Kufungazve Afghanistan Mushure memakore gumi
Richard Falk
http://richardfalk.wordpress.com/2011/09/19/rethinking-afghanistan-after-a-decade/
Richardfalk.com
Iyi posvo inyaya ipfupi inopindura kumubvunzo nezve shanduko yangu inoshamisa yechinzvimbo pa Hondo yeAfghanistan maererano nekururamisa kwayo kwekutanga uye kuurayiwa kwakakanganisika. Iko kutariswa zvakare kwekukanganisa kwekutonga uye fungidziro pamusoro pekuti nyika yakachinja sei mukati memakore gumi aya, tichitarisa kusakwanisa kweiyo nyika. nyika dzakabatana kuti inzwisise kuderera kwayo kana kuderera kwakabatana munhoroondo yesimba rakaoma nzira dzekuchengetedza.
Kuverenga zvandakanyora nezve Afghanistan makore gumi apfuura kwakandiyeuchidza nezve manzwisisiro angu ebasa rehondo nesimba rakaoma mukusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika nenyika zvachinja. Chaizvoizvo, zvinoita sezviri pachena kwandiri kuti maonero angu pamusoro peAfghanistan kumashure mu2001 aive akasiyana mukusatenda kwangu pamusoro pekupindira kwekuMadokero mune zvisiri izvo.Nyika dzekumadokero, maonero akaumbwa mukati memakore gumi ekupikisa basa reAmerica mu Vietnam Hondo. Panguva iyoyo, pamwe Al Qaeda kurwiswa nguva pfupi yadarika kwakapinda mukuziva kwangu kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kumwe kunetseka kuti kurwiswa kwakawanda kwerudzi rwakafanana kungangotevera, zvaiita sezvine musoro uye zvinobatsira kutora zano rehondo sechikamu chekuedza kwese kuvhiringa mega-gandanga kugona kuenderera mberi. kukuvadza kungave munyika ino kana kumwewo pasi pano. Kunyangwe ndakaona kuti mutemo wepasi rose wekurwisa Afghanistan, nechinangwa chakajeka chekuchinja kwehutongi, waive usina simba nekuneta kwemishonga yezvekumiriri, asi kufunga kwakadaro kwakakurirwa mupfungwa dzangu negakava rezvematongerwo enyika rekuita nekukasika chero chaidiwa kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa mukati. nyika ino uye kazhinji, uye nharo dzetsika dzekuti chero hurumende inotsiva kune izvo zvaiiswa pane Vanhu veAfghan nokuda Taliban inenge isingadzivisiki kuva nhano mugwara rakarurama. Pakutanga, kuongorora kwangu kwekutanga uku kwaiita sekunge kwakarevererwa, asi iko zvino nekubatsirwa kwemamwe makore gumi ekupinda muchiuto uye neruzivo rwekudzokororwa, kuongororwazve kwatora nguva refu.
Paive nezvimwe zvikonzero zvekukahadzika uye kunetseka kubva pakutanga kwenzira yekuenda kuAfghanistan. Mafambisirwo akaitwa hondo yemuchadenga, uye kutadza kwayo kutora matekiniki akagadzirirwa kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura pane kugona kweAl Qaeda kwaindishungurudza kubva pakutanga kwemauto. Kuita kwemauto eAmerica kwairatidzika kunge kusiri kurongeka uye kuitwa, vachivimba nekusavimbika kwakabatana nemauto epasi eAfghan ayo aive neawo maajenda aiwanzopesana nezvakakosheswa neUS. Kusavimbika uku kwaifanira kunge kwave kuchizivikanwa pahwaro hwehungwaru uye kusati kwaitika chiitiko chekupikisa. Hurumende yeUnited States, uye kunyanya iyo Rumsfeld Pentagon, vaive vakazvipira kurwisa hondo nekubatanidzwa kwepasi kweAmerica, nekudaro vachidzivirira kuurayiwa kweAmerica, uye zvakadaro kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekupindira. Izvi zvakaparidzwa panguva iyoyo kumiririra muedzo we "revolutionary" shanduko yehondo umo tekinoroji yakadzinga mauto pasi. Takaziva munguva pfupi iri kutevera kuti hunenge hwese hutungamiri hweAl Qaeda hwakanga hwakwanisa kutiza kuyambuka muganhu kuenda kuPakistan pamwe chete nechikwata chavo chikuru chevarwi vakadzidziswa kurwa.
