Kweinopfuura hafu yea
zana remakore, United Nations ndiyo yave iri huru
foramu yeUnited States kuyedza kugadzira a
nyika mumufananidzo wayo, ichifamba nevabatsiri vayo
kuumba zvibvumirano zvepasi rose pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu,
bvunzo dzenyukireya kana nharaunda iyo Washington
akasimbirira kuti aratidze maitiro ayo. "
Ndizvo zvinomhanya mushure mehondo nhoroondo, isu
dzidza kubva mundima yekutanga yepeji yekutanga
nyaya by New York Times muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika
David Sanger. Asi nguva dziri kuchinja. Nhasi, the
Musoro wenyaya unoti: “U.S
Yemahara-Musika Huru Kuburikidza neGlobal Commercial
Zvibvumirano." Kuenda kunze kwechinyakare
kuvimba neUN, hutungamiriri hwaClinton huri
kutendeukira kuWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) itsva
kuita basa re "exporting American
values." Pasi pemugwagwa, Sanger anoenderera mberi
(inotora mumiriri weUS wekutengesa), ndizvo
iyo WTO inogona kunge iri chiridzwa chinoshanda zvakanyanya
yekuunza "kuda kweAmerica
deregulation" uye yemusika wemahara
kazhinji, uye "maitiro eAmerica emahara
makwikwi, mitemo yakanaka, uye inoshanda
kumanikidzira,” kunyika ichiri kutatarika
rima. Aya ma "American values" ndiwo
inoratidzwa zvakanyanya nemafungu e
ramangwana: telecommunications, Internet,
advanced computer technology, uye imwe yacho
zvinoshamisa zvakagadzirwa neanofara American
mweya webhizimusi unoburitswa nemusika,
pakupedzisira asunungurwa kubva mukupindira kwehurumende ne
Reagan chimurenga.
Nhasi "hurumende dziri
kwose kwose tichigamuchira vhangeri remusika wakasununguka
akaparidzwa muma1980 naMutungamiri Reagan uye
Mutungamiriri wehurumende Margaret Thatcher
Britain," Youssef Ibrahim anoshuma mune imwe
Times nyaya yepeji yekutanga, inodzokorora a
common theme. Kuzvida kana kuzvivenga, vanofarira uye
vatsoropodzi pamusoro pemaonero akawanda
kubvumirana-kungochengeta kune vakasununguka-ku-kuruboshwe
chikamu che spectrum - nezve "the
kutsvaira kusingagoneki kwezvinodaidzwa nevatauri vayo
'the market revolution'":
"Reaganesque rugged individualism" ine
akachinja mitemo yemutambo pasi rose, apo
pano kumba "Republicans and Democrats
zvakafanana vakagadzirira kupa misika yakazara
kuzununguka” mukuzvitsaurira kwavo ku“vatsva
orthodoxy."
Kune huwandu hwehuwandu
matambudziko nemufananidzo. Imwe inhoroondo ye
hafu yekupedzisira yezana remakore. Kunyange vakazvipira zvikuru
vatendi mu "America's mission"
inofanirwa kuziva kuti hukama hweU.S./UN hwave
zvinenge zvakapesana nezvakavhurwa
ndima inoratidza kubva UN yaparara
kutonga nekufambira mberi kwe decolonization,
kusiya U.S. yagara iri yoga mukupikisa
kune zvibvumirano zvepasi rose pazvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye
akazvipira kukanganisa pakati pezvikamu zve
UN, kunyanya avo vane nyika yechitatu
orientation. Mibvunzo yakawanda pamusoro penyika
zvinokakavadzana, asi kwete izvi.
Kana iri "Reaganesque
hutsinye hwomunhu oga" uye kunamata kwahwo
musika, pamwe zvakakwana kutaura wongororo
yemakore eReagan mukati Foreign Affairs by
Mukuru Fellow kune International Finance pa
Council on Foreign Relations, vachicherechedza
"zvisinganzwisisike" izvo Ronald Reagan, "the
mushure mehondo mukuru mukuru ane shungu kwazvo
rudo rwe laissez faire, rwakatungamira mukurusa
kusvetukira kukudzivirira kubva pa
1930s" - kwete "irony," asi iyo
zvakajairika kushanda kwe "rudo rukuru rwe
laissez faire": iwe, kurangwa kwemusika,
asi kwete kwandiri, kunze kwekunge "kutamba
munda" unoitika wakarerekera mukundifarira,
kazhinji semhedzisiro yenzvimbo huru
kupindira. Zvakaoma kuwana imwe
dingindira rakanyanya munhoroondo yehupfumi ye
mazana matatu emakore apfuura. Shungu dzazvino
nezve shanduko yekutaurirana iyo Sanger
ari kushuma inyaya yemabhuku.
Reaganites vaitevera a
nzira yakatsikwa-ichangobva kushandurwa kuita a
comedy act by Gingrich
“vanochengeta tsika”—pavakarumbidza
kubwinya kwemusika uye kuburitsa stern
hurukuro pamusoro petsika inopedza simba ye
kutsamirana nevarombo munyika uye kunze apo
vachizvitutumadza vachizvitutumadza kune vemabhizimisi kuti
Reagan "akapa rubatsiro rwakawedzerwa kune
Indasitiri yeUS kupfuura chero yevakamutangira mairi
anopfuura hafu yezana ramakore"; kutaura zvazviri, zvakawanda
kupfuura vose vakatangira vasanganiswa, sezvavaitungamirira
"kurwiswa kunoramba kuripo pa [kutengeserana mahara]
musimboti" nevapfumi uye vane simba kubva ku
kutanga kwema1970, yakashorwa muongororo yehunyanzvi na
GATT munyori wezvehupfumi Patrick Low, uyo
inofungidzira kudzora mhedzisiro yeReaganite
inoyera kanenge katatu kune mamwe
nyika dzemaindasitiri dzinotungamira.
Iyo radical "swing
kune kudzivirira" chaingova chikamu che
"stained assault" pakutengeserana kwemahara
misimboti yakakwidziridzwa pasi
"Reaganite rugged individualism."
Chimwe chitsauko chenyaya chinosanganisira chikuru
kuendeswa kwemari yehurumende kumasimba ega, kazhinji
pasi pemaitiro echinyakare e
"chengetedzo." Pasina zvakanyanyisa kudaro
zviyero zvekupindira kwemusika, hazvina chokwadi
kuti mota dzeU.S., simbi, muchina chishandiso,
semiconductor industries, nevamwe, vangadaro
akapona kukwikwidza kweJapan kana kukwanisa
kufambira mberi mumatekinoroji ari kusimukira, ane hupamhi
zvinokonzerwa nehupfumi.
