Muchinyorwa chechirimo cha2011 chemagazini yeAmerican Academy of Political Science, takaverenga kuti โinyaya yakafananaโ iyo United States, iyo โmakore mashoma apfuura yakarumbidzwa kuti ifambire mberi senyika ine simba risingaenzaniswi. uye kukwezva kusingaenzaniswi - kuri kudzikira, kwakatarisana netarisiro yekuora kwayo kwekupedzisira. " Zvamazvirokwazvo idingindira rinozivikanwa navose, rinodavirwa zvakafara, uye nechikonzero chakati. Asi kuongororwa kwemutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weUS uye pesvedzero kunze kwenyika uye kusimba kwehupfumi hwayo hwepamba uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika kumba anoratidza kuti huwandu hwezvitupa hwakarongeka. Kutanga, kudzikira kwave kuenderera mberi kubva pakakwirira pesimba reUS nguva pfupi yapfuura Hondo Yenyika II, uye kutaura kunoshamisa kwemakore akati wandei ekukunda muma1990s kwainyanya kuzvinyengera. Uyezve, iyo inowanzo kukweverwa corollary - iro simba richaenda kuChina neIndia - rinopokana zvakanyanya. Inyika dzine urombo dzine matambudziko makuru emukati. Zvechokwadi nyika iri kuramba ichiwedzera kusiyana, asi pasinei nekuderera kweAmerica, mune ramangwana rinoonekwa hapana mukwikwidzi wepasi rose hegemonic simba.
Kuongorora muchidimbu imwe yenhoroondo yakakodzera: Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, varongi veUS vakaziva kuti US yaizobuda muhondo iri pachinzvimbo chesimba rinotyisa. Zviripachena kubva mugwaro rekodhi kuti "Mutungamiri Roosevelt aivavarira kuUnited States hegemony munyika yepashure pehondo," kutora ongororo yemunyori wenhau dzakaitika Geoffrey Warner. Zvirongwa zvakagadziridzwa kudzora yainzi Grand Area, dunhu rinotenderedza Western Hemisphere, Far East, yaimbova humambo hweBritish - kusanganisira yakakosha matura emafuta eMiddle East - uye yakawanda yeEurasia sezvinobvira, kana zvishoma zvayo. nharaunda dzemaindasitiri muWestern Europe uye kumaodzanyemba kweEurope nyika. Iwo ekupedzisira aionekwa seakakosha kuti ave nechokwadi chekutonga kweMiddle East simba zviwanikwa. Mukati menzvimbo idzi dzakakura, US yaifanira kuchengetedza "simba risingapokane" ne "hukuru hwemauto nehupfumi," uku ichivimbisa "kuganhurirwa kwechero kushandiswa kwehuchangamire" nenyika dzinogona kukanganisa magadzirirwo ayo epasi rose. Dzidziso dzichiripo, kunyange zvazvo kusvika kwadzo kwadzikira.
Nhasi, NATO yave simba rekupindira pasi rose pasi pekuraira kweUS, iine basa repamutemo rekudzora hurongwa hwesimba repasi rose, nzira dzemugungwa, mapaipi, uye chero chipi zvacho chinotariswa nesimba rehegemonic.
Zvirongwa zvenguva yehondo, zvichakurumidza kuitwa nokungwarira, zvakanga zvisiri zvechokwadi. IUS yakange yave nenguva yave iri nyika yakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose. Hondo yakagumisa Kuora mwoyo uye kukwanisa kwemaindasitiri eUS kupeta nekana, nepo vaikwikwidzana navo vakaparadzwa. Pakupera kwehondo, US yaive nehafu yehupfumi hwenyika uye chengetedzo isingaenzaniswi. Dunhu rega rega reGrand Area rakapihwa 'basa' rayo mukati mehurongwa hwepasi rose. 'Hondo Yemashoko' yakatevera yakabatanidza zvikuru nhamburiko dzamasimba masimba maviri kuti aise kurongeka munzvimbo dzawo dzimene: nokuda kweUSSR, Eastern Europe; yeUS, yakawanda yenyika.
