinton akafamba nenzira yekudyidzana kwepasirese kunodiwa nevaya vanoitisa hondo yekirasi.
Mhedzisiro yakabatana ye "neoliberalism chaiyo iripo" yaive kukurumidza kuita mari kwehupfumi ichigonesa hutsotsi husina njodzi hwekukurumidza purofiti - isina njodzi nekuti nyika ine simba inopindira zvakanyanya mumusika kupa dziviriro yakanyanyisa muzvibvumirano zvekutengeserana inoita zvakafanana kununura vatenzi kana chimwe chinhu chikaenda. zvakaipa. Mhedzisiro, kutanga naReagan, ndizvo zvinodaidzwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi Robert Pollin naGerald Epstein "hupfumi hwekubhadhara mari," zvichiita kuti neoliberal class hondo ienderere mberi pasina njodzi yekurangwa pamusika nekutadza.
Iyo "musika wakasununguka" haisi kushayikwa kubva pamufananidzo. Capital "yakasununguka" kushandisa uye kuparadza nekusiya, sezvazvave zvichiita, kusanganisira - hatifaniri kukanganwa - kuparadza tarisiro yehupenyu hwevanhu hwakarongeka. Uye vanhu vanoshanda "vakasununguka" kuyedza kurarama neimwe nzira nemuhoro chaiwo uchidzikama, mabhenefiti ari kuderera uye basa riri kuumbwa patsva kugadzira precariat inokura.
Hondo yekirasi yakatanga, zvakajairika, nekurwiswa kwemasangano evashandi, nzira huru yekudzivirira kune vanhu vanoshanda. Zviito zvekutanga zvaReagan naThatcher kwaive kurwisa kwakasimba pamibatanidzwa, kukoka kune vemakambani kuti vapinde uye vapfuurire mberi, kazhinji nenzira dzisiri pamutemo, asi izvo hazvina basa kune neoliberal nyika yavanotonga.
Mafungiro aitonga akataurwa zvine mutsindo naMargaret Thatcher sezvo hondo yekirasi yakatanga: Hakuna chinhu chakadai senzanga, uye vanhu vanofanirwa kumira kunyunyuta nezve "nzanga" iri kuuya kuzonunura. Mumashoko ake asingafi, “'Handina pekugara, Hurumende inofanira kundigara!' uye saka vari kukanda matambudziko avo munzanga uye nzanga ndiani? Hakuna zvakadaro! Kune vamwe varume nevakadzi uye kune mhuri, uye hapana hurumende inogona kuita chero chinhu kunze kwevanhu uye vanhu vanotanga vazvitarisa ivo pachavo. "
Thatcher nevamwe vake vaiziva chaizvo kuti kune nzanga yakapfuma uye ine simba kune masters, kwete chete nyika nanny inomhanya kuti ivanunure kana vachinge vachishaya asiwo network yakaomesesa yemasangano ekutengeserana, makamuri ekutengeserana, kurwira. masangano, kufunga matangi, nezvimwe. Asi avo vasina ropafadzo shoma vanofanira “kuzvitarira ivo vamene.”
Hondo yekirasi yeNeoliberal yakave budiriro huru kune vanogadzira. Sezvatakurukura, chimwe chiratidzo kuendeswa kwe imwe madhora makumi mashanu emadhora kune homwe dzepamusoro 50 muzana, kunyanya kune chikamu chiduku chazvo. hapana kukunda kudiki.
Zvimwe zvakawanwa “kushaya tariro nokusagadzikana munzanga,” pasina kwokuenda. MaDemocrat akasiya boka revashandi kumuvengi wekirasi yavo kuma'70s, vachiva bato renyanzvi dzakapfuma uye vanopa kuWall Street. MuEngland, Jeremy Corbyn akaswedera pedyo nekudzoreredza kudzikira kweBato reBato ku "Thatcher lite." Kugadzwa kweBritain, kumativi ose, vakaungana nesimba uye vakakwira zvakadzika mugomba kuti vapwanye kuedza kwake kuumba bato rechokwadi rinotora chikamu rakazvipira kune zvido zvevanhu vanoshanda nevarombo. Kurambwa kusingagoneki kurongeka kwakanaka. MuUS, Bernie Sanders akaita zvirinani, asi haana kukwanisa kutyora hutungamiri hwebato reClintonite. MuEurope, mapato egamuchidzanwa eruboshwe akapotsa anyangarika.