"Thatcher wacho
Britain" imwe sarudzo yakanaka
ratidza "free market gospel." Just
kuchengeta kune zvakazarurwa zvishoma zvekutanga kwa1997,
"panguva yekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya ku
kutengesa zvombo kuTurkey," the London
Mucherechedzi akadaro, Prime Minister Thatcher
"Ini pachangu ndakapindira kuti ndione kubhadhara
ye22 miriyoni pondo yakagadzirwa kubva
bhajeti rekubatsira reBritain mhiri kwemakungwa, kubatsira kuvaka
metro muguta guru reTurkey reAnkara. The
purojekiti yakanga isina hupfumi, uye muna 1995 yakanga
yakabvumirwa" neMunyori Wekunze Douglas Hurd
kuti "zvaiva zvisiri pamutemo." Chiitiko chacho
yainyanya kukosha mumashure me
iyo Pergau Dam scandal, iyo yakaratidza zvisiri pamutemo
Thatcherite inotsigira "ku
'Sweeten' maoko inobata neMalaysian
hurumende,” nemutongo weDare Repamusoro uchipikisa
Hurd. Izvo zviri kunze kwechikwereti chehurumende
garandi uye hurongwa hwemari, uye iyo
yakasara yepanoply yemidziyo yekutamisa veruzhinji
mari ku "indasitiri yekudzivirira," inobereka a
yakajairika mabhenefiti kune epamberi indasitiri
kazhinji.
Mazuva mashoma zvisati zvaitika, zvakafanana
magazini yakashuma kuti “kusvika mamiriyoni maviri
Vana vekuBritain vari kurwara nehurwere uye
kuderera kwekukura nekuda kwekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri" as a
mhedzisiro ye "hurombo pachiyero chisina kuonekwa kubva ipapo
kuma1930." Muitiro wekukura kwemwana
hutano hwakadzora uye zvirwere zvehudiki izvo
yanga yadzorwa dzave kukwidza thanks
kune (yakanyanya kusarudza) "musika wemahara
gospel" inoyemurwa zvikuru na
vanobatsirwa.
Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, a
lead headline yakashuma "Mumwe muvatatu veBritish
vacheche vakaberekerwa muurombo,” se“mwana
urombo hwawedzera zvakapetwa katatu kubvira ipapo
Margaret Thatcher akasarudzwa. "
"Zvirwere zveDickensian zvinodzoka kuzotambudza
Britain yanhasi,” mumwe musoro wenyaya
inoverenga, inoshuma zvidzidzo zvinopedzisa izvozvo
"Mamiriro emagariro muBritain ari kudzoka
kune avo vezana ramakore rapfuura." Zvikurukuru
zvakaipa mhedzisiro yekucheka gasi,
magetsi, mvura, nenharembozha ku "a
nhamba yepamusoro yedzimba" seprivatization
inotora nzira yayo yakasikwa, ine zvakasiyana-siyana zve
zvishandiso zvinofarira "zvakanyanya hupfumi
vatengi" uye inosvika "kubhadharisa
pavarombo,” zvichitungamirira ku“kukura
mukaha wesimba pakati pevapfumi nevarombo," zvakare
mukupa mvura nemamwe mabasa. The
"Kucheka kwakashata" mumapurogiramu evanhu vari
kuisa nyika "mukubatwa nekutya
pamusoro pokuparara kwenzanga kwava pedyo.” Asi
indasitiri nezvemari zviri kubatsirika chaizvo
kubva pane zvakafanana sarudzo sarudzo. Kupfuura zvese,
mari yeruzhinji mushure memakore gumi nemanomwe eThatcherite
vhangeri rakanga rakafanana 42 1/4 muzana yeGDP yairi
ndipo paakatora.
Kwete chaizvo kusaziva
pano.
Kubudisa kunze
American Values
Ngatiise parutivi
musiyano unoshamisa pakati pedzidziso nechokwadi,
uye ona zvingadzidzwa nokuongorora zvitsva
nguva iri kuuya. Zvakawanda, ini
funga.
Sanger arikupemberera
Chibvumirano cheWTO pane zvekufonerana. Imwe yayo
kugamuchira mhedzisiro ndeyekupa Washington ne
"chishandiso chitsva chemutemo wekunze." The
chibvumirano "inopa WTO simba rekupinda mukati
miganhu yenyika makumi manomwe dzakasaina
iyo," uye hachisi chakavanzika icho chepasirese
masangano anogona kushanda kusvika pakuchengeta
zvinodiwa nevane simba, kunyanya, the
Nyika dzakabatana. Munyika chaiyo, saka, the
"chishandiso chitsva" chinobvumira U.S. kupindira
zvakanyanya muzvinhu zvemukati zvevamwe,
kuvamanikidza kushandura mitemo yavo uye
maitiro. Zvikuru, iyo WTO ichaita shuwa kuti
dzimwe nyika "dziri kutevera
zvisungo zvavo kubvumira vatorwa
invest" pasina kurambidzwa munzvimbo dzepakati
zveupfumi hwavo. Munyaya chaiyo iripo,
zvingangoitika zviri pachena kune vese: "The
vari pachena vemakambani vanobatsirwa munguva ino itsva
vachave vatakuri veU.S., avo vakamisikidzwa zvakanyanya
kutonga nzvimbo yekutamba," the kure
Eastern Economic Ongororo (FEER) pfungwa
kunze, pamwe chete neimwe UK-U.S. megacorporation.
Havasi vose vanofara
nematarisiro. Vanokunda vanozviziva
chokwadi, uye vape dudziro yavo: in
Mashoko aSanger, vamwe vanotya izvozvo
"Hofori dzenhare dzeAmerica ...
kuomesera hupfumi hwakatemerwa nehurumende
monopolies dzagara dzichitonga
telecommunications muEurope uye
Asia”—sekuUnited States, kwenguva refu
yapfuura nguva iyo yakanga yava kure kure
inotungamira hupfumi hwenyika uye ine simba zvakanyanya
state. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti mukuru
mipiro kune tekinoroji yemazuva ano yakabva ku
tsvakurudzo marabhoritari ye "flabby
hurumende-yakatenderwa monopoly" izvo
yakatonga kufambiswa kwemashoko pano kusvika
1970s, vachishandisa rusununguko rwayo kubva pamusika kurangwa
kupa zvinodiwa zvemasekti epamusoro e
indasitiri kazhinji nekuendesa mari yeruzhinji
(nenzira dzisina kunanga, kusiyana nedzimwe dzakananga
maitiro ePentagon system).
Avo vanobatirira
zvisina musoro kune zvakapfuura ona zvinhu zvishoma
zvakasiyana. The FEER inoratidza kuti
"mabasa acharasika" muAsia uye
"Vatengi vazhinji vekuAsia vachafanira kubhadhara yakawanda
yebasa refoni vasati vabhadhara
zvishoma." Vachabhadhara zvishoma rini?
ramangwana rakajeka kusvika mambakwedza, zvinongodiwa chete
vatengesi vekunze kuti "vakurudzirwe ... kuita
nenzira dzinodiwa nevanhu,” kwete chete ne
ziso rekuwana mhindu uye kushandira vapfumi nevarombo
bhizinesi nyika. Chishamiso ichi chichauya sei
pass haina kutsanangurwa, kunyangwe pasina mubvunzo iyo
mhinduro ichakurudzira kufungisisa kwakanyanya mukati
muzinda wekambani.
Mukufamba kwenguva zvinoenderana
pakuronga, chibvumirano cheWTO chichasimudza foni
mari yebasa yevatengi vazhinji vekuAsia, iyo ongorora
anofanotaura. "Chokwadi ndechekuti vashoma
vatengi muAsia vanomira kuti vabatsirwe kubva zvakachipa
mhiri kwemakungwa" izvo zvinotarisirwa nazvo
kutorwa nemakambani makuru ekunze, zvikuru
American. MuIndonesia, semuenzaniso, chete nezve
300,000 ye190 miriyoni vanhu vanofona mhiri kwemakungwa
zvachose, kunyanya chikamu chebhizinesi.
