Musi waKurume 11, Oskar Lafontaine akasiya chinzvimbo chake seMari yeGerman
Gurukota uye sachigaro weSocial Democratic Party (SPD). Kusiya basa kwake kwakamutsa
"euphoria" mu "jubilant" misika yemari, mahofisi ekunyora, uye
makamuri enhau.[1]
Ndichimuperekedza mupepeti wekuonekana, London Financial Times
yakazivisa "kumukira kwehasha" uko "kwakachinja pasina mubvunzoโฆ
hukama pakati pehurumende nebhizinesi" muhupfumi hukuru hweEurope.[2] The
kumashure ndiko kukunda kwesarudzo kwemubatanidzwa weSPD-Green musarudzo dzapfuura.
Lafontaine akatungamira SPD uye ndiye aive chinongedzo kumaGreens. Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder
anotsiva Lafontaine sachigaro weSPD, kunyangwe "asati ambombundirwa neushamwari
nebato rank-and-file saVaLafontaine," tisingatauri nezveGreens
"kumukira kutsamwa" kwaisava nevanhu, asi ne "European Central Bank uye
Mabhizinesi eGerman ari kutyisidzira kutamira kunze kwenyika."[3]
Central Bank yakapihwa rusununguko runoshamisa uye
chiremera muEuropean Union, kutyisidzira "kwakashata" kune democracy, inotungamira
chinyorwa chiri mujenari reCouncil of Foreign Relations inonyevera, ichinyatsocherechedza izvozvo
chinangwa ndecheku "kuvimbisa vezvemari nevemabhizinesi vepamusoro kuti ... hupfumi hweEurope
mutemo uchave wakadzivirirwa zvakafanira kubva kune zvinodiwa nevashandi uye zvimwe zvemumba
mapoka evanhu vanofarira."[4] Uye sezvinonyatsonzwisiswa, kutyisidzira kwekutamira kune imwe nzvimbo zvakare
chombo chine simba chinopesana nedemokrasi uye kodzero dzevanhu - kunyanya, kurwisa
kodzero dzemagariro evanhu dzakavimbiswa neUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, asi dzichisekwa
se "tsamba kuna Santa Claus" uye "zvisina musoro" nevatungamiriri ve
relativist dambudziko kuUD, muWashington. [5]
Bhizinesi rinotungamira pasi rose zuva nezuva rakarurama pamusoro pekukosha kwe
iyi shanduko inoshamisa mu "hukama pakati pehurumende nebhizinesi" -
ndiko kuti, hukama huri pakati pehurongwa hwemasangano hunotambura neanouraya
kukanganisa kwekufungira kurudziro yeruzhinji, zvirinani mumusimboti uye dzimwe nguva muchokwadi,
uye simba risingaverengeki rakavanzika, maoko akachengeteka zvakanyanya.
Lafontaine yaive "isina kuvakwa Keynesian," iyo FT
inoona, "muteresi wekare uye mushandisi" - kwete "maitiro matsva"
anokwereta uye anopedza mari yemhando yakasarudzika yeReaganite. Uye zvaanokoshesa zvemutero uye
kushandisa mari kwakange kusingagoneki zvachose kune "vakuru vezvemari uye vebhizinesi." Yake
mhosva, vapepeti vanotsanangura, chaiva chinangwa che "kugoverazve mari yakawanda kubva ku
mubatanidzwa kuchikamu chemunhu." Mutemo wake wemitero "unovhara maburi akawanda
inonakidzwa neindasitiri pasina kubhadhara kuderedzwa mumitengo mikuru" yemakambani,
iyo "yaipikisa zvakasimba" pamusoro pekutsamwa uku. Kunyanya "bhizinesi
ane hushamwari" Chancellor Schroeder akanga achironga kucheka kwakapinza mumitero yekambani, asi
