Isu tinorarama munyika yakatarisana nekutyisidzira kuriko ukuwo kusaenzana kwakanyanya kuri kubvarura nzanga dzedu uye democracy iri kuderera zvakanyanya. Zvichakadaro, US yakatsunga kuchengetedza hutongi hwepasi rose apo kubatana kwenyika dzese kuchidikanwa nekukurumidza kugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji epasi.
Mubvunzurudzo inotevera, Noam Chomsky, muzivi wedu mukuru weruzhinji ari mupenyu, anoongorora nekuongorora mamiriro epasirese nenjere dzake dzaajaira, achitsanangura mukuita kuti sei tiri panguva ine ngozi zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu uye nei urudzi, rusaruraganda, uye kunyanyisa zviri kusimudza misoro yazvo yakaipa. pasi rose nhasi.
CJ Polychroniou: Noami, wakambotaura kakawanda kuti nyika iri panguva ine ngozi zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Nei uchifunga kudaro? Zvombo zvenyukireya zvine ngozi zvikuru nhasi kupfuura zvazvaiva kare here? Kuwedzera kwehudzvanyiriri hwebapiro rekurudyi mumakore achangopfuura kune ngozi kupfuura kusimuka nekuzopararira kwefascism muma1920 nema1930? Kana kuti imhaka yedambudziko remamiriro ekunze, iro rawati rinomiririra kutyisidzira kukuru kwati kwakambotarisana nenyika. Unogona here kutsanangura namashoko okuenzanisa nei uchifunga kuti nyika nhasi ine ngozi zvikuru kupfuura zvayaimbova?
Noam Chomsky: Dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rakasiyana nemamwe munhoroondo yevanhu uye riri kuramba richiwedzera gore negore. Kana nhanho huru dzikasatorwa mukati memakumi mashoma emakore anotevera, nyika ingangosvika pachinhanho chekusadzoka, yakatarisana nekuderera kune njodzi isingatsananguriki. Hapana chine chokwadi, asi izvi zvinoita sekunge ongororo ine musoro.
Magadzirirwo ezvombo anoramba achiwedzera kuva nengozi uye achiwedzera kutyisa. Isu tanga tichipona pasi pebakatwa reDamocles kubva pakabhomba Hiroshima. Makore mashoma gare gare, makore 70 apfuura, US, ipapo Russia, yakaedza zvombo zvethermonuclear, zvichiratidza kuti njere dzevanhu "dzakafambira mberi" pakugona kuparadza zvese.
Mibvunzo yekushanda ine chekuita nemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvetsika mamiriro anomanikidza kushandiswa kwavo. Izvi zvakasvika padhuze nekupunzika mudambudziko rezvombo ra1962, rakatsanangurwa naArthur Schlesinger senguva ine ngozi zvakanyanya munhoroondo yenyika, nechikonzero, kunyangwe isu tingangosvika panguva isingataurike zvakare muEurope neAsia. Iyo MAD system (mutually assured destruction) yakagonesa chimiro chechengetedzo, chipengo asi pamwe chipfupi chakanakisa cherudzi rweshanduko yemagariro netsika izvo zvichiri zvinosuruvarisa chete shuviro.
Mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union, hurongwa hweMAD hwekuchengetedzeka hwakadzikiswa nekukunda kweMutungamiri Bill Clinton uye chirongwa cheBush II-Trump chekuparadza hutongi hwakagadzirwa nechisimba.
Mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union, hurongwa hweMAD hwekuchengetedzeka hwakadzikiswa nekukunda zvine hasha kweMutungamiri Bill Clinton uye chirongwa cheBush II-Trump chekuparadza hutongi hwakagadzirwa nechisimba. Pane ongororo yakakosha munguva pfupi yapfuura yenyaya idzi na Benjamin Schwarz naChristopher Layne, sechikamu chemashure ekupinda kweRussia kuUkraine. Vanoongorora kuti Clinton akatanga sei nguva itsva yenhau dzepasirese umo "United States yakava simba rekuchinja mune zvematongerwo enyika" nekusiya "dhipatimendi rekare" uye nekutanga shanduko yavanoda yekurongeka kwepasirese.
โChibvumirano chekareโ chaitsvaga kuchengetedza kurongeka kwenyika yose neโkunzwisisa zvinofarirwa nemhandu nevavariro uye kukwanisa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.โ Unilateralism itsva yekukunda inomira se "chinangwa chiri pamutemo [kuUS] kushandurwa kana kubviswa kwezvirongwa [zvemukati kune dzimwe nyika] kana zvisingaenderane nezvavanoti vavariro nehunhu."
Izwi rekuti "kupupura" rakakosha. Inowanzodzimwa kubva mukuziva pano, kwete kumwewo.
Kumashure kune dzidziso yaClinton yekuti US inofanirwa kugadzirira kumanikidza, mumativi mazhinji kana tichikwanisa, tisina divi kana tichifanira, kuve nechokwadi chezvido zvakakosha uye "kusavharirwa kuwana misika yakakosha, simba rekushandisa, uye zviwanikwa."
Dzidziso yemauto inoperekedza iyi yakatungamira mukusikwa kwehurongwa hwepamusoro hwezvombo zvenyukireya hunogona kungonzwisiswa se "preemptive counterforce kugona kurwisa Russia neChina" (Rand Corporation) - danho rekutanga, rakasimudzirwa nekuparadza kwaBush chibvumirano. iyo yairambidza kuiswa kweanti-ballistic missile masisitimu pedyo nemiganhu yemuvengi. Aya masisitimu anoratidzwa seanodzivirira, asi anonzwisiswa kumativi ese sezvombo zvekutanga kurwisa.