"Ingangove mutengo wemuno
telecoms service, kazhinji, ichasimuka" mukati
Asia, maererano naDavid Barden, mudunhu
muongorori wenhare kuJP Morgan Securities in
Hong Kong. Asi ndizvo zvese kune zvakanaka, iye
anoenderera mberi: "kana pasina purofiti mukati
bhizinesi, hapazove nebasa."
Uye zvino izvo zvimwe zvinhu zveveruzhinji zviri kuitika
akapiwa kumakambani edzimwe nyika, akanga apiwa
zviri nani kuvimbiswa kuita purofiti -
telecommunications nhasi, uye nharaunda yakakura kwazvo
zvemasevhisi anechekuita mangwana. The business press
inofanotaura kuti "kutaurirana kwevanhu kwapera
Internet [kusanganisira makambani network uye
kudyidzana] kuchapfuura nharembozha mukati
makore mashanu kana matanhatu, uye vatyairi venhare vane
kufarira kukuru kupinda muinternet
business." Achifunga nezveramangwana rake
kambani yake, Intel CEO Andrew Grove anoona iyo
Internet se "shanduko huru mune yedu
nharaunda" parizvino. Anotarisira
kukura kukuru kwe "kubatana
vanopa, vanhu vanobatanidzwa mukugadzira iyo
World Wide Web, vanhu vanogadzira
makombiyuta" ("people" zvichireva
makambani), uye indasitiri yekushambadzira,
yatova mabhiriyoni emadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu pagore
uye kutarisira mikana mitsva ne
privatization yeInternet, inotarisirwa
kuishandura kuita oligopoly yepasi rose.
Zvichakadaro privatization
inotangira kumwe kunhu. Kutora imwe yakakosha
nyaya, pamusoro pekupikisa kukuru kwakakurumbira kwe
hurumende yeBrazil yakasarudza kuita privatest the
Vale Kambani, iyo inodzora yakakura uranium, iron,
uye zvimwe zvicherwa zviwanikwa uye maindasitiri uye
zvifambiso, kusanganisira zvemhando yepamusoro
teknolojia. Vale inobatsira zvikuru, ine a
1996 mari inodarika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora, uye yakanaka
tarisiro yeramangwana; iri 1 pa6 chiLatin
Mabhizinesi eAmerica akaiswa pakati pe500 zvakanyanya
zvinobatsira munyika. Ongororo yakaitwa nenyanzvi
yeGraduate Chikoro cheUinjiniya pa
Federal University muRio inofungidzira kuti
hurumende yakakoshesa Kambani zvakanyanya,
achicherechedzawo kuti yaivimba ne
"yakazvimirira" kuongororwa naMerrill
Lynch, iyo inoitika kuti yakabatana neiyo
Anglo American conglomerate iri kutsvaga
tora chikamu chepakati ichi cheBrazil
hupfumi. Hurumende inoramba izvi nehasha
mhedziso. Kana dzakarurama, sezvazvinogona
zvinonzwisisika kufungidzira, ichawira mune zvakanyanya
muenzaniso wakajairika.
Side comment:
Kukurukurirana hakuna kunyatsofanana neuranium.
Iko kune kunyange kunyepedzera kwedemocracy,
kutaurirana kuri pamwoyo. Concentration of
kutaurirana mune chero maoko (kunyanya kunze kwenyika
maoko) inomutsa mimwe mibvunzo yakakomba nezve
democracy ine revo. Mibvunzo yakafanana inomuka
pamusoro pehuwandu hwemari, iyo inoderedza
kubatanidzwa kwakakurumbira mumagariro evanhu nehupfumi
kuronga. Kudzora pamusoro pezvokudya kunowedzera zvakanyanya
mibvunzo yakakomba, munyaya iyi pamusoro pekupona. A
gore rapfuura munyori mukuru weUN Food and
Agricultural Organisation, vachikurukura nezve
“dambudziko rekudya zvichitevera kukwira kukuru kwezviyo
mitengo gore rino,” akanyevera kuti nyika
"inofanirwa kuve nekunyanya kuzvivimba mune zvekudya
kugadzira," the London Financial Times
yakashuma. FAO iri kunyevera "kukura
nyika" kudzoreredza marongero akaiswa
pamusoro pavo ne "Washington Consensus,"
mitemo yakakonzera njodzi
zvakawanda zvepasirese, nepo zvichiratidza ropafadzo huru kune
subsidized agribusiness — sezvineiwo, zvakare
kukutengesa zvinodhaka, zvichida kunonyanya kushamisa
kubudirira kwekuvandudzwa kweneoliberal sekutongwa ne
"free market values" kuti the
"U.S. iri kutumira kunze kwenyika."
Kudzora pane zvekudya
nemahofori emakambani ekunze ari kufamba zvakanaka,
uye nechibvumirano chezvekufambiswa kwemashoko
kusainwa uye kuendeswa, masevhisi emari anotevera
mumutsetse.
Kupfupikisa, zvinotarisirwa
mhedzisiro yekukunda kwe "American
kukosha" paWTO ndeiyi: (1) a "nyowani
chishandiso" chekupindira kuri kure kweUS
muzvinhu zvomukati mevamwe; (2) the
kutora chikamu chakakosha cheupfumi hwekunze
nemakambani eU.S.; (3) mabhenefiti e
zvikamu zvebhizimisi nevapfumi; (4) kuchinja kwe
mari kune ruzhinji rwevanhu; (5) itsva uye
zvombo zvine simba zvinorwisa kutyisidzira
yedemocracy.
Munhu ane njere angabvunza
kana zvinotarisirwa izvi zvine chekuita
nemhemberero, kana kuti vakarurama
zvine chekuita nekukunda kwemusimboti ndiko
inopembererwa nekuzvipira kune zvakakosha.
Kusava nechokwadi kunowedzerwa nekuenzanisa kwe Times '
mufananidzo wenguva yapashure pehondo ine chokwadi chisingapikiswe.
Iyo inowedzerwa zvakare nekutarisa kune mamwe e
nhoroondo dzinoshamisa dzenguva dzose, pakati pavo,
kuti avo vari pachinzvimbo chekumanikidza mapurojekiti avo
kwete chete kuvarumbidza nechido asiwo
kazhinji vanobatsirwa kubva kwavari, ingave tsika
anonzi anosanganisira kutengeserana kwemahara kana mamwe makuru
misimboti-inozobuda mukuita kuve
yakanyatsorongedzerwa kune zvinodiwa nevaya vanomhanya
mutambo uye kufara chigumisiro. Logic chete ingadaro
kurudzira kubata kwekukahadzika kana patani yacho
akadzokororwa. Nhoroondo inofanira kuikwidza kumusoro.
Kutaura zvazviri, hatitombofaniri
tsvaga kusvika ipapo.