"Hazvina kujeka kana Mr Lafontaine vangabvuma [ku] danho rakadaro - zvirinani
pasina kuunganidza mari kubva kumwe." Maitiro aLafontaine aive
"bhizinesi-rinovenga" nedzimwe nzira zvakare, kubatsira diki nepakati-saizi
mabhizimisi emhuri. Iye zvakare "akatsamwisa indasitiri nekuchinja kwake 'kwemagariro'
inodzika zvakanyanya kuvashandi nemhuri," zvichitungamira kutyisidzira ne "vakawanda ve
Makambani makuru eGermanyโฆ kuendesa zviitiko mhiri kwemakungwaโ kwavari
akadzivirirwa kubva ku "` mumagariro akarurama" shanduko." Lafontaine's initiatives "aiva
zvakaita kuti Germany irasikirwe nemukurumbira wayo wakanaka kunze kwenyika, "maererano nemutungamiri wehurumende
Sangano reGerman indasitiri, vasina kutambisa nguva kuratidza madenderedzwa anotsanangura
"mukurumbira wakanaka." Asi nekusiya basa pasi pekutyisidzira kwekutamisa, "Mr
Lafontaine's orthodox macroenomic pfungwa dzakafa kamwe chete," indasitiri
mutungamiri wesangano akazivisa.[6]
"Vagadziri vezvematongerwo enyika veUS havafanire kuchema kurasikirwa kwe
Oskar Lafontaine kubva kune dzimwe nyika mamiriro emari," iyo FT inoshuma zvakare,
kunyange zvazvo vaibvumirana nezvakawanda zvezvirongwa zvake, kusanganisira kuedza kwake kukwezva
"European Central Bank kuti idere mubereko kuti iwane hupfumi hweEurope
kufamba." Asi "Maitiro aLafontaine aitaridzika kune vekuAmerica senge yekukanda kumashure
inflexible, statist, hupfumi-hunotonga muEurope yapfuura," iyo inotsauka kubva
zvemazuva ano, zvechizvino-zvino zveUS maitiro ekupfumisa chikamu chidiki chehuwandu nepo iyo
mhuri chaiyo inoita mamwe mavhiki 15 ebasa pagore kupfuura makore 20 apfuura nepo mari yainowana
dzakamira kana kuramba, muhoro wepakati wevashandi vasiri vatariri ndeye 14% pazasi 1973,
uye kunyangwe chechipiri decile yakarasa mambure akakosha (assets minus credit) panguva yeanemic current
kupora, izvo zvinotyora marekodhi matsva mukuti ruzhinji ruchangobva kupora
mwero wekupedzisira kwebhizimusi kutenderera kwepamusoro kwegore ra1989.[7]
Vagadziri vemitemo veUS vaitarisira kuti SPD inogona kunge "inobatsira uye
anovaka mubatsiri mune pakati nepakati-kuruboshwe zvematongerwo enyika iyo US Mutungamiri Bill
Clinton anga ari shasha ine shungu," asi vakaodzwa mwoyo paakadaro
akaratidza mavara ake echokwadi se "unreconstructed Keynesian" anotsigira
"orthodox macroeconomic ideas." Clinton's "pakati pakati-kuruboshwe
mitemo" haina kushaya rumbidzo. Clinton "akafananidzwa naMartin Luther King Jr.
uye inowanzopembererwa pamusangano weWall Street" pakati paNdira 1999, uko
purezidhendi weNew York Stock Exchange "akaudza VaClinton kuti Dr. King zvechokwadi vaive
vachinyemwerera pasi pakuungana" pachirangaridzo chegore negore chaMambo, vachiziva kuti Clinton sei
yakanga yabatsira "kona yangu diki yekumaodzanyemba kweManhattan."[8]
Mamwe makona madiki anogona kunge akafamba neimwe nzira, asi
"Bhizinesi nevakuru vezvemari" uye vatsigiri vavo vanongozvidza vakadaro
"chinyakare-maitiro" manzwiro.