Pakazosvika 1949, Grand Area yakanga yatoparara zvakakomba ne "kurasikirwa kweChina," sezvainowanzonzi. Mutsara uyu unonakidza: munhu anogona chete 'kurasikirwa' nezvaanazvo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Southeast Asia yakatanga kutadza kutonga, zvichitungamira kuhondo dzeWashington dzinotyisa dzeIndochina uye kuuraya kukuru muIndonesia muna 1965 apo hutongi hweUS hwakadzorerwa. Zvichakadaro, kupandukira hurumende nemhirizhonga huru zvakaenderera mberi kune imwe nzvimbo mukuedza kuchengetedza kunonzi 'kugadzikana,' zvichireva kuenderana nezvido zveUS.
Asi kuderera kwaisadzivisika, sezvo nyika yeindasitiri yakavakazve uye kubvisa koloni kwaitevera nzira yayo inorwadza. Pakazosvika 1970, chikamu cheUS chehupfumi hwenyika chakadzikira kusvika pamakumi maviri neshanu muzana, chichiri chakakura asi chakadzikira zvakanyanya. Nyika yemaindasitiri yakanga yava kuita 'tripolar,' iine nzvimbo huru muUS, Europe, neAsia - ipapo Japan-yakatarisana - yatove dunhu rine simba.
Makore makumi maviri gare gare USSR yakaparara. Kuita kweWashington kunotidzidzisa zvakawanda nezvechokwadi cheCold War. Iyo Bush I manejimendi, yaive muhofisi, yakabva yazivisa kuti marongero acharamba asina kushanduka, asi pasi pezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Nzvimbo huru yemauto yaizochengetedzwa, asi kwete yekuzvidzivirira kumaRussia; panzvimbo pezvo, kutarisana neโhunyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhuโ hwemasimba enyika echitatu. Saizvozvo, vakafunga, zvingave zvakafanira kuchengetedza "nzvimbo yekudzivirira maindasitiri," euphemism yeindasitiri yepamberi, inovimba zvakanyanya nerubatsiro rwehurumende uye chirongwa. Mauto ekupindira aitofanira kunanga kuMiddle East, uko matambudziko akakomba โaisagona kuiswa pamusuwo weKremlin,โ zvinopesana nehafu yezana remakore rekunyengera. Zvakabvumwa chinyararire kuti matambudziko agara ari โurudzi hwakanyanya,โ ndiko kuti, kuedza kwakaitwa nenyika kuita kuzvitonga kutyora mitemo yeGrand Area. Izvi zvakakosha zvepolicy hazvina kuvandudzwa. VaClinton manejimendi vakazivisa kuti US ine kodzero yekushandisa mauto unilaterally kuona "kusina kuvharirwa kuwanikwa kumisika yakakosha, magetsi uye zviwanikwa." Yakazivisawo kuti mauto anofanira โkuendeswa mberiโ muEurope neAsia โkuitira kuumba mirangariro yavanhu pamusoro pedu,โ kwete nekunyengetedza zvinyoronyoro, uye โkuumba zviitiko zvichatapura raramo yedu nechengeteko yedu.โ Panzvimbo pokuderedzwa kana kubviswa, sezvo propaganda ingadai yakaita kuti munhu atarisire, NATO yakawedzerwa kuMabvazuva. Izvi zvaive zvichityora mhiko dzekutaura kuna Mikhail Gorbachev paakabvuma kubvumidza Germany yakabatana kubatana neNATO.
Nhasi, NATO yave simba rekupindira pasi rose pasi pekuraira kweUS, iine basa repamutemo rekudzora hurongwa hwesimba repasi rose, nzira dzemugungwa, mapaipi, uye chero chipi zvacho chinotariswa nesimba rehegemonic.
Chokwadi pakanga paine nguva yekufara mushure mekudonha kwemuvengi ane simba guru, nengano dzinofadza nezve "kuguma kwenhoroondo" uye kurumbidzwa kunoshamisa kwegwaro rekunze raClinton. Vazivi vakatanhamara vakazivisa kuvamba kweโchikamu chakaisvonakaโ chine โkupenya kutsvene,โ sepanguva yokutanga munhau rudzi rwaitungamirirwa noโkuzvidiraโ uye rwakatsaurirwa kuโnheyo netsika; uye hapana chakamira munzira yeโNyika Itsva yakanaka yakatsunga kugumisa uipi,โ iyo pakupedzisira yaizogona kupfuuridzira mberi isingadzongonyedzwi muitiro uri kubuda wenyika yose wokupindira kworuyamuro.
