Ndinoda kutaura nezvedambudziko riripo. Sei vanhu vazhinji vakazviona zvichiuya, asi vanhu vanotungamira hurumende nehupfumi havana, kana kugadzirira?
Hwaro hwedambudziko hunofanotaurwa uye hwakafanotaurwa. Inovakwa mukusunungurwa kwemari kuti pachava nematambudziko akawanda uye akadzika. Muchokwadi, kubva pakatanga kusunungurwa kwemari makore makumi matatu neshanu apfuura, pave paine muitiro wekuwedzera wenguva dzose wematambudziko nematambudziko akadzama, uye zvikonzero zviri mukati uye zvinonzwisiswa. Vanofanira kuita zvakanyanya nekusanzwisisa kusashanda kwemisika. Saka, somuenzaniso, kana iwe neni tikaita kutengeserana, toti unonditengesera motokari, tingazviitira kutengeserana kwakanaka, asi hatirangariri migumisiro pavamwe. Kana ndikatenga motokari kubva kwauri inowedzera kushandiswa kwegesi, inowedzera kusvibiswa, inowedzera kuputika, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Asi isu hativerenge mhedzisiro iyoyo. Izvi ndizvo zvinodaidzwa neveeconomists zvekunze, uye hazviverengerwe mukuverenga kwemusika.
Izvi zvekunze zvinogona kunge zvakakura. Panyaya yemasangano emari, iwo akanyanya kukura. Basa resangano rezvemari nderokutora njodzi. Zvino kana iri sangano rezvemari rinotarisirwa zvakanaka, taura Goldman Sachs, ichafunga nezve njodzi kune pachayo, asi mutsara wakakosha pano ndewega. Izvo hazvifungidzire njodzi dzehurongwa, njodzi kuhurongwa hwese kana Goldman Sachs ikatora kurasikirwa kwakanyanya. Uye izvo zvinoreva kuti njodzi dziri underpriced. Kune njodzi dzakawanda dzakatorwa kupfuura dzinofanirwa kutorwa muhurongwa hwekushanda hunoshanda hwaive huchiverengera zvese zvinorehwa. Zvakawanda, izvi zvisirizvo zvinongovakwa mumusika system uye kusunungurwa kwemari.
Mhedzisiro yenjodzi dzepasi pasi ndeyekuti njodzi dzinowanda, uye, kana paine kukundikana mari yacho inokwirisa kupfuura kurangarirwa. Matambudziko anowedzera kuwanda uye zvakare anokwira muchiyero sezvo chiyero uye huwandu hwekutengeserana kwemari hunowedzera. Ehe, zvese izvi zvinowedzerwa nekunyanyisa kwevashambadziri vemusika vakabvisa zvigadziriso uye vakabvumidza kugadzirwa kwezvekunze uye opaque zvemari zviridzwa. Irwo rudzi rwekusava nemusoro fundamentalism nekuti zviri pachena kuti kushaya simba kwekudzora nzira mumusika system ine yakavakirwa-mukati njodzi yenjodzi. Aya mabasa asina musoro kunze kwekunge ari mukufarira kwenguva pfupi yevatenzi vehupfumi uye nzanga. Makambani ezvemari anogona uye akaita purofiti yenguva pfupi kubva mukuita zvinhu zvine njodzi zvakanyanya, kusanganisira kunyanya kudzikiswa, izvo zvinokuvadza hupfumi hwenyika, asi usavakuvadza, munguva pfupi inotungamira kuronga.
Iwe haugone kufanotaura nguva chaiyo pachave nedambudziko rakakura, uye haugone kufanotaura mwero chaiwo wedambudziko, asi iro raizouya raive pachena. Muchokwadi, pave paine matambudziko akakomba uye anodzokororwa mukati meiyi nguva yekuwedzera kudzora. Zvingori zvekuti vanga vasati varova zvakanyanya pakati pehupfumi nesimba kare, asi vakanyanya kurova nyika yechitatu. Saka, zvakare, matambudziko anofanotaurwa uye anofanotaurwa. Paive nebhuku, semuenzaniso, makore gumi apfuura, nenyanzvi mbiri dzehupfumi dzepasirese, John Eatwell naLance Taylor - Global Finance iri panjodzi - mavakamhanya nepakati peyakanaka yekutanga pfungwa yekuti kusununguka kwemari kunoisa sei njodzi uye nekudaro kunotungamira kune yakajairwa systemic njodzi uye kutadza, dzimwe nguva zvakakomba. Vanodonongodzawo nzira dzekugadzirisa dambudziko iri, asi idzo hadzina kufuratirwa nekuti vanoita sarudzo mumubatanidzwa nezvematongerwo enyika, anenge akafanana, vaizviitira zvimuko zvenguva pfupi.
