Mubvunzo 1. Ndepapi panogona kuronda midzi yepfungwa ye kibbutz?
Mavambo acho aive muchikamu cheEuropean libertarian socialist pfungwa. Muchikamu vaive murudzi rwerudo rwe "kudzokera kuvhu", dzimwe nguva vachizadzwa nekutonga kwaTolstoyan, mune dzimwe nguva chikamu chekuedza (kwakanyanya) kuedza kudzosera "piramidhi yakapidigurwa" yeEuropean Jewish society, iyo yaishayiwa kushanda. / kirasi yekurima). Marxist Zionist (kunyanya Ber Borochov) akapikisa kuti izvi zvaive panheyo ye "dambudziko rechiJudha." Muchikamu chaingove chikonzero: aya aive echiuto-chiuto munzvimbo ine hutsinye (yaive, mushure mezvese sangano rekoloni pamwe nerumutsiridzo rwenyika). Munhu haakwanisi kupatsanura zvese izvi kubva murumutsiriro rwenyika, kusanganisira kugadzirwa chaiko kwemutauro wenyika uye kuedza chaiko kushandura chimiro chakakosha chehupenyu hwemaJuda, zvichisangana neruzhinji rwakaoma rwezvinangwa zvine chekuita nehunhu hwemaJuda. kugadzirisa uye socialist-anarchist zvinangwa.
Pane zvakanaka zvishoma zvezvinyorwa pamusoro wenyaya, kana iwe uchida kuitevera, uye yakawanda kupokana. Hazvishamisi; inyaya yakaoma, kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvemukati, uye kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuzviona. Kungoenzanisira, zvakawanda zvandakasangana nazvo pakutanga (muchidimbu, asi nezviratidzo zvakajeka) handikwanise kuwana mumabhuku nezve kibbutz; uye zvimwe zvezvandakaverenga mungano dzechiHeberu dzemazuva ano zvinoratidzika kwandiri sezvandakasangana nazvo kupfuura zvandakaverenga mumabhuku emhando yesainzi.
Mubvunzo 2. Sechiedzo ko kibbutz inoonekwa here, nenhamba yenhengo, idiki diki?
Yakanga yakarongedzerwa kuva diki, uye yakaramba yakadaro. Asi zvakanaka kurangarira kuti Yishuv yese (kugara kwemaJuda) yaive yakavakirwa zvakanyanya papfungwa dzine hukama dzesangano remagariro: mugadziri nevatengi mubatanidzwa, kufambisa kwevashandi uye mamwe mabhizinesi, masevhisi anotungamirwa nevashandi,โฆ Saka kibbutzim yakawana nzvimbo yavo mukati. network yakakura.
Mubvunzo 3. Nderipi raiva basa (kana riripo) rechitendero mu kibbutz?
Mafambiro makuru aive asiri- kana anopesana nechitendero, kazhinji nechisimba zvakadaro. Kwaiva nekamwe kabhinzim kechitendero, asi kumacheto.
Mubvunzo 4. Mhuri nekurerwa kwevana muKibbutz zvakasiyana zvakanyanya here nezviri mu "democracy" yekumadokero yakabudirira, inodaro US?
Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru. Vana vaigara mudzimba dzevana. Vakauya kumisha yevabereki (mukamuri kazhinji) mushure mezuva rekushanda, uye vakapedza maawa akawanda nevabereki nevanin'ina uye vavakidzani kusvikira kudya kwemanheru, uko kwaiva zvakare pamwe chete, kazhinji kwakaparadzana kune vakuru nevana. Vabereki vaizorarisa vana, asi mumba mevana. Handisati ndamboona chidzidzo chakarongeka, asi maonero angu akasimba ndeokuti izvi zvakatungamirira kuhukama hwepedyo hwepedyo hwemhuri kupfuura hunowanikwa munharaunda dzekumadokero; nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, nokuti vabereki vakanga vasina zvimwe zvavanosungirwa kuti vaite mukati memaawa apo vabereki nevana vakanga vari pamwe chete, chimwe chinhu chakaoma kutevedzera kunze kwegadziriro yeungano. Vabereki vakanga vasingagadziri zvokudya, kuchenesa dzimba dzokugara, kuita kuwacha, nezvimwewo. Izvozvo zvakagoverwa mabasa munharaunda (zvisinei, ndinotya, kazhinji "basa revakadzi," pasinei nekuedza kukunda izvozvo).
Mumakore mashoma apfuura mamiriro akachinja zvakanyanya, asi pachine misiyano yakakura kubva kune iripo kumadokero mwero (ine misiyano yakawanda, zvakare).
Mubvunzo 5. Pane musiyano mukuru pakati pe kibbutz ye'50s, yawaiziva, uye yazvino?
Zvakawanda. Vave vakanyanya kuita zvekupindura, vakapfuma zvakanyanya, uye zvakanyanya senge nzvimbo dzakapfuma. Saka ndinonzwisisa; Ini handina ruzivo rwakananga uye ndiri kutsamira kune chechipiri masosi, kazhinji kwete zvese zvinoburitsa pachena, kune ruzivo rwangu.
Mubvunzo 6. Senharaunda yevanarchist, munhu anogona kuona kibbutz seyakaparadzana nenyika yeIsrael?
