The Occupy movement yave iri budiriro inonakidza zvikuru. Zvisati zvamboitika, chaizvoizvo. Hakuna kumbove nechinhu chakadaro chandinogona kufunga nezvacho. Kana zvisungo nemasonganiro zvayakamisa zvinogona kuchengetedzwa mukati menguva refu, ine rima pamberi - nekuti kukunda hakuuye nekukurumidza - inogona kuratidza nguva yakakosha munhoroondo yeAmerica.
Icho chokwadi chekuti Occupy movement haisati yamboitika yakanyatsokodzera. Mushure mezvose, inguva isati yamboitika uye zvave zvakadaro kubva kuma1970, izvo zvakaratidza shanduko huru munhoroondo yeAmerica. Kwemazana emakore, kubvira pakatanga nyika, yakanga iri nzanga ichiri kusimukira, uye kwete nguva dzose munzira dzakaisvonaka zvikuru. Ndiyo imwe nyaya, asi kufambira mberi kwacho kwaive kuhupfumi, maindasitiri, budiriro, uye tariro. Paive netarisiro yakanaka yenguva dzose kuti zvaizoenderera seizvi. Izvozvo zvaiva zvechokwadi kunyange munguva dzakaoma zvikuru.
Ndangokura zvakakwana kuti ndiyeuke Kuderera Kukuru. Mushure memakore mashoma ekutanga, pakati pemakore ekuma1930 - kunyangwe mamiriro acho aive akaomarara kupfuura zvaari nhasi - zvakadaro, mweya waive wakasiyana. Paiva nepfungwa yokuti “tichabuda mazviri,” kunyange pakati pevanhu vasingashandi, kusanganisira hama dzangu dzakawanda, pfungwa yokuti “zvichava nani.”
Paive nekuronga kwemubatanidzwa wemauto, kunyanya kubva kuCIO (Congress of Industrial Organisations). Yakanga yave kusvika padanho rekugara pasi, izvo zviri kutyisa kune vebhizinesi nyika - waigona kuzviona mupepanhau rebhizinesi panguva iyoyo - nekuti kuramwa kwekugara ingori nhanho usati watora fekitori nekuimhanyisa. iwe pachako. Pfungwa yekutorwa kwevashandi chimwe chinhu chiri, sezvineiwo, zvakanyanya pane ajenda nhasi, uye isu tinofanira kuzvichengeta mupfungwa. Zvakare mutemo weNew Deal waive wave kutanga kuuya nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakakurumbira. Pasinei nenguva dzakaoma, pakanga paine pfungwa yekuti, neimwe nzira, "tichabuda mazviri."
Zvakatosiyana zvino. Kune vanhu vazhinji muUnited States, kune pfungwa yakapararira yekusava netariro, dzimwe nguva kupererwa. Ndinofunga kuti zvinyowani munhoroondo yeAmerica. Uye ine hwaro hwechinangwa.
PaKirasi Yebasa
Muma1930, vanhu vasingashandi vaigona kutarisira kuti mabasa avo aizodzoka. Kana iwe uri mushandi mukugadzira nhasi - iyo yazvino nhanho yekushaikwa kune yakada kufanana neDepression - uye maitiro aripo anoenderera mberi, iwo mabasa haasi kuzodzoka.
Kuchinja kwakaitika muma1970. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi. Chimwe chezvikonzero, chakakurukurwa zvikuru nemunyori wenhau dzezveupfumi Robert Brenner, yakanga iri mwero wokuderera wepurofiti mukugadzira. Paiva nezvimwe zvinhu. Izvo zvakakonzera shanduko huru muhupfumi - kudzoreredzwa kwemazana akati wandei emakore ekufambira mberi kune maindasitiri nebudiriro iyo yakashanduka kuita maitiro ekubvisa-maindasitiri uye de-budiriro. Ehe, kugadzirwa kwekugadzira kwakaenderera mberi kune mhiri kwemakungwa zvine pundutso, asi hazvina kunaka kune vashandi.
Pamwe chete neizvozvo kwakauya shanduko yakakosha yehupfumi kubva kumabhizinesi anogadzira - kugadzira zvinhu zvinoda vanhu kana kuti zvavanogona kushandisa - kune kunyengera kwemari. Kuiswa kwemari kwehupfumi kwakatanga panguva iyoyo.