Sarudzo dzepakati petemu muUS, maDemocrats akarasikirwa zvakanyanya nevashandi vachena kupfuura kare, mhedzisiro yekusada kwemamaneja ebato kuita mushandirapamwe panyaya dzekirasi izvo bato rakasara rine mwero ringadai rakaunza pamberi.
Ivhu rakanyatsogadzirirwa kusimuka kweneofascism kuzadza nzvimbo yakasiiwa nehondo isingadzoreki yekirasi uye kutorwa kwemasangano makuru ezvematongerwo enyika angave akarwisa denda.
Izwi rekuti "class war" parizvino harina kukwana. Ichokwadi kuti vatenzi vehupfumi nevashandi vavo mune zvematongerwo enyika vakabatikana mune imwe nzira yakashata yehondo yekirasi kwemakore makumi mana apfuura, asi zvibodzwa zvinodarika zvakajairwa, zvino zvichiwedzera kunyange kune vanopara mhosva ivo pachavo. Sezvo hondo yekirasi inowedzera, pfungwa huru ye capitalism inozviratidza nekujekesa kwehutsinye: Tinofanira kuwedzera mhindu nesimba kunyangwe tichiziva kuti tiri kumhanyira kuzviuraya nekuparadza nharaunda inotsigira hupenyu, tisingazviponese isu nemhuri dzedu.
Chii chiri kuitika chinotiyeuchidza kazhinji inodzokororwa ngano pakubata tsoko. Cheka buri mukokonati yehukuru chaihwo kuti tsoko iise nzara yayo yoisa chimedu chinonaka mukati. Tsoko ichasvika pakubata chikafu ichi asi yobva yatadza kuburitsa gumbo rayo rakabata uye ichafa nenzara. Ndisu isu, kana vari kufambisa show inosuwisa.
Vatungamiri vedu, netsoka dzavo dzakangofanana, vari kuramba vachitevera basa ravo rekuda kuzviuraya. Padanho rehurumende, maRepublicans vari kuunza mutemo we "Energy Discrimination Elimination" kurambidza kunyange kuburitswa kweruzivo rwekudyara mumakambani emafuta emafuta. Uku ndiko kutambudzwa kusina kunaka kwevanhu vane hunhu vari kungoyedza kuita mhindu nekuparadza tarisiro yehupenyu hwevanhu, vachitora pfungwa dzakanaka dzecapitalist.
Kutora mumwe muenzaniso wenguva pfupi yapfuura, magweta makuru eRepublican akadana Federal Energy Regulatory Commission kuti ichengetedze mameneja emidziyo kubva pakutenga migove mumakambani eUS utility kana makambani akabatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvekudzikisa kuburitswa - ndiko kuti, kutiponesa isu tose kubva mukuparadzwa.
Shasha yemujenya, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink, inoda kuisirwa mari mumafuta efossil kwemakore mazhinji ari mberi, achiratidzira kuti mugari akanaka nekugamuchira mikana yekudyara mune ichiri fanciful nzira dzekubvisa chepfu inogadzirwa uye kunyangwe mune yakasvibira simba - chero purofiti yakavimbiswa kuve yakakwirira.
Mukupfupikisa, panzvimbo pokupa pfuma kutiza ngwavaira, tinofanira kupa chiokomuhomwe kuvapfumi zvikuru kuti tivanyengetedze kubetsera mukuita kudaro.
Zvidzidzo izvi, zvakasimba uye zvakajeka, zviri kubatsira kusimbisa mafambiro akakurumbira ari kutsvaga kutiza kubva mukusagadzikana kwecapitalist logic iyo inopenya nekujeka kwakajeka sezvo hondo yeneoliberal yekurwisa vese ichisvika pamatanho ekupedzisira enhamo.
Ndiro rutivi rwakajeka uye rune tariro yehurongwa hwemagariro huri kubuda.
Nekusimuka kwaDonald Trump pachigaro, hutongi hwevachena uye hutongi hwejekerere hwakadzokera mune zvematongerwo enyika. Asi handizvo here kuti US haina kumbobvira yadzivirirwa nefascism?
Tinorevei ne "fascism"? Isu tinofanirwa kusiyanisa zviri kuitika mumigwagwa, zvakanyanya kuoneka, kubva kune ideology uye mutemo, zviri kure nekuongororwa nekukurumidza. Fascism mumigwagwa ndeye Mussolini's Blackshirts uye Hitler's Brownshirts: chisimba, hutsinye, kuparadza. Iyo US zvirokwazvo haina kumbobvira yadzivirirwa kubva kune izvo. Iyo sordid rekodhi ye "kubviswa kweIndia" uye huranda kuchinja kuna Jim Crow haidi kudzokororwa pano.