Matanho aya akanetesa zvakanyanya hurongwa hwekare hwekudzivirirana, zvichisiya munzvimbo yayo zvakanyanya kuwedzera njodzi.
Zviitiko izvi zvaive zvitsva sei, munhu anogona kukakavara, asi Schwarz naLayne vanoita nyaya yakasimba yekuti kukunda unilateralism uye kuzvidzwa pachena kwemuvengi akakundwa kwave chinhu chakakosha mukuunza hondo huru kuEurope nekupinda kweRussia kuUkraine, nekugona. kuenda kuhondo yekupedzisira.
Hazvisi zvishoma zvinotyisa zviri kuitika muAsia. Nerutsigiro rwakasimba rwebipartisan uye media, Washington iri kutarisana neChina pamativi ese emauto nehupfumi. Iine Europe yakachengeteka muhomwe yayo nekuda kwekupinda kweRussia kuUkraine, US yakakwanisa kuwedzera NATO kuIndo-Pacific dunhu, nokudaro ichinyorera Europe muchirongwa chayo chekudzivirira China kuti isasike - chirongwa chinoonekwa kwete sechiri pamutemo asi chinorumbidzwa zvikuru. Mumwe wevatungamiri njiva, Munyori weCommerce Gina Raimondo, vakaratidza kubvumirana kwacho zvine mutsindo: โKana tichida chaizvo kuderedza mwero weChina wekuvandudza zvinhu, tinofanira kushanda neEurope.โ Zvinonyanya kukosha kuchengetedza China kubva mukugadzira simba rinoenderera, uko kuri kure mukutungamira uye inofanirwa kusvika pakuzvikwanira nesimba panosvika 2060 sekureva. Goldman Sachs vaongorori. China iri kutotyisidzira kuita mabhindauko matsva mumabhatiri anogona kubatsira kuponesa nyika kubva kunjodzi yemamiriro ekunze.
Zviripachena kutyisidzira kunofanirwa kunge kurimo, pamwe nekusimbirira kweChina pagwaro reOne-China reTaiwan iro US yakatorawo makore makumi mashanu apfuura uye yakachengeta runyararo kwemakore makumi mashanu, asi kuti Washington yave kuregedza.Kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvekuwedzera. inosimbisa mufananidzo uyu, nyaya dzatakurukura kune imwe nzvimbo.
Zvakaoma kutaura mazwi mune iyi tsika inowedzera isinganzwisisike, asi iri pedyo nekutenda kuti kunze kwekunge US neChina vawana nzira dzekugara, semasimba makuru ane zvinopokana zvido zvaiwanzoita munguva yakapfuura, isu tese takarasika.
Enzaniso dzenhau dzine ganhuriro dzadzo hongu, asi kune mbiri dzakakodzera dzakadzokororwa dzabudiswa muna ikoku: Concert of Europe yakatangwa muna 1815 uye chibvumirano cheVersailles cha1919. Yokutanga muenzaniso mukuru weโOld Diplomacy.โ Murwi akakundwa (France) akapinzwa muhurongwa hutsva hwekurongeka kwenyika semubatsiri akaenzana. Ikoko kwakatungamirira kuzana ramakore rorugare rwakati. Chibvumirano cheVersailles muenzaniso weparadigm we "revolutionary" pfungwa yehurongwa hwepasi rose yakatangwa nekukunda kwema'90s uye nemhedzisiro yayo. Germany yakakundwa haina kubatanidzwa muhurongwa hwepasirese hwehondo asi yakarangwa zvakanyanya uye yakanyadziswa. Tinoziva kuti zvakatungamirira kupi.
Parizvino, pfungwa mbiri dzekurongeka kwenyika dzinopikiswa: iyo UN system uye iyo "mitemo-yakavakirwa" sisitimu, inoenderana zvakanyanya nekuwanda uye unipolarity, iyo yekupedzisira inoreva hutongi hweUS.
IUS nevabatsiri vayo (kana "vassal" kana "subimperial statesโ sokudanwa kwavanoitwa dzimwe nguva) vanoramba hurongwa hweUN uye vanoda kutevedzwa kumitemo inotevedzwa. Nyika dzese dzinowanzotsigira hurongwa hweUN uye ruzhinji.
Hurongwa hweUnited Nations hwakavakirwa paUN Charter, hwaro hwemitemo yenyika dzechimanjemanje uye โmutemo wepamusoro wenyikaโ muUS pasi peBumbiro reMitemo reUS, iro vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa vanosungirwa kuteerera. Iine hurema hwakakomba: Inorambidza mutemo weUS wekunze. Nheyo yayo yakakosha inorambidza "kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwesimba" munhau dzepasirese, kunze kwemamiriro akamanikana asina hukama nezviito zveUS. Zvingave zvakaoma kuwana mutungamiri weUS mushure mehondo asina kutyora Bumbiro reUS, nyaya isingafadze, rekodhi inoratidza.