Pamusoro pekukundikana kwechinangwa ichi, shanduko yehutongi yakavimbiswa muAfghanistan yakakurumidza kuve inodhura uye iri pachena basa rebenzi. Chiremera chehutungamiri hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika mu Kabul, yakasarudzwa neWashington, haigoni kuwedzera zvinyorwa zvayo kunze kweguta guru pasinei nekutsamira pakuvepo kunopa mvumo kwemauto ekunze. Izvi zvakatungamira nekufamba kwenguva mukutangazve uye kubatanidzwazve kweakasiyana masimba ekurwisa nyika kutorwa kwevatorwa, pamwe nekumutsiridza kusingatarisirwe kweTaliban semauto ehondo uye anopokana zvakanyanya nezvematongerwo enyika kutonga nyika.
Maonero asina kunaka mune ino post-9/11 nguva, kusanganisira yangu, akafuratira zvidzidzo zveVietnam. Chakanga chiri chinhu chimwe chete kukwidza kurwisa kwehugandanga kupokana nekuvapo kweAl Qaida muAfghanistan, iyo yaive yega kupindira kwevatorwa munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika, asi imwe kune nyika inotungamira kuMadokero kutsvaga kukurira kushanda kwekuzvitonga mukati. Afghanistan kuitira kumisikidza chimiro chekutonga uye tsika yezvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya kune yainoda. Izvi zvakamutsidzira kuvimba nekufunga kwekupikisa, izvo Jenerali David Petraeus, rakanga riri inzwi rine simba zvikuru mukati memauto, rakatsvaka kukurira ndangariro dzokukundwa muVietnam nokutora nzira ine ushamwari uye inoremekedza tsika dzechivanhu nekodzero dzevanhu dzinonzi dzinodzivirirwa. Asi chinhu chimwe kuve nehanya nenzira idzi, asi chimwe kuramba chiripo chine mutsa uchiuraya vagari venyika, kunyanya vakadzi vayo nevana, ukuwo uchiita zvese zvinogoneka kuderedza njodzi dzekukuvara nerufu kumunhu. mauto avo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo muAfghanistan izvi zvinangwa zviviri zvakatendeseka zvinogara zvichinetsana nezviitiko zvinokonzeresa kutsamwa kungave pachiitiko kuAfghanistan kana kumba kuUnited States. Zvinoshamisa kuti Petraeus, zvisinei neruzivo rwake rwenhoroondo, ruzivo rwezvematongerwo enyika, uye nekuedza kwake kwekutanga kugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekare, aivimba nekurova kwe drone pamwero wakapetwa kagumi pane weakafanomutangira, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekufa kwevanhu. uye kuparadzaniswa kwakakurumbira. Kushandiswa kwendege dzakaomarara dzisina kurongeka dzinopfura zvipfuro pazvinangwa zvevanhu zvinoendesa kune hurefu hutsva tekinoroji yedivi rimwe chete rehondo yekurwisa mhirizhonga uko njodzi yakawanda sezvinobvira inochinjirwa kunharaunda yenharaunda uye avo vanotora zvinangwa muchengetedzo havazvidavirire nemaune. kana kukanganisa netsaona kana kuva nemasimba pamusoro pemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika munyika. Iyi ndiyo inoremadza iyi haisati yave nemhedzisiro yayo pakugadzira mitemo yeAmerica. Vatungamiriri vedu vezvematongerwo enyika vanoita sevasingadi kudzidza kuti hutongi hwemauto hahuwanzoshanduri kuita zvematongerwo enyika zvakanaka pamitengo inogamuchirwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi21.