Zvisina Kufanira
Forum
Zuva rimwe chete iro kumberi
peji yaitaura kukunda kweAmerica
kukosha kuWorld Trade Organisation, New
York Times vapepeti vakayambira European Union
kwete kutendeukira kuWTO kuti itonge pamhosva yayo iyo
iyo U.S. iri kutyora zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana pachena.
Nenguva pfupi iri kunetsa ndeye Helms-Burton Act, iyo
"inomanikidza United States kumanikidza
zvirango kumakambani ekunze anoita
bhizinesi muCuba." Zvirango "zvaizoita
zvinobudirira kusabvisa mafemu aya kubva kunze kwenyika
kuenda, kana kuita bhizinesi mu, United States, kunyangwe
kana zvigadzirwa zvavo uye mabasa asina chekuita
ita neCuba" (Peter Morici, aimbova director
yeEconomics kuU.S. International Trade
Komisheni). Icho hachisi chirango chidiki, kunyangwe
kunze kwekutyisidzira kwakanangana
vanhu uye makambani anoyambuka mutsetse kuti
Washington ichadhirowa unilaterally. Vapepeti
tora Mutemo se "kuedza kusina kunaka na
Congress yekuisa mutemo wayo wekunze kune
vamwe"; Morici anopokana nazvo nekuti ndizvo
"iri kugadzira mari yakawanda kupfuura mabhenefiti"
yeU.S. Zvakanyanya kunetsa ndeye embargo
pachayo, "kukanganiswa kwehupfumi hweAmerica
yeCuba" iyo vapepeti vanoti "chando
war anachronism," yakanyatsosiiwa nokuti
iri kuva inokuvadza kune zvebhizimisi reU.S.
Asi mibvunzo yakawanda ye
zvakanaka nezvakaipa hazvimuki, uye zvose
nyaya "yakanyanya zvematongerwo enyika
nharo," the Times stress vapepeti,
kwete kubata Washington
"zvisungo zvekutengeserana zvakasununguka." Sezvakawanda
vamwe, vapepeti sezviri pachena vanofungidzira kuti kana
Europe inoenderera mberi, WTO ingangotonga
pamusoro peUnited States. Saizvozvowo, WTO
haisi forum chaiyo.
The logic iri nyore, uye
standard. Makore gumi apfuura, pazvikonzero zvakafanana, the
International Court of Justice yakawanikwa iine
forum isina kufanira yekutonga Nicaragua's
mhosva dziri kupomerwa Washington. IU.S. yakaramba ICJ
kutonga, uye apo Dare rakashora
U.S. ye "kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kwesimba,"
kuraira Washington kuti imise kudyidzana kwayo nedzimwe nyika
hugandanga, kutyorwa kwezvibvumirano, uye zvisiri pamutemo
hondo yehupfumi, uye kubhadhara zvakanyanya
reparations, Congress inodzorwa neDemocrat
akaita nekukasira kuwedzera mhosva uku
Dare rakashorwa kumativi ose sea
"hotile forum" yakanga yashora
pachayo nekuita sarudzo yakanangana neUnited
States. Mutongo weDare pachawo wakanga ushoma
yakashumwa, kusanganisira mazwi achangotaurwa uye
mutongo wakajeka wekuti rubatsiro rweUS kune contras
"mauto" uye kwete
"rubatsiro." Pamwe chete neU.S.
kutungamira kwemauto emagandanga, rubatsiro
yakaenderera kusvikira US yaisa kuda kwayo, nguva dzose
inonzi "rubatsiro rwevanhu." Veruzhinji
nhoroondo inochengeta kumakonisheni mamwe chete.
IU.S. yakabva yatora veto a
Security Council sarudzo inodaidzira nyika dzese
kuchengeta mutemo wenyika dzakawanda (zvishoma kutaurwa),
uye akavhota ari ega (neEl Salvador neIsrael)
vachipokana neGeneral Assembly Resolution inodaidzira
"kutevedzera zvizere uye nekukurumidza" ne
mutongo weDare - usina kutaurwa mu
mainstream, sezvaive kudzokorora kunotevera
gore, panguva ino vaIsraeri chete vari muchikepe. The
chiitiko chose chinoitika sechifananidziro
nezve mashandisiro akaita iyo U.S. UN sea
"forum" yekuisa "yayo pachayo
values."
Kudzokera kune ikozvino
Nyaya yeWTO, munaNovember 1996, Washington yakavhota
ari oga (neIsrael neUzbekistan) achirwisa a
General Assembly Resolution, inotsigirwa nevose
European Union, ichikurudzira US kuti ibvise
embargo against Cuba. Sangano re
Nyika dzeAmerica dzakanga dzatovhota nezwi rimwe chete kuti
kuramba iyo Helms-Burton Act, uye yakanga yabvunza yayo
dare rekutonga (iyo Inter-American Juridical
Komiti) kutonga maererano nemutemo wayo. Muna Nyamavhuvhu
1996, IAJC yakatonga pamwe chete kuti Mutemo
akatyora mutemo wenyika. Gore rakapfuura, the
Komisheni yeInter-American yekodzero dzevanhu
OAS yakanga yashora zvirambidzo zveUS
kutakura chikafu nemishonga kuCuba sea
kutyorwa kwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Iye Clinton
mhinduro yehutongi yaive yekuti kutumira
zvemushonga hazvirambidzwe chaizvoizvo, chete
kudziviswa nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma uye
kutyisidzira kuti kunyange makambani makuru
muno nekunze havadi kutarisana ne
tarisiro (zvirango zvakakura zvemari uye
kusungwa kweizvo Washington inosarudza kuva
kukanganisa kwe "kugovera kwakakodzera,"
kurambidzwa kwezvikepe nendege, kuunganidza kwe
midhiya midhiya, nezvimwewo). Uye apo zvokudya zvinotumirwa
zvechokwadi vakadziviswa, Hurumende inopokana nazvo
kune "vanopa zvakawanda" kumwewo
(pamutengo wakakwira zvakanyanya), kuti iyo yakananga
kutyorwa kwemutemo wenyika dzese hakusi a
kukanganisa.
Sezvo nyaya yakaunzwa nayo
EU kuWorld Trade Organisation, U.S.
akabuda kubva mukutongwa kweICJ modhi,
kusvitsa nyaya yacho kumagumo.
Muchidimbu, nyika iyo
iyo US yakatsvaga "kugadzira mukati mayo
mufananidzo" kuburikidza nemasangano epasi rose
imwe yakavakirwa panheyo yekutonga kwesimba.
Iyo "American chido chekutengesa mahara"
zvinoreva kuti hurumende yeUS inogona kutyora
zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana pamadiro. Hapana dambudziko rinomuka rinhi
kutaurirana, mari, uye zvekudya zviri
yakatorwa nemakambani ekunze (kunyanya eU.S.)
Zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvisinei, pakutengesa
zvibvumirano uye mutemo wenyika dzakawanda zvinokanganisa
zvirongwa zvevane simba.