Ndeipi iyo yakasarudzika mitemo-based system? Mhinduro yacho inobva pakuti ndiani anoisa mitemo uye anosarudza nguva yainofanira kuteererwa. Mhinduro yacho haina kujeka: simba rehegemonic, iro rakatora chigaro chekutonga kwepasi rose kubva kuBritain mushure meHondo Yenyika II, richiwedzera zvakanyanya hukuru hwayo.
Imwe musimboti dombo renheyo yeUS-inodzorwa mitemo-based system iWorld Trade Organisation (WTO). Tinogona kubvunza, saka, kuti US inoikudza sei.
Sepasi rose hegemon, iyo US ndiyo yega mukukwanisa kuisa zvirango. Izvi zvirango zvebato rechitatu izvo zvinofanirwa kuteererwa nevamwe, kana zvimwe. Uye vanoteerera, kunyangwe vachipikisa zvakasimba zvirango. Mumwe muenzaniso ndezvirango zveUS zvakagadzirirwa kudzvinya Cuba. Izvi zvinopikiswa nenyika yose sezvatinoona kubva kumavhoti eUN nguva dzose. Asi vanoteererwa.
Clinton paakateya zvirango zvakatonyanya kutyisa kupfuura kare, European Union yakadaidza WTO kuti ione zviri pamutemo. IUS yakatsamwa kubuda mukutongwa, ichivasiya vasina maturo. Paive nechikonzero, chakatsanangurwa naClinton's Commerce Secretary Stuart Eizenstat: โMr. Eizenstat yakataura kuti Europe iri kupikisa 'makumi matatu emakore emutemo weAmerican Cuba unodzokera kuKennedy Administration,' uye une chinangwa chekumanikidza shanduko yehurumende muHavana."
Muchidimbu, Europe neWTO havana hunyanzvi hwekupesvedzera chirongwa cheUS chehugandanga uye kudzvinyirirwa kwehupfumi nechisimba chakanangana nekupidigura hurumende yeCuba, saka vanofanirwa kurasika. Zvirango zvinokunda, uye Europe inofanirwa kuzviteerera-uye inodaro. Mufananidzo wakajeka wemhando yemitemo-based order.
Kune vamwe vakawanda. Saka, the Dare reNyika yakatonga kuti US kuomesa zvinhu zveIran hazvisi pamutemo. Hazvina kumbokonzera ripple.
Izvozvo zvinonzwisisika. Pasi pemitemo-yakavakirwa sisitimu, mutsigiri wepasi rose haachina chikonzero chekubvuma mutongo weInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) pane kuita sarudzo dzeWTO. Iyo yakawanda yakavambwa makore apfuura. Muna 1986, US yakabuda kubva kuICJ kutonga payakashora US nekuda kwehondo yayo yemagandanga neNicaragua ndokuiraira kuti ibhadhare muripo. IUS yakapindura nekuwedzera hondo.
Kuti titaure mumwe mufananidzo wemitemo-based system, US yega yakabuda kubva mukutongwa kweTribunal ichifunga mhosva yeYugoslavia paNATO. Yakapokana nemazvo kuti Yugoslavia yakanga yataura nezvekupondwa kwerudzi, uye US haina kusununguka kubva muchibvumirano chepasi rose chinorambidza kupondwa.
Zviri nyore kuenderera mberi. Zvakare zvakareruka kunzwisisa kuti sei US ichiramba iyo UN-based system, iyo inorambidza mutemo wayo wekunze, uye inosarudza hurongwa hwainoisa mitemo uye yakasununguka kuibvisa painoda. Iko hakuna chikonzero chekukurukura kuti sei US ichida unipolar pane kurongeka kwemultipolar.
Zvese izvi zvinotariswa zvinomuka zvakanyanya mukutarisisa kukakavara kwepasi rose nekutyisidzira kurarama.
CJP: Nzanga dzose dzakaona shanduko inoshamisa yehupfumi mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura, neChina ichitungamira paki sezvayakabuda mukati memakumi mashoma emakore kubva munharaunda yekurima ichipinda muindasitiri ine simba, ichisimudza mazana emamiriyoni kubva muhurombo. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti upenyu hunenge huri nani pane zvakaitika kare. MuUS, semuenzaniso, hupenyu hwehupenyu hwadzikira mukati memakore gumi apfuura uye ndizvo zvakaitawo kugutsikana kwehupenyu muEuropean Union. Tiri padanho apo tiri kuona kuderera kweMadokero uye kusimuka kweMabvazuva? Chero zvazvingava, kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vachiita sevanofunga kuti kusimuka kwevari kure-kurudyi muEurope neUnited States kune chokuita nemafungiro pamusoro pekuderera kweMadokero, kusimuka kwevari kure-kurudyi chiitiko chepasi rose, kubva kuIndia. uye Brazil kuIsrael, Pakistan, uye Philippines. Asi izvo, iyo alt-kurudyi yakatowana imba yakagadzikana painternet yeChina. Saka chii chiri kuitika? Neiko urudzi, rusaruraganda, uye kunyanyisa zviri kuita kudzoka kukuru kwakadaro pachikuva chenyika yose?
NC: Pane kudyidzana kwezvinhu zvakawanda, zvimwe zvakanangana nedzimwe nzanga, semuenzaniso, kubviswa kwedemocracy yenyika muIndia sezvo Mutungamiriri Narendra Modi anotevera purojekiti yake yekumisikidza hutsinye hwechiHindu. Ndizvo zvakanangana neIndia, asi kwete pasina analogues kumwe kunhu.
Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvine mwero wakafaranuka, uye zvinowanzoitika. Imwe ndeyekuwedzera kukuru kwekusaenzana munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi semhedzisiro yemitemo yeneoliberal inobva kuUS neUK uye ichipararira kupfuura nenzira dzakasiyana.
Chokwadi chiri pachena zvakakwana, kunyanya kunyatsodzidza kuUS The Rand Corporation ongororo yatakambokurukura yati inofungidzirwa kusvika madhora matrillion makumi mashanu ehupfumi hwakatamiswa kubva kuvashandi uye vepakati-iyo yakaderera 50% yemari inotambirwa - kumusoro 90% panguva makore neoliberal. Rumwe ruzivo rwunopihwa mubasa raThomas Piketty naEmmanuel Saez, vakapfupikiswa zvine mutsindo nenyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika. Robert Brenner.
Kurwiswa kweneoliberal chinhu chakatanhamara mukuputsika kwehurongwa hwemagariro hunosiya vanhu vakawanda vakatsamwa, vaodzwa mwoyo, vachitya, uye vachizvidza masangano avanoona asiri kushanda muzvido zvavo.
Mhedzisiro huru ndeyekuti kuburikidza ne "boom yapashure pehondo, isu takave nekuderera kwekusaenzana uye mari shoma yaienda kumabhuraketi epamusoro emari. Kwenguva yose kubva kuma1940 kusvika pakupera kwema1970, 1% yepamusoro yevakawana vakagamuchira 9-10% yemari yose, kwete. Asi munguva pfupi kubva muna 1980, mugove wavo, uyo uri mugove we1% yepamusoro, wakwira kusvika pa25%, nepo 80% yepasi haina kana pundutso.
Izvozvo zvine migumisiro yakawanda. Imwe kudzikiswa kwekudyara kunoita hupfumi uye kuchinjika kune hupfumi hwekurenda, neimwe nzira kudzoreredzwa kubva mukudyara mari yekugadzira kugadzira hupfumi hwemhando yefeudal, kwete capital - "capital manyepo," sekudaidza kwaMarx.
Chimwe chigumisiro kuparara kwemagariro evanhu. Mubasa ravo rekusimbisa Chiyero cheMweya, Richard Wilkinson naKate Pickett vanoratidza hukama hwepedyo pakati pekusaenzana uye huwandu hwekusagadzikana kwevanhu. Imwe nyika haisi pachati: yakanyanya kusaenzana asi yakatokura kusarongeka kwevanhu kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nekuwirirana. Ndiyo nyika yakatungamira mukurova neoliberal - yakatsanangurwa zviri pamutemo sekuzvipira kuhurumende diki nemusika, mukuita zvakasiyana zvakanyanya, zvakanyatsotsanangurwa sehondo yekirasi yakazvipira kushandisa chero nzira dziripo.
Basa rekuburitsa raWilkinson-Pickett rakafambiswa mberi kubva, nguva pfupi yadarika muchidzidzo chakakosha na Steven Bezruchka. Zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti kusaenzana ndicho chinhu chikuru mukuputsika kwehurongwa hwemagariro.
Pakave nemhedzisiro yakafanana muUK pasi pemitemo ine hukasha yekumanikidza, ichienderera kune imwe nzvimbo munzira dzakawanda. Kazhinji, vanonyanya kurova ndivo vasina simba. Latin America yakatambura makumi maviri emakore akarasika pasi pezvinoparadza zvimiro zvekugadzirisa marongero. MuYugoslavia neRwanda mitemo yakadai muma80s yakawedzera kusawirirana kwevanhu, zvichikonzera kutyisa kwakatevera.
Dzimwe nguva zvinopokana kuti mitemo yeneoliberal yaive budiriro huru, zvichinongedza kuderedzwa kwakanyanya kwehurombo hwepasi rose munhoroondo - asi zvichitadza kuwedzera kuti izvi zvinoshamisa zvakabudirira zvaive muChina nedzimwe nyika dzakaramba zvakasimba zvakatemerwa neoliberal musimboti.
Uyezve, kwaisava โkubvumirana kweWashingtonโ kwakakurudzira vatengesi vekuUS kuti vachinje zvigadzirwa vachienda kune dzimwe nyika dzine vashandi vakachipa uye vane kodzero shoma dzevashandi kana zvimhingamipinyi zvezvakatipoteredza, zvichibva zvaita kuti America isaite indasitiri nemigumisiro inosanozivikanwa kuvanhu vanoshanda.
Hakusi kuti idzi ndidzo dzanga dziri sarudzo chete. Zvidzidzo zvaitwa nesangano revashandi uye neCongress's own research Bureau (OTA, kubvira pakaparara) zvakapa dzimwe nzira dzingagoneke dzaigona kubatsira vanhu vanoshanda pasi rose. Asi vakadzingwa.
Zvese izvi zvinoumba chikamu chekumashure chezviitiko zvinotyisa zvaunotsanangura. Kurwiswa kweneoliberal chinhu chakatanhamara mukuputsika kwehurongwa hwemagariro hunosiya vanhu vakawanda vakatsamwa, vaodzwa mwoyo, vachitya, uye vachizvidza masangano avanoona asiri kushanda muzvido zvavo.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakurova neoliberal kwave kunyima zvinangwa zvenzira yekuzvidzivirira. Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan uye Mutungamiriri Margaret Thatcher vakavhura nguva yeneoliberal nekurwiswa kwemibatanidzwa, mutsara mukuru wekudzivirira kwevanhu vanoshanda kuhondo yekirasi. Vakavhurawo musuwo wekurwiswa kwevashandi, kazhinji zvisiri pamutemo, asi izvo hazvina basa kana nyika yavanotonga zvakanyanya inotaridzika neimwe nzira.