Kana bodo. Yakanga iri chikamu chepedyo chechirongwa chekuvaka hurumende. Pamafambiro makuru maviri eKibbutz, rimwe raive rezvematongerwo enyika, rinopesana nenyika yechiJudha, kusvika muna 1948; zvingayeukwa kuti kunyange bato guru reZionist rakazvipira zviri pamutemo kuhurumende yechiJudha chete muna 1942, pamusangano wakaitwa muNew York, ndokuzotenderwa neJewish Agency, bato guru rezvamatongerwe enyika. Imwe yacho yaive musanganiswa wesocialist uye yakanyanyisa expansionist-nyika, yakazvipira zviri pamutemo kubatanidza mativi ese eJorodhani - kusvika kuma1980s zvirinani, ndinotenda. Asi chero pfungwa (uye pfungwa dzaive nechido uye dzakaoma), kibbutzim yaive chikamu cheiyo yaive, chokwadi, chirongwa chekuvaka nyika. Aya ainyanya kuve nzvimbo dzekunze munzvimbo dzakaoma: nzvimbo dzemuganhu dzichidzvanya miganhu yekugara, nzvimbo dzaigara dzakaoma zvakanyanya, zvichingodaro. Zvakare, pakanga paine rudzi rwekubatana nesangano guru reZionist uye gare gare Nyika yeIsrael. Kunyanya mushure me1948, Kibbutzim yaitarisirwa kupa mauto echiuto: vatyairi vejet, paratroopers, commandos, nezvimwewo. kuve kurova kwepfungwa kwakakomba. Mukudzoka, maKibbutzim akapihwa mari yakawanda, chikamu chikuru chechikonzero chakaita kuti vashanduke kubva kunzvimbo dzisina kunaka dzekurima, kazhinji padyo nedanho rekudyara, kuenda kune chimwe chinhu chakafanana nesaubhu akapfuma, neindasitiri, kushanya, nezvimwe.
Paiva nezvimwe zvakawanda zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Zvinhu zvinonyanya kutsigira zvakasimba maArab-maJuda anoshanda boka/murimi-murombo kushandirapamwe muhurumende yemubatanidzwa, sepfungwa yechiuto, aive akazadzwawo nerusaruraganda runopesana nemaArabu, kazhinji ndisingazive ndinofungidzira (kubva pane zvakaitika kwandiri). Uye kwakatove nekupatsanurana kwakanyanya pakati pevaEurope (Ashkenazic) uye (vanodanwa) maJuda vekuMabvazuva (Sephardic, Mizrachi). Ini ndinokahadzika kuti kwave nemuArab mumwechete muKibbutzim, nanhasi. Zvamazvirokwazvo kungadai kwakave kwepamutemo kunopokana, sezvo dziri ivhu rine kana kuti rinodzorwa nenzira inobudirira neJewish National Fund, iyo inovharira maArabu nemichina yakaoma yemutemo neyokutungamirira yakarongedzerwa kuita kuti chokwadi chive chisingazivikanwi kune vokunze vasingataridziki zvakanyanya. Zvakanga zviri nyore kune vekuMadokero vasiri maJuda kuti vave nhengo (zvine pamutemo kana kwete, ini handizive) kupfuura maArabu. Uye kwakanga kune vaJudha vashomanene vokuMabvazuva. Idzi dzaive misha yemaJuda yekuEurope. Panogona kunge paine humbowo hwakaburitswa panyaya idzi. handina chokwadi. Asi chokwadi chaicho chakajeka.
Mubvunzo 7. Zvino, muna 1999, unoona here kuedza kwe kibbutz sekwakabudirira?
Zvakaoma kupindura. Pane zviyero zvakawanda izvo munhu anogona kuyera "kubudirira."
Mubvunzo 8. Pane here zvidzidzo zvatakawana kubva munhoroondo ye kibbutz?
Zvakawanda, ndinofunga. Mune mamwe maitiro, iyo Kibbutzim yakasvika padyo neiyo anarchist yakanaka kupfuura chero kumwe kuedza kwakagara kweinopfuura nguva pfupi pfupi kuparadzwa kusati kwaitika, kana izvo zvaive pachinhu chero chipi zvacho chakafanana. Panyaya idzi, ndinofunga kuti dzaiyevedza uye dzakabudirira; kunze kwetsaona yangu, ndingadai ndakagara ipapo ini - kwenguva yakareba sei, zvakaoma kufungidzira. Asi ivo vakaiswa mune yakajairika mamiriro ayo aishatisa zvakanyanya. Muchikamu izvi zvaive nechekuita neprojekti yekoloni / pekugara, iyo - zvisingarambike - yaitora nyika dzevarombo, zvisinei chokwadi chaive chakavanzika muzvivakwa zvepfungwa, izvo zvandinoyeuka zvakanyanya, ndave chikamu cheiyi indoctrination system pandaka akanga ari wechidiki aitungamirira mapoka evechidiki. Dzidziso yaive yekuti vashandi vechiJudha nevechiArab vanofanira kunge vachitsvaga zvido zvakafanana mukupikisa vapfumi vevaridzi veminda vechiArabu nemaimperiya eBritish; yakanaka yakanaka, asi iri kure kure neicho chaicho, uye manyepo apo iwo musiyano wakakosha wakadzima, sezvawaiwanzoita. Muchikamu, izvi zvaive nechekuita nezvimwe zvepfungwa, kunyanya, kushingaira kwenyika (pasina iyo bhizinesi rose ringadai rakakurumidza kuparara - zvakatora hukuru hwekunyanyisa kutsungirira matambudziko uye kuoma mumazuva ekutanga, kwenguva refu. mushure mekugadzwa kweHurumende). Zvakare zvakanyanya kuparadza yaive yakanyanyisa Stalinism, kunyangwe kunonoka sekupedzisira kwaStalin anti-Semitic paroxysms. Zvinoshamisa chaizvo kupupurira pachako. Paiva nemamwe matambudziko emukati. Uye ipapo pakanga paine tacit compact nenyika yandakataura.
Zvese mune zvese, nyaya yakaoma, asi imwe yakakodzera kunzwisiswa, ndinofunga. Ini handingade kupa zano, sezvineiwo, kuti wangu mufananidzo ungave wese wakagovaniswa zvakanyanya.