Tinodzidza zvakawanda by
kuongorora zvikonzero zvekuramba kweU.S
mutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana. Mu
Nicaragua nyaya, State Department Legal Adviser
Abraham Sofaer akatsanangura kuti apo U.S.
yakabvuma kutonga kweDare reNyika muma1940,
nhengo zhinji dzeUN "dzakawirirana
United States uye yakagovana maonero ayo pamusoro
hurongwa hwenyika." Asi zvino "Vazhinji ve
izvi hazvigone kuverengerwa kuti tigovane maonero edu
chirevo chekutanga chebumbiro reUN
Charter," uye "Izvi zvakawanda zvakafanana kazhinji
inopikisa United States pane zvakakosha
mibvunzo yenyika dzakawanda." Ndizvozvo
Zvinonzwisisika kuti US inofanira kunge iri kure
yakatungamira kubva kuma1960 mukuvhota zvisungo zveUN pamusoro
nyaya dzakawanda dzinosanganisira dzepasi rose
mutemo, kodzero dzevanhu, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye
zvichingodaro (UK yechipiri, France yechitatu iri kure),
zvakanyatsopesana neyakajairwa vhezheni
inodzokororwa mundima yokutanga iri pamusoro apa. IU.S.
yakawedzera kutungamira kwayo imwe notch nguva pfupi yapfuura
iyi nhoroondo yakaonekwa, ichikanda veto yayo yechi71
kubvira 1967. Apo mubvunzo (Israel
misha muJerusarema) akatamira kune Mukuru
Assembly, U.S. neIsrael vakamira voga mukati
kushorwa, zvakare chimiro chechimiro.
Kudhirowa zvakasikwa
mhedziso kubva mukusavimbika kwenyika,
Sofaer akaenderera mberi nekutsanangura kuti tinofanira ikozvino
“tizvichengetere isu simba rekuona
kana Dare rine masimba patiri mu a
kunyanya nyaya." The long-standing
musimboti, zvino uchasimbiswa munyika iri
haichateereri, ndiyo "United
Nyika hadzigamuchire masimba anomanikidzwa
pamusoro pegakava ripi neripi rinobatanidza zvinhu zvikuru
mukati mekutonga kwemumba kweUnited
States, sezvakarongwa neUnited States."
"Nyaya dzemumba" dziri kutaurwa dzaive
kurwisa kweUS kuNicaragua.
The basic operative
musimboti wakataurwa zvine mutsindo nechitsva
Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, apo iye
akadzidzisa UN Security Council nezve yayo
kusada kuenda pamwe nezvido zveU.S
nezveIraq: IUS icha "zvibata, ne
vamwe, multilaterally patinokwanisa uye
unilaterally sezvatinofanira," tichiziva kwete
zvipingamupinyi zvekunze munzvimbo inofungidzirwa
"zvakakosha kune nyika yeU.S
zvido" - sezvakarongwa neUnited
States. UN iforamu yakakodzera kana yayo
nhengo "dzinogona kuverengerwa" kugovera
Washington maonero, asi kwete kana iyo
vazhinji "vanopikisa United States pa
mibvunzo yakakosha yenyika."
Mutemo wepasi rose uye democracy zvakanaka
zvinhu—asi sezvinotongwa nomugumisiro, kwete
process; sekutengesa mahara.
Ikozvino US inomira mukati
iyo nyaya yeWTO nekudaro haina kutyora ivhu idzva.
Washington yakazivisa kuti WTO "haina
kugona kuenderera mberi" panyaya ye
kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yeAmerica; tinofanira kunzwisisa
kuti kuvapo kwedu kuri mungozi
kudzipwa kwehupfumi hweCuba. A WTO kutonga
kupokana neU.S. pakusavapo kungave kwete
kukosha kana kunetseka, hutongi hwaClinton
mutauri akawedzera, nekuti "hatidaro
tenda chero chinhu chinotaurwa neWTO kana kuita chinogona kumanikidza
yeU.S. kuti ichinje mitemo yayo.” Yeuka izvozvo
kukosha kukuru kweWTO telecommunications
chibvumirano chaive chekuti ichi "chishandiso chitsva chekune dzimwe nyika
policy" inomanikidza dzimwe nyika kuti dzichinje
mitemo yavo nemiitiro yavo, maererano nesu
zvinodiwa.
Nheyo yacho ndeyokuti
US inosununguka kubva kuWTO kukanganiswa kwayo
mitemo, sekusununguka kutyora mitemo yenyika
mutemo pamadiro; zvakasiyana, kunyange ropafadzo inogona
dziwedzere kumatunhu evatengi semamiriro ezvinhu
zvinoda. Nheyo dzinokosha dzenyika
odha zvakare inonzwika, ine ruzha uye yakajeka.
Zvibvumirano zvekare zveGATT
akanga abvumira kunze kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, uye
pasi pavo, Washington yakanga yaruramisa kurambidzwa kwayo
kurwisa Cuba se "matanho anotorwa mukutsvaga
yezvido zvekuchengetedza zvakakosha zveUS." Iyo WTO
chibvumirano chinobvumirawo nhengo kutora "chero
chiito chaanoona chakakosha pakudzivirira
zvezvido zvaro zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza," asi
chete maererano nezvinhu zvitatu zvakasarudzwa:
zvinhu zvinogoneka, traffic mune zvombo, uye
zviito "zvinotorwa munguva yehondo kana zvimwe
emergency mukudyidzana nedzimwe nyika."
Zvichida kusada kuve zviri pamutemo pane rekodhi
nekupenga chaiko, iye Clinton
manejimendi haana kudaidza zviri pamutemo
"netional security exemption," kunyange zvakadaro
zvairatidza pachena kuti nyaya yaivapo
"kuchengetedzwa kwenyika."
Panguva yekunyora, iyo
EU neU.S. vari kuyedza kuronga chibvumirano
pamberi paApril 14, apo kutongwa kweWTO kuri
zvakarongwa kutanga. Zvichakadaro, the Wall Street
Nyaya inoshuma, Washington "inodaro
haishande pamwe nemapaneru eWTO, kupopotedzana
iyo sangano rekutengeserana harina
kutonga pamusoro penyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika."
Indecent
pfungwa
Vanhu vane tsika havana
anofanirwa kurangarira maitiro apo Kennedy
vakaedza kuronga chiito chakabatana pamusoro peCuba
muna 1961: Mexico haina kukwanisa kuenda pamwe chete, mumiriri
akatsanangura, nekuti “Kana tikazivisa pachena
kuti Cuba inotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwedu, makumi mana
Mamirioni evaMexico achafa nekuseka." Heino isu
tora maonero akadzikama ekutyisidzira kune nyika
kuchengeteka.
Pakanga pasina zvakare akashumwa
kufa nekuseka apo Administration
mutauriri Stuart Eizenstat, vachipembedza
Washington kuramba WTO
zvibvumirano, "vakapokana kuti Europe iri
kunetsa 'makumi matatu emakore eAmerican Cuba
mutemo unodzokera kuKennedy
Administration,' uye yakanangwa zvachose
kumanikidza shanduko yehurumende muHavana" (NYT).
A sober reaction yakanyatso kurongeka pane
fungidziro yekuti U.S. ine kodzero yeku
kupidigura imwe hurumende; munyaya iyi, by
hutsinye, hugandanga hwakakura, uye hupfumi
kudzipa.
Kufungidzira kunoramba kuri mukati
nzvimbo uye sezviri pachena isingapikiswe, asi
Chirevo chaEizenstat chakashoropodzwa pa
zvikonzero zvakatetepa nemunyori wenhoroondo Arthur Schlesinger.