Pasinei neuchapupu hunotsigira dudziro yakadaro yezvinoitika zvezvakaitika kare kukanganisa kwekare kunodzokororwa nekusindimara, uye maitiro akadaro anoda tsananguro. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti titarise kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvinokunda zvinotarisirwa zvinotarisirwa zvehurumende kuita sarudzo uye kugadzirisa matambudziko. Zvichida, chinonyanya kukosha pane izvi ndiko kubuda kwei Mark Selden inodana 'nyika yehondo yekusingaperi' muUnited States. Nyika yave nemakumi emakore ichiita mari isina kuenzana mukuwana hutongi hwemauto pasi rose. Kuvepo kwekugona kunodhura kwakadaro kunounza kumanikidzwa kwakasimba kwehutungamiri uye pfungwa dzekuvimba nemaitiro emauto kuti tive nechokwadi chemhedzisiro yakanaka yekukonana kwenyika. Mushure mezvose, kana United States ikashandisa zvinopfuura nyika gumi dzinotevera pasi rose dzasanganiswa, panofanira kunge paine mubairo wezvematongerwo enyika, kana zvikasadaro zvinoshoresa zvakanyanya maererano nekushandiswa kwemari yemutero mukuronga kwekunetsekana kwakanyanya kwemari. nezvekushandiswa kwehurumende.
Idzi ndidzo dzidziso dzakaoma dzesimba dzakatungamira United States, pamwe nevadyidzani vayo vekuMadokero, kuti vapinde muhondo yekuvaka nyika muAfghanistan inoita kunge ichakundwa nekunyadziswa. Sekutaura kunoita Afghan: "Une wachi, tawana nguva." Nekuti mabhenefiti kuUnited States ekuramba ari muAfghanistan kunyangwe mutengo unoratidzika kunge usina chokwadi kana zvichienzaniswa nezvinangwa zvakajeka zvevanopikisa kubvisa nyika vagari vekunze, zvinoita sekunge zvisungo zvenguva refu uye zvakadzama zvekupokana kwenyika yeAfghan. ichakohwa pakupedzisira mibayiro yekushingirira kwayo. Ehezve, kufanotaura uku kunosimbiswa nemhando yakaderera yehurumende yeKarzai iyo yakakanganisa chirevo chayo chedemocratising nekubira sarudzo dzekupedzisira dzenhema uye kuburikidza nehukama hwayo hwehuori hwekutengesa zvinodhaka nevakuru vehondo. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe avo vanobatira pamwe nevapambi vekunze nevagari vekunze havawanzokwanisa kutaura kuti 'chinangwa chakaitwa' neruvimbiko rwese pakupera kwezuva. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti ichi chaive chisiri chokwadi munguva yehukoloni panguva iyo tekinoroji yepamusoro yemauto evakoloni yaiwanzokunda pasina kurasikirwa kukuru kana mari huru. Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga, pakanga paine kusavimbika kwakakwana mukugona kwevazhinji vasiri vekuMadokero kuti vakwanise kupikisa nyika yakatsiga kupindira kwemauto, kunyangwe apa Afghanistan yakamira senyika imwe muAsia iyo masimba emakoloni akawana zvisingagoneke kudzikamisa. nenzira yaibatsira zvido zvavo, neBritain neRussia dzichikundikana mukuedza kwadzo kuita kudaro. Zvakaoma kuti vanhu vekuAmerica vaone kuti kutora nyika kune dzimwe nyika kunopa dambudziko rakasimba mukuzvisarudzira zvekuti hazvinyanyi kuonekwa sekusunungura kana kuti zviri pamutemo neruzhinji rwevanhu munyika iri kupindirwa nemauto.
Kuita kwakadai kunoda kusiyaniswa kubva kumhando dzekupindira dzinoita kunge dzakashanda muKosovo muna 1999, uye pamwe zvakare gore rino muLibya. MuKosovo, kupindira kwekune dzimwe nyika kwaiva basa rekununura mukutsigira hondo yemumba yevaAlbania vakawanda kwazvo vachipokana nezvinofungwa kuti ndezvokutonga kwevatorwa vekuSerbia kunotsigirwa nehutsinye hwaiitirwa Kosovars uye kuisa njodzi iri pedyo yekuchenesa madzinza. Yakanga iri, kusvika pamwero wekuti vanhu veKosovo vakanakidzwa nechinzvimbo chekuve 'vanhu' mumutemo wepasi rose, zvichikwanisika kufunga kupindira kweNATO sekuenderera mberi kwekuzvisarudzira kwete sekuyedza kumanikidza mhedzisiro yakanangana nekuMadokero. Chokwadi, kujeka kwekutsigirwa kwakadaro kweHondo yeKosovo kunokodzera nekusavapo kweiyo UN Security Council mvumo yekushandiswa kwechisimba uye nekupokana kweNATO kuvimba nekubhomba kwepamusoro kwakauraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti 500 pasi. Kugadzwa kwekupokana kweCamp Bonsteel, nhandare hombe yeNATO inomutsawo mibvunzo nezve kuchena kwezvinotarisirwa kudzivirira.