PaMabhangi
Pamberi pema1970, mabhangi aive mabhangi. Vakaita izvo mabhanga aifanirwa kuita muhupfumi hwenyika hwehupfumi: vakatora mari isina kushandiswa kubva kuakaundi yako yekubhangi, semuenzaniso, ndokuiendesa kune chimwe chinangwa chingabatsira sekubatsira mhuri kutenga imba kana kutumira mwana kukoreji. Izvozvo zvakachinja zvikuru muma1970. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, pakanga pasina matambudziko emari kubva paKuderera Kukuru Kweupfumi. Ma1950 nema1960 yanga iri nguva yekukura kukuru, yepamusorosoro munhoroondo yeAmerica, pamwe munhoroondo yehupfumi.
Uye zvakanga zvakaenzana. Iyo yakaderera quintile yakaita pamwe chete neyepamusoro quintile. Vanhu vazhinji vakatamira mumararamiro ane musoro - izvo zvinonzi "boka repakati" pano, "boka rekushanda" kune dzimwe nyika - asi zvaive zvechokwadi. Uye ma1960 akaikurumidzisa. Kuratidzira kwemakore iwayo, mushure memakore gumi akashata, kwakavandudza nyika nenzira dzakawanda dzechigarire.
Pakasvika ma1970, pakava neshanduko dzakaerekana uye dzakapinza: de-industrialization, kubviswa-kwekutengesa kwekugadzira, uye shanduko kune masangano emari, ayo akakura zvakanyanya. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti, muma1950 nema1960, kwakavewo nekuvandudzwa kwezvakazove makumi emakore akati wandei akazova hupfumi hwepamusoro-soro: makomputa, Internet, iyo IT Revolution yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya muchikamu chenyika.
Zviitiko zvakaitika muma1970 zvakakonzera mhirizhonga. Izvo zvakakonzera kuunganidzwa kwehupfumi kuwedzera mumaoko echikamu chezvemari. Izvi hazvibatsiri hupfumi - zvinogona kukuvadza uye nzanga - asi zvakatungamira mukuwanda kwehupfumi.
Pane Zvematongerwo enyika uye Mari
Kuwanda kwehupfumi kunopa kuwanda kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika. Uye kusangana kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika kunopa kudzika kwemutemo unowedzera uye unomhanyisa kutenderera. Mutemo uyu, wakanyanya bipartisan, unofambisa mitemo mitsva yemari uye shanduko yemutero, pamwe nemitemo yehutongi hwemakambani nekudzimwa. Izvi zvakatanga kukwira zvakanyanya kwemitengo yesarudzo, izvo zvakapinza mapato ezvematongerwo enyika zvakanyanya muhomwe dzemakambani.
Mapato akaparara nenzira dzakawanda. Zvaimboitika kuti kana munhu ari muCongress aitarisira chinzvimbo chakaita sesachigaro wekomiti, aichiwana zvakanyanya kuburikidza nehukuru uye basa. Mukati memakore akati wandei, vakatanga kuisa mari muhomwe yepati kuti vaenderere mberi, musoro wakadzidzwa zvakanyanya naTom Ferguson. Izvo zvakangoita kuti hurongwa hwose huve hwakadzika mukati mehomwe yekambani yekambani (inowedzera chikamu chemari).
Kutenderera uku kwakaguma nekuwanda kwehupfumi, kunyanya muchikamu chegumi chechikamu chimwe chete chevanhu. Zvichakadaro, yakavhura nguva yekumira kana kuderera kweruzhinji rwevanhu. Vanhu vakapfuura, asi nemaitiro ekugadzira akadai semaawa ekushanda akareba, mitengo yakakwira yekukwereta uye chikwereti, uye kuvimba nekukwira kwemitengo senge bubble redzimba richangoburwa. Nenguva isipi maawa ekushanda iwayo akanga akakwirira zvikuru muUnited States kupfuura mune dzimwe nyika dzine maindasitiri seJapan nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muEurope. Saka pakava nenguva yekumira nekuderera kwevazhinji pamwe nenguva yekuunganidzwa kwakanyanya kwehupfumi. Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakatanga kuparara.