Nguva yepamusoro ye "street-fascism" mupfungwa iyi yakatangira Mussolini Kurume paRoma. Mushure mehondo Wilson-Palmer, mushure meWWI "kutyisa kutsvuku" yaive nguva yakaipisisa yekudzvinyirirwa kwechisimba munhoroondo yeUS, kunze kwezvivi zviviri zvepakutanga. Iyo nyaya inokatyamadza inorondedzerwa zvakadzama mukudzidza kwakapinza kwaAdam Hochschild American Midnight.
Semazuva ese, vanhu vatema vakanyanya kutambura, kusanganisira kuurayiwa kukuru (Tulsa nevamwe) uye rekodhi yakavanzika yekurova uye humwe hutsinye. Vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vaiva chimwe chinangwa mumutsara we "Americanism" uye kutya kweBolshevism. Mazana e“vapanduki” akadzingwa munyika. Bato rinofadza reSocialist rakapotsa raparadzwa uye harina kuzovapozve. Kushanda kwakaderedzwa, kwete chete maWobblies asi nepamusoro, kusanganisira kutyora-tyora kwakashata muzita rekuda nyika uye kudzivirira kune "matsvuku."
Hunhu hwehupengo hwakazopedzisira hwave hunhubu zvekuti hwakazviparadza. Gweta-General Palmer nemutevedzeri wake J. Edgar Hoover akafanotaura kumukira kwaitungamirwa nemaBolsheviks musi waMay Day 1920, nenyevero dzefivha uye kuunganidzwa kwemapurisa, mauto nevarindi. Zuva rakapfuura nemapikiniki mashoma. Kunyomba kwakapararira nokushuva “zvinowanzoitika” zvakagumisa kupenga.
Kwete pasina chasara. Sezvinocherechedzwa naHochschild, sarudzo dzekusimudzira nzanga yeAmerica dzakatambura zvakanyanya. Nyika yakasiyana zvikuru ingadai yakamuka. Zvakatora nzvimbo yaive street fascism nekutsiva.
Kutendeukira kune ideology uye mutemo, mukuru Veblenite wezvematongerwo enyika economist Robert Brady makore makumi masere apfuura akapokana kuti nyika yese yemaindasitiri capitalist yaienda kune imwe kana imwe nzira yefascism, ine simba rekutonga kwehupfumi uye hupenyu hwemagariro. Pane imwe danho rakasiyana, masisitimu akasiyana zvakanyanya maererano nekurudziro yeruzhinji pamusoro pegwara (kushanda kwedemocracy yezvematongerwo enyika).
Madingindira akadaro aive asina kujairika mumakore iwayo, uye kusvika pamwero wakaganhurirwa kupfuura ese ari maviri kuruboshwe nekurudyi madenderedzwa.
Nyaya iyi inozonyanya kunetsa nekuchinja kubva kuhutungamiriri hwemakumi emakore mushure mehondo kuenda kukurwisa kweneoliberal, uko kunosimbisa pfungwa yaAdam Smith yekuti madzishe ehupfumi ndivo vagadziri vemitemo yehurumende uye vanoigadzira kuchengetedza zvido zvavo. Kuwedzera mukati mehondo neoliberal yekirasi, kusaverengeka kusingaverengeki kwesimba rakazvimiririra kutonga zvese hupfumi uye dunhu rezvematongerwo enyika.
Mhedzisiro iyi pfungwa yakajairika - isina kukanganisa - kuti hurumende haisi kutishandira, asi mumwe munhu. Hurongwa hwedzidziso, zvakare zvikuru mumaoko ehumwe humbowo hwesimba repachivande, hunotsausa pfungwa kure nekushanda kwesimba, kuvhura musuwo kune izvo zvinonzi "rangano dzidziso," kazhinji yakavakirwa pane zvimwe zvimedu zvehumbowo: Kutsiva Kukuru, liberal elites, vaJudha, mamwe maconcoctions anozivikanwa. Izvi zvinobva zvaparira “fascism yomumugwagwa,” ichitora mvura ine muchetura isina kumbotsikirirwa uye inogona kubatwa nyore nyore nevasina kuvimbika. Chiyero uye hunhu parizvino haisi diki tyisidziro kune zvakasara zvekushanda kwedemokrasi mushure mekurohwa kwenguva yazvino.