Havasi vose vakabatwa saizvozvo. Vanyajambwa vegamuchidzanwa, Global South, vakashora zvikuru โinonzi 'kodzero' yokupindira kworuyamuro,โ vachiziva kuti yaingova โkodzeroโ yekare yokutonga kwoumambo. Mamwe manzwi akapengenuka pamusha pakati pevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika anogona kuona kuti kune yakawanda yepasirese, US "yaive ine simba guru," ichionekwa se "imwe chete njodzi huru yekutyisidzira nzanga," uye kuti "nyika ine hukasha nhasi Nyika dzakabatana." Mushure mekunge Bush Jr. atora chigaro, maonero epasi rose ane ruvengo haaigona kufuratirwa. Munyika dzemaArabu kunyanya, mvumo yaBush yakaderera. VaObama vakawana zvinokatyamadza zvekunyura zvichiri kudzika, kusvika pa5% muEgypt uye kwete zvakanyanya kune imwe nzvimbo mudunhu.
Zvichakadaro, kuderera kwakaenderera mberi. Mumakore gumi apfuura, South America 'yakarasika.' 'Njodzi' yekurasikirwa neSouth America yakanga yauya makumi emakore apfuura. Sezvo hutongi hweNixon hwaironga kuparadzwa kwedemocracy yeChile, uye kugadzwa kwehudzvanyiriri hwePinochet inotsigirwa neUS - National Security Council yakayambira kuti kana US ikatadza kudzora Latin America, haingatarisiri "kuwana hurongwa hunobudirira kumwe kunhu. nyika."
Asi zvakatonyanya kuoma zvingave mafambiro ekuzvitonga kuMiddle East. Kuronga kwePost WWII kwakaziva kuti kutonga kwesimba risingaenzaniswi renzvimbo dzekuMiddle East kwaizopa "kutonga kwakanyanya kwenyika," mumashoko echipangamazano ane simba Roosevelt AA Berle.
Saizvozvo, kurasikirwa kwekutonga ikoko kwaizotyisidzira chirongwa chekutonga kwepasirese chakataurwa zvakajeka mukati meHondo Yenyika II uye chave chichitsigirwa mukutarisana nekuchinja kukuru muhurongwa hwenyika kubva ipapo.
Imwe njodzi kuUS hegemony yaive mukana wekufamba kune zvine musoro kudemokrasi. New York Times mupepeti mukuru Bill Keller anonyora achifambisa nezveWashington "vachishuva kugashira vanoda demokrasi kuNorth Africa neMiddle East.โ Asi sarudzo dzichangoburwa dzemaonero echiArab dzinoratidza zvakajeka kuti kushanda kwedemocracy uko maonero everuzhinji anopesvedzera mutemo zvingave zvakashata kuWashington. Hazvishamise kuti matanho mashoma ekutanga muEgypt mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika mushure mekudzinga Mubarak akashorwa zvakanyanya neUS nemutengi wayo weIsrael.
Kunyange mitemo yeUS yakagara yakagadzikana, nekugadzirisa zvine hungwaru, pasi paObama pakave neshanduko dzakakosha. Muongorori wemauto Yochi Dreazen anocherekedza muAtlantic kuti mutemo waBush waive wekutora (uye kutambudza) vanofungidzirwa, ukuwo Obama achingovauraya, nekukurumidza kuwedzera kwezvombo zvehugandanga (drones) uye kushandiswa kweSpecial Forces, mazhinji acho zvikwata zvekuuraya. Special Forces yakarongwa kushanda munyika zana nemakumi maviri. Iye zvino yakakura semauto ese eCanada, mauto aya, mauto emutungamiri wenyika, inyaya yakakurukurwa zvakadzama nemutori wenhau wekuAmerica anoferefeta Nick Turse pawebhusaiti Tomdispatch. Chikwata chakatumwa naObama kunouraya Osama bin Laden changa chatoita zvimwe gumi nembiri zvakafanana mishini muPakistan.