Kwagara kuine mukaha pakati pehurongwa hweveruzhinji nezvido zvevanhu, asi zvakangokura zvine mutsindo. Iwe unogona kuzviona iye zvino, chaizvoizvo. Tarisa uone musoro mukuru muWashington uyo munhu wese anotarisa pa: kushomeka. Kune veruzhinji, nenzira kwayo, kushomeka hakuonekwe sechinhu chikuru. Uye haisi nyaya yakawanda. Nyaya ndeyekushaya basa. Pane komisheni yekushomeka asi hapana komisheni yekushaya basa. Panyaya yekushomeka, veruzhinji vane zvavanofunga. Tarisai mavhoti. Veruzhinji vanotsigira zvakanyanya mitero yakakwira kune vakapfuma, iyo yakadzikira zvakanyanya munguva ino yekumira nekudzikira, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemabhenefiti mashoma munharaunda.
Mhedzisiro yedeficit commission ingangove yakasiyana. Mafambiro eOccupy anogona kupa hwaro hwevakawanda kuyedza kunzvenga dhadha rakanongedzwa pamwoyo wenyika.
Plutonomy uye Precariat
Kune ruzhinji rwevanhu, iyo 99% mumufananidzo weOccupy movement, yave nehutsinye - uye inogona kuwedzera. Iyi inogona kunge iri nguva yekuderera kusingadzoreki. Kune 1% uye kunyange zvishoma - iyo .1% - zvakangonaka. Ivo vakapfuma kupfuura nakare kose, vane simba zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose, vanodzora gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, vachizvidza voruzhinji. Uye kana ichigona kuenderera, sekureva kwavo, chokwadi, nei?
Tora, semuenzaniso, Citigroup. Kwemakumi emakore, Citigroup yanga iri imwe yehuori hwakanyanya pamakambani makuru ekubhengi ekudyara, achidzokororwa achibhadhariswa mutero, kutanga mumakore ekutanga eReagan uye ikozvino zvakare. Ini handisi kuzomhanya kuburikidza nehuwori, asi zvinokatyamadza.
Muna 2005, Citigroup yakabuda nebhurocha revanoisa mari rinonzi “Plutonomy: Kutenga Luxury, Kutsanangura Global Imbalances.” Yakakurudzira vanoisa mari kuti vaise mari mu "plutonomy index." Bhurocha racho rinoti, “Nyika iri kupatsanurwa kuita mapoka maviri—Plutonomy nemamwe ose.”
Plutonomy inoreva vapfumi, avo vanotenga zvinhu zvepamusoro uye zvichingodaro, uye ndipo pane chiito. Vakataura kuti yavo plutonomy index yaive nzira yekupfuura musika wemasheya. Kana vari vamwe, tinovaisa kure. Hatina basa navo chaizvo. Hatinyatsodzida. Vanofanira kunge varipo kuti vape nyika ine simba, iyo inotidzivirira uye kutibvisa kana tapinda mudambudziko, asi kunze kweizvozvo ivo havana basa. Mazuva ano dzimwe nguva vanodaidzwa kunzi "precariat" - vanhu vanorarama hupenyu husina njodzi kunharaunda yenharaunda. Chete haisi periphery zvakare. Iri kuita chikamu chakakosha chenzanga muUnited States uye kune imwe nzvimbo. Uye ichi chinotorwa sechinhu chakanaka.
Saka, semuenzaniso, Sachigaro weFed, Alan Greenspan, panguva yaaive achiri "Saint Alan" - achirumbidzwa nebasa rehupfumi semumwe wenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzenguva dzese (iyi yaive isati yaparara iyo yaakakonzera zvakanyanya) - aipupura kuCongress mumakore aClinton, uye akatsanangura mashura ehupfumi hukuru hwaaitarisira. Akataura kuti budiriro yake yakawanda yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pane zvaakadaidza kuti "kukura kusachengeteka kwevashandi." Kana vanhu vanoshanda vasina kuchengeteka, kana vari chikamu che precariat, kurarama hupenyu husina njodzi, havazoite zvinodiwa, havasi kuzoedza kuwana mibairo iri nani, havazowana mabhenefiti akavandudzwa. Tinogona kuvadzinga, kana tisingade. Uye ndizvo zvinonzi "hutano" hupfumi, nehunyanzvi kutaura. Uye akarumbidzwa zvikuru nokuda kweizvi, akayemurwa zvikuru.
Saka nyika ikozvino yave kupatsanuka kuita plutonomy uye precariat - mumufananidzo weOccupy movement, iyo 1% uye 99%. Kwete nhamba chaidzo, asi mufananidzo chaiwo. Zvino, iyo plutonomy ndipo pane chiito uye chinogona kuenderera seizvi.