Vamwe vari kukakavara kuti tiri kurarama munguva yekare yekuratidzira. Chokwadi, dzinenge dunhu rose pasi rose rakaona kuwedzera kukuru kwevaratidziri mumakore 15 apfuura. Sei kuratidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika kwave kupararira uye kuri kuitika muzera rekunonoka neoliberalism? Uyezve, vanoenzanisa sei nekufamba kwekuratidzira kwema1960?
Kuratidzira uku kune midzi yakasiyana siyana. Kurova kwemutyairi werori kwakapotsa kwamisa Brazil vachipikisa kukundwa kweNeo-fascist Bolsonaro musarudzo dzaGumiguru kwakafanana nemusi wa6 Ndira muWashington, uye kunogona kuitwa, kumwe kutya, pazuva rekugadzwa kweMutungamiriri akasarudzwa. Lula da Silva musi wa1 Ndira.
Asi kuratidzira kwakadayi kwakadai hakuna zvakwakafanana nekumukirana kwakaitika muIran kwakakonzerwa nerufu rwaJina Mahsa Amini ari mumaoko emapurisa. Kumukirana uku kuri kutungamirwa nevechidiki, zvikuru madzimai echidiki, kunyange hazvo kuri kuunza zvikamu zvakawanda. Chinangwa chiriporipo ndechekupidigura kuomarara kwezvipfeko nemaitiro evakadzi, kunyangwe varatidziri vakapfuura nepamwe, dzimwe nguva kusvika pakukurudzira kupidigura hurumende yevafundisi ine hutsinye. Varatidziri vakunda. Hurumende yakaratidza kuti Mapurisa eMoral achabviswa, kunyangwe vamwe vasina chokwadi nechinhu chechiziviso, uye zvisingasviki zvinodikanwa zvekuramba kwakashinga. Mamwe maratidziro ane zvawo.
Sezvo paine tambo yakajairika, iko kuparara kwehurongwa hwemagariro mumakumi emakore apfuura. Commonalities ne '60s kuratidzira mafambiro anoita seatete kwandiri.
Chero kubatana kungava pakati peneoliberalism nekusagadzikana kwevanhu, zvisinei zviri pachena kuti socialism ichiri kunetseka kuwana mukurumbira nevagari vemunyika zhinji dzepasi. Nei zvakadaro? Ndiyo nhaka ye "socialism iripo chaizvo" inotadzisa kufambira mberi kune ramangwana resocialist?
Sezvakaita nefascism, mubvunzo wekutanga ndozvatinoreva ne "socialism." Kunyatsotaura izwi rinoshandiswa kureva hukama hwemagariro enzira dzekugadzira, nekutonga kwevashandi kwemabhizinesi. “Chaizvoizvo socialism yaivapo” yakanga isingatomboenzani nemafungiro iwayo. Mukushandiswa kwekumadokero izwi rekuti "socialism" rave kureva chimwe chinhu senge welfare state capitalism, inovhara huwandu hwesarudzo.
Matanho akadaro kazhinji kazhinji akadzvinyirirwa nechisimba. Kutya kutsvuku kwambotaurwa muenzaniso mumwe, nemigumisiro inogara kwenguva refu. Pasina nguva refu, Kuderera Kukuru neHondo Yenyika zvakamutsa masaisai ehutongi hwezvido zvevanhu munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Basa rekutanga revakunda raive kuvadzvanyirira, kutanga nekupinda kweUS-UK kuItari, kudzinga mushandi anotungamirwa nevatsigiri- uye hurongwa hwevamiriri vevanhu uye kudzoreredza kurongeka kwechinyakare, kusanganisira vanobatana nemafascist. Muitiro wacho wakateverwa kumwewo munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzimwe nguva nechisimba chakanyanyisa. Russia yakaisa hutongi hwayo hwesimbi munzvimbo dzayo. Munyika Yetatu, kudzvinyirirwa kwemaitiro akafanana kwakatonyanya hutsinye, tisingasanganisire zvirongwa zvechechi, zvakadzvinyirirwa nemhirizhonga yeUS muLatin America, uko mauto eUS anozviti anozvirumbidza zviri pamutemo kuti akabatsira kukunda dzidziso yebhaibheri yerusununguko.
Pfungwa dzekutanga hadzifarirwe here, kana dzakatorwa kubva mumufananidzo wenhema dzinoparadzirwa? Pane chikonzero chakanaka chekufungidzira kuti hadzisi pasi pepamusoro uye dzinogona kuputika kana mikana yamuka uye ikashandiswa.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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