Chidziviriro chikuru pahondo yekirasi vanhu vakadzidza, vane ruzivo. Dzidzo yeruzhinji yakarwiswa zvine hukasha mukati memakore e-neoliberal: kudzoreredza mari, mabhizinesi emhando anofarira basa rakachipa uye rinoraswa zviri nyore (adjuncts, vadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza) pachinzvimbo chefekisheni, kudzidzisa-ku-test modhi dzinokanganisa kufunga kwakadzama uye kubvunza, nezvimwe zvakawanda. . Zvakanakisisa kuve nehuwandu hwevanhu vanoteerera, vanoteerera, uye vane atomized, kunyange kana vakashatirwa uye vane chigumbu, uye nokudaro vanobatwa nyore nyore kune demagogues vane unyanzvi mukubata mvura yakashata iyo inomhanya kusiri kure zvakanyanya pasi pepamusoro munharaunda yese.
CJP: Takanzwa kakawanda kubva kunyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika uye nevanodzidzisa vane simba kuti democracy iri kudzikira. Chokwadi, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) yakati kutanga kwa2022 chete 6.4% chete yevagari vepasi vanonakidzwa ne "democracy yakazara," kunyangwe zviri pachena kuti kambani yehanzvadzi yemagazini inochengetedza vhiki nevhiki. The Economist inonzwisisa chirevo chaicho uye mamiriro eshoko rekuti "democracy yakazara." Zvingave zvakadaro, ndinofunga tese tinogona kubvumirana kuti pane akati wandei akakosha zviratidzo zvinongedza kusashanda zvakanaka kwedemokrasi muzana ramakore re21. Asi handizvo here kuti maonero edambudziko redemocracy anga aripo kwenguva yakareba sedemokrasi yemazuva ano pachayo? Zvakare, handizvo here kuti kutaura kwakawanda nezvedambudziko redemocracy kunoshanda chete kune pfungwa yerusununguko rwedemokrasi, inova chimwe chinhu kunze kwedemocracy yechokwadi? Ndinofarira pfungwa dzenyu panyaya idzi.
NC: Chii chaizvo chinonzi dambudziko regutsaruzhinji? Izwi iri rinozivikanwa. Wakanga uri, semuenzaniso, zita rekutanga kuburitswa kweTrilateral Commission, nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakasununguka kubva kuEurope, Japan, uye US Iyo inomira padivi pePowell Memorandum seimwe yezviratidziro zvekurwiswa kweneoliberal kwanga kuchipisa muCarter. manejimendi (kazhinji matrilateralists) ndokuenda naReagan naThatcher. Memorandamu yePowell, yaitaura nezvenyika yebhizimisi, yakanga iri rutivi rwakaoma; mushumo weTrilateral Commission ndiwo waive rutivi rwakapfava rwakasununguka.
Iyo Powell memorandamu, yakanyorwa naJustice Lewis Powell, haina kudhonza zvibhakera. Yakadana vezvebhizimisi kushandisa simba rayo kudzosera shure kwayairangarira sokudenha kukuru kwebhizimisiโzvichireva kuti panzvimbo peboka rebhizimisi rakasununguka kuita chinodokuva chinhu chiri chose, pakanga pane dzimwe nhamburiko dzakaganhurirwa dzokuganhurira simba raro. Kutevedzana kweparanoia uye kuwedzeredza kwakashata hakusi pasina kufarira, asi shoko rakanga rakajeka: Tanga hondo yekirasi yakaoma uye kugumisa "nguva yenhamo," izwi rinoshandiswa rekushingaira kwema1960, iyo yakabudirira zvikuru nzanga.
SaPowell, veTrilateralists vainetseka ne "nguva yematambudziko." Dambudziko redemocracy raive rekuti '60s activism yaiunza democracy yakawandisa. Mapoka amarudzi ose akanga achida maruramiro makuru: vaduku, vakuru, vakadzi, vashandi, varimi, dzimwe nguva vainzi โzvido zvavo.โ Chainyanya kunetsa kwaive kutadza kwemasangano ane chekuita neโkudzidzisa vechidiki:โ zvikoro nemayunivhesiti. Ndosaka tichiona vechidiki vachiita mabasa avo anovhiringa. Idzi nhamburiko dzakakurumbira dzakaisa mutoro usingabviri kuhurumende, iyo yaisagona kupindura kune izvi zvakakosha zvido: dambudziko redemocracy.
Panyika nepanyika, bato ranhasi reRepublican muUS, iro rakasiya basa raro rakapfuura sebato reparamende rechokwadi, riri kutsvaga nzira dzekuwana hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika zvachose sesangano revashoma, rakazvipira kuOrban-style illiberal democracy.