Kana zvikadaro, kudzokororwa kwenhoroondo kwakatanga muma1970 kunogona kusadzoreka. Ndiko kwatiri kunanga. Uye iyo Occupy kufamba ndiyo yekutanga chaiyo, huru, yakakurumbira kuita inogona kudzivirira izvi. Asi zvichave zvakakosha kutarisana nechokwadi chekuti inguva refu, yakaoma kurwa. Iwe haukundi kukunda mangwana. Iwe unofanirwa kuumba zvimiro zvinozotsigirwa, izvo zvinozoenderera mberi munguva dzakaoma uye zvinogona kuhwina kukunda kukuru. Uye kune zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvinogona kuitwa.
Toward Worker Takeover
Ndakambotaura izvozvo, muma1930s, chimwe chezvainyanya kushanda kwaive kuramwa kwekugara pasi. Uye chikonzero chiri nyore: ingori nhanho pamberi pekutora kweindasitiri.
Kuburikidza nema1970, sezvo kuderera kwaiitika, pane zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha zvakaitika. Muna 1977, U.S. Steel yakafunga kuvhara imwe yenzvimbo dzayo huru muYoungstown, Ohio. Panzvimbo pokungobvapo, vashandi nenharaunda vakasarudza kuungana vozvitenga kubva kukambani, vozvipa kuvashandi, uye vochinja kuva nzvimbo inotungamirirwa nevashandi, inotungamirirwa nevashandi. Havana kukunda. Asi nerutsigiro rwakakurumbira rwakakwana, vangadai vakakunda. Inyaya iyo Gar Alperovitz naStaughton Lynd, gweta revashandi nenharaunda, vakakurukura zvakadzama.
Kwakanga kuri rukundo rushoma nemhaka yokuti, kunyange zvazvo vakakundikana, kwakavamba kumwe kuedza. Uye zvino, muOhio yese, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kune kupararira kwemazana, pamwe zviuru, zvedzimwe nguva zvisiri-zvidiki zvevashandi / maindasitiri ane nharaunda anogona kuve anotungamirirwa nevashandi. Uye ndiyo hwaro hwechimurenga chaicho. Ndiwo maitikiro azvinoita.
Mune rimwe ramasabhabhu eBoston, rinenge gore rapfuura, chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika. Mumwe wemarudzi akawanda akafunga kuvhara nzvimbo ine pundutso, inoshanda ichiita kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro. Sezviri pachena, zvakanga zvisingavabatsiri zvakakwana kwavari. Vashandi pamwe chete nemubatanidzwa vakati vaizoitenga, voitora, voifambisa ivo pachavo. Vemarudzi akawanda vakasarudza kuivhara panzvimbo, zvichida nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekirasi-kuziva. Handifungi kuti vanoda kuti zvinhu zvakadai zviitike. Dai pakave nerutsigiro rwakakwana rwakakurumbira, dai paine chimwe chinhu chakafanana neOccupy movement chaigona kunge chakapinda, vangadai vakabudirira.
Uye kune zvimwe zvinhu zviri kuitika saizvozvo. Kutaura zvazviri, mamwe acho makuru. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Mutungamiri Barack Obama akatora indasitiri yemotokari, iyo yaive yeruzhinji. Uye pakanga pane chiverengero chakati chezvinhu zvaigona kudai zvakaitwa. Chimwe chaive chaitwa: kuigadzira patsva kuti ikwanise kudzoserwa kumuridzi, kana kuti ive muridzi wakada kufanana, uye kuenderera mberi munzira yayo yechinyakare.
Imwe mukana yaive yekuiendesa kune vevashandi - avo vaive muridzi wayo - ishandure kuti ive yevashandi, inotungamirwa nevashandi hombe maindasitiri system chikamu chikuru chehupfumi, uye kuti ibudise zvinhu zvinodiwa nevanhu. Uye pane zvakawanda zvatinoda.
Tese tinoziva kana kuti tinofanira kuziva kuti United States iri kumashure zvakanyanya pasi rose mukufambisa kwekumhanya, uye zvakakomba. Izvo hazvisi kungokanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu chete, asi hupfumi. Panyaya iyi, heino nyaya yemunhu. Ndakanga ndichipa hurukuro muFrance mwedzi mishomanene yapfuura uye ndaifanira kukwira chitima kubva kuAvignon kumaodzanyemba kweFrance kuenda kuCharles De Gaulle Airport muParis, daro rimwe chetero kubva kuWashington, DC, kuenda kuBoston. Zvakatora maawa maviri. Handizivi kana wakambokwira chitima kubva kuWashington kuenda kuBoston, asi chiri kushanda pamwe chete nokumhanya kwakafanana kwachaiita makore 60 apfuura apo mudzimai wangu neni takatanga kuchitora. Icho chinonyadzisa.