Sezvinoratidzwa neizvi nezvimwe zviitiko zvakawanda, kunyangwe hutongi hweAmerica hwaderera, shuviro yayo haina.
Imwe dingindira rakajairika, zvirinani pakati peavo vasiri mapofu nemaune, nderekuti kuderera kweAmerica hakusi diki kuzviparira. Iyo comic opera muWashington zhizha rino, iyo inosemesa nyika (ruzhinji runofunga kuti Congress inofanira kungobviswa) uye inovhiringidza nyika, ine mashoma analogues muzvinyorwa zveparamende zvedemokrasi. Chisoni chiri kutouya kuzovhundutsa vatsigiri vecharade. Simba reCorporate rave kunetsekana kuti vanonyanyisa vavakabatsira kuisa pachigaro muCongress vangasarudza kudzikisa chivakwa icho hupfumi hwavo nerukudzo zvinotsamira pazviri, iyo ine simba nanny nyika inobata kune zvavanoda.
Muzivi akatanhamara weAmerica John Dewey akamborondedzera zvematongerwe enyika soโmumvuri unokandwa munzanga namabhizimusi makuru,โ achinyevera kuti โkurebesa kwomumvuri hakusati kuchizochinja chimiro chacho.โ Kubva kuma1970, mumvuri wakava gore rakasviba rakafukidza nzanga uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Simba remubatanidzwa, pari zvino rave mari yakawanda, rasvika pakuti masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ose ari maviri, ayo ave kutombofanana nemapato echinyakare, ari kure nerudyi rwevagari vemo pazvinhu zvikuru zviri kukurukurwa.
Mutengo wehondo dzeBush-Obama muIraq neAfghanistan zvino unofungidzirwa kuti uchakwira kusvika pamadhora 4.4 trillion - kukunda kukuru kwaOsama bin Laden, uyo akaziviswa chinangwa chake chaive chekuda kukanganisa America nekuikwevera mumusungo. Chakanyanya kunetsa mudzimba, nenzira kwayo, idambudziko rakakura rekushaikwa kwemabasa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu azvino, dambudziko rakakomba iri rinogona kukundwa chete nekukurudzira kwakakosha kwehurumende, kupfuura kwazvino, uko kusingaenzaniswi nekuderera kwemashandisirwo emari yehurumende neyemuno, kunyangwe danho iri shoma rakaponesa mamirioni emabasa. Kumasangano ezvemari chinonyanya kunetsa ndechekushaya. Naizvozvo, kuperevedza chete kuri kukurukurwa. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vanofarira kugadzirisa kushomeka nekubhadharisa vapfumi zvikuru (72% ye, 21% vaipikisa). Kucheka zvirongwa zvehutano zvinopikiswa neakawandisa makuru (69% Medicaid, 79% Medicare). Mugumisiro ungangove naizvozvo wakapesana.
Vachitaura zvakabuda muongororo yekuti veruzhinji vangapedza sei kushomeka uku, director wavo, Steven Kull, anonyora kuti "zviri pachena kuti hutungamiriri neRepublican-inotungamirwa House hazvienderane nehunhu uye zvinokosheswa neveruzhinji maererano nebhajeti ... Musiyano mukuru pamashandisirwo emari ndewekuti veruzhinji vanofarira kudzikiswa kwakadzama kwemari yekudzivirira, ukuwo manejimendi neImba vachikurudzira kuwedzera zvishomaโฆ Veruzhinji vaifarirawo kushandisa mari yakawanda pakudzidzisa basa, dzidzo, nekudzora kusvibiswa kwetsvina kupfuura zvaiitwa nehutungamiriri kana Imba. โ
Mutengo wehondo dzeBush-Obama muIraq neAfghanistan unofungidzirwa kuti uchakwira kusvika pamadhora 4.4 tiririyoni - kukunda kukuru kwaOsama bin Laden, uyo akaziviswa chinangwa chake chaive chekubvisa America nekuikwevera mumusungo. Bhajeti yehondo yegore ra2011 - inenge inoenderana nedzimwe nyika yose yakabatanidzwa - yakakwirira mumashoko chaiwo kupfuura chero nguva kubva Hondo Yenyika II uye yakarongedzerwa kukwira zvakanyanya.
