Hudzvinyiriri hweBatista hwakakundwa muna Ndira 1959 nemauto echibhunu aCastro. Muna Kurume, National Security Council (NSC) yakafunga nzira dzekutanga shanduko yehutongi. Muna Chivabvu, CIA yakatanga kubata magandanga mukati meCuba. "Munguva yeChando che1959-1960, pakave nekuwedzera kukuru kweCIA-inotariswa mabhomba uye kurwiswa kwechisimba kwakaedzwa nevatapwa vekuCuba" vari muUS Hatifanire kumirira izvo US kana vatengi vayo vangaite mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Cuba, zvisinei, haina kupindura nezviito zvechisimba mukati meUnited States yekutsiva kana kudzivirira. Asi, yakatevera nzira yaidiwa nemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Muna Chikunguru 1960, Cuba yakadana UN kuti ibatsirwe, ichipa Security Council zvinyorwa zvemabhomba makumi maviri, kusanganisira mazita evatyairi vendege, nhamba dzekunyoresa ndege, mabhomba asina kuputika, uye mamwe mashoko chaiwo, achipomera kukuvadzwa kukuru uye vakakuvara uye kudaidzira kugadzirisa. kurwisana kuburikidza nenzira dzezvekumiririrwa. Mumiriri weUS, Henry Cabot Lodge, akapindura nekupa "simbiso [yekuti] United States haina chinangwa chehasha paCuba." Mwedzi mina zvisati zvaitika, muna March 1960, hurumende yake yakanga yaita chisarudzo chakavanzika chokupidigura hurumende yeCastro, uye gadziriro dzokupinda muBay of Pigs dzakanga dzafambira mberi.
Washington yainetsekana kuti maCuba angayedza kuzvidzivirira. Mukuru weCIA Allen Dulles saka akakurudzira Britain kuti isape zvombo kuCuba. "Chikonzero chake chikuru," mumiriri weBritish akashuma kuLondon, "chaive chekuti izvi zvaigona kuita kuti vaCuba vakumbire maoko eSoviet kana Soviet bloc," danho "raizove nemhedzisiro inoshamisa," akadaro Dulles, achibvumira Washington kuratidzira. Cuba sekutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza kune hemisphere, ichitevera script yanga yashanda zvakanaka muGuatemala.
Dulles aitaura nezvekuparadza kwakabudirira kweWashington kwekuedza kwedemocracy kwekutanga kweGuatemala, makore gumi ekubatana kwetariro nekufambira mberi, kwaityiwa zvikuru muWashington nekuda kwerutsigiro rwakakura rwakakurumbira rwakataurwa nenjere dzeUS uye "kuratidzira" kwemaitiro emagariro nehupfumi kubatsira. ruzhinji rukuru. Kutyisidzirwa kweSoviet kwaigara kuchikumbirwa, zvichitsigirwa nekukwidza kweGuatemala kuSoviet bloc yezvombo mushure mekunge US yatyisidzira kurwiswa uye nekucheka mamwe masosi ekupa. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yehafu yezana ramakore yekutyisa, zvakatoipisisa kupfuura hudzvanyiriri hunotsigirwa neUS hwakambouya.
KuCuba, zvirongwa zvakarongwa nenjiva zvaive zvakafanana nezveCIA director Dulles. Vachiyambira Mutungamiri Kennedy nezve "kuparara kusingadzivisiki kwezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika" kubva mukurwiswa kwakarongwa kweCuba nemauto evamiriri, Arthur Schlesinger akakurudzira kuedza kubata Castro mune chimwe chiitiko chinogona kushandiswa sechikonzero chekupinda nechisimba: "Munhu anogona kubata pamuviri. Kuvhiya kwevatema mukati, toti, Haiti iyo inogona kukwezva Castro nekufamba kwenguva kuti atumire zvikepe zvishoma zvevarume kumahombekombe eHaiti mune izvo zvinogona kuratidzirwa sekuyedza kupidigura hutongi hweHaiti, ipapo nyaya yetsika ichave yakasvibiswa, uye anti. -Mushandirapamwe weUS waizovhiringidzwa kubva pakutanga. " Chirevo ndechehutongi hwemudzvanyiriri wemhondi "Papa Doc" Duvalier, iyo yakatsigirwa neUS (nezvimwe zvakasara), kuitira kuti kuedza kubatsira vanhu vekuHaiti kupidigura ingave mhosva.