Zvinogona kuitwa pano sezvazvaitwa muEurope. Vaiva nesimba rokuzviita, vashandi vane unyanzvi. Zvingadai zvakatora tsigiro yakakurumbira, asi yaigona kuita shanduko huru muhupfumi.
Kungoita kuti iwedzere surreal, nepo sarudzo iyi ichidzivirirwa, hutongi hwaObama hwaitumira munyori wezvekufambisa kuenda kuSpain kunotora zvibvumirano zvekugadzira njanji inomhanya kwazvo yeUnited States, iyo yaigona kunge yakaitwa mubhandi rengura, iro. iri kuvharwa. Hapana zvikonzero zvehupfumi nei izvi zvisingakwanisi kuitika. Izvi zvikonzero zvekirasi, uye zvinoratidza kushomeka kwekuunganidza zvematongerwo enyika kwakakurumbira. Zvinhu zvakadai zvinoenderera mberi.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Zvombo zveNyukireya
Ini ndakachengeta nyaya dzemumba, asi pane zviitiko zviviri zvine njodzi munhandare yepasi rose, iri rudzi rwemumvuri unorembera pane zvese zvatakurukura. Kune, kwenguva yokutanga munhau yavanhu, tyisidziro chaidzoidzo kukupukunyuka kwakanaka kworudzi.
Mumwe anga akarembera kubva muna 1945. Imhando yechishamiso kuti isu takapukunyuka. Ndiko kutyisidzira kwehondo yenyukireya nezvombo zvenyukireya. Kunyangwe zvisiri kukurukurwa zvakanyanya, kutyisidzira uku, kutaura zvazviri, kuri kuwedzera nemitemo yehutongi uhwu nevabatsiri vayo. Uye chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa pamusoro pazvo kana kuti tiri mudambudziko chairo.
Imwe yacho, chokwadika, injodzi yemhoteredzo. Zvinenge nyika dzese pasirese dziri kutora matanho ekumisa kuyedza kuita chimwe chinhu nezvazvo. United States iri kutorawo matanho, kunyanya kukurumidza kutyisidzira. Ndiyo chete nyika huru iyo isiri chete kuita chimwe chinhu chinovaka kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza, haisi kana kukwira muchitima. Mune dzimwe nzira, iri kudhonzera kumashure.
Uye izvi zvakabatana nehurongwa hombe hwekunyepedzera, kudada uye kuziviswa pachena nenyika yebhizinesi, kuyedza kunyengerera vanhu kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ingori yakasununguka hoax. "Nei uchiteerera kune aya masayendisiti?"
Tiri kudzokera shure kunguva yerima. Haisi jee. Uye kana izvo zviri kuitika munyika ine simba kwazvo, yakapfuma kwazvo munhoroondo, saka njodzi iyi haizodzivirirwe - uye muchizvarwa kana zviviri, zvese zvimwe zvatiri kutaura nezvazvo hazvina basa. Chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa pamusoro pacho nokukurumidza zvikuru nenzira yakatsaurirwa, inotsigirwa.
Hazvizove nyore kuenderera mberi. Pachava nezvipingamupinyi, matambudziko, matambudziko, kukundikana. Hazvidzivisiki. Asi kunze kwekunge mweya wegore rapfuura, muno uye kune imwe nzvimbo munyika uye pasi rose, uchiramba uchikura uye ukava simba guru mumagariro evanhu nezvematongerwe enyika, mikana yeramangwana rakanaka haina kunyanya kukwirira.
Noam Chomsky iInstitute Purofesa Emeritus muMIT Dhipatimendi reLinguistics uye Philosophy. A TomDispatch nguva dzose, ndiye munyori wemabhuku akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika anotengeswa zvakanyanya, nguva pfupi yadarika, Tariro Nezvinotarisirwa,Kugadzira Ramangwana, uye Kugara, rakabudiswa na Zuccotti Park Press, kubva pairi kutaura uku, kwakapiwa muna October apfuura, kunotorwa ndokugadziridzwa. Webhusaiti yake ndeye www.chomsky.info.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Kupera Kwekukunda Tsika, seyenoveli, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndere The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Dzakava Obama's (Haymarket Books).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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