Ndinovimba haunganetse kana ndikamisa nhanho ine mashoma truisms. Haasi mashoko anofadza kuti tiri kurarama munyika ine kurwisana uye kunetsana. Kune akawanda hukuru uye kuoma, asi mumakore achangopfuura, mitsetse yakadhirowewa zvine mutsindo. Kunyanya kurerutsa, asi kwete zvakanyanya, mumwe wevatori vechikamu mukukonana akavakirwa masimba masimba, ehurumende uye akavanzika, akabatana zvakanyanya. Imwe yacho ihuwandu hwevanhu, pasi rose. Mumashoko echinyakare, ingadai yakanzi "hondo yekirasi."
Simba rakazara rinotevera hondo risingaregi, uye nekuzvifunga. Zvinyorwa zvehurumende uye zvinyorwa zvepasirese zvebhizinesi zvinoburitsa kuti vanonyanya kushatisa Marxists, vane hunhu hwakadzoserwa hongu. Ivo zvakare vanotya - kumashure kwezana ramakore rechi 17 England. Vanoziva kuti gadziriro yokutonga haina kusimba, kuti inotsamira pakuranga vanhu neimwe nzira. Pane kutsvakwa kweshungu kwenzira dzakadaro: mumakore achangopfuura, chiKomonisiti, utsotsi, zvinodhaka, ugandanga, nezvimwe. Pretexts inoshanduka, mitemo inoramba yakagadzikana. Dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwekunyepedzera pamwe nekuenderera mberi kwepolicy kunoshamisa uye kunoda kuedza chaiko kupotsa: pakarepo mushure mekudonha kweUSSR, semuenzaniso. Ivo vanogarobata mukana wega wega wekusimudzira ajenda yavo kumberi: 9-11 inyaya yakajairika. Matambudziko anoita kuti zvibvire kushandisa kutya uye kunetseka kuda kuti mhandu azviise pasi, ateerere, anyarare, avhiringike, nepo vane simba vachishandisa hwindo remukana kutevera zvirongwa zvavo zvavanoda zvine simba rakatokura. Zvirongwa izvi zvinosiyana, zvichienderana nenzanga: mumatunhu ane hutsinye, kuwedzera kwehudzvanyiriri uye kutya; munharaunda umo vanhu vakawana rusununguko rwakawanda, matanho ekuisa chirango asi vachichinjisa hupfumi nesimba zvakanyanya kumaoko avo. Zviri nyore kunyora mienzaniso pasi rose mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura.
Vakabatwa vavo vanofanirwa kuramba kushandiswa kunofungidzirwa kwedambudziko, uye vanofanirwa kutarisisa kuedza kwavo, kwete zvishoma, pazvinhu zvekutanga zvakasara sezvavaive kare: pakati pavo, kuwedzera kwechiuto, kuparadza nharaunda, uye kusvika kure. kurwisa demokrasi uye rusununguko, musimboti we "neoliberal" zvirongwa.
Kurwisana kuri kuitika kunofananidzirwa iye zvino neWorld Social Forum pano neWorld Economic Forum muNew York. WEF - kutaura nepepanhau renyika reUS - kuungana kwe "vanofamba nevazungu," "vapfumi nevane mukurumbira," "varoyi kubva pasirese," "vatungamiriri vehurumende nevatungamiriri vemakambani, makurukota enyika naMwari, vezvematongerwo enyika. nevaziviโ vachaโfunga pfungwa dzakadzamaโ uye kugadzirisa โmatambudziko makuru anotarisana nevanhu.โ Mienzaniso mishomanana inopiwa, somuenzaniso, โunopinza sei tsika dzetsika mune zvatinoita?โ Kana kuti boka rine musoro unoti โNdiudze Zvaunodya,โ rinotungamirirwa neโmuchinda ari kutonga weNew York gastronomic scene,โ ane maresitorendi anoyevedza โachaunganirwa nevatori vechikamu. Pane zvakare kutaurwa nezve "anti-forum" muBrazil uko vanhu zviuru makumi mashanu vanotarisirwa. Ava ndivo โvasina maturo vanoungana vachipikisa misangano yeWorld Trade Organization.โ Mumwe anogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve freaks kubva pamufananidzo wemurume anotaridzika, ane chiso chakavanzwa, achinyora "vaurayi venyika" pamadziro.
Pa "carnival" yavo, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa, mafreaks ari kukanda matombo, kunyora graffiti, kutamba uye kuimba pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzenyaya dzinofinha dzisingataurwi, kunyanya muUS: investimendi, kutengeserana, kuvaka kwemari, kodzero dzevanhu, democracy. , budiriro yakadzikama, hukama hweBrazil neAfrica, GATS, uye zvimwe zvinonetsa. Havasi โkufunga zvakadzamaโ nezveโmatambudziko makuruโ; izvo zvinosiiwa kune varoyi veDavos muNew York.
Iyo rhetoric yevacheche, ndinofungidzira, chiratidzo chekusachengeteka kwakakodzera.
Mafreaks pa "anti-forum" pano anotsanangurwa se "kupokana nekudyidzana kwenyika," chombo chekuparadzira chatinofanira kuramba nekunyomba. โKudyidzana kwenyika yoseโ zvinongoreva mubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda. Hapana munhu ane njere ari "anti-globalization." Izvozvo zvinofanira kunyanya kuoneka kune sangano revashandi uye kuruboshwe; Shoko rokuti โmunyika yoseโ harina kunyatsozivikanwa munhoroondo yavo. Muchokwadi, iyo WSF ndiyo inonyanya kufadza uye inovimbisa kuzadzikiswa kwetariro yekuruboshwe uye yakakurumbira mafambiro kubva kwaazvino mabviro echokwadi chepasirese, icho chinozotevera chirongwa chekudyidzana kwepasirese chine chekuita nezvinodiwa uye zvido zvevanhu, kwete zvisiri pamutemo. kuwanda kwesimba. Izvi, zvamazvirokwazvo, vanoda kushandisa izwi rokuti โkudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose,โ kuti ringori _yavo_ shanduro chaiyo yokubatanidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda, ine chokuita nezvido zvavo pachavo, zvevanhu zvichingoitika. Nechirevo ichi chinosekesa chiripo, avo vanotsvaga nzira ine njere uye yakarurama yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose vanogona kunzi "anti-globalization," vachinyombwa sevane primitivist vanoda kudzokera kuzera rematombo, kukuvadza varombo, uye mamwe mazwi ekushungurudza nawo. isu tinoziva.
Varoyi veDavos vanozviti โnzanga yepasi pose,โ asi ini pachangu ndinofarira shoko rinoshandiswa nepepanhau rebhizimisi guru renyika, _Financial Times_: โvatenzi vechisiko chapose pose.โ Sezvo vatenzi vachizviti vanoyemura Adam Smith, tinogona kutarisira kuti vateerere nhoroondo yake yemaitiro avo, kunyangwe aingovadaidza kuti "vatenzi vevanhu" - izvo zvaive zvisati zvaitika zera remuchadenga.