Iyo "euphoria" uye "kufara" inokurudzirwa ne
kukunda kwesimba rakazvimirira kwaisangoitwa pamisika, kana zvinyorwa. Sezvinowanzoitika
panhau dzekukosha chaiko, mapeji enhau enhau dzepamusoro akabatana
"kutinhira kubvumidzwa" kwebhizinesi nevemari vepamusoro, vachisiya kunyange a
kunyepedzera kwekutarisa, uye kuisa chinzvimbo kurudyi kwaClinton
Administration. MuNew York Times, mutori wenhau Edmund Andrews akaenzanisira dzidziso yeOrthodox
Keynesian se "mumwe wevatungamiriri veEurope vanopokana uye vane pfungwa," uyo
yakatsvaga kutamisa Germany "yakananga kudivi rekuruboshwe kwaiwanzo rwisana
nemasikirwo aVaSchroeder ane hunyanzvi uye anotsigira bhizinesi.
kutaura uye ideological kuda kuruboshwe-bapiro tsika tsika akanga atsamwa pakati
mabhengi ane blustery zvinoda kuderera mubereko โ(sekutsigirwa neWashington,
Chirevo chenhau chakatadza kutaura mu "pragmatic pro-business moderate"
kufara).
Ideological fanatic Lafontaine aiwedzera "mitero yakawedzerwa pa
makambani apo achipa hunyoro hwemazororo matsva kumhuri dzine mari yepakati nepakati."
Nekusiya kwake basa, "vakasara vaive vari kumhanya uye mapragmatist vaive
pakusimuka," kukunda kunoshamisa kwe "pro-business modernizers" pamusoro
"left-wing traditionalists." โChipingamupinyi chikuru kupurofiti yemakambani chasiya
nhasi," nyanzvi yezvehupfumi kuWarburg Dillon Read akafara, pamwe chete nemakoramu enhau,
avo vaive "vaifara" se "co-muparidzi weiyo liberal weekly Die
Zeit" uyo ainzwisisa kuti Lafontaine aive "akanyanya kufunga, kure zvakare
kuruboshwe, uye zvakare kubviswa kubva kumamiriro ehupfumi hwenyika. "[9]
Andrews akaziva kuti "zvakanyanya pragmatic uye
pro-bhizinesi" Schroeder zvino akatarisana nedambudziko: "muGermany, zvematongerwo enyika zvakavakirwa pa
mapato ezvematongerwo enyika." "Chimiro chesimba muGermany chinoda kutonga kwe
mapato makuru ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ndivo vaive bato rekuruboshwe zvakanyanya VaLafontaine vaigona
tora chirango pachinhanho ichocho" - Nguva-taura nezvekutarisa kweMari
Nguva dzekuti Lafontaine "anombundirwa neushamwari ne [SPD] chinzvimbo-uye-faira," zvakasiyana.
Schroeder, uye zvechokwadi inonyanya kufarirwa pakati pemubatanidzwa weSPD, iyo
Greens. VeGreens "vakabata pane zvese zvavanokoshesa," Andrews
inoshuma, asi hazvizivikanwe nhasi kana ivo "vangada kubvuma zvakatowanda
kune zvido zveindasitiri." Dambudziko nderenguva dzose: democracy yakawandisa - zvakadaro
Andrews anonyaradza muverengi nepfungwa yekuti Lafontaine "haambofa akafananidza Mr.
Kukurumbira kwaSchroeder nevavhoti."[10]
Dzimwe nhau dzakanaka dze "pro-business moderates" uye
"pragmatists" ndeyekuti "blustery, bumptious political boss"
Lafontaine ari kutsiviwa naHans Eichel, uyo anoyevedza zvakanyanya nekuda kwake
"ruzivo mukushanda nemabhanga anochengetedza." Kubatanidzwa mukufara, the
Washington Post nhau dzinorumbidza Eichel se "gavhuna ane hushamwari hweHesse,
Nyika yakapfuma yeGermany." Germany ikozvino inogona kutarisana ne "sarudzo dzakaoma" idzo
Margaret Thatcher akagadzirira Britain, ne "kurwadza kwemahara musika kugadziridzwa"
izvo zvakagonesa "iyo inotungamirwa nemusika pragmatism" yaTony Blair. Germany zvakare
ichakwanisa "kuchekeresa hupfumi hwemagariro" uye kuita
"