Tora iyo
Joseph Stiglitz nguva pfupi yadarika akanyora muchinyorwa kuti dambudziko razvino rinoratidza kupera kweneoliberalism uye Chavez mumusangano wevatori venhau akati dambudziko iri rinogona kunge riri kupera kwecapitalism. Unofunga kuti ndeipi iri pedyo nechokwadi?
Chekutanga, tinofanira kujeka nezve chokwadi chekuti capitalism haigone kupera nekuti haina kumbotanga. Hurongwa hwatiri kurarama mairi hunofanira kunzi state capitalism, kwete kungoti capitalism. Saka, tora United States. Hupfumi hunovimba zvakanyanya nebazi rehurumende. Pane kurwadziswa kukuru iko zvino pamusoro pekudyidzana kwehupfumi, asi iyo ijoke rakashata. Hupfumi hwepamberi, tekinoroji yepamusoro uye zvichingodaro, yakagara ichivimba zvakanyanya neiyo dynamic state chikamu chehupfumi. Ndizvo zvakaita makomputa, internet, ndege, biotechnology, pese pese paunotarisa. MIT, pandiri kutaura newe, imhando yefunnel umo veruzhinji vanodurura mari uye kubva mairi kunouya tekinoroji yeramangwana iyo inozopihwa kune yakavanzika simba kuti purofiti. Saka izvo zvaunazvo ihurongwa hwekushamwaridzana kwemutengo uye njodzi uye privatization yepurofiti. Uye izvo hazvisi muhurongwa hwemari chete. Ndiyo yose hupfumi hwepamusoro.
Saka, kune iyo hurongwa hwemari ingangove yakanyatsoita sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa naStiglitz. Iko kuguma kweimwe nguva yekusununguka kwemari kunosundwa nemusika fundamentalism. The Wall Street Journal inochema kuti Wall Street sezvatinoziva yaenda nekuparara kwemabhanga ekudyara mari. Uye pachava nemamwe matanho ekugadzirisa. Saka ichokwadi. Asi zvikumbiro zviri kuitwa, zvakakura uye zvakaomarara, zvisinei hazvishandure chimiro chemasangano akakosha. Iko hakuna kutyisidzira kune hurumende capitalism. Masangano ayo epakati acharamba asina kuchinjika uye asina kuzununguka. Vanogona kuzvigadzirisa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nemamwe makongiresi achitora mamwe uye mamwe achitoitwa semi-nyika nenzira isina kusimba, pasina kutyora zvakanyanya pakuzvimiririra kwega kwekuita sarudzo. Zvakadaro, nemamiriro akaita zvinhu pari zvino, hukama hwezvivakwa uye kugovaniswa kwesimba nehupfumi hazvizoshanduke zvakanyanya kunyangwe nguva yekushanda kweneoliberalism kweanoda kusvika makore makumi matatu neshanu ichagadziriswa nenzira yakakosha.
Sezvineiwo, hapana anoziva kuti dambudziko iri richakura sei. Zuva rega rega rinounza zvinoshamisa zvitsva. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dziri kufanotaura njodzi chaiyo. Vamwe vanofunga kuti inogona kubatanidzwa pamwe nekukanganisika uye kudzikira, zvakanyanya kuipa muEurope kupfuura kuUS Asi hapana anoziva.
Iwe unofunga kuti tichaona chero chinhu chakafanana nekuora mwoyo, nevanhu vasisashande uye vakamira mumitsetse mirefu yekudya. Iwe unofunga kuti zvinogoneka here isu tinogona kuve nemhando yemamiriro ezvinhu muUS neEurope? Hondo huru ingaite kuti hupfumi hudzokere pagwara, kana kurapa kwekuvhunduka kana chii?