Panyaya yeLibya, kunyangwe mashandiro eNATO akafuratira miganho yemvumo yeUN Security Council, mauto akasimbisa kurwa kwatove kuenderera mberi munyika, uye achitsigirwa neruzhinji rwevanhu, achipokana nemudzvanyiriri anovengwa aiita zvisina tsarukano. chisimba kuvanhu vake, uye kutyisidzira kuita zvakanyanya. Zvinoramba zvichionekwa kana vakakunda muLibya vanogona kuunza hutongi hwejekerere uye hupfumi hwakaenzana munyika, asi zvirinani kupindira uku hakugone kuunza kushorwa kwenyika sezvo pasina kutorwa kwekunze kuri kufungidzirwa. Patova nekunetsekana nezve tarisiro yekunyengedzwa kuseri kwezviitiko nemapato anopindira kuunza purofiti yakakura kumakambani emafuta eNATO nemafemu ekuvaka. Kana zvichemo izvi zvikaitika zvinogona kuzvidza zvichemo zvehutungamiri hutsva hweTransnational National Council. Zvakangodaro, kusvika pari zvino, pfungwa huru inomira: nerutsigiro rweUN, pasina chinangwa chekugara kunze kwenyika uye zvigaro zvemauto, kurwisa hutongi huripo hune hutsinye, hudzvanyiriri, uye hudzvanyiriri, uye nekutsigira bato rinopikisa riripo, kupindira kwemauto ekuMadokero kunogona. kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvaro zvekutanga, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro kwete pasina kumutsa gakava rakakura uye kusimudza fungidziro pamusoro pezvikonzero zvisiri izvo. Chikamu chekutanga ndechekuchinja kwehutongi sezvakaitika nekukundwa kwehutongi hweQaddafi, chikamu chechipiri ndechekuvakwa kwebumbiro remitemo uye budiriro yakaenzana uye inoenderera ichiri kuwanikwa, uye zvinoenderana nekuda kwenyika uye kugona.
Paiva nechimwe chikamu chikuru cheHondo yeAfghanstan sezvayakaonekwa muna 2001 kana ichienzaniswa nenzira yainoratidzika muna 2011. Chandakatadza kuonga ipapo, uye haisati yanyatsonyoreswa mukufunga kwemitemo yekunze kune dzimwe nyika, ndeyekuti panguva yehutungamiri hwehurumende. George W. Bush, kusimbiswa kukuru kwehurongwa kwakaiswa pakutonga kweMiddle East. Ichi chinangwa chehurongwa hukuru hwakatora pamberi pekutonga kwakabudirira kwepashure-9/11 kurwisa hugandanga. Zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana zvakasanganiswa mukuziva kweveruzhinji nekuvimba nekubatanidza, asi kusiyanisa mazita e 'hondo yepasi rose pamusoro pehugandanga,' asi chokwadi nepo Afghanistan yakabatana zvakananga nekurwiswa kwe9/11 hurumende yaSaddam Hussein muIraq yaingove. zvisina kunanga, kana zvachose, zvakabatana. Hondo yeIraq yakavambwa muna 2003 yakawedzera kutsamwa kweAmerica munyika yese yeIslam, uye yaipesana nekurwa kweAl Qaeda, izvo zvingadai zvakapa kuenderera mberi kwekubatanidza zvakawanikwa muAfghanistan nePakistan yakavakidzana. Panzvimbo iyoyo, mushure mekurwiswa kwemauto kuAfghanistan kwaburitsa kuparara kwehutongi hweTaliban, kusimbisa kweAmerica kwakabva kwachinja zvakanyanya kuenda kuhondo yeIraq, uye Afghanistan yakava chikamu chakakanganikwa, icho chakakurudzira kudzikira kwakasimba kwehutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika munyika, kuita chiseko chekutanga. kutaura kwokuwana chinjo inosunungura yezvamatongerwe enyika inogamuchirwa navanhu. Obama akaedza kukunda iyi inosuruvarisa nhaka yeneo-conservative yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo nekuvimbisa kupedza Hondo yeIraq, kuzvipira kunoramba kuine dambudziko uye kusazadzikiswa, uye kuzvipira kuona Hondo yeAfghanistan sekuda kutariswa patsva nekuda kwekukosha kwayo kune dambudziko ugandanga.