Kunyora "semumwe anobatanidzwa muKennedy
Kutonga kweCuba mutemo,"
Schlesinger akataura kuti Under Secretary of
Commerce Eizenstat yakanga isina kunzwisisa marongero
yeKennedy manejimendi. Kunetseka kwayo kwaive
Cuba "kunetsa mu
hemisphere" uye "Soviet".
kubatana." Asi izvi zvave kumashure kwedu, saka
iyo Clinton mitemo ndeye anachronism, zvakadaro
kana zvisina kudaro, zvinoratidzika, zvisingarambiki.
Schlesinger haana kutsanangura
zvinoreva mashoko okuti "proublemaking in
the hemisphere" uye "Soviet".
kubatana," asi ane kumwewo, mukati
zvakavanzika. Kuzivisa kunaPresident ari kuuya pa
mhedziso dzeLatin American Mission in
kutanga kwa1961, Schlesinger akatsanangura dambudziko
ye "kunetsa" kwaCastro: ndizvo
"kupararira kweCastro pfungwa yekutora
zvinhu zviri mumaoko emunhu," a
dambudziko rakakomba, akawedzera nguva pfupi yapfuura, rini
"Kugovewa kwevhu nemamwe marudzi e
upfumi hwenyika hunofarira zvikuru vane pfuma
makirasi…[uye] varombo nevarombo,
inokurudzirwa nemuenzaniso weCuba
revolution, vava kuda mikana ye
kurarama kwakanaka." Schlesinger akatsanangurawo
kutyisidzira kwe "Soviet connection":
"Zvichakadaro, Soviet Union inoramba ichienderera mberi
mapapiro, kubudirira zvikwereti zvakakura zvekusimudzira uye
ichizviratidza semuenzaniso wekubudirira
kuvandudzwa kwechizvarwa chimwe chete." The
"Soviet connection" yakaonekwa mune a
chiedza chakafanana zvakanyanya zvakanyanya muWashington uye
London, kubva kwakatangira Cold War muna 1917
kusvika kuma1960, apo documentary rekodhi
ikozvino inopera.
Schlesinger zvakare
inokurudzirwa kumutungamiri anouya "a
imwe chibage chepamusoro-soro" pamusoro
"zvinangwa zvepamusoro zvetsika uye
mweya," uyo "uchafadza
vateereri kumaodzanyemba kwemuganhu, kupi
metahistorical disquisitions zviri zvisingaite
anoyemurwa." Zvichakadaro tichazvichengeta
nyaya dzakakomba. Kungoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda sei
shanduko, Schlesinger akatsoropodzawo zvine musoro
"Pesvedzero inotyisa yeInternational
Monetary Fund," ndokutevera iyo
1950's shanduro yemazuva ano
"Washington Consensus"
("kugadziriswa kwemaitiro,"
"neoliberalism").
Neizvi (zvakavanzika)
tsananguro dze "kunetsa" kwaCastro
muhemisphere" uye "Soviet".
kubatana," tinouya nhanho padhuze ne
kunzwisisa kwechokwadi cheCold War. Asi
ndiyo imwe nyaya.
Dambudziko rakafanana
mhiri kwehemisphere hakunawo kudiki
dambudziko, uye rinoramba richiparadzira pfungwa dzine ngozi
pakati pevanhu "vari kuda zvino
mikana yekurarama kwakanaka." Mukunonoka
February 1996, apo U.S. yakanga iri mumheremhere
pamusoro pekudonha kweCuba kwendege mbiri dzea
Florida-yakavakirwa anti-Castro boka raive
aigara achipinda muCuban airspace, achidonha
mapepa emuHavana anodaidzira vanhu vekuCuba kuti vamukire
(uyewo kutora chikamu mukuenderera mberi kwegandanga
kurwisa Cuba, maererano neCuba
sources), masevhisi ewaya aimhanya
nyaya dzakasiyana. AP yakashuma izvozvo kuSouth
Africa, “boka revanhu vaifara, vaiimba vakagamuchirwa
Cuban doctors" vainge vachangosvika pa
kukokwa kwehurumende yaMandela "ku
kuwedzera kurapwa munzvimbo dzine urombo dzekumaruwa."
“Cuba ine vanachiremba 57,000 11 pamamiriyoni gumi nerimwe
vanhu, zvichienzaniswa ne25,000 muSouth Africa kune makumi mana
mamiriyoni evanhu." Vanachiremba 101 vekuCuba
vaisanganisira nyanzvi dzekurapa dzepamusoro avo, kana vakadaro
vaiva vekuSouth Africa, "zvingangove zvakadaro
kushanda muCape Town kana Johannesburg" pa
kaviri mihoro yavachawana muvarombo
kumaruwa kwavanoenda. "Kubva ipapo
chirongwa chekutumira vanachiremba vezvehutano
mhiri kwemakungwa yakatanga muAlgeria muna 1963, Cuba yakatumira
51,820 vanachiremba, vanachiremba vemazino, vanamukoti nevamwe
vanachiremba" kune "varombo vechitatu
Marudzi enyika,” achipa “rubatsiro rwezvokurapa
zvachose pasina muripo" kazhinji. A
mwedzi gare gare nyanzvi dzekurapa dzeCuba dzakakokwa na
Haiti yekudzidza chirwere chemeningitis.
Kunetsa uku
inodzokera kure kure. Mumwe anotungamira West Germany
magazini (Nguva yacho) yakashuma kuti Chechitatu
Nyika dzepasi rose dzinotora Cuba se "nyika
international superpower" nekuda kwe
vadzidzisi, vashandi vekuvaka, varapi, uye
vamwe vanobatanidzwa mu "international
sevhisi.” Muna 1985, yakashuma, 16,000 XNUMX
MaCuba akashanda munyika dzeTatu dzeNyika, kupfuura
zvakapetwa kaviri huwandu hwePeace Corps neAID
nyanzvi kubva kuUnited States. Pakazosvika 1988, Cuba
yakanga ine "vanachiremba vakawanda vanoshanda kunze kwenyika kupfuura chero ani zvake
nyika yakabudirira, uye kupfuura iyo
UN's World Health Organisation." Vazhinji
yerubatsiro urwu haruna kubhadharwa, uye Cuba
"vamiririri vemarudzi ose" vari
"varume nevakadzi vanogara pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu
kuti vazhinji vevashandi verubatsiro vebudiriro havaite
kugamuchira," inova "hwaro hwavo
kubudirira." Kune veCuba, chirevo chinoenderera,
"international service" inotorwa se
"chiratidzo chekukura mune zvematongerwo enyika" uye
vakadzidziswa muzvikoro se“pamusoro-soro
kunaka." Kugamuchirwa noushamwari kwakaitwa neANC
nhumwa muSouth Africa muna 1996, uye
mhomho yevanhu vari kuimba "Cuba refu," inopupurira kudaro
kuchiitiko chimwe chete.
Padivi, tinogona kubvunza
kuti US yaizoita sei kune ndege dzeLibya dzichibhururuka
pamusoro peNew York neWashington vachidonhedza mapepa
kudaidza vanhu vekuAmerica kuti vamukire mushure memakore
kurwisa kwehugandanga kunopesana nezvinangwa zveU.S
uye kunze. Nokuashongedza nemaruva.
zvichida? Zano rakapihwa naBarrie Dunsmore we
ABC mavhiki mashoma pamberi pekudonha kwevaviri
ndege, ichitaura naWalter Porges, aimbova "ABC
Nhau" mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weNews Practices.