Mhinduro yakanga iri pachena: โkumwe nomwero mudemokrasi.โ Mune mamwe mazwi, kudzoka kune kuita uye kuteerera kuitira kuti democracy ibudirire. Pfungwa iyoyo yedemocracy ine midzi yakadzika, ichidzokera kuMadzibaba Vavambi neBritain pamberi pavo, yakamutsidzirwa mumabasa makuru edzidziso yedemocracy nevazivi vezana ramakore rechi 20, pakati pavo Walter Lippmann, muzivi akatanhamara woruzhinji; Edward Bernays, mukuru weindasitiri huru yekudyidzana neveruzhinji; Harold Lasswell, mumwe wevambi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno; naReinhold Niebuhr, anozivikanwa semudzidzi wezvechitendero wenzvimbo yakasununguka.
Vese vaive vakanaka Wilson-FDR-JFK vakasununguka. Vese vakabvumirana neVavambi kuti democracy yaive njodzi yekudziviswa. Vanhu vemunyika vane basa mudemokrasi inoshanda nemazvo: kusundira chiredzo makore mashoma ega ega kusarudza mumwe munhu anopihwa kwavari ne "varume vane basa." Vanofanira kuva "vaoni, kwete vatori vechikamu," vanochengetwa vachienderana ne "zvinodikanwa zvekunyepedzera" uye "kuwedzeredza zvine simba mupfungwa," iyo Lippmann yakadana "kugadzirwa kwemvumo," hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwedemokrasi.
Kugutsa aya mamiriro kwaizoumba "democracy yakazara," sekunzwisisa kunonzwisiswa mukati medzidziso yakasununguka yedemocracy. Vamwe vangave nemaonero akasiyana, asi chikamu chedambudziko, kwete mhinduro, kutsanangura Reagan.
Kudzokera kune zvinonetsa nezvekudzikira kwedemocracy, kunyangwe democracy yakazara mupfungwa iyi iri kudzikira munzvimbo dzayo dzechinyakare. MuEurope, Prime Minister Viktor Orban โhutongi hwejekerereโ muHungary hunonetsa European Union, pamwe nebato riri kutonga reLaw and Justice rePoland nemamwe anogovera maitiro ayo ehudzvanyiriri.
Nguva pfupi yadarika Orban akaita musangano wemafambiro ari kure-kurudyi muEurope, mamwe aine neo-fascist kwakabva. Sangano reUS National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), chinhu chikuru cheGOP yanhasi, yanga iri nyeredzi. VaDonald Trump vakapa kero huru. Tucker Carlson akapa chinyorwa chinoyemurika.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, NCPAC yakaita musangano muDallas, Texas, uko mukurukuri wepamusoro aive Orban, akarumbidzwa semutauriri anotungamira wehutongi hwechiKristu chena.
Idzi hadzisi nyaya dzekuseka. Panyika nepanyika, bato ranhasi reRepublican muUS, iro rakasiya basa raro rakapfuura sebato reparamende rechokwadi, riri kutsvaga nzira dzekuwana hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika zvachose sesangano revashoma, rakazvipira kuOrban-style illiberal democracy. Mutungamiri waro, VaTrump, havana kuvanza hurongwa hwavo hwekutsiva hurumende isiri yehurumende inova hwaro hwedemocracy yemazuva ano ine vanovimbika vakagadzwa, kudzivirira dzidziso yenhoroondo yeAmerica nenzira ipi neipi yakakomba, uye kazhinji kupedza zvisaririra zvezvimwe. kupfuura hutongi hwejekerere hwakaganhurirwa.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ane simba zvikurusa enhau yomunhu, ane gamuchidzanwa refu, rakavhengana, dzimwe nguva rinofambira mberi regutsaruzhinji, idzi hadzisati dziri zvinhu zviduku.
CJP: Nyika dziri kunharaunda yehurongwa hwepasi rose dzinoita sedziri kuyedza kubva kusimba reWashington uye dziri kuwedzera kudaidzira kurongeka kwenyika itsva. Semuenzaniso, kunyangwe Saudi Arabia iri kutevera Iran kuti ibatane neChina neRussia yekuchengetedza bloc. Ndezvipi zvinorehwa nekugadziriswa uku muhukama hwepasirese, uye zvingaite sei kuti Washington ishandise matekiniki kumisa maitiro aya kubva kumberi?
NC: Muna Kurume, Saudi Arabia yakabatana neShanghai Cooperation Organisation. Yakateverwa nguva pfupi yapfuura neyechipiri Middle East petroleum heavyweight, United Arab Emirates, iyo yakanga yatove hub yeChina Maritime Silk Road, inomhanya kubva kuKolkata kuEast India ichipfuura neGungwa Dzvuku ichienda kuEurope. Zviitiko izvi zvakatevera chibvumirano cheChina pakati peIran neSaudi Arabia, vavengi vakashata, uye nokudaro zvakatadzisa US kuedza kubvisa nekupidigura hutongi. Washington inoti haina hanya, asi izvo zvakaoma kukwereta.
Kubva pakawanikwa oiri muSaudi Arabia muna 1938, uye kucherechedzwa nekukurumidza kwehukuru hwayo hunoshamisa, kutonga Saudi Arabia kwave chinhu chakakosha kuUS Kunyura kwayo kune rusununguko - uye zvakatonyanya kuipa, yakananga kukukura kwehupfumi hwakavakirwa neChina - kunofanira. kuunza kushushikana kwakadzama mumatunhu ekugadzira mitemo. Ndiyo imwe nhanho refu yakananga kune multipolar order iri anathema kuUS
Kusvika pari zvino, US yakanga isati yagadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekurwisa maitiro akasimba aya muzvinhu zvepasirese, izvo zvine akawanda masosi-kusanganisira kuzviparadza kwevanhu veUS uye hupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika.