Dambudziko rekushomeka rinogadzirwa zvakanyanya sechombo chekuparadza zvirongwa zvevanhu vanovengwa izvo chikamu chikuru chevagari vanotsamira pazviri. Mutori wenhau weEconomics Martin Wolf weLondon Financial Times anonyora kuti "hakusi kuti kugadzirisa mamiriro emari yeUS ndiko kukurumidzaโฆ. IUS inokwanisa kukwereta zviri nyore, ine goho pamabhondi e10-year padyo ne3 muzana, sekufanotaura kwevashoma vasina-hysterics. Dambudziko remari nderenguva refu, kwete nekukurumidza. " Zvinokosha zvikuru, anowedzera kuti: โChinhu chinokatyamadza chemamiriro ezvemari yemubatanidzwa ndechekuti mari inowanikwa inofungidzirwa kuva 14.4 muzana chete yeGDP muna 2011, iri pasi peavhareji yavo yepashure pehondo yeinoda kusvika 18 muzana. Mutero wemari yemunhu wega wega unofungidzirwa kuva 6.3 muzana chete yeGDP muna 2011. Uyu asiri muAmerica haakwanise kunzwisisa kuti kupokana ndekupi: muna 1988, pakupera kwenguva yaRonald Reagan, marisiti aive 18.2 muzana yeGDP. Mari yemutero inofanirwa kukwira zvakanyanya kana kushomeka kwacho kuchizovhara. " Zvinoshamisa chaizvo, asi iko kudiwa kwemasangano ezvemari uye vakapfuma zvakanyanya, uye mudemokrasi iri kukurumidza kudzikira, ndizvo zvakakosha.
Kunyangwe dambudziko rekushomeka kwemari richigadzirwa nezvikonzero zvehondo ine utsinye, dambudziko rechikwereti renguva refu rakakomba, uye kubvira apo kusabatika kwemari kwaRonald Reagan kwakashandura US kubva kumukweretesi mukuru wepasirese kuenda kune ane chikwereti chepasirese, chikwereti chenyika chakapetwa katatu uye kusimudza. kutyisidzira kwehupfumi izvo zvakakurumidza kuwedzera naGeorge W. Bush. Asi pari zvino, idambudziko rekushaikwa kwemabasa ndiro riri kunetsa zvikuru.
Iyo yekupedzisira 'kubvumirana' padambudziko - zvakanyanya, kuzviisa kurudyi - kunopesana nezvinodiwa neveruzhinji mukati mese, uye zvine chokwadi chekutungamira mukukura kunononoka uye kukuvadza kwenguva refu kune vese kunze kwevapfumi nemakambani. , izvo zviri kunakidzwa nerekodhi purofiti. Vashoma vezvehupfumi vakakomba vangapokana nenyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeHarvard, Lawrence Summers kuti "Dambudziko reAmerica riripo zvakanyanya ibasa uye kushomeka kwekukura pane kushomeka kwebhajeti," uye kuti chibvumirano chakasvika muWashington muna Nyamavhuvhu, kunyangwe ichida kutadza kurongeka. kukonzera kumwe kukuvadza kune hupfumi huri kuramba huchiderera.
Hazvina kana kukurukurwa inyaya yekuti kushomeka kwaizobviswa kana iyo isingashande yakazvimiririra yehutano yehutano muUS yakatsiviwa neimwe yakafanana kune mamwe maindasitiri nzanga, ayo ane hafu yemutengo wemunhu uye zvingangoenzaniswa nemhedzisiro yehutano. Masangano emari neindasitiri yemishonga ane simba zvakanyanya kuti sarudzo dzakadaro dzitariswe, kunyangwe pfungwa yacho isingaite seUtopian. Kunze kwehurongwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana kune dzimwe sarudzo dzine musoro mune zvehupfumi, senge mutero mudiki wekutengesa kwemari.
Zvichakadaro, zvipo zvitsva zvinogara zvichiwedzerwa paWall Street. The House Appropriations Committee yakacheka chikumbiro chebhajeti cheSecurities and Exchange Commission, chinova chipingamupinyi pakubiridzira mari. Iyo Consumer Protection Agency haifanire kurarama yakasimba. Uye Congress inoshandisa zvimwe zvombo muhondo yayo yekurwisa zvizvarwa zvinotevera. Mukutarisana neRepublican kushorwa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, "Chishandiso chikuru cheAmerica chiri kuvharidzira kuyedza kukuru kwenyika kutora carbon dioxide kubva kune chiripo chiri kupisa marasha, zvichikonzera kurova kukuru kuedza kudzoreredza kuburitsa kunokonzera kudziya kwepasirese.โ New York Times inoshuma.
Iko kuzvirova kwega kwega, kunyange zvazvo kunowedzera simba, haisi itsva yemazuva ano. Ivo vanodzokera kumashure kuma1970, apo hupfumi hwenyika hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakaita shanduko huru, kugumisa iyo inowanzonzi "Goridhe Age" ye (nyika) capitalism. Zvinhu zviviri zvakakura zvaive zvemari uye kudzoreredza kugadzirwa, zvese zvine chekuita nekudzikira kwehuwandu hwepurofiti mukugadzira, uye kubviswa kweiyo mushure mehondo Bretton Woods system yekutonga mari uye mari dzakadzorwa. Kukunda kwepfungwa kwe "dzidziso dzemusika wakasununguka," dzakanyanya kusarudza senguva dzose, dzakawedzera kurova, sezvadzakashandurirwa mukudzikiswa, mitemo yehutongi hwemakambani inobatanidza mibairo mikuru yeCEO kune purofiti yenguva pfupi, uye mamwe masarudzo emitemo akadaro. Kuwanda kwehupfumi kwakaguma kwaunza simba guru rezvematongerwo enyika, zvichiwedzera mhirizhonga yakakonzera hupfumi hunoshamisa kune chegumi chechikamu chimwe chete chevanhu, kunyanya maCEO emakambani makuru, hedge fund mamaneja, nezvimwe zvakadaro, nepo kune ruzhinji rwechokwadi. mari dzavanotambira dzakamira.
Mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, โvatenzi vorudzi rwomunhu,โ sokuvadana kwavakaitwa naSmith, vakasiya kurangarira kupi nokupi kwomufungo nokuda kwegarikano yenzanga yavo vamene, vachiisa pfungwa dzavo pakuwana pfuma yenguva pfupi namabhonasi makuru, nyika ichashurikidzwaโkureba bedzi. Iyo ine simba nanny state inoramba yakasimba kuti ishumire zvido zvavo. Mukufanana, mutengo wesarudzo wakakwira zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti mapato ese ari maviri apinde mukati mehomwe dzemakambani. Zvakasara zvehutongi hwejekerere mune zvematongerwo enyika zvaramba zvichidzikiswa sezvo mapato maviri aya ave kuda kutengesa zvinzvimbo zvehutungamiri hwekongiresi. Nyanzvi mune zvematongerwo enyika Thomas Ferguson anoti โzvakasiyana pakati pematare edzimhosva munyika dzakasimukira, mapato eCongress eUS ikozvino anotumira mitengo yemakiyi slots mukuita mutemo.โ Vamiriri veparamende vanopa mari kubato vanowana zvinzvimbo, vachivamanikidza kuti vave vashandi vemari yakazvimirira kunyange kupfuura zvayakajairwa. Mhedzisiro, Ferguson anoenderera mberi, ndeyekuti nharo "vimba zvakanyanya nekudzokororwa kusingapere kweashoma masirogani akaedzwa kurwira kukwidza kwavo kumabhuroki ezvekudyara nyika uye mapoka ezvido ayo hutungamiriri anovimba nazvo kuti zviwane zviwanikwa."
Hupfumi hwepashure peGolden Age huri kuita dambudziko rinofungidzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi, Adam Smith naDavid Ricardo. Vese vakaziva kuti kana vatengesi veBritain nevagadziri vakaisa mari kune dzimwe nyika uye vachivimba nekutengesa kunze kwenyika, vaizowana purofiti, asi England yaizotambura. Vese vaitarisira kuti mhedzisiro iyi yaizodziviswa nerusaruro rwepamba, kufarira kuita bhizinesi munyika yekumusha uye kuona richikura nekusimudzira. Ricardo aikarira kuti nemhaka yorusaruro rwomusha, varume vazhinjisa vepfuma vaizoโgutswa nemwero wakaderera wemhindu munyika yavo vamene, panzvimbo pokutsvaka basa rinobetsera zvikuru nokuda kwepfuma yavo munyika dzokumwe.
Mumakore makumi matatu apfuura, โvatenzi vorudzi rwomunhu,โ sokuvadana kwavakaitwa naSmith, vakasiya kurangarira kupi nokupi kwomufungo nokuda kwegarikano yenzanga yavo vamene, vachiisa pfungwa dzavo pakuwana pfuma yenguva pfupi namabhonasi makuru, nyika ichashurikidzwaโkureba bedzi. iyo nanny state ine simba inoramba yakasimba kuti ishumire zvido zvavo.
Mufananidzo wakajeka wakaoneka papeji yokutanga yeNew York Times pana August 4. Nhau huru mbiri dzinooneka dziri pedyo nepedyo. Imwe inokurukura kuti maRepublican anopikisa sei chibvumirano chero chipi zvacho "izvo zvinosanganisira kuwedzera mariโ โ chirevo chemitero kune vakapfuma. Imwe yacho ine musoro unoti "Kunyange Yakanyorwa, Zvinhu Zvepamusoro Zvinobhururuka Kubva Masherufu.โ Chikonzero chekudzikisa mitero kune vakapfuma nemakambani kune zvinonyadzisa ndezvekuti vachaisa mari mukugadzira mabasa - izvo zvavasingakwanise kuita izvozvi sezvo homwe dzavo dziri kuzara nerekodhi purofiti.
Mufananidzo uri kusimukira unotsanangurwa nenzira kwayo mubhurocha revanoisa mari rakagadzirwa nehofori yemabhangi Citigroup. Vaongorori vebhanga iri vanotsanangura nzanga yepasi rose iri kupatsanuka kuita mabhuroki maviri: iyo plutonomy uye yasara. Munyika yakadaro, kukura kunotsigirwa nevashoma vakapfuma, uye kunopedzwa zvikuru navo. Kozoitawo โvasina kupfuma,โ ruzhinji, rwava kunzi global precariat, vashandi vanorarama upenyu husina ngozi. MuUS, vari pasi pe "kusachengeteka kwevashandi kuri kukura," hwaro hwehupfumi hune hutano, sachigaro weFederal Reserve Alan Greenspan akatsanangurira Congress achirumbidza kuita kwake mukutonga kwehupfumi. Uku ndiko kuchinja chaiko kwesimba munzanga yepasi rose.
VaCitigroup vaongorori vanopa zano vanoisa mari kuti vatarise kune vakapfuma kwazvo, pane chiitiko. โPlutonomy Stock Basketโ yavo, sokuidana kwavanoita, yakapfuura nokure indekisi yenyika yemisika yakasimukira kubvira 1985, apo zvirongwa zveupfumi zveReagan-Thatcher zvokupfumisa vakapfuma zvikuru zvakanga zvava kutanga.
Pasati paitika tsaona ya2007 apo masangano matsva ezvemari emushure meGolden Age ainyanya kuita basa, masangano aya akange awana simba rehupfumi rinotyisa, zvakapetwa katatu chikamu chavo chepurofiti yemakambani. Mushure mekuparara, nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakati wandei dzakatanga kubvunza nezvebasa ravo mune zvehupfumi chete. Muhwina weNobel mune zvoupfumi Robert Solow anogumisa kuti migumisiro yavo yose ingava yakaipa: โkubudirira kwacho zvimwe kunowedzera zvishoma kana kuti kusatowedzera kukubudirira kweupfumi chaihwo, nepo njodzi dzichibvisa pfuma kubva kuvateresi ichiendesa kune vane mari.โ
Nekubvisa zvakasara zvedemocracy yezvematongerwo enyika, vanoisa hwaro hwekutakura nzira inouraya kumberi - chero bedzi avo vanobatwa vachizvipira kutambura vakanyarara.
Chomsky ndiye purofesa wemitauro uye uzivi paMassachusetts Institute of Technology muCambridge, Mass.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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