Porges anoshuma kuti kana ABC nhau crew pa
ndege yevanhuwo zvavo yakaedza kutora mifananidzo
iyo U.S. Sixth Fleet muMediterranean,
“yakanzi ibve ipapo kana kuti yaizoenda
kupfurwa,” izvo “zvingadai zvakadaro
zviri pamutemo pasi pezviga zveInternational Law
kutsanangura nzvimbo yemhepo yemauto." A small
nyika iri kurwiswa nesimba guru is a
nyaya yakasiyana, zvisinei.
Kumwe kutarisisa nhoroondo
zvinogona kubatsira. Mutemo wekupidigura
hurumende yeCuba haidzokeri ku
Kennedy manejimendi, sezvakataurwa naEizenstat,
asi kune akaitangira: sarudzo yepamutemo
kupidigura Castro achida hutongi "zvimwe
yakazvipira kuzvido zvechokwadi zvevanhu veCuba
uye zvinogamuchirika zvikuru kuU.S." yakatorwa
muchivande muna Kurume 1960, pamwe nekuwedzera kuti
kuvhiya kunofanirwa kuitwa "mune a
nzira yokudzivisa chitarisiko chipi nechipi cheU.S.
kupindira," nekuda kwezvinotarisirwa
kuita muLatin America uye kukosha kwekurerutsa
mutoro uri pavatungamiriri vedzidziso kumba. Pa
nguva, "Soviet connection" uye
"kunetsa muhemisphere" vaive
nil, kunze kweshanduro yeSclesingerian.
Sezvo Washington iri iyo
mutsigiri we "zvido zvechokwadi zveCuba
vanhu," zvaive zvisina basa kune
Eisenhower manejimendi yekuitira veruzhinji
Maonero ezvidzidzo zvayakagamuchira, ichishuma yakakurumbira
rutsigiro rweCastro uye tariro nezveramangwana.
Nezvikonzero zvakafanana, ruzivo rwazvino nezve
zvinhu izvi hazvina maturo. Iye Clinton
Utungamiri huri kushandira zvido zvechokwadi zve
vanhu veCuba nekuisa nhamo uye
nzara, chero zvidzidzo zvemaonero eCuba zvingave
ratidza: semuenzaniso, sarudzo dzakataurwa mukati
Zvita 1994 nemubatanidzwa weGallup
sangano rakawana kuti hafu yevanhu
funga embargo kuve "mukuru
chikonzero chematambudziko eCuba" apo 3
muzana vakawana "mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika"
kuva "dambudziko rakanyanya kutarisana neCuba
nhasi"; kuti 77 muzana inoona USA se
Cuba "shamwari yakaipa" (hapana mumwe munhu
yakasvika 3 muzana); kuti na2 kusvika ku1, the
vanhu vanofunga kuti chimurenga chavepo
vakanyoresa kubudirira kupfuura kukundikana, the
"kukundikana kukuru" kuva "kuva
zvaienderana nenyika dzesocialist seRussia iyo
akatitengesa"; uye iyo hafu inotsanangura
ivo pachavo se "chimurenga," mumwe
20 muzana "communist" kana
"socialist."
Zvakanaka kana zvakaipa, iyo
mhedziso pamusoro pemafungiro evanhu vari
zvisina basa, zvakare muenzaniso wenguva dzose, kumba se
zvakanaka.
Vanoda nhoroondo vanogona kuyeuka
kuti mutemo wacho wakabva kuma1820s,
apo chinangwa cheWashington chekutora kutonga
yeCuba yakavharwa neBritish deterrent.
Cuba yakatariswa neMunyori weNyika John
Quincy Adams se "chinhu chinodarika
kukosha kune vezvekutengeserana nevezvematongerwo enyika
zvido zveMubatanidzwa wedu," asi iye akapa zano
kushivirira: nekufamba kwenguva, akafanotaura, Cuba yaizoita
inowira mumaoko eU.S. ne "mitemo ye
political…gravitation,” “yakaibva
zvibereko zvokukohwewa.” Zvakadaro sesimba
hukama hwakachinja zvakakwana kuti US isunungure
chitsuwa (kubva kuvanhu vayo) pamagumo e
zana, kuchishandura kuita munda weU.S. uye
nzvimbo yezvikwata zvematsotsi nevashanyi.
Kudzika kwenhoroondo ye
kuzvipira kutonga Cuba kunogona kubatsira kuzvidavirira
chinhu che hysteria chinooneka mukuurayiwa
yebhizinesi; semuenzaniso, iyo "inenge
savage" mamiriro ekutanga kabati
musangano mushure mekukundikana kweBay of Pigs kupinda
inotsanangurwa naChester Bowles, iyo "inenge
frantic reaction yechirongwa chekuita," a
mafungiro anoratidzwa muruzhinji rweMutungamiri Kennedy
mashoko ekuti kutadza kuita kwaizoenda sei
isu “pave kuda kukukurwa nemarara
yenhoroondo." Zvirongwa zvaClinton,
pachena uye zvisina kunanga, ratidza zvakafanana streak ye
kutsiva kwekunyanyisa, sekutyisidzira uye
mhosva dzakavimbisa kuti "nhamba
yemakambani akapihwa marezenisi eU.S. ekutengesa
[mishonga] kuCuba yadonha kusvika isingasviki 4
muzana" yemazinga asati asvika kuCuba
Democracy Act (CDA) yaGumiguru 1992, apo
"vashoma chete vezvekurapa pasi rose
makambani akaedza kushinga U.S.
mitemo" uye zvirango, wongororo mu
Magazini inotungamira yezvokurapa muBritain inoshuma.
Mafungiro akadai
izvi zvinotitakura kubva kune abstract ndege ye
mutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye zvibvumirano zvakasimba kune
chokwadi chehupenyu hwevanhu. Magweta anogona kuita nharo
ingave kurambidzwa kwekudya uye (zvinobudirira)
mushonga unotyora zvibvumirano zvepasi rose
kutaura kuti "chikafu hachifanirwe kushandiswa sechinhu
mudziyo wezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi
pressure" (Rome Declaration, 1996) nezvimwe
yakaziviswa misimboti nezvisungo. Asi iyo
vakakuvadzwa vanofanirwa kurarama nenyaya yekuti CDA
"zvakakonzera kudzikira kwakanyanya kwe
kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvekurapa uye zvekudya zviri pamutemo
mipiro, kune kukuvadza kweCuba
vanhu" (Joanna Cameron, Fletcher Forum).