CJP: Zvido zvebhizimisi zvakarongeka zvakave nepesvedzero yakasimba pamitemo yekunze yeUS mumazana maviri emakore apfuura. Nekudaro, pane nharo dzakaitwa nhasi kuti kune kusunungurwa kwebhizinesi hegemony pamusoro peUS yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo, uye China inopiwa sehumbowo hwekuti Washington haisisiri kuteerera kune bhizinesi zvakare. Asi handizvo here kuti nyika yecapitalist, ichiri kushanda yakamirira zvishuwo zvebhizinesi, zvakare ine imwe danho rekuzvimirira uye kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinopinda muequation kana zvasvika pakuitwa kwemutemo wekunze. uye manejimendi ezvekune dzimwe nyika? Zvinoita kwandiri sekuti mutemo wekunze weUS wakananga kuCuba, semuenzaniso, humbowo hwekuzvitonga kwehurumende kubva kune zvido zvehupfumi zvemakirasi ecapitalist.
NC: Inogona kunge iri caricature kutsanangura hurumende yehurumende sekomiti yepamusoro yeboka rinotonga, asi iyo caricature yechinhu chiripo, uye chave chiripo kwenguva refu. Tinogona kuyeuka zvakare tsananguro yaAdam Smith yemazuva ekutanga eimperialism yecapitalist, apo โvatenzi vorudzi rwomunhuโ vaiva varidzi veupfumi hweEngland vakanga vari โvagadziri vakuruโ vemitemo yenyika uye vakava nechokwadi chokuti zvishuvo zvavo vamene zvaiitwa nenzira yakafanira pasinei zvapo nokuti zvinorwadza sei. migumisiro pane vamwe. Vamwe vaisanganisira vanhu veEngland, asi zvikuru kwazvo vanyajambwa veโkusaruramisira kwakashataโ kwevatenzi, zvikurukuru muIndia mumazuva okutanga ekuparadzwa kweEngland iyo yakanga iri panguva iyoyo pamwe chete neChina nzanga yakapfuma zvikurusa pasi pano, uku vachiba zvakawanda zvayo. advanced technology.
Mimwe misimboti yekurongeka kwenyika yose ine hupenyu hurefu.
Hapafanirwe kuve nechikonzero chekuongorora zvakare kuti mutemo wekunze weUS wakanyatsoenderana sei nechirevo chaSmith, kusvika parizvino. Imwe dzidziso inotungamirira ndeyokuti US haizoshiviriri izvo vakuru veDhipatimendi reHurumende vakadana kuti "huzivi hwehutongi hutsva hwemarudzi," hunobatanidza "mitemo inogadzirirwa kuunza kugovewa kukuru kwehupfumi uye kusimudzira mararamiro evanhu vakawanda" pamwe chete. pfungwa yakashata โyokuti vanobetserwa vokutanga mukusimudzirwa kwepfuma yenyika vanofanira kuva vanhu vomunyika iyoyo.โ Havasi. Vekutanga vanobatsirwa ndivo vekudyara kirasi, kunyanya kubva kuUS
Iye munhu mumwecheteyo anogona kuita sarudzo dzakasiyana seMutungamiriri wekambani uye muDhipatimendi reHurumende, aine zvido zvakafanana mupfungwa asi maonero akasiyana ekuti ungazvifambisira sei.
Ichi chidzidzo chakasimba chakadzidziswa vanhu vekuLatin America vakadzokera shure pamusangano wepasi rose wakadanwa neUS muna 1945, wakagadzira Gwaro reEconomic Charter reAmerica rakapedza dzidziso idzi. Vakanga vasina kuganhurirwa kuLatin America. Makore makumi masere apfuura, zvaiita sekuti pakupedzisira nyika yaizobuda mukutambudzika kweKuderera Kukuru uye zvinotyisa zvefascist. Mafungu ehutongi hwejekerere akapararira pasi rose, aine tarisiro yehurongwa hwepasirese hwakarurama uye hune hunhu. Izvo zvekutanga zvinofanirwa kuUS neBritish junior partner yaive yekuvharisa zvishuwo izvi uye kudzoreredza kurongeka kwechinyakare, kusanganisira vabatsiri vefascist, kutanga muGreece (nemhirizhonga yakakura) neItari, kozoti kumadokero kweEurope yese, ichiendererawo kuAsia. Russia yakaita basa rakafanana mumatunhu ayo madiki. Izvi zviri pakati pezvitsauko zvokutanga zvenhoroondo yapashure pehondo.
Nepo vatenzi vaSmith verudzi rwevanhu vachigara vachiona kuti mutemo wenyika unoshanda zvinovafarira ipapo, pane zvisizvo, izvo zvinopa ruzivo rwakanaka mukuumbwa kwemitemo. Tangokurukura imwe chete: Cuba. Haisi nyika chete inoramba zvakasimba kugwara rezvirango iro rinofanira kutevedzera. Zvimwe chetezvo nezvikamu zvine simba pakati pevatenzi, kusanganisira simba, bhizinesi rekurima, uye kunyanya mishonga yemishonga, ine shungu dzekubatana neCuba yepamusoro indasitiri. Asi executive committee inoirambidza. Zvido zvavo zveparochi zvakadzivirirwa nekufarira kwenguva refu kwekudzivirira "kubudirira kushorwa" kwemitemo yeUS inodzokera kuMonroe Doctrine, sekutsanangura kwakaita Dhipatimendi reHurumende makore makumi matanhatu apfuura.