Smith aitaura nezve "vagadziri vemitemo" venguva yake, vatengesi nevagadziri veEngland, avo vaive nechokwadi chekuti zvido zvavo "zvinonyanya kutariswa" asi "zvinorwadza" kune vamwe, kusanganisira vanhu veEngland. . Kumusha nokunze, vanoronda โchirevo chakashata chavanatenzi vorudzi rwomunhuโ: โzvose nokuda kwedu timene uye hapana nokuda kwavamwe vanhu.โ Hazvifaniri kutishamisa kuti vatenzi vanhasi vanokudza โchirevo chakashataโ chimwe chetecho. Zvirinani vanoyedza, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva vachitadziswa nemafreaks - "chikara chikuru," kukwereta izwi rinoshandiswa neVatangi veAmerican democracy kureva vanhu vasingadzoreki vasina kunzwisisa kuti chinangwa chikuru chehurumende ndeche " kudzivirira vashoma vevakapfuma kubva kuruzhinji,โ sokutsanangura kwakaita Mutungamiriri anotungamirira weBumbiro reMitemo mumagakava eConstitutional Convention.
Ndichadzokera kuzvinhu izvi, asi kutanga mazwi mashoma nezvemusoro wenyaya wechikamu chino, chine hukama hwepedyo: "nyika isina hondo." Hatigoni kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvavanhu nechivimbo chipi nechipi, asi dzimwe nguva zvinobvira. Isu tinogona, semuenzaniso, kuva nechivimbo chakazara kuti kungave kune nyika isina hondo kana hakuzove nenyika - zvirinani, nyika inogarwa nezvisikwa zvisiri mabhakitiriya uye zvipembenene, nekumwe kupararira kwevamwe. Chikonzero chinozivikanwa: vanhu vakagadzira nzira dzekuzviparadza, nezvimwe zvakawanda, uye vasvika zvine ngozi pedyo nekuzvishandisa kwehafu yezana ramakore. Pamusoro pezvo, vatungamiriri venyika dzakabudirira vakazvipira kusimudzira njodzi idzi kuti vararame, vachiziva zvizere zvavari kuita, kana vakaverenga mishumo yemasangano avo ehungwaru uye vanoremekedzwa vaongorori vehurongwa, kusanganisira vazhinji vanofarira kwazvo nhangemutange yokuparadzwa. Zvakatonyanya kutyisa, zvirongwa zvinogadzirwa uye zvinoitwa nezvikonzero zvine musoro mukati meiyo hurongwa hwepfungwa nehunhu, hunoisa kupona pasi pe "hegemony," chinangwa chinotevedzwa nevamiriri vezvirongwa izvi, sezvavanosimbirira.
Hondo pamusoro pemvura, simba uye zvimwe zviwanikwa hazvigoneki mune ramangwana, nemhedzisiro inogona kukuvadza. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvisinei, hondo dzine chokuita nokuiswa kwegadziriro yenyika-nyika, kuumbwa kwenzanga kusiri kwomuzvarirwo uko kunofanira kutanga nechisimba. Ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei Europe yaive yakaipisisa uye ine hutsinye chikamu chepasi kwemazana emakore akawanda, uku ichikunda nyika zhinji. Kuedza kweEurope kumanikidza masisitimu ehurumende munzvimbo dzakakundwa ndiko kunobva kurwisana kuzhinji kuri kuitika pari zvino, mushure mekuparara kwehurongwa hwemakoloni. Mutambo wainyanya kufarirwa nevaEurope wokuurayana waifanira kuregedzwa muna 1945, pazvakazozivikanwa kuti mutambo wacho waizoitwa wokupedzisira. Kumwe kufanotaura kwatinogona kuita nechivimbo chakanaka ndechokuti hakuzovi nehondo pakati pemasimba makuru; chikonzero ndechekuti kana kufanotaura kukava kwakashata, hapazovi neane hanya kutiudza.
Uyezve, kuratidzira kwakakurumbira munzanga dzakapfuma uye dzine simba kwakava nepesvedzero yebudiriro. "Vanofambisa uye vanozunza" havachakwanisa kuita mhando dzehukasha dzenguva refu dzaive sarudzo kare, sepaya US yakarwisa South Vietnam makore makumi mana apfuura, ichipwanya yakawanda yacho kuita zvidimbu kusati kwaitwa kuratidzira kwakakurumbira. Pakati pezvakawanda zvebudiriro yekuvirisa kwema40 kwaive kushorwa kukuru kwehutsinye uye kuuraya kukuru, kwakagadziridzwa muhurongwa hwepfungwa sekusada kubvuma vakaurayiwa pakati pemauto ("Vietnam syndrome"). Ndosaka maReaganite aifanira kuita hugandanga hwepasirese panzvimbo yekupinda muCentral America zvakananga, paKennedy-Johnson modhi, muhondo yavo yekukunda dzidziso yebhaibheri, sezvo Chikoro cheAmerica chinotsanangura kubudirira nekuzvikudza. Shanduko dzakafanana dzinotsanangura kuongororwa kwehungwaru kweunouya Bush-I manejimendi muna 1960, yambiro kuti mukurwisana ne "vavengi vasina simba" - rudzi rwega rwazvine musoro kutarisana narwo - US inofanira "kuvakunda zvine mutsindo uye nekukurumidza," kana mushandirapamwe ucharasikirwa neโtsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika,โ inonzwisiswa kuva mutete. Hondo kubvira ipapo dzakaramba dziri pamaitiro iwayo, uye kukura kwekuratidzira nekupokana kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Saka pane shanduko, yemhando yakasanganiswa.
Apo zvikonzero zvinopera, zvitsva zvinofanira kugadzirwa kuti zvidzore chikara chikuru apo mitemo yegamuchidzanwa ichipfuuridzirwa, ichichinjirwa kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Izvozvo zvakanga zvava kutojeka makore 20 apfuura. Zvakanga zvakaoma kusaziva kuti muvengi weSoviet akatarisana nematambudziko emukati uye anogona kunge asiri akavimbika kutyisidzira kwenguva yakareba. Ichi ndicho chikamu chechikonzero nei hutongi hweReagan, makore makumi maviri apfuura, yakazivisa kuti "hondo yehugandanga" ichave yakatarisana nemutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weUS, kunyanya muCentral America neMiddle East, honzeri huru yedenda rakapararira ne " vakashatisa vashori vebudiriro pachayoโ muโkudzokera kuhupambi munguva yazvino,โ sokutsanangura kwakaita Mutungamiriri ane mwero George Shultz, achinyeverawo kuti mhinduro imhirizhonga, kudzivisa โnzira dzokuzvimirira, dzemitemo dzakadai sokuyananisa kunze, Dare reNyika, uye United States. Marudzi.โ Hatifanire kumirira kuti hondo yakarwiwa sei munzvimbo mbiri idzi, uye kumwewo, neanoshamisa network yeproxy states uye mercenaries - "axis of evil," kukwereta imwe nguva yazvino.
Zvinofadza kuti mumwedzi kubva apo hondo yakaziviswa zvakare, iine rhetoric yakafanana, mushure me9-11, zvese izvi zvakabviswa zvachose, kunyangwe nyaya yekuti US yakatongerwa hugandanga hwepasirese neNyika. Dare neSecurity Council (vetoed) uye vakapindura nekuwedzera zvakanyanya kurwisa kwemagandanga kwayakarairwa kumisa; kana kuti ivo vanhu chaivo vari kutungamira mauto nevanomiririra mauto ehondo yakaziviswa zvakare pamusoro pehugandanga ndivo vaitungamira mukuita hutsinye hwehugandanga muCentral America neMiddle East muchikamu chekutanga chehondo. Kunyarara pamusoro pezvinhu izvi mutero chaiwo kune chirango uye kuteerera kwekirasi dzakadzidza munharaunda dzakasununguka uye dzegutsaruzhinji.