Pakupedzisira, makore gumi mushure me9/11 mugwagwa usina kutorwa nevemutemo, kushandira pamwe kwehungwaru, dzimwe nguva mauto akasarudzika akavanzika munyika dzekunze anoita seanokwezva pane akati wandei zvikonzero, uye kudzivirira kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika nekune dzimwe nyika. Zvingadai zvakadzivirira zvinodhura, zvakanyanya kukundikana kuedza muIraq neAfghanistan. Zvingadai zvakadzivirira kunyadziswa kwenyika kwakabatana nekutya kurwadzisa izvo zvakakonzera kuburitswa pachena kwepasi rose kwekushungurudzwa kwakarongeka kwevasungwa kuGuantanamo neAbu Ghraib, uye midziyo yekuchengetedza nyika ine zvakawanda zvehutongi hwehutongi. Zvingadai zvakasimbisa zvichemo neUnited States zvekupa hutungamiriri hwepasirese hune hunyoro hunobva mukuderedza basa rehondo nemhinduro dzechiuto, uku uchiwedzera basa remutemo, kushandirapamwe kwemapurisa epasi rese, uye diplomacy, kusanganisira kuedza kutora matanho ekubvuma nekukunda. zvichemo zviri pamutemo zveNyika dzemaArabu, kunyanya kutadza kweAmerica kusundidzira kuti pave nemhinduro yakanaka uye yakadzikama kugakava rePalestine/Israel. Iyi nzira ingadai yakabvumirawo kuwanda kwemafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika uye zviwanikwa zvenyika pakusangana nematambudziko ezvivakwa zvepamba uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ari kuwedzera epasi rose sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye hurombo hunoramba huchienderera mberi. Uyezve, nzira yakadaro isiri yehondo mukupindura kurwiswa kwe9 / 11 ingadai yakaratidza kuzadzikiswa kwemiganhu yesimba rakaoma nzira dzekugadzirisa kukakavara uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza mukutanga kwe21stcentury, uye kudzivisa kuwira zvakare mumisungo yakagadzika nekusaziva. kune nyika nevanotsigira-vanopindira uye vanopikisa vatsigiri. Ehezve, ratidziro yechokwadi-yechokwadi yemakore gumi iri netsanangudzo kusaziva mapundu ari munzira ayo pasina mubvunzo anga asangana nawo, kunyanya dai kumwe kurwiswa kwakange kwaitwa zvinobudirira pazvinangwa zvakakosha mukati meUnited States. Kunyangwe kubvuma kusazivikanwa uku, imwe nzira iyi ingadai yakawirirana pasina 'ngirozi dziri nani,' uye yaienderana nezvinoenderera mberi zveAmerica padanho repasi rose kuti ive imba yekusarudzika kwetsika. Kana yakundikana kana yamboedzwa, zvikonzero zveimwe tsandanyama nzira ingadai yakaiswa zvine mufungo.
Aya mazwi ekudzoreredza anoitirwa kuti asaite bato maererano nezvematongerwo enyika emuAmerica. Iyo Bush nzira mushure me9/11 yakanakidzwa nerutsigiro rwakakura pakati pevagari uye muCongress. Pakanga pasina manzwi ane simba aipikisa. Kuunganidzwa kwekubatana kwenyika pahwaro hwekutya nehasha, uye kwakasimbiswa nerudado rwekuda nyika, kwaive kwakasimba, kunoshanda, uye kusina zvimiso. Kudemba kwangu pamusoro pemitemo inotevedzwa kunonyanya kubatikana nekushomeka kwetsika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzekuAmerica zvichipihwa chokwadi nematambudziko enyika yedu. Kunze kwekunge pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakurumidza kushatirwa nemaitiro echiuto ekugadzirisa gakava pane mukana wese wekudzokorora kukanganisa kwemakore gumi apfuura izvo zvichawedzera makore ane njodzi emhepo anotokanda mimvuri ine rima zvinokanganisa ramangwana renyika nenyika.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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