Zvakanaka, handifunge kuti mamiriro acho akaita senguva yekuora mwoyo kukuru. Pane zvimwe zvakafanana panguva iyoyo, hongu. Ma1920 zvakare yaive nguva yekufungidzira uye kuwedzera kukuru kwechikwereti nekukwereta, kugadzira hupfumi hwakawanda muchikamu chidiki chehuwandu, kuparadzwa kwesangano revashandi. Zvose izvi zvakafanana nemazuva ano. Asi kunewo misiyano yakawanda. Kune imwe yakagadzikana zvakanyanya yekudzora uye mirau inokura kubva muChibvumirano Chitsva uye kunyangwe yakabviswa, yakawanda ichiripo. Uye zvakare pari zvino pane nzwisiso yekuti marudzi emitemo aiita seakanyanya kunyanyisa munguva yeNew Deal akawedzera kana kushoma. Saka, semuenzaniso, nezuro mugakava remutungamiri wenyika, John McCain, mumiriri webapiro rekurudyi, akakurudzira New Deal maitiro ekugadzirisa dambudziko redzimba, akakwereta kubva kuNew Deal Homeowners Refinancing Act, kunyangwe McCain akakwereta kubva kuna Hilary Clinton. uyo akazvitora kubva muChibvumirano Chitsva. Ndiko kure chaiko. Saka pane kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inofanirwa kuita basa guru mukufambisa hupfumi hwenyika uye vane ruzivo mukuzviita kumapazi epamusoro ehupfumi kwemakore makumi mashanu.
Zvizhinji zvaunoverenga pamusoro peizvi ingano chete. Saka, semuenzaniso, unoverenga kuti kutenda kwaReagan kwechishamiso chemisika kwave kurwiswa, Reagan achipihwa basa reMuprista Mukuru wekutenda mumisika. Muchokwadi, Reagan aive mutungamiri anodzivirira zvakanyanya munhoroondo yehupfumi hweAmerica mushure mehondo. Akawedzera zvipingamupinyi zvekudzivirira kupfuura zvakasanganiswa nevakamutangira. Akadana Pentagon kuti igadzire mapurojekiti ekudzidzisa mamaneja ekuAmerica akadzokera kumashure nenzira dzepamusoro dzechiJapan dzekugadzira. Akaita rimwe remabhengi makuru ekubhadharisa mari munhoroondo yeAmerica, uye akaumba mubatanidzwa wehurumende kuti uedze kumutsiridza indasitiri yesemiconductor. Muchokwadi, aive mutendi muhurumende huru, achipindira zvakanyanya muhupfumi. Ne "Reagan" ndinoreva hutongi hwake; zvaaitenda pamusoro peizvi zvose, kana pane chimwe chinhu, hatinyatsozivi, uye hazvina kunyanya kukosha.
Pane huwandu hukuru hwengano dzinofanira kubviswa pano, kusanganisira kutaura pamusoro pekukura kukuru uye kutiza kubva muurombo izvo, sezvandambotaura, hazvisi zvenhema, asi kushaya chokwadi chekuti zvakaitika zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzisina hanya. mitemo neoliberal, nepo nzvimbo dzaichengeta mitemo ndidzo dzakatambura. Zvimwechete zvakabata muUS Kusvika pakushandiswa kwemitemo yeneoliberal, zvaive zvakanyanya kukuvadza kune ruzhinji rwevanhu. Saka kuti titaure nezvenyaya idzi, isu tinofanira kutanga tatsvaira ngano zhinji uyezve, kana tatarisa, tinoona kuti hupfumi hwenyika hwehupfumi hwave, kunyanya kubva Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, hwaivimba zvakanyanya nechikamu chenyika. iko zvino kudzokera pakuvimba nebazi rehurumende kuti ritungamirire hurongwa hwemari huri kuparara, kuparara kwahwo kuri mhedzisiro inofanotaurwa yekusununguka kwemari. Mamiriro esangano ari pasi pawo ari kugadziridzwa, asi kwete nenzira dzakakosha.
Ikozvino hapana chinoratidza kuti pachave nechinhu chakafanana nekuparara kwa1929.
Saka haufungi kuti tave kuenda kushanduko yehurongwa hwenyika?
Ah kune shanduko mukurongeka kwenyika, dzakanyanya kukosha uye pamwe dambudziko iri richabatsira kwavari. Asi vave nenguva vachienderera mberi. Imwe yeshanduko huru mukurongeka kwenyika iwe yaunogona kuona izvozvi muLatin America. Inonzi kuseri kweyadhi yeUnited States uye yaifanirwa kutungamirwa neUS kwenguva yakareba. Asi zviri kuchinja. Mavhiki mashoma apfuura, pakati paSeptember, pakanga paine mufananidzo unoshamisa weizvi. Pakave nemusangano musi waGunyana 15 weUNASUR, The Union of South American Republics, saka ndiyo yese yakasangana nehurumende dzeSouth America, kusanganisira Colombia, inodiwa neUS. Zvakaitika muSantiago, Chile, imwe yaidiwa neUS. Musangano uyu wakabuda nechisungo chakasimba kwazvo chinotsigira Evo Morales kuBolivia uye kupokana neiyo quasi-secessionist zvinhu muBolivia izvo zviri kutsigirwa neUnited States.