Hurongwa hwaEisenhower hwaKurume 1960 hwakadaidzira kuti Castro apidigurwe pachinzvimbo chehurumende โyakazvipira kune zvakanakira vanhu veCuba uye inogamuchirika kuUS,โ kusanganisira kutsigira โkurwiswa kwemauto pachitsuwaโ uye โkuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzakakwana. mauto ari kunze kweCuba. " Intelligence yakashuma kuti rutsigiro rwakakurumbira rweCastro rwakanga rwakakwira, asi US yaizotarisa "zvido zvevanhu veCuba." Kuchinja kwehurumende kwaifanira kuitwa โnenzira yokudzivisa kuratidzika kupi nokupi kwokupindira kweUnited States,โ nemhaka yezvaitarisirwa kuita muLatin America uye zvinetso zvokutungamirira dzidziso kumusha.
Operation Mongoose
Kupinda kweBay of Pigs kwakauya gore rakatevera, muna Kubvumbi 1961, mushure mekunge Kennedy atora chigaro. Yakatenderwa mumamiriro e "hysteria" pamusoro peCuba muWhite House, Robert McNamara akazopupura pamberi peDare reSeneti reChechi. Pamusangano wekutanga wedare remakurukota mushure mekuvhozhokera kwakundikana, mamiriro ekunze akanga โaine utsinye,โ Chester Bowles akacherechedza vari voga, kuti: โpakanga pane kuita kunoda kuita kwechiito chepurogiramu.โ Pamusangano weNSC mazuva maviri gare gare, Bowles akawana mhepo โyakada kufanana nemanzwiroโ uye akaororwa neโkushaikwa kukuru kwetsika dzakanakaโ kwakanga kwakapararira. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaratidzirwa muzviziviso zvapamhene zvaKennedy: โNzanga dzokusakendenga, dzinozvida, nzanga dzakapfava dzava kuda kukukurwa nemarara enhau. Vakasimba chete ndivo vanogona kupona, "akadaro akaudza nyika, achiridza dingindira raizoshandiswa zvakanaka nemaReaganite munguva yavo yehondo dzehugandanga. Kennedy aiziva kuti vanobatana "vanofunga kuti isu tine huchenjeri zvishoma" panyaya yeCuba, maonero anoramba aripo nanhasi.
Kennedy akaita chisungo chinopwanya icho chaigona kushomeka kutsungirirwa nenyika diki yakanga yave "chaiyo koloni" yeUS mumakore makumi matanhatu zvichitevera "kusunungurwa" kwayo kubva kuSpain. Vakarayirawo kuti nhimbe yemagandanga iwedzere: โAkakumbira mununโuna wake, Gweta-General Robert Kennedy, kuti atungamirire boka repamusoro-soro raitarisira Operation Mongoose, chirongwa chemauto, hondo dzeupfumi, uye kuparadza chaakatanga munguva pfupi yapfuura. 1961 kuti ashanyire โzvinotyisa zvepasiโ pana Fidel Castro uye, zvinotonyanya kuipa, kumuparadza.โ
Mushandirapamwe wemagandanga "wakanga usiri nyaya inoseka," Jorge Dominguez anonyora muongororo yezvichangobva kuburitswa zvekushandisa pasi peKennedy, zvinhu "zvakacheneswa zvakanyanya" uye "chete muromo wechando," Piero Gleijeses anowedzera.