Chidzidzo chichangobva kuburitswa cheAmerica
Association for World Health inogumisa kuti
embargo yakakonzera kushomeka kwakanyanya kwekudya,
kuderera kwekupa kwekunwa kwakachengeteka
mvura, uye kuderera kwakanyanya mukuwanikwa kwe
mishonga uye ruzivo rwezvokurapa, zvichiita kuti pasi
kuberekwa-chiyero, denda retsinga nezvimwe
zvirwere zvine makumi ezviuru zvevakabatwa, uye
zvimwe zvakakomba utano migumisiro. "Utano
uye zviyero zvekudya zvakaparadzwa
kusimba kwechangobva kuitika kwe37-year-old US
embargo, iyo inosanganisira kutengeswa kunze kwenyika,"
Victoria Brittain anonyora mupepanhau reBritain,
ichishuma fundo yegore rose yakaitwa neU.S.
nyanzvi, dzakawana "muchipatara
vana vakarara mukurwadziwa semishonga yakakosha
akazviramba" uye vanachiremba vakamanikidzwa "ku
shanda nemichina yekurapa isingasviki hafu
kunyatsoita basa nekuti havana kana spare
zvikamu." Mhedziso dzakafanana dzinoiswa mukati
zvimwe zvidzidzo zvazvino mumagazini ehunyanzvi.
Idzi ndidzo mhosva chaidzo,
zvakanyanya kudarika kutyora kwakajairika uye reflexive
zvemidziyo yepamutemo inoshandiswa sezvombo
kurwisa vavengi vepamutemo, nekutsoropodza izvo
vane simba rechokwadi chete ndivo vanogona kuratidza.
Mukururama, zvinofanira kuva
akawedzera kuti kutambura kunokonzerwa ne embargo ndiko
dzimwe nguva zvaitaurwa pano zvakare. Nyaya inotungamira mukati
ari New York Times bhizinesi chikamu chiri
ine musoro: "Kuputika Mitengo yeCuban Cigar:
Iye zvino Embargo Inonyanya Kurwadza Sezvo Hutsi Huru Hukura
Scarcer.” Nyaya yacho inoshuma matambudziko
yevakuru vebhizinesi pa "kuputa fodya
kamuri" muManhattan, uyo anochema "izvo
zvakaoma chaizvo kuwana fodya yeCuba mukati
States mazuva ano" kunze kwe
"mitengo inobata muhuro ye
vanoputa zvakanyanya. "
Panguva iyo Clinton
kutungamirira, kushandisa ropafadzo ye
ine simba, inoratidza mhedzisiro yakaipa ye
hondo yehupfumi pasina kufanana mune ikozvino
nhoroondo kune mitemo yehurumende kubva
rinovimbisa “kusunungura” vanhu vanotambura
Vanhu veCuba, mhedziso inonzwisisika yakawanda
zvinenge zvakapesana: iyo "American economic
kudzipwa kweCuba" yakagadzirwa,
yakachengetedzwa, uye munguva yepashure peCold War
yakawedzera, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoratidzwa muna Arthur
Schlesinger's report kune anouya Mutungamiri
Kennedy. Zvakawanda saKennedy's Latin America
Mission inotya, kubudirira kwezvirongwa kuti
kuvandudza hutano nemararamiro zvaive zvave
kubatsira kuparadzira "pfungwa yeCastro yekutora
zvinhu zviri mumaoko emunhu,"
kukurudzira "varombo uye
varombo" mudunhu ne
Kusaenzana kwakaipisisa munyika "kuda
mikana yekurarama kwakanaka," uye
migumisiro ine ngozi kupfuura zvakare. Pane a
yakakura uye inogombedzera zvinyorwa zvinyorwa,
inoperekedzwa nechiito chisingachinji chakavakirwa pane zvakaringana
vavariro dzine mufungo, dzisingakweretesi zvishoma
kuvimbika kune iyi ongororo. Kuongorora
taura kuti mapolicy anobuda kubva mukunetsekana
kodzero dzevanhu uye democracy, kutarisa muchidimbu
rekodhi inopfuura kukwana, kanenge nokuda
vaya vanotoita kunge vari serious.
Hazvina kunaka, zvisinei, kuti
vane chero pfungwa kana ndangariro pamusoro pezvakadaro
nyaya tichipemberera kukunda kwe
"American tsika." Uyewo hatifanirwe
kurangarira kuti mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, yakafuridzirwa na
kuda kumwe chete kwekutengesa kwemahara, Clinton
"vakamanikidza Mexico kuita chibvumirano icho
ichagumisa kutumirwa kwemadomasi emutengo wakaderera ku
United States," chipo kuFlorida
varimi vanodhura Mexico mari inosvika mazana masere emamiriyoni emadhora
pagore, uye izvo zvinotyora NAFTA pamwe neiyo
WTO zvibvumirano (kunyangwe chete "mu
mweya," nekuti kwaive kutamba kwemasimba
uye yaisada mutero wepamutemo). The
Administration yakatsanangura chisarudzo
pachokwadi: Madomasi ekuMexico akachipa uye
vatengi pano vanovada. Musika wakasununguka uri
kushanda, asi nemhedzisiro isiriyo. Kana kuti zvimwe
madomasi zvakare ari kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Kutaura chokwadi, madomasi uye
nharembozha dziri muzvikwata zvakasiyana kwazvo.
Chero zvakanakira Clinton angangove nechikwereti kune varimi veFlorida
vari kushomeka nezvinodikanwa zve
telecommunications industry, kunyangwe kunze kwei
Thomas Ferguson anotsanangura se "akanyanya kuchengetwa
chakavanzika chesarudzo dza1996": izvo
"kupfuura chero imwe bloc imwe chete, yaive iyo
telecommunications sector yakanunura Bill
Clinton," akagamuchira mushandirapamwe mukuru
mipiro kubva "izvi zvinoshamisa
chikamu chinobatsira." The Telecommunications
Mutemo we1996 uye chibvumirano cheWTO chiri, mune a
pfungwa, "maita basa" manotsi, kunyange zvakadaro
zvisingaiti kuti mugumisiro ungadai wakanyanya
zvakasiyana kana musanganiswa wakasiyana wehukuru hwaive
vakasarudzwa nenyika yebhizimisi, vachitambura pa
nguva kubva chii Business Week aiva chete
inonzi "inoyevedza" purofiti mukati nanhasi
imwe "Surprise Party yeCorporate
America."
Akatanhamara pakati pezvokwadi
zvisingazorangarirwi ndezviya zvenguva pfupi
yambotaurwa: rekodhi chaiyo ye
"Reaganesque rugged individualism" uye
iyo "free market gospel" yaive
akaparidzwa (kuvarombo nevasina dziviriro) apo
kudzivirira kwakasvika pakakwirira zvisati zvamboitika uye
Hurumende yakadira mari yeruzhinji mumari
tech indasitiri nekusiya zvisina kujairika. Apa ndipo patinotanga
kuti vasvike pamwoyo wenyaya yacho. Zvikonzero zve
kusava nechokwadi nezve "chido" icho
ichangobva kuongororwa inoshanda zvakakwana, asi
iwo mashoko omuzasi enhau chaiyoiyo: sei U.S.
makambani akasvika pakuva munzvimbo yakanaka kuti atore
pamusoro pemisika yepasirese, zvichikurudzira zvazvino
mhemberero ye "American values."
Asi iyo, zvakare, ndeye
ngano huru, iyo inotitaurira zvakawanda nezve
Contemporary world: its social and economic
chokwadi, uye kubata kwedzidziso nedzidziso,
kusanganisira idzo dzidziso dzakagadzirirwa kukurudzira
kusava netariro, kurega basa, uye kuora mwoyo.
Z