Kune kurwa kukuru kuri kuitika muBolivia. Ruzhinji rwevagari vemo kekutanga mumakore mazana mashanu vakapinda munhandare yezvematongerwo enyika, vakaita sarudzo dzinoshamisa dzegutsaruzhinji, uye vakatora masimba. Izvo hazvo zvakatyisa hurumende yeUnited States, iyo inopokana zvakanyanya nedemocracy yakakurumbira kunze kwekunge yabuda nenzira kwayo. Uye zvakanyanya kupokana nemapoka anotonga echinyakare, vashoma vevakuru vevachena uye veEurope, avo vaigara vachitonga nyika uye havadi nzanga yegutsaruzhinji umo kutonga kwezviwanikwa uye hurongwa huzhinji huchatungamirwa neruzhinji uye. pazvido zvayo. Saka vevakuru vari kuenda kuzvitonga uye pamwe kupatsanurwa, uye zvave kuita zvechisimba, neUS inovatsigira. Asi maSouth America Republics akatora danho rakasimba mukutsigira hurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Chirevo ichi chakaverengwa neMutungamiri Bachelet wekuChile, uyo anofarirwa nenyika dzekuMadokero. Evo Morales akapindura nekutenda vatungamiri nerutsigiro rwavo, vachinyatso taura kuti aka kaive kekutanga mumakore mazana mashanu kuti Latin America itore magumo ayo mumaoko ayo pasina kukanganiswa kweEurope uye kunyanya United States. Zvakanaka, icho chiratidzo chekuchinja kukuru kuri kuitika, dzimwe nguva kunonzi pink tide. Zvakanga zvakakosha zvekuti vezvenhau vekuUS vaisazvitaura. Pane mutsara pano neapo mupepanhau unoona kuti pane chakaitika, asi vari kudzvanyirira zvachose zvirimo uye kukosha kwezvakaitika.
Ikozvino icho chikamu chebudiriro yenguva refu umo South America iri kutanga kukunda matambudziko ayo emukati uye zvakare kuzviisa pasi kuMadokero, kazhinji, United States. South America iri zvakare kusiyanisa hukama hwayo nenyika. Brazil ine hukama huri kukura neSouth Africa neIndia, uye kunyanya China, iyo iri kuwedzera kubatanidzwa mukudyara uye kuchinjana nenyika dzeLatin America. Izvi zviitiko zvakakosha zvikuru uye zvino zvave kutanga kupararira kuCentral America. Honduras, semuenzaniso, ndiyo yekare banana republic. Yakanga iri musasa wekutanga wehondo dzehugandanga dzaReagan dzakaitwa mudunhu uye yakave yakadzika pasi peUS Asi Honduras ichangobva kubatana neALBA, iyo Venezuelan-yakavakirwa "Bolivarian imwe nzira." Idanho diki, asi zvakadaro rinokosha zvikuru.
Iwe unofunga kuti maitiro aya muSouth America akaita seALBA, UNASUR uye zviitiko zvikuru muVenezuela neBolivia uye mamwe ose anogona kukanganiswa nedambudziko rehupfumi rechikamu chatiri kutarisana nacho ikozvino?
Zvakanaka, ivo vachakanganiswa nedambudziko, asi parizvino ivo havana kunyanya kukanganiswa seEurope neUnited States. Saka, kana ukatarisa pamusika wemari muBrazil, wakadonha nekukurumidza, asi mabhanga eBrazil haasi kukundikana. Saizvozvo, muAsia misika yemasheya iri kuderera zvakanyanya, asi mabhanga haasi kutorwa nehurumende sezviri kuitika muEngland neUS uye zhinji dzeEurope. Matunhu aya, South America neAsia, anga akadzivirirwa kubva mukuparara kwemisika yemari. Chakamisa dambudziko razvino yaive subprime kukweretesa midziyo yakavakirwa pajecha, uye izvi zvinoitirwa, hongu muUnited States, asi sezviri pachena inenge hafu nemabhangi eEurope. Kubata zvinhu zvine muchetura zvemortgage zvakavapinza muzviitiko izvi nekukurumidza - uye vane matambudziko edzimba avo, kunyanya Britain neSpain. Asia neLatin America zvakange zvanyanya kufumurwa, zvakaramba zvichinyanya kuchenjerera nzira dzekukweretesa, kunyanya kubva pakaparara neoliberal muna 1997-8. Asi izvo, bhanga guru reJapan, Mitsubishi UFG, richangotenga chikamu chakakura cheMorgan Stanley, kuUS Saka hazvitaridzike, kusvika parizvino, sekunge Asia kana Latin America ichakanganiswa zvakanyanya seUS uye. Europe.