Operation Mongoose yakanga iri โmusimboti wemitemo yeAmerica yakananga kuCuba kubva mukupera kwa1961 kusvika pakatanga dambudziko rezvombo zvechikasha muna 1962,โ Mark White anoshuma kudaro, chirongwa icho hama dzaKennedy โdzakauya kuzoisa tariro yadzo.โ Robert Kennedy akaudza CIA kuti dambudziko reCuba rinotakura "chinonyanya kukosha muHurumende yeUnited States-zvimwe zvose ndezvechipiri-hapana nguva, hapana kuedza, kana simba rinofanirwa kuregererwa" mukuedza kupidigura hutongi hweCastro. Mukuru wemabasa eMongoose, Edward Lansdale, akapa nguva inotungamirira kuโkumukira pachena nokupidigura hurumende yechiKomonisitiโ muna October 1962. โTsanangudzo yokupedzisiraโ yepurogiramu yacho yakaziva kuti โkubudirira kwokupedzisira kuchada kupindira kwakasimba kweuto reUnited States,โ pashure pokunge yapera. ugandanga uye kupandukira zvakanga zvaita hwaro. Zvazvinoreva ndezvekuti kupindira kwemauto eUS kwaizoitika muna Gumiguru 1962-apo dambudziko rezvombo rakaputika.
Muna February 1962, Joint Chiefs of Staff yakabvumira hurongwa hwakanyanyisa kupfuura hwaSchlesinger: kushandisa โkuvanda kukwezva kana kuti kudenha Castro, kana kuti munhu ari pasi asingadzoreki, kuita chiito choutsinye chinorwisana neUnited States; kuita kunozopa chikonzero chekuti US isangotsiva chete asi kuparadza Castro nekukurumidza, nesimba, uye kutsunga. "
Muna Kurume, vachikumbirwa neDOD Cuba Project, Joint Chiefs of Staff vakaendesa memorandamu kuMunyori weDziviriro, Robert McNamara vachitsanangura "zvikonzero zvavanofunga kuti zvinopa chikonzero chekuti mauto eUS apindire muCuba." Hurongwa uhu huchaitwa kana "kumukira kwemukati kusingagoneke kuwanikwa mukati memwedzi 9-10 inotevera," asi Cuba isati yatanga hukama neRussia izvo zvinogona "kusanganisira zvakananga Soviet Union."
Muitiro wakachenjera wokutyisidzira unofanira kudzivisa ngozi kumupari wemhosva.
Hurongwa hwaKurume hwaive hwekuvaka "zviitiko zvinoita sezvisina hukama kuvharidzira chinangwa chekupedzisira uye kugadzira fungidziro inodiwa yekukasira uye mutoro weCuba pamwero mukuru, wakananga kune dzimwe nyika pamwe neUnited States," ichiisa US "panzvimbo inooneka. yokutambura zvichemo zvinodzivirirwa [uye kukudziridza] mufananidzo wenyika yose wokutyisidzira kworugare kweCuba muWestern Hemisphere.โ Matanho akarongwa aisanganisira kuputitsa ngarava yeUS muGuantanamo Bay kugadzira "Yeuka chiitiko cheMaine," kudhinda mazita evakakuvara mumapepanhau eUS "kukonzera kutsamwa kwenyika," zvichiratidza kuferefetwa kweCuba "sehumbowo hunogutsa hwekuti ngarava yakatorwa ichirwiswa, "kugadzira "Communist Cuban gandanga mushandirapamwe [muFlorida] uye kunyangwe muWashington," vachishandisa Soviet bloc incendiaries yekupisa nzimbe munyika dzakavakidzana, kupfura ndege isina drone nekunyepedzera kuti yaive charter. ndege inotakura vadzidzi vepakoreji pazororo, uye zvimwe zvirongwa zvoungwaru zvakafananaโzvisina kuitwa, asi chimwe chiratidzo chemhepo โinopengerekaโ uye โyakashataโ yakatekeshera.
Pana August 23 purezidhendi akapa National Security Memorandum No. 181, โmurayiro wokuumba kumukira kwomukati kwaizoteverwa nokupindira kwemauto eUnited States,โ kubatanidza โzvirongwa zvinokosha zvemauto eUnited States, mafambisirwo, uye kufamba kwemauto nemidziyoโ izvo zvaiva zvechokwadi. inozivikanwa kuCuba neRussia. Zvakare muna Nyamavhuvhu, kurwisa kwemagandanga kwakawedzera, kusanganisira kurwiswa kwechikepe chinomhanya pahotera yepamhenderekedzo yeCuba "uko nyanzvi dzemauto eSoviet dzaizivikanwa kuungana, kuuraya chiverengero chemaRussia neCuba"; kurwiswa kwezvikepe zvinotakura zvinhu zveBritish neCuba; kusvibiswa kwekutakura shuga; uye humwe hutsinye uye kuparadza, kazhinji kunoitwa nemasangano ekuCuba ekutapwa anotenderwa kushanda akasununguka muFlorida. Vhiki shomanene gare gare yakasvika โnguva ine ngozi zvikurusa munhau yomunhu.โ
Muchina wakashata mune dzimwe nyika dzine hushamwari
Magandanga akaenderera mberi panguva yakaoma yedambudziko rezvombo. Vakadzimwa zviri pamutemo musi wa30 Gumiguru, mazuva akati wandei mushure mechibvumirano cheKennedy neKhrushchev, asi zvakaenderera mberi. Musi waNovember 8, "boka reCuba rakavanda rinoparadza rakatumwa kubva kuUnited States rakabudirira kuputika nzvimbo yeindasitiri yeCuba," kuuraya vashandi 400, maererano nehurumende yeCuba. Raymond Garthoff anonyora kuti โveSoviet vaingoona [kurwiswa kwacho] senhamburiko yokutsigira icho chakanga chiri, kwavari, mubvunzo unokosha wasara: Vimbiso dzeAmerica dzokusarwisa Cuba.โ Izvi nezvimwe zviito zvinozivisa zvakare, anogumisa kudaro, โkuti njodzi nengozi kumativi ose zvingave zvakanyanyisa, uye njodzi isina kubviswa.โ
Mushure mekunge dambudziko rapera, Kennedy akavandudza mushandirapamwe wemagandanga. Mazuva gumi asati aurayiwa akabvumira chirongwa cheCIA che "mabasa ekuparadza" nemauto emumiriri weUS "kupokana nenzvimbo hombe yekuchenesa oiri nenzvimbo dzekuchengetera, gwenya guru remagetsi, mashuga anonatsa, mabhiriji enjanji, zviteshi zvezvikepe, uye pasi pemvura kuparadzwa kwezvikepe nezvikepe. .โ Chirongwa chekuuraya Castro chakatangwa pazuva rekuurayiwa kwaKennedy. Mushandirapamwe uyu wakamiswa muna 1965, asi "chimwe chezviitiko zvekutanga zvaNixon muhofisi muna 1969 kwaive kutungamira CIA kuti iwedzere kurwisa Cuba."
Kunyanya kufarira ndiwo maonero evanoronga. Muongororo yake yemagwaro achangobva kuburitswa ehugandanga hwenguva yaKennedy, Dominguez anoti "kamwe chete mumapeji anoda kusvika chiuru ezvinyorwa apo mukuru weUS akasimudza chimwe chinhu chaiita senge tsika yekupokana neugandanga hunotsigirwa nehurumende yeUS": nhengo yedare remakurukota. Vashandi veNSC vakakurudzira kuti zvinogona kutungamira kune kumwe kuita kweRussia, uye kupambwa "kune hutsinye uye kuuraya vasina mhosvaโฆ
Mafungiro mamwe chetewo anotekeshera mukati mekurukurirano dzemukati, sepaya Robert Kennedy akanyevera kuti kupinda nechisimba kweCuba kwaizoโuraya vanhu vazhinji kwazvo, uye tichatora kupisa kwakanyanya pazviri.