Chero Mafia Don aizonzwisisa.
Iye munhu mumwecheteyo anogona kuita sarudzo dzakasiyana seMutungamiriri wekambani uye muDhipatimendi reHurumende, aine zvido zvakafanana mupfungwa asi maonero akasiyana ekuti ungazvifambisira sei.
Imwe nyaya ndeyeIran, mune iyi nyaya kudzokera ku1953, apo hurumende yeparamende yakatsvaga kudzora zviwanikwa zvayo zvepetroleum, ichiita chikanganiso chekutenda "kuti vekutanga kuwana rubatsiro mukusimudzira zviwanikwa zvenyika vanofanirwa kuve vanhu veiyo. nyika.โ Britain, iyo yakatora nguva yakareba yaitonga Iran, yakanga isisakwanise kudzoreredza kutsauka uku kubva pakurongeka kwakanaka, kwakadaidzwa pamhasuru chaiyo mhiri kwemakungwa. IUS yakapidigura hurumende, ichiisa hudzvanyiriri hwaShah, nhanho dzekutanga mukurwadziswa kweUS vanhu veIran izvo zvakaenderera mberi pasina zororo kusvika parizvino, zvichiendesa mberi nhaka yeBritain.
Asi paiva nedambudziko. Sechikamu chechibvumirano, Washington yakada kuti makambani eUS atore makumi mana muzana echibvumirano cheBritish, asi ivo vanga vasingadi, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvenguva pfupi. Kuita izvi kwaizokanganisa hukama hwavo neSaudi Arabia, uko kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvenyika kwaidhura uye kuchipa mari yakawanda. Eisenhower manejimendi akatyisidzira makambani nemasutu ekurwisa kuvimba, uye akateerera. Kwete mutoro wakakura kuve nechokwadi, asi mumwe makambani aisada.
Kunetsana pakati peWashington neUS corporations kuripo nanhasi. Sezvakaitika kuCuba, masangano ese eEurope neUS anopikisa zvakasimba zvirango zveUS zvakatemerwa Iran, asi anomanikidzwa kutevedzera, achivabvisa mumusika unobhadhara weIran. Zvekare, kufarira kwenyika kuranga Iran nekuda kwekuzvidza kwakabudirira kunodarika zvido zveparochial purofiti yenguva pfupi.
Contemporary China inyaya yakakura kwazvo. Makambani eEuropean kana eUS haasi kufara nekuzvipira kweWashington "kudzikisa mwero weChina wekuvandudza" ivo vachitadza kuwana musika wakapfuma weChina. Zvinoita sekuti makambani eUS anogona kunge akawana nzira yakatenderedza zvirambidzo pakutengeserana. Ongororo yakaitwa ne Asian business press vakawana โhukama hwakasimba hwekufungidzira pakati peidzi nyika [Vietnam, Mexico, India] dzinotengeswa kubva kuChina nekutengesa kwadzo kuUnited States,โ zvichiratidza kuti kutengeserana neChina kwakangoitwa zvakare.
Chidzidzo chimwe chetecho chinoshuma kuti โchikamu cheChina chekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika chiri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Huwandu hwayo hwekutengesa kunze kwenyikaโฆ
Izvo zvicharamba zvichionekwa kuti maindasitiri eEuropean, Japan, neSouth Korea achaita sei kune chirevo chekusiya musika wekutanga kuitira kugutsa chinangwa cheUS chekudzivirira budiriro yeChina. Kungave kurwadza kunorwadza, kwakaipisisa kudarika kurasikirwa nekupinda kuIran kana kuCuba.
CJP: Anopfuura mazana emakore apfuura, Immanuel Kant akapa dzidziso yake yerunyararo rusingaperi senzira chete ine musoro yekuti nyika dzivepo pamwe chete. Bva, rugare rusingagumi runoramba ruri chishamiso, chinangwa chisingawaniki. Zvingave here kuti kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika kure nenyika-nyika sechikamu chekutanga chinhu chinodiwa kuti rugare rusingaperi rwuzadzikiswe?
NC: Kant akataura kuti chikonzero chaizounza rugare rusingaperi murunyararo rwepasi rose rwezvematongerwo enyika. Mumwe muzivi mukuru, Bertrand Russell, akaona zvinhu nenzira yakasiana apo akabvunzwa pamusoro pekariro dzorugare rwenyika:
โPashure pemakore umo pasi rakabudisa ma<em>trilobite asingakuvadzi nemashavishavi, mhindumupindu yakafambira mberi kusvika papfundo apo yakagadzira Neros, Genghis Khan, uye Hitler. Izvi, zvisinei, ndinotenda kuti ihope huru; nokufamba kwenguva pasi richava risisakwanisi kutsigira upenyu, uye rugare ruchadzoka.โ
Handifungi kuti ndipinde muzvikwata izvozvo. Ndinoda kufunga kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kuita zvirinani pane zvakafanotaurwa naRussell, kunyangwe zvisiri izvo zvaKant.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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