Unofunga kuti kuchave nemusiyano mukuru here pakati paObama kana McCain seMutungamiriri wezvinhu zvakaita seChibvumirano cheFree Trade Agreement uye Plan Colombia, nekuti muno muColombia, kwandinogara, unogona kunzwa kuti Mutungamiriri uye nekugadzwa vari kutya nezve sarudzo yaObama. Ndinoziva kuti unonzwa Obama senge slate isina chinhu, asi zvakadaro, unonzwa here kuti pane musiyano?
Ndizvo chaizvo. VaObama vakazviratidzira sevasina chinhu. Asi hapana chikonzero chekugadzwa kweColombian kutya kusarudzwa kwake. Ronga Colombia mutemo waClinton uye pane chikonzero chekutarisira kuti Obama achange ari mumwe Clinton. Haana kujeka. Anogara achitaridzika asina chinhu, nechinangwa, asi kana paine marongero anotaridzika zvakanyanya senge centrist marongero, saClinton's, akagadzira Plan Colombia uye mauto kukonana, zvichingodaro.
Dzimwe nguva ndine manzwiro ekuti mazwi maviri eBush aive mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuchinja kwehurongwa hwepasi rose, kuedza kuchengetedza simba nechisimba uye zvakasiyana neObama inogona kuva nzira yekuve nechiso chine mutsa uye chine chiremera chekugadzirisa zvakare kurongeka kwenyika. Unofunga kuti ichi chingava chokwadi here?
Rangarira kuti mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States akamanikana. IUS inyika inotungamirwa nebhizinesi, yakati wandei kupfuura Europe. Chaizvoizvo, inyika yebato rimwe, ine bhizinesi bato rine mativi maviri, maDemocrats neRepublicans. Mapoka acho akati siyanei, uye dzimwe nguva misiyano yacho yakakura. Asi spectrum yacho idiki chaizvo. Hutongi hwaBush, zvisinei, hwakanga hwave kumagumo eruzhinji, vanyanyisi vezvematongerwo enyika, vatendi vakanyanya mumasimba ehurumende, mumhirizhonga mhiri kwemakungwa, mumashandisirwo makuru ehurumende, kure nekuremerwa zvekuti vakashoropodzwa zvine hukasha mukati meruzhinji kubva pakutanga. on.
Chero ani anouya muhofisi anogona kufambisa zvinhu kumashure zvakanyanya akananga pakati peiyo spectrum, Obama zvimwe zvakanyanya kudaro. Saka ini ndaizotarisira mune yaObama chimwe chinhu senge rumutsiridzo rwemakore aClinton, anoenderana nekuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Panyaya yeMcCain, zvisinei, zvakaoma kufanotaura. Iye kanoni yakasununguka. Hapana anoziva kuti achaita sei ...
Hongu anoita kunge ane ngozi.
Nengozi kwazvo, kunyanya munyika yakaita seUS ine simba rakawanda. Iyi haisi Luxembourg, mushure mezvose. McCain pachake haafungidzike zvakanyanya. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weMutungamiri, Sarah Palin, anobva kune imwe nzvimbo yakanyanyisa mhirizhonga (nemitemo yenyika), somuenzaniso kusika - munoziva, nyika yakasikwa makore 10,000 XNUMX apfuura, nezvimwewo. zvingava zvinosetsa. Asi kana zvikaitika munyika yakapfuma uye ine simba zvikuru pasi rose, zvine ngozi.
Iye zvino zvatava pakupera kweneoliberal globalization, pane mukana wechimwe chinhu chitsva chaicho, kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakanaka here?
Ndinofunga kuti tarisiro dziri nani zvikuru kupfuura zvadzave dziri. Simba richiri kunyura zvakanyanya, asi pane shanduko nehupfumi hwenyika huchiwedzera kusiyana uye kuoma. Maodzanyemba arikuzvimiririra. Asi kana ukatarisa kuUS, kunyangwe nekukuvadzwa kwese kwaitwa naBush, ichiri hupfumi hukuru, ine musika mukuru wemukati, uto rakasimba uye nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro remauto, nemari yegore inofananidzwa nenyika dzese. zvakabatanidzwa, uye boka rezvitsuwa zvezvigaro zvemauto pasi rose. Aya ndiwo masosi ekuenderera mberi kunyangwe kurongeka kweneoliberal kuri kupera mukati meUS neEurope uye nepasirese, sezvo paine kuramba kuchipikisa. Saka kune mikana yekuchinja chaiko, asi kuti vachasvika papi zvinoenderana nevanhu, zvatiri kuda kuita.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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