Zviitiko zvehugandanga zvakaenderera mberi pasi peNixon, zvichikwira pakati pemakore ekuma1970, nekurwiswa kwezvikepe zvekuredza hove, vamiriri, uye mahofisi eCuba mhiri kwemakungwa, uye kubhomba kwendege yeCubana, kuuraya vese makumi manomwe nevatatu. Izvi uye zvakazoitwa zvehugandanga zvakaitwa kubva kuUS territory, kunyangwe panguva iyoyo zvaionekwa sematsotsi neFBI.
Saka zvinhu zvakaenderera mberi, uku Castro akashorwa nevapepeti nekuchengetedza "musasa une zvombo, zvisinei nechengetedzo kubva mukurwiswa kwakavimbiswa neWashington muna 1962." Vimbiso yaifanira kunge yakakwana, zvisinei nezvaitevera; tisingatauri nezve zvipikirwa zvakatangira, panguva iyoyo zvakanyorwa zvakanaka, pamwe neruzivo rwekuti vangavimbiswe sei: semuenzaniso, "Nguva yeLodge" yaChikunguru 1960.
Pagore rechimakumi matatu redambudziko rezvombo, Cuba yakaratidzira kurwiswa kwepfuti nehotera yevashanyi veSpain-Cuban; mutoro wakatorwa neboka muMiami. Mabhomba muCuba muna 1997, ayo akauraya mushanyi wekuItaly, akadzoserwa kuMiami. Vapari vemhosva vaive matsotsi eSalvador aishanda achitungamirwa naLuis Posada Carriles uye aipihwa mari kuMiami. Mumwe wemagandanga ane mukurumbira pasi rose, Posada akanga atiza kubva kujeri reVenezuela kwaainge akachengeterwa bhomba rekuCubana, achibatsirwa naJorge Mas Canosa, muzvinabhizimisi wekuMiami aive mukuru weCuban-American National. Foundation (CANF). Posada akabva kuVenezuela achienda kuEl Salvador, kwaakanoshandira kuIlopango mauto emuchadenga kuti abatsire kuronga kurwiswa kwemagandanga eUS kurwisa Nicaragua achitungamirwa naOliver North.
Posada akatsanangura zvakadzama mabasa ake ehugandanga uye mari yaakapihwa kubva kunhapwa neCANF muMiami, asi akanzwa akachengeteka kuti aisazoongororwa neFBI. Aive murwi weBay of Pigs, uye mashandiro ake akazotevera muma1960 aitungamirwa neCIA. Paakazobatana neveVenezuel intelligence neCIA rubatsiro, akakwanisa kuronga kuti Orlando Bosch, shamwari yake kubva kuCIA mazuva akange abatwa nemhosva kuUS nekuda kwekurwiswa kwebhomba kune mumwe mutyairi weCuba, kuti abatane naye kuVenezuela kuronga. kuwedzera kurwisa Cuba. Mumwe aimbova mukuru weCIA anoziva nezvekubhomba kweCubana anozivisa Posada naBosch sevari fungidziro chete mukubhomba, iyo Bosch yakadzivirira se "chiito chehondo chiri pamutemo." Inowanzoonekwa se "mastermind" yekubhomba kwendege, Bosch ndiye aikonzeresa mamwe makumi matatu ehugandanga, maererano neFBI. Akapihwa ruregerero rwemutungamiri wenyika muna 1989 nehutungamiriri hwaBush I hunouya mushure mekukumbirwa zvakanyanya naJeb Bush nevatungamiriri veSouth Florida veCuba-America, vachikunda Dhipatimendi reJustice, iro rakange raona mhedziso "yaisanzvenga kuti zvingave zvinokanganisa zvido zveveruzhinji. United States kuti ipe Bosch nzvimbo yakachengeteka [nekuti] kuchengeteka kwenyika ino kunokanganiswa nekukwanisa kwayo kukurudzira dzimwe nyika kuti dzirambe rubatsiro uye pekugara kumagandanga. "
Hondo Yehupfumi
Cuban inopa kushandira pamwe mukugovanisa hungwaru kudzivirira kurwiswa kwehugandanga zvakarambwa neWashington, asi zvimwe zvakatungamira kuUS zviito. "Vakuru veFBI vakashanyira Cuba muna 1998 kuti vasangane nevamwe vavo vekuCuba, avo vakapa [FBI] zvinyorwa pamusoro pezvavakati ndeyeMiami-based gandanga network: ruzivo rwakanga rwaunganidzwa muchikamu nevaCuba vakanga vapinda mumapoka ehutapwa. โ Mwedzi mitatu gare gare FBI yakasunga vanhu vekuCuba vakanga vapinda mumapoka emagandanga ari muUS. Vashanu vakatongerwa kugara mujeri kwenguva refu.
Chirevo chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika chakarasikirwa neruvimbiko rwacho chingave chaive nacho mushure mekuparara kweSoviet Union muna 1991, kunyange hazvo kusvika muna 1998 huchenjeri hweUS hwakazivisa nyika zviri pamutemo kuti Cuba haichakonzeresa kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeUS. VaClinton manejimendi, zvisinei, vakasimbirira kuti kutyisidzira kwemauto kwakaunzwa neCuba kuderedzwa kuita "kusina basa," asi kwete kubviswa zvachose. Kunyangwe nehunyanzvi uhu, ongororo yehungwaru yakabvisa njodzi yaive yaonekwa nemumiriri weMexico muna 1961, paakaramba kuyedza kwaJFK kuronga danho rekubatana kuCuba nechikonzero chekuti "kana tikazivisa pachena kuti Cuba iri kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwedu. , mamiriyoni makumi mana vokuMexico achafa nokuseka.โ
Mukurongeka, zvakadaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvombo muCuba zvaityisidzira. Muhurukuro dzepachivande hama dzaKennedy dzakaratidza kutya kwadzo kuti kuvepo kwezvombo zveRussia muCuba zvinogona kumisa kurwisa kweUS muVenezuela. Saka "Bay of Pigs raive chokwadi," JFK yakagumisa.
VaBush I manejimendi vakagamuchira kubviswa kwechikonzero chekuchengetedza nekuita kuti zvirambidzo zvinyanye kuomarara, vachimanikidzwa naClinton, uyo akabuda kunze kweBush kubva kurudyi panguva yesarudzo dzemuna 1992. Hondo dzehupfumi dzakaitwa kuti dziwedzere kuomarara muna 1996, zvichikonzera mhirizhonga kunyangwe pakati pevadyidzani veUS. Kurambidzwa kwacho kwakave nekushoropodzwa kukuru kwemumba zvakare, nechikonzero chekuti zvinokuvadza vatengesi vekunze nevemari veUS - ndivo chete vakabatwa neiyo embargo, maererano neyakajairwa mufananidzo muUS; Vanhu vekuCuba havana kubatwa. Ongororo nenyanzvi dzeUS dzinotaura imwe nyaya. Nokudaro, nzvero yakadzama yakaitwa neAmerican Association for World Health yakagumisa kuti chirambidzo chakanga chine miuyo yakakomba youtano, uye gadziriro inoshamisa bedzi yokutarisira utano yeCuba yakanga yadzivisa โngwavaira yorudzi rwomunhuโ; izvi hazvina kugashira kutaurwa muUS
Iyo embargo yakanyatso kurambidza kunyange chikafu nemishonga. Muna 1999 hutongi hwaClinton hwakarerutsa zvirango zvakadaro kunyika dzese dziri pahurongwa hwe โnyika dzehugandanga,โ kunze kweCuba, dzakasarudzirwa chirango chakasiyana. Zvakadaro, Cuba haisi yega mune izvi. Mushure mekunge dutu raparadza zvitsuwa zveWest Indian muna Nyamavhuvhu 1980, Mutungamiri Carter vakaramba kubvumidza chero rubatsiro kunze kwekunge Grenada yasiiwa, sechirango chemamwe matanho asina kutaurwa ehurumende yeMaurice Bishop. Nyika dzakarohwa padzakaramba kubvuma kubviswa kweGrenada, vatadza kuona kutyisidzira kwekurarama kwakakonzerwa neguta guru renyika, Carter akanyima rubatsiro rwese. Saizvozvo, Nicaragua payakarohwa nedutu muna Gumiguru 1988, ichiunza nzara uye ichikonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza, varwi vemazuva ano muWashington vakaziva kuti hondo yavo yemagandanga inogona kubatsirwa nenjodzi iyi, uye saka vakaramba rubatsiro, kunyangwe kunzvimbo yeAtlantic Coast nepedyo. zvinongedzo kuUS uye chigumbu chakadzama pamusoro peSandinistas.
Ivo vakatevera muenzaniso apo masaisai makuru akaparadza misha yokuredza yeNicaragua, achisiya mazana afa uye asipo muna September 1992. Muchiitiko ichi, pakanga pane kuratidzwa kwebetsero, asi kwakavanzwa mumabhii maduku rakanga riri idi rokuti kunze kwomupiro unoorora we$25,000 100. , rubatsiro rwakabviswa kubva kune rubatsiro rwakanga rwakarongwa kare. Congress yakavimbiswa, zvisinei, kuti kushomeka kwerubatsiro hakwaizokanganisa kumiswa kwehutungamiriri kwerubatsiro runodarika zana remamiriyoni emadhora nekuti hurumende yeNicaragua inotsigirwa neUS yakanga yatadza kuratidza hunyoro hwakakwana.
Hondo yehupfumi yeUS neCuba yakashorwa zvakasimba mumusangano wese wepasi rose, kunyange kunzi zvisiri pamutemo neJudicial Commission yeSangano reAmerica rinowanzoenderana. European Union yakurudzira World Trade Organisation kuti ishore kurambidzwa uku. Mhinduro yehutongi hwaClinton yaive yekuti "Europe iri kupikisa 'makumi matatu emakore eAmerican Cuba mutemo unodzokera kuKennedy Administration,' uye wakanangana nekumanikidza shanduko yehurumende muHavana." Hutungamiri hwakazivisawo kuti WTO haina masimba ekutonga nezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kweUS kana kumanikidza US kuti ichinje mitemo yayo. Washington akabva abuda mukutongwa, achipa nyaya yacho.
Kubudirira Kuramba
Zvikonzero zvekurwiswa kwehugandanga hwepasi rose kuCuba uye kurambidzwa kwehupfumi zvisiri pamutemo kunotsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zvemukati. Uye hapana munhu anofanira kushamiswa kuwana kuti anowirirana nenzira yakarovedzekaโiyo yeGuatemala makore mashomanene pamberi pezvi, somuenzaniso.
Kubva panguva chete, zviri pachena kuti kunetseka pamusoro pekutyisidzira kweRussia kwaisagona kuve chinhu chikuru. Zvirongwa zvekuchinja kwehutongi zvine simba zvakadhirowewa zvikaitwa kusati kwave nekubatana kwakakosha kweRussia, uye chirango chakawedzera mushure mekunge maRussia anyangarika kubva panzvimbo. Ichokwadi, kutyisidzira kweRussia kwakaitika, asi izvo zvaive zvakanyanya mhedzisiro pane chikonzero chehugandanga hweUS uye hondo yehupfumi.
Muna Chikunguru 1961 CIA yakayambira kuti "simba rakakura re'Castroism" harisi basa resimba reCuba. . . . Mumvuri waCastro wakakura nekuti mamiriro ezvemagariro nehupfumi muLatin America yose anokoka kushorwa nechiremera chinotonga uye anokurudzira kushushikana kwekuchinja kukuru,โ iyo Cuba yaCastro yakapa muenzaniso. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Arthur Schlesinger akanga atumira kuna Mutungamiriri aiuya Kennedy mushumo wake weMisheni yeLatin America, iyo yakanyevera nezvokuva nyore kwevaLatin America kuโpfungwa yaCastro yokutora zvinhu mumaoko omunhu.โ Chirevo ichi chakaratidza kubatana kweKremlin: Soviet Union "inobhururuka mumapapiro, ichibudirira zvikwereti zvebudiriro uye ichizviratidza semuenzaniso wekuita zvechizvino-zvino muchizvarwa chimwe." Ngozi dzeโpfungwa yaCastroโ dzakaipa zvikuru, Schlesinger akazotsanangura kudaro, apo โkugovewa kwenyika nemamwe marudzi epfuma yenyika kunofadza zvikuru mapoka akakodzeraโ uye โvarombo nevarombo, vanokuchidzirwa nomuenzaniso wechimurenga cheCuba; vava kuda mikana yokurarama upenyu hwakanaka.โ Kennedy aitya kuti rubatsiro rweRussia runogona kuita Cuba "showcase" yebudiriro, ichipa maSoviet simba repamusoro muLatin America yose.
Mukutanga kwa1964, State Department Policy Planning Council yakawedzera pazvinetswa izvi: โNjodzi huru yatinosangana nayo muCastroโฆ Chokwadi chiri pachena ndechekuti Castro anomiririra kubudirira kuzvidza US, kuramba mutemo wedu wese wehemispheric weanoda kusvika zana nehafu. " Kuzvitaura zviri nyore, Thomas Paterson anonyora, "Cuba, sechiratidzo uye chokwadi, yakapikisa US hegemony muLatin America." Hugandanga hwepasirese uye hondo yehupfumi kuunza shanduko yehutongi zvinoruramiswa kwete nezvinoitwa neCuba, asi ne "kuvapo kwayo," "kuramba kunobudirira" kwatenzi chaiye wehemisphere. Kusaremekedza kunogona kururamisa zviito zvechisimba zvakanyanya, sezvakaita muSerbia, sezvakabvumwa chinyararire mushure mechokwadi; kana Iraq, sezvaizivikanwawo apo zvikonzero zvakadonha.
Kutsamwa pamusoro pekuzvidza kunodzokera kumashure munhoroondo yeAmerica. Makore mazana maviri apfuura, Thomas Jefferson akashora France nehasha nekuda kwe "maitiro ekuzvidza" kubata New Orleans, iyo yaaichiva. Jefferson akanyevera kuti โhunhu hweFrance [hu]noiswa munzvimbo yokusawirirana kusingaperi nechimiro chedu, icho kunyange zvazvo chichida rugare nokuronda pfuma, chiri chendangariro yakakwirira.โ "Kuzvidza kweFrance [kunoda kuti] tizviroore kune mauto nerudzi rweBritish," Jefferson akapa zano, achidzora maitiro ake ekare, izvo zvakaratidza kubatsira kwakakosha kweFrance mukusunungurwa kwemakoloni kubva mukutonga kweBritish. Kutenda kurwira rusununguko rweHaiti, pasina rubatsiro uye kupikiswa nepasi rose, kushora kweFrance kwakakurumidza kupera, asi nhungamiro inoramba ichishanda, kusarudza shamwari nemuvengi.
Z
Noam Chomsky nyanzvi yemitauro, mutsoropodzi wemagariro, murwiri wezvematongerwo enyika, uye munyori wemabhuku akawanda