Ingori fungidziro yakanaka kuti "hondo yehugandanga" ichashanda zvakare sechikonzero chekupindira uye hutsinye mumakore anotevera, kwete neUS chete; Chechnya imwe chete yehuwandu hwemienzaniso. MuLatin America, hapana chikonzero chekunonoka pane izvo zvinoratidzira; zvirokwazvo kwete muBrazil, chinangwa chekutanga chehudzvanyiriri hwakatsvaira Latin America mushure mekutonga kweKennedy, musarudzo yakakosha yenhoroondo, yakashandura basa remauto eLatin America kubva ku "hemispheric defense" kuenda ku "chengetedzo yemukati" - euphemism. nekuda kwehugandanga hwehurumende hwakanangana nevagari vemumba. Izvo zvichiri kuenderera mberi, pamwero mukuru, kunyanya muColombia, iri kutungamira mukutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munharaunda muma1990s uye kusvika kure kune vanotungamira kugamuchira zvombo zveUS uye kudzidziswa kwechiuto, maererano nemaitiro anowirirana akanyorwa kunyangwe mune akajairika. scholarship.
Iyo "hondo yehugandanga" yave, hongu, yanga iri kutarisa kwemabhuku makuru, mukati mechikamu chekutanga muma'80s uye sezvo yakaziviswa zvakare mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura. Rutivi rumwe runonakidza rwemafashamo etsinhiro, panguva iyoyo uye zvino, nderokuti hatiudzwe kuti โkutyaโ chii. Zvatinonzwa, pane kudaro, ndezvekuti uyu mubvunzo unonetsa uye wakaoma kunzwisisa. Izvo zvinoda kuziva: kune tsananguro dzakatwasuka mumagwaro epamutemo eUS. Rakareruka rinotora kutya kuve "kufungidzirwa kushandiswa kwechisimba kana kutyisidzira kwechisimba kuwana zvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero, kana zvepfungwa muzvarirwo ..." Zvinoita sezvinokodzera zvakakwana, asi hazvigone kushandiswa, nezvikonzero zviviri zvakanaka. Imwe ndeyekuti inotsanangurawo mutemo wepamutemo, unodaidzwa kuti "counterinsurgency" kana "kushomeka kwakaderera." Chimwe ndechekuti chinopa mhinduro dzese dzisiridzo, chokwadi chiri pachena kuti chiongororwe kunyangwe chichidzvanyirirwa nekugona kunoshamisa.
Dambudziko rekutsvaga tsananguro ye "kutyisa" iyo isingabatanidze nyaya dzakanyanya kusimba ndeye kushungurudza uye kunetsa. Asi sezvineiwo, pane mhinduro iri nyore: tsanangura โkutyisaโ sekutya kunoitwa _nesu_. Ongororo yezvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvehugandanga, vezvenhau, uye majenari ehungwaru acharatidza kuti kushandiswa uku kuri pedyo nekusarudzika, uye kuti chero kubva pairi kunounza hasha dzinoshamisa. Uyezve, muitiro uyu ungangove uri wepasi rose: vatungamiriri vemauto muSouth America vaidzivirira vagari vemo kubva ku "kutyisa kwaitungamirirwa kubva kunze," sezvakaita maJapan muManchuria uye maNazi muEurope yakatorwa. Kana paine kusarudzika, ini handisati ndachiwana.
Ngatidzokerei kuโkudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose,โ uye kubatana kuri pakati payo nekutyisidzira kwehondo, pamwe hondo yekupedzisira.
Shanduro ye "globalization" yakagadzirwa nevatenzi vepasi rose ine tsigiro yakakura kwazvo yevakuru, hazvishamisi, sezvinoita izvo zvinonzi "zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvakasununguka" - izvo _Wall Street Journal_, zvakanyanya kutendeseka, yakadana "zvibvumirano zvekutsvaga mari. โ Zvishoma kwazvo zvinoshumwa nezvenyaya idzi, uye ruzivo rwakakosha rwunongotsikirirwa; semuenzaniso, mushure memakore gumi, chinzvimbo chesangano revashandi reUS paNAFTA, uye mhedziso dzinoenderana neCongress's own Research Bureau (Hofisi yeTekinoroji Yekuongorora, OTA), haisati yaziviswa kunze kwevanopikisa. Uye nyaya dzacho hadzisi kurongwa munyaya dzesarudzo. Pane zvikonzero zvakanaka. Vanashe vanonyatsoziva kuti veruzhinji vanopikiswa kana ruzivo rwavapo. Vakasununguka kana vachitaurirana, zvisinei. Saka makore mashoma apfuura, pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru neveruzhinji, Congress yakaramba mutemo we "fast track" uyo unopa Mutungamiri simba rekuita hurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika neCongress inobvumidzwa kuvhota "Hongu" (kana, zvichinzi, "Kwete) pasina nhaurirano, uye veruzhinji vasina ruzivo. Sezvimwe zvikamu zvemaonero evakuru, _WSJ_ yakashungurudzika nekutadza kukanganisa democracy. Asi yakatsanangura dambudziko: vanopikisa aya matanho eStalinist-style vane "chombo chekupedzisira," ruzhinji rwevanhu, izvo zvinofanirwa kuchengetwa murima. Izvi zvakakosha, kunyanya munharaunda ine hutongi hwejekerere, uko vanopikisa vasingango sungwa kana kupondwa, semune vano tungamira vanowana rubatsiro rwemauto eUS, seEl Salvador, Turkey, neColombia, kunyora nyika ichangoburwa uye iripo. shasha (Israel-Egypt parutivi).
Mumwe angabvunza kuti nei kushorwa kwevoruzhinji kuโkudyidzana kwenyikaโ kwave kwakakwirira kwazvo kwemakore akawanda. Izvi zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike, munguva iyo zvave kukonzera budiriro isati yamboitika, saka isu tinogara tichiziviswa, kunyanya muUS, ne "ngano yehupfumi". Kuburikidza nema1990s, US yakanakidzwa ne "kukura kukuru kwehupfumi munhoroondo yeAmerica - nepasirese," Anthony Lewis akanyora mu _New York Times_ gore rapfuura, achidzokorora chiyero chekuramba kubva kuruboshwe rweruboshwe runotenderwa spectrum. Zvinobvumwa kuti pane zvikanganiso: vamwe vakasiiwa kumashure mune chishamiso chehupfumi, uye isu vanhu vane moyo yakanaka tinofanira kuita chimwe chinhu nezvazvo. Kukanganisa kunoratidza dambudziko rakadzama uye rinoshungurudza: kukurumidza kukura uye kubudirira kunounzwa ne "globalization" kune sekuwedzera kuri kuita kusaenzana, sezvo vamwe vasina hunyanzvi hwekunakidzwa nezvipo zvinoshamisa nemikana.
Mufananidzo wacho ndewakajairika zvekuti zvingave zvakaoma kuona kuti kune kufana kudiki sei kune chokwadi, chokwadi chave chichizivikanwa kuburikidza nechishamiso. Kusvika mukupera kwenguva pfupi kwema'90s boomlet (iyo yaimbotadza kutsiva kumira kwakare kana kudzikira kwevanhu vazhinji), kukura kwemunhu mu "90s" kwakada kufanana nenyika dzese dzeindasitiri, kuderera zvakanyanya kupfuura mu25 ekutanga. makore epashure pehondo pamberi pezvinonzi "kudyidzana kwenyika," uye zvakanyanya kuderera kupfuura makore ehondo, hupfumi hukuru munhoroondo yeAmerica, pasi pehupfumi hwehafu-yekuraira. Zvino sei zvino mufananidzo wakajairika ungave wakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuchokwadi chisingapokane? Mhinduro iri nyore pachayo. Kune chikamu chidiki chesosaiti, ma'90s aive budiriro huru yehupfumi. Chikamu ichocho chinosanganisira vaya vanoudza vamwe mashoko anofadza. Uye havagoni kupomerwa kusatendeseka. Havana chikonzero chekupokana zvavari kutaura. Vanoriverenga nguva dzese mumagazini avanonyorera, uye zvinoenderana neruzivo rwavo pachavo: ichokwadi nezvevanhu vavanosangana navo mumahofisi evapepeti, makirabhu evadzidzisi, misangano yevakuru seyava kupinda nevaroyi, uye maresitorendi anoyevedza kwavanodyira. Inyika chete yakasiyana.
Ngatitarisei rekodhi kwenguva yakareba. Kubatanidzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika dzepasirese - chikamu chimwe che "kudyidzana kwepasi rose," nenzira isina kwayakarerekera yeizwi - yakawedzera nekukurumidza Hondo Yenyika I isati yasvika, yakamira kana kudzikira mukati memakore ehondo, uye yakatangazve mushure meHondo Yenyika II, yave kusvika nhanho zana apfuura neyakakura. zviyero; chimiro chakanaka chakanyanya kuoma. Nemamwe matanho, kudyidzana kwepasirese kwaive kwakakura Hondo Yenyika I isati yasvika: mumwe mufananidzo ndewe "kutenderera kwemahara kwevashandi," hwaro hwekutengeserana kwemahara kwaAdam Smith, kunyangwe vasiri vayemure vake venguva iyoyo. Nemamwe matanho, kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakawedzera zvakanyanya izvozvi: mumwe muenzaniso unoshamisa - kwete iwo chete - kuyerera kweiyo pfupi-yenguva yekufungidzira capital, kure kupfuura chero muenzaniso. Musiyano unoratidza zvimwe zvepakati peshanduro yekudyidzana kwepasirese inosarudzwa nevatenzi vepasirese: kusvika pamwero kunyangwe kupfuura zvakajairwa, capital ine pamberi, vanhu vanongoitika.
Muganhu weMexico muenzaniso unonakidza. Iyo ndeyekugadzira, mhedzisiro yekukunda, senge miganho mizhinji, uye yanga iri porous mumativi ese nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana zvemagariro nehupfumi. Yakave nemauto mushure meNAFTA naClinton kuitira kudzivirira "kutenderera kwemahara kwevashandi." Izvo zvaive zvakafanira nekuda kwezvakatarisirwa mhedzisiro yeNAFTA muMexico: "chishamiso chehupfumi," icho chingave njodzi kune vazhinji vevanhu, vaizotsvaga kutiza. Mumakore mamwechetewo, kuyerera kwemari, yatove yakasununguka kwazvo, yakafambiswa mberi, pamwe chete neinonzi "kutengeserana," ingangoita 2/3 iyo ikozvino inotungamirwa mukati mehudzvinyiriri hwepachivande, kubva hafu pamberi peNAFTA. Ikoko ndiko "kutengeserana" chete nechisarudzo chedzidziso. Migumisiro ye NAFTA pakutengeserana chaiyo haina kuongororwa, kune ruzivo rwangu.
Imwe chiyero chehunyanzvi chekudyidzana kwepasirese kusangana kumusika wepasi rose, nemutengo mumwe chete uye muhoro. Izvo zviri pachena hazvina kuitika. Nezve muhoro zvishoma, zvakapesana zvinogona kunge zviri zvechokwadi. Kunyangwe zvakawanda zvichienderana nemayero azvinoitwa, pane chikonzero chakanaka chekutenda kuti kusaenzana kwawedzera mukati uye munyika dzese. Izvozvo zvinotarisirwa kuenderera mberi. Masangano eungwaru eUS, pamwe nekutora chikamu kwenyanzvi dzinobva kumabasa ezvidzidzo nevebazi rakazvimiririra, nguva pfupi yadarika vakaburitsa rondedzero yezvinotarisirwa mugore ra2015. Vanotarisira kuti "globalization" ichaenderera mberi: "Kushanduka kwayo kuchava nematombo, kunoratidzwa nekusagadzikana kwemari kusingaperi uye. kupatsanurana kuri kuwedzera kweupfumi.โ Izvi zvinoreva kushoma kuwirirana, kushomeka kwekudyidzana kwepasirese mupfungwa yehunyanzvi, asi kuwedzera kwekudyidzana kwepasirese mupfungwa inodiwa nedzidziso. Kusagadzikana kwemari kunoreva kuti ichiri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye mamwe matambudziko nehurombo.
Ndiyo panguva ino iyo hukama hwakajeka hunosimbiswa pakati pe "globalization" mupfungwa yevatenzi vepasi rose uye mukana wekuwedzera wehondo. Varongi vemauto vanotora fungidziro imwechete, uye vakatsanangura, pachena, kuti tarisiro idzi dziri shure kwekuwedzera kukuru kwesimba remauto. Kunyangwe pre-Sept. 11, mari yemauto eUS yakapfuura yevabatsiri nemhandu dzasanganiswa. Kurwiswa kwehugandanga kwakashandiswa kuwedzera mari zvakanyanya, zvichifadza zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupfumi hwakazvimirira. Chirongwa chinotyisa ndechekuita mauto emuchadenga, zvakare ichiwedzerwa pasi pekufungidzira kwe "kurwisa hugandanga."
Kufunga kuseri kwezvirongwa izvi kunotsanangurwa pachena muClinton-era zvinyorwa. Chikonzero chikuru mukaha urikura pakati pevaโnazvoโ neโvasina-vasina,โ unotarisirwa kuenderera mberi, zvinopesana nedzidziso yezveupfumi asi zvichienderana nezviri kuitika. Izvo "zvisina-zvisina" - "chikara chikuru" chepasi - chinogona kukanganisa, uye chinofanira kudzorwa, mukufarira izvo zvinonzi "kugadzikana" mune yehunyanzvi jargon, zvichireva kuzviisa pasi kune zvinorairwa nevatenzi. Ikoko kunoda mitoo yechisimba, uye โyakatora, nemhaka youdyire, mutoro nokuda kwegarikano yegadziriro ye<em>capitalist yenyika,โ US inofanira kuva iri kutungamirira zvikuru; Ndiri kutora mashoko munyori wenhoroondo Gerald Haines, zvakare munyori wenhoroondo mukuru weCIA, achitsanangura kuronga kweUS muma1940s muchidzidzo chehunyanzvi. Kutonga kwakakura mumasimba emazuva ose nezvombo zvokuparadza kukuru hakuna kukwana. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti uenderere mberi kumuganhu mutsva: mauto emuchadenga, achikanganisa Outer Space Treaty ya1967, kusvika parizvino yakacherechedzwa. Ichiziva chinangwa chacho, UN General Assembly yakasimbisa Chibvumirano kakawanda; iyo US yaramba kujoina, mukuzviparadzanisa nevamwe. Uye Washington yakavharira nhaurirano paMusangano weUN pamusoro peKubvisa Zvombo kwegore rapfuura pamusoro penyaya iyi - zvese zvisinganyanyi kutaurwa, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakajairwa. Hakusi kuchenjera kubvumira vagari vemo kuziva nezvezvirongwa zvingagumisa kuedza kweโungwaru hwepamusoroโ chete kwebiology.
Sekuonekwa kwakawanda, zvirongwa izvi zvinobatsira indasitiri yemauto, asi isu tinofanira kurangarira kuti izwi iri rinorasisa. Munhoroondo yose yemazuva ano, asi nekuwedzera kunoshamisa mushure meHondo Yenyika II, hurongwa hwemauto hwave huchishandiswa semudziyo wekushamwaridzana mutengo uye njodzi uku uchiisa purofiti. Iyo "hupfumi hutsva" ndeyekukura kukuru kweiyo ine simba uye inovandudza nyika chikamu chehupfumi hweUS. Chikonzero chikuru nei kushandiswa kweveruzhinji mubiology sainzi kwave kuwedzera nekukurumidza ndechekuti vane hungwaru vane mapapiro vanonzwisisa kuti kupera kwehupfumi kunovimba nezvirongwa zveveruzhinji. Kuwedzera kukuru kwakarongwa pasi pekunyepedzera kwe "bioterror," sekunyengerwa veruzhinji mukubhadhara hupfumi hutsva nekunyepedzera kuti maRussia ari kuuya - kana mushure mekudonha, nekutyisidzirwa kwe "technology sophistication" yechitatu. Nyika dzepasi rose sezvo Party Line yakachinja muna 1990, pakarepo, pasina kupotsa uye pasina izwi rekutaura. Ndichowo chikonzero nei kuregererwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kunofanirwa kuve chikamu chezvibvumirano zvehupfumi hwenyika: hazvibatsire Haiti, asi zvinobvumira hupfumi hweUnited States kukura pasi petsika yechinyakare yekurangwa kwemusika kune varombo uye nyika ine nanny kune vakapfuma. โ izvo zvinonzi โneoliberalism,โ kunyangwe risiri izwi rakanaka kwazvo: dzidziso iyi ine mazana emakore ekare, uye inogona kukanganisa vakasununguka vekare.
Mumwe angakakavadza kuti aya mashandisirwo ehurumende aiwanzova akakodzera. Zvichida, zvichida kwete. Asi zviri pachena kuti vatenzi vaitya kubvumira sarudzo yedemokrasi. Zvose izvi zvakavanzwa kuvanhu vose, kunyange zvazvo vatori vechikamu vanozvinzwisisa zvikuru.
Zvirongwa zvekuyambuka muganhu wekupedzisira wechisimba nemauto emuchadenga zvinovanza se "zvidziviriro zvechikafu," asi chero ani zvake anoteerera kunhoroondo anoziva kuti kana tikanzwa izwi rekuti "kuzvidzivirira," tinofanira kufunga "kugumburwa." Mhosva yazvino haina mutsauko. Chinangwa chinotaurwa pachena: kuve nechokwadi che "kutonga kwenyika," "hegemony." Zvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvinosimbisa zvakanyanya kuti chinangwa "ndechekuchengetedza zvido zveUS nekudyara," uye kudzora "vasina-vasina." Nhasi izvo zvinoda kutonga kwenzvimbo, sezvakangoita munguva dzakapfuura nyika dzine simba zvakanyanya dzakagadzira mauto nemauto ehondo "kudzivirira nekusimudzira zvido zvavo zvekutengesa." Zvinocherechedzwa kuti hurongwa hutsva uhu, umo US iri kutungamira zvakanyanya, zvinokonzeresa kurarama. Uye zvakare zvinonzwisiswa kuti vanogona kudzivirirwa nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose. Asi sezvandambotaura, hegemony kukosha kwepamusoro pane kupona, calculus yetsika yakakunda pakati pevane simba munhoroondo yese. Izvo zvachinja ndezvekuti matanda akakwira zvakanyanya, zvinoshamisa kudaro.
Chinhu chakakodzera apa ndechekuti budiriro inotarisirwa ye "kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose" mupfungwa yedzidziso ndicho chikonzero chikuru chakapihwa kune zvirongwa zvekushandisa nzvimbo yezvombo zvinogumbura zvekuparadza kukuru nekukurumidza.
Ngatidzokerei ku "kudyidzana kwepasi rose," uye "kukura kukuru kwehupfumi munhoroondo yeAmerica - uye pasi rose" muma1990.
Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, hupfumi hwepasi rose hwakapfuura nepakati pezvikamu zviviri: chikamu cheBretton Woods kusvika kumavambo '70s, uye nguva kubva ipapo, nekubviswa kweBretton Woods system yemitengo yekuchinjana uye kutonga pakufamba kwemari. Ichi chikamu chechipiri chinonzi "kudyidzana kwenyika," chakabatana neoliberal marongero e "Washington kubvumirana." Zvikamu zviviri izvi zvakasiyana chaizvo. Yekutanga inowanzonzi "golden age" ye (state) capitalism. Chikamu chechipiri chave chichiperekedzwa nekuderera kwakaratidza mune akajairwa macroeconomic matanho: mwero wekukura kwehupfumi, kubereka, capital investment, kunyangwe kutengeserana kwenyika; mibairo yakakwirira zvikuru (inokuvadza hupfumi); kuunganidzwa kwakakura kwematura asingabereki kuchengetedza mari; kuwedzera kusagadzikana kwemari; nemimwe migumisiro inokuvadza. Kwakanga kune zvisizvo, kunyanya nyika dzeEast Asia dzakanga dzisingateveri mitemo: hadzina kunamata "chitendero" icho "misika inoziva zvakanyanya," sekunyora kwaJoseph Stiglitz mubhuku rekutsvakurudza reWorld Bank nguva pfupi asati agadzwa mukuru wehupfumi, gare gare. kubviswa (uye kuhwina mubairo weNobel). Kusiyana neizvi, mhedzisiro yakaipisisa yakawanikwa apo mitemo yakashandiswa zvine simba, seLatin America, chokwadi chinobvumwa zvakanyanya, pakati pevamwe, naJose 'Antonio Ocampo, mutungamiriri weEconomic Commission yeLatin America neCaribbean (ECLAC), mune imwe nzvimbo. kero pamberi peAmerican Economic Association gore rapfuura. โNyika yechipikirwa inotyisa,โ akadaro; kukura muma1990 kwaive kwakaderera zvikuru kwemakumi matatu emakore e "budiriro inotungamirwa nehurumende" muChikamu I. Akacherechedzawo kuti kuwirirana pakati pekutevera mitemo nemigumisiro yehupfumi kunobata pasi rose.
Ngatidzokerei, ipapo, kudambudziko guru uye rinotambudza: kukurumidza kukura nebudiriro huru yakaunzwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwaunza kusaenzana nokuti vamwe havana unyanzvi. Iko hakuna dambudziko, nekuti kukurumidza kukura uye budiriro ingano.
Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakawanda dzepasi rose dzinotora kusununguka kwemari sechinhu chakakosha mumigumisiro yakaipa yechikamu chechipiri. Asi hupfumi inyaya yakaoma, isinganzwisisike zvekuti munhu anofanira kungwarira nezve causal connections. Asi imwe mhedzisiro yekusununguka kwemari iri pachena: inoderedza democracy. Izvi zvakanzwisiswa nevagadziri veBretton Woods: chimwe chikonzero nei zvibvumirano zvakavambwa pakutonga kwemari yaive yekubvumidza hurumende kuita mitemo yegutsaruzhinji, yaive nerutsigiro rwakakurumbira. Yemahara capital movement inogadzira yakanzi "virtual Senate" ine "veto simba" pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvehurumende, ichirambidza zvakanyanya sarudzo. Hurumende dzakatarisana ne "dual constituency": vavhoti, uye vanofungidzira, "vanoitisa mareferendamu nguva nenguva" pamatongerwo ehurumende (vachitora zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi zvehurongwa hwemari). Kunyange munyika dzakapfuma, nzvimbo yakazvimirira inokunda.
Zvimwe zvikamu zveveinvetor-kodzero dze "globalization" zvine mhedzisiro yakafanana. Sarudzo dzezvemagariro evanhu dziri kuwedzera kuchinjirwa kune kusaverengeka kwesimba, chinhu chakakosha che "shanduko" neoliberal (izwi rekuparadzira, kwete tsananguro). Kuwedzera kwekurwiswa kwedemocracy kunenge kuri kurongwa, pasina nhaurirano yeruzhinji, munhaurirano dzeGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Izwi rekuti โsevhisi,โ sezvamunoziva, rinoreva chero chinhu chingawira munhandare yesarudzo yegutsaruzhinji: hutano, dzidzo, magariro akanaka, zveposvo nezvimwe zvekufambiswa kwemashoko, mvura nezvimwe zviwanikwa, nezvimwewo. Hapana pfungwa ine musoro yekuti kuendesa masevhisi akadaro kumawoko ega "kutengeserana," asi izwi iri rakashaikwa zvarinoreva zvekuti rinogona zvakare kupfuudzirwa kune uhwu hutsotsi zvakare.
Kuratidzira kukuru kweveruzhinji muQuebec munaKubvumbi wapfuura paMusangano weAmerica, kwakatangwa nevasina kusimba muPorto Alegre gore rapfuura, mune chikamu chakanangana nekuyedza kumanikidza misimboti yeGATS muchivande mukati menzvimbo yakarongwa yeFree Trade Area. Americas (FTAA). Kuratidzira uku kwakaunza pamwe chete dunhu rakakura kwazvo, Maodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba, ese achipokana zvakanyanya nezviri kurongwa nemakurukota ezvekutengeserana nevakuru vemakambani kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa.
Kuratidzira kwakawana kufukidzwa, kwemhando yakajairika: mafreaks ari kukanda matombo uye kukanganisa varoyi vachifunga nezvematambudziko makuru. Kusaonekwa kwezvinovanetsa chaiko kunoshamisa. Semuyenzaniso, mutori wenhau wezvehupfumi we _NYT_ Anthony DePalma anonyora kuti chibvumirano cheGATS "hachina kuunza gakava reruzhinji iro rakatekeshera pamusoro pekuedza kwe[WTO] kusimudzira kutengeserana kwekutengesa," kunyangwe mushure meSeattle. Kutaura zvazviri, kwave kuri kunetseka zvikuru kwemakore. Sezvimwe mune zvimwe zviitiko, uku hakusi kunyengera. Kuziva kwaDePalma nezve mafreaks chokwadi kunogumira kune izvo zvinopfuura nepa media sefa, uye mutemo wesimbi wekutapa nhau kuti zvinonetsa zvevaratidziri zvinofanirwa kuvharirwa zvakasimba, vachida mumwe munhu kukanda dombo, pamwe mupurisa anodenha.
Kukosha kwekuchengetedza veruzhinji kubva kuruzivo kwakaburitswa zvinoshamisa paKubvumbi Summit. Hofisi yega yega yevapepeti muUS yaive padhesiki rayo zvidzidzo zviviri zvakakosha, zvakarongwa kuti zviburitswe nguva isati yasvika Summit. Imwe yakabva kuHuman Rights Watch, yechipiri kubva kuEconomic Policy Institute muWashington; hapana sangano rakanyatsojeka. Zvidzidzo zviviri izvi zvakaongorora zvakadzama mhedzisiro yeNAFTA, iyo yakarumbidzwa paMusangano sekukunda kukuru uye muenzaniso weFTAA, ine misoro yehwamanda yekurumbidza kwayo naGeorge Bush nevamwe vatungamiriri, vese vakagamuchirwa seVhangeri Chokwadi. Zvidzidzo zvese zviri zviviri zvakatsikirirwa nepedyo-yakazara kubvumirana. Zviri nyore kuona kuti sei. HRW yakaongorora mhedzisiro yeNAFTA pakodzero dzevashandi, iyo, yakawana, yakakuvadzwa munyika nhatu dzese dziri kutora chikamu. Chirevo cheEPI chaive chakazara: chaive nekuongorora kwakadzama kwemhedzisiro yeNAFTA pavanhu vanoshanda, yakanyorwa nenyanzvi dzenyika nhatu. Mhedziso ndeyokuti ichi ndicho chimwe chezvibvumirano zvisingawanzoitiki zvakakuvadza ruzhinji rwevanhu munyika dzose dziri kutora chikamu.
Mhedzisiro paMexico yaive yakanyanya kuomarara, uye yakanyanya kukosha kuSouth. Mihoro yakanga yadzikira zvakanyanya nekuiswa kwezvirongwa zveneoliberal muma1980s. Izvozvo zvakaenderera mberi mushure meNAFTA, ne24% kuderera kwemari yevashandi vanobhadharwa, uye 40% yevanozvishandira, chiitiko chinokudzwa nekuwedzera nokukurumidza kwevashandi vasingabhadharwi. Kunyangwe mari yekunze yakawedzera, mari yese yakadzikira, sezvo hupfumi hwakaendeswa mumaoko evekunze kwenyika. Mubairo wakaderera wakarasikirwa ne50% yesimba rayo rekutenga. Kugadzira kwakaramba, uye budiriro yakamira kana kuti inogona kunge yadzokera kumashure. Bato duku rakava rakapfuma zvikuru, uye vatengesi vokune dzimwe nyika vakabudirira.
Zvidzidzo izvi zvinosimbisa zvakataurwa mumapepanhau ebhizinesi uye zvidzidzo zvedzidzo. The _WSJ_ yakashuma kuti kunyange zvazvo hupfumi hweMexico hwakanga huchikura nokukurumidza mukupera kwe'90s mushure mekupedzisira kwe-NAFTA kuderera, vatengi vakatambura ne 40% kudonha kwesimba rekutenga, nhamba yevanhu vanogara muurombo hwakanyanya yakakura zvakapetwa kaviri nokukurumidza kupfuura vanhu. uye kunyange vaya vaishanda munzvimbo dzokudyira dzemamwe marudzi vakarasikirwa nemagetsi ekutenga. Mhedziso dzakafanana dzakatorwa muongororo yechikamu cheLatin America cheWoodrow Wilson Center, icho chakawanawo kuti simba rehupfumi rakanga ranyanya kusimba sezvo makambani madiki emuMexico aisakwanisa kuwana mari, vashandi vekumashedhi echinyakare, uye zvikamu zvevashandi zvakanyanya (kurima, indasitiri yakareruka. ) haikwanise kukwikwidza pasi rose neinonzi "bhizimusi remahara" muhurongwa hwedzidziso. Zvekurima zvakatambura nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakajairwa: varimi varimi havakwanise kukwikwidza neUS bhizimusi rekurima rakatsigirwa zvakanyanya, nemhedzisiro inozivikanwa pasirese.
Zvizhinji zveizvi zvakafanotaurwa nevatsoropodzi veNAFTA, kusanganisira yakadzvinyirirwa OTA uye zvidzidzo zvekufamba kwevashandi. Vatsoropodzi vakanga vasina kururama mune imwe nzira, zvisinei Vazhinji vaitarisira kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwereshiyo yemaguta-kumaruwa, sezvo mazana ezviuru zvevarimi vakadzingwa munyika. Izvozvo hazvina kuitika. Chikonzero, zvinoita sekunge, ndechekuti mamiriro akadzikira zvakanyanya mumaguta zvekuti pakanga paine ndege huru kubva kwavari kuenda kuUS. Avo vanopona pakuyambuka - vazhinji havashande - vachishandira mihoro yakaderera, pasina mabhenefiti, mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata. Mhedzisiro yacho kuparadza hupenyu nenharaunda muMexico uye kuvandudza hupfumi hweUS, uko "kudyiwa kwevanhu vepakati pemadhorobha kuri kuramba kuchitsigirwa nehurombo hwevashandi vemumapurazi muUnited States neMexico," Woodrow Wilson Center yekudzidza nzvimbo. kunze.
Izvi ndezvimwe zvemitengo yeNAFTA, uye neoliberal globalization kazhinji, iyo nyanzvi dzehupfumi dzinowanzosarudza kusayera. Asi kunyangwe nematanho epamusoro epfungwa, mitengo yave yakaoma.
Hapana chimwe cheizvi chakatenderwa kusvibisa mhemberero yeNAFTA neFTAA paMusangano. Kunze kwekunge vakabatana nemasangano evamiriri, vanhu vazhinji vanoziva nezvezvinhu izvi chete kubva kuhupenyu hwavo. Uye kunyatsodzivirirwa kubva kuchokwadi neFree Press, vazhinji vanozviona sevakundikane neimwe nzira, vasingakwanise kutora chikamu mukupemberera kwehupfumi hukuru munhoroondo.
Dhata kubva kunyika yakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose iri kujekesa, asi ini ndichasvetuka iwo mashoko. Mufananidzo wacho unobatanidza, pamwe nekumwe mutsauko hongu, uye kunze kweiyo yatocherechedzwa. Mufananidzo wacho wakanyanya kuipa kana tabva pamatanho akajairwa ehupfumi. Mutengo mumwe chete kutyisidzira kurarama kunoenderana nekufunga kwevanoronga mauto, kwatotsanangurwa. Kune vamwe vakawanda. Kutanga, ILO yakashuma โdenda repasi roseโ rehosha dzakakomba dzeutano hwepfungwa, dzinowanzobatanidzwa nedzvinyiriro munzvimbo yebasa, ine mari yakawanda kwazvo munyika dzine maindasitiri. Chinhu chikuru, ivo vanogumisa, "kudyidzana kwenyika," izvo zvinounza "kuputika kwekuchengetedzwa kwebasa," kudzvanywa kwevashandi, uye kuwanda kwebasa, kunyanya muUS. Uyu ndiwo mutengo we "globalization" here? Kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yekuona, ndeimwe yeayo anoyevedza maitiro. Paakarumbidza kuita kwehupfumi hweUS se "zvinoshamisa," Alan Greenspan akasimbisa zvakanyanya pfungwa yakakwira yekusachengeteka kwebasa, izvo zvinotungamira kuderedzwa kwemitengo yevashandirwi. World Bank inobvumirana nazvo. Inoziva kuti "kushanduka kwemusika wevashandi" kwakawana "zita rakashata ... sechirevo chekusundira mihoro pasi uye vashandi kunze," asi zvakadaro, "zvakakosha munzvimbo dzese dzepasiโฆ. kufamba kwevashandi uye kuchinjika kwemuhoro, pamwe nekutyora hukama pakati pesocial services nezvibvumirano zvevashandi. "
Muchidimbu, kusundira vashandi kunze, kusundidzira mihoro pasi, kudzikisira mabhenefiti zvese zvakakosha kuhutano hwehupfumi, maererano nemafungiro aripo.
Kutengeserana kusingadzoreki kune zvimwe zvakanaka kune makambani. Zvakawanda, pamwe zvakanyanya, "kutengeserana" kunotungamirwa nepakati-kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo: intrafirm kutamiswa, hurongwa hwekubatana, kuburitsa kunze, nezvimwe. Nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzakafara dzinobatsira makambani nekuita kuti asapindure kunharaunda dzenharaunda nedzenyika. Izvi zvinowedzera mhedzisiro yezvirongwa zveneoliberal, izvo zvinogara zvichideredza chikamu chevashandi chemari. MuUS, ma'90s yaive nguva yekutanga mushure mehondo apo kupatsanurwa kwemari kwakachinja zvakanyanya kune varidzi vemari, kure nevashandi. Kutengeserana kune huwandu hwakawanda hwemitengo isina kuyerwa: kupa simba rekubatsira, kupera kwezviwanikwa, uye zvimwe zvekunze zvisina kuverengerwa. Zvinounzawo zvakanakira, kunyangwe pano zvakare kumwe kungwarira kunodiwa. Chinonyanya kurumbidzwa ndechekuti kutengeserana kunowedzera hunyanzvi - izvo zvinoderedza sarudzo, kusanganisira sarudzo yekushandura mukana wekufananidza, unozivikanwa se "budiriro." Sarudzo nekusimudzira zvinhu pachezvazvo: kuzvidzikisira mutengo wakakura. Dai maAmerica makoloni akamanikidzwa kubvuma hutongi hweWTO makore mazana maviri apfuura, New England yaizotevera mukana wayo wekufananidza mukutengesa hove kunze, zvechokwadi isingaite machira, ayo airarama chete nemitero yakawandisa yekuvharisa zvigadzirwa zveBritish (kufananidzira kurapwa kweBritain neIndia) . Zvimwe chetezvo zvaive zvechokwadi nezvesimbi nemamwe maindasitiri, kusvika parizvino, kunyanya mumakore ekudzivirira zvakanyanya Reagan - kunyangwe kuisa parutivi chikamu chehupfumi. Pane zvakawanda zvekutaura pamusoro peizvi zvose. Yakawanda yenyaya yakafukidzwa mukusarudza nzira dzekuyera hupfumi, kunyangwe ichizivikanwa kune vanyori venhoroondo dzehupfumi uye vanyori venhoroondo dzetekinoroji.
Sekuziva kwemunhu wese pano, mitemo yemutambo ingango wedzera mhedzisiro yevarombo. Mitemo yeWTO inorambidza nzira dzinoshandiswa nenyika dzese dzakapfuma kusvika pazvino budiriro, uku ichipawo mazinga asina kumboitika ekudzivirira kune vapfumi, kusanganisira hutongi hwepatent hunovharira hunyanzvi uye kukura munzira itsva, uye inobvumira masangano emakambani kuunganidza purofiti hombe nemitengo yemonopolistic yezvigadzirwa zvinowanzo gadzirwa nerubatsiro rwakakura rweruzhinji.
Pasi peshanduro dzemazuva ano dzemaitiro echinyakare, hafu yevanhu pasirese vari mukugamuchira, mitemo yavo yehupfumi inotungamirwa nenyanzvi muWashington. Asi kunyangwe munyika dzakapfuma demokrasi iri kurwiswa nekuda kwekuchinja kwesimba rekuita sarudzo kubva kuhurumende, idzo dzinogona kunge dzichiteerera veruzhinji, kune hudzvanyiriri hwepachivande, husina kukanganisa kwakadaro. Mashoko okutsoropodza akadai sokuti โvimba nevanhuโ kana kuti โkudukupisa nyikaโ haaiti, mumamiriro ezvinhu azvino, anoda kuwedzera kutonga kwakakurumbira. Vanoshandura sarudzo kubva kuhurumende kuenda kune mamwe maoko, asi kwete "vanhu": asi, manejimendi emasangano epamutemo emubatanidzwa, asingaverengeki kune veruzhinji, uye zvine hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri muchimiro chemukati, sezvakangoita maConservative mhosva zana rapfuura apo vachipokana ne "corporatization." weAmerica.โ
Nyanzvi dzeLatin America nemasangano ekuvhota dzakaona kwemamwe makore kuti kuwedzera kwedemocracy muLatin America kwave kuchiperekedzwa nekuwedzera kuodzwa mwoyo pamusoro pedemokrasi, "maitiro anotyisa," anoenderera mberi, vaongorori vakacherekedza, vachicherekedza kubatana pakati pe "hupfumi huri kudzikira" uye. "kushaya kutenda" mumasangano egutsaruzhinji (_Financial Times_). Sezvakataurwa naAtilio Boron makore apfuura, shanduko itsva yedemocratization muLatin America yakabatana neoliberal economic "reforms," โโiyo inoderedza hutongi hwejekerere, chiitiko chinopararira pasi rose, nenzira dzakasiyana.
KuUS zvakare. Pakave nemheremhere yakawanda yeruzhinji nezve "sarudzo dzakabiwa" dzaNovember 2000, uye zvinoshamisa kuti veruzhinji havaratidzike kuva nehanya. Zvingangove zvikonzero zvinoratidzwa neongororo yemaonero everuzhinji, izvo zvinoburitsa kuti manheru esarudzo, 3/4 yevagari vakatarisa hurongwa uhu sehunyengeri: mutambo unotambwa nevanopa mari, vatungamiriri vebato, uye indasitiri yePublic Relations, iyo. vakagadzira vamiriri kuti vataure โchero chinhu chipi nechipi kuti vazviwanire kusarudzwaโ kuitira kuti munhu atende zvishoma zvavaitaura kunyange pazvainzwisisika. Panyaya zhinji, vagari havana kukwanisa kuona zvimiro zvevavhoti, kwete nekuti vakapusa kana kusaedza, asi nekuda kwekuedza kwekuziva kweindasitiri yePR. Chimwe chirongwa cheHarvard University chinoongorora maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika chakawana kuti โkunzwa kusava nesimba kwasvika pakakwirira zvinokatyamadza,โ uye vanopfuura hafu vachiti vanhu vakaita saivo vane pesvedzero shomanene kana kuti havana pesvedzero pane zvinoitwa nehurumende, kuwedzera kukuru munguva yerusununguko.
Nyaya dzinosiyana neveruzhinji kubva kune vepamusoro (zvehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, vane njere) dzakanyanya kubuda muhurongwa, kunyanya mibvunzo yezvehupfumi. Bhizinesi renyika, hazvishamise kuti, rinonyanya kufarira "kufambiswa kwenyika" inotungamirwa nemakambani, "zvibvumirano zvemahara zvekudyara" zvinonzi "zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana," NAFTA uye FTAA, GATS, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvinoisa hupfumi nesimba mumaoko asingaverengeki. kuruzhinji. Zvakare hazvishamise kuti chikara chikuru chinoshorwa kazhinji, zvakangoita semusikirwo, kunyangwe tisingazive maidi akakosha pazvinodzivirirwa. Izvi zvinotevera kuti nyaya dzakadai hadzikodzeri kuratidzira kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye hadzina kumuka mugwara resarudzo dzemuna Mbudzi 2000. Mumwe angadai akaomerwa, semuenzaniso, kutsvaga nhaurirano yeSammit iri kuuya yeAmerica neFTAA, nemimwe misoro inosanganisira nyaya dzinonyanya kunetsa veruzhinji. Vavhoti vakanangidzirwa kune izvo PR indasitiri inodana "hunhu hwemunhu," kwete "nyaya." Pakati pehafu yevanhu vanovhota, vakarerekera kune vapfumi, avo vanoona kuti zvido zvavo zvekirasi zviri mungozi vanovhotera izvo zvishuwo: zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekupindura kwakanyanya kwemapato maviri ebhizinesi. Asi veruzhinji vanopatsanura vhoti yavo nedzimwe nzira, zvichitungamira kune hukama hwehuwandu. Pakati pevanhu vanoshanda, nyaya dzisiri dzehupfumi dzakaita semuridzi wepfuti uye "chinamato" ndizvo zvainyanya kukosha, zvekuti vanhu vaiwanzovhota vachipesana nezvido zvavo zvekutanga - sezviri pachena vachifungidzira kuti vaive vasina sarudzo.
Chinosara chedemocracy inofanira kutorwa sekodzero yekusarudza pakati pezvigadzirwa. Vatungamiriri vebhizimisi vave vachitsanangura kwenguva refu kudikanwa kwokumanikidzira pavanhu โuzivi hwokusava namaturoโ uye โkushaikwa kwedonzo muupenyu,โ โkunangidzira ngwariro yavanhu pazvinhu zvakanyanyisa zvinobatanidza kudyiwa kwomufashoni kwakawanda.โ Vanyudzwa neparadziro yakadaro kubvira paucheche, vanhu vangabva vagamuchira upenyu hwavo husina revo uye hwakaderera ndokukanganwa mifungo inosekesa pamusoro pokutarisira zvinhu zvavo vamene. Vanogona kusiya ramangwana ravo kune varoyi, uye mune zvematongerwo enyika, kune vanozvitsanangura ivo "vadiki vakangwara" vanoshumira uye kutonga simba.
>Nemaonero aya, zvechinyakare mumaonero evakuru zvikuru mumakore zana apfuura, sarudzo dzemuna Mbudzi 2000 hadziratidzi kukanganiswa kwedemocracy yeUS, asi kukunda kwayo. Uye kuita zvakajairika, zvakanaka kurumbidza kukunda kwedemocracy munzvimbo yese, uye kumwewo, kunyangwe veruzhinji vasingazvione nenzira iyoyo.
Kurwira kumanikidza hutongi ihwohwo kunotora nzira dzakawanda, asi hakuperi, uye hakuzomboperi sekureba kwakakwirira kwesimba rekuita sarudzo richiripo. Zvinongonzwisisika kutarisira kuti vatenzi vashandise chero mukana unouya - panguva ino, kutya uye kushushikana kwehuwandu mukutarisana nekurwiswa kwehugandanga, inyaya yakakomba kuMadokero ikozvino kuti, nehunyanzvi hutsva huripo, hwave. yakarasikirwa nemasimba emhirizhonga, ichingosara nekusagadzikana kukuru.
Asi hapana chikonzero chokugamuchira iyi mitemo, uye avo vanoitira hanya mugumo wenyika navanhu vayo zvirokwazvo vachatevera nzira yakasiana zvikuru. Matambudziko akakurumbira achipokana nekodzero dzevasisiri vemariyori "kudyidzana kwenyika," kunyanya kuMaodzanyemba, kwakapesvedzera kutaura, uye kusvika pamwero wakati maitiro, evatenzi vepasirese, vane hanya uye vanodzivirira. Mafambiro akakurumbira aya haana kumboitika pakukura, munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, uye mukubatana kwenyika dzakawanda; misangano iri pano mufananidzo wakakosha. Nguva yemberi pamwero mukuru iri mumaoko avo. Zvakaoma kufungidzira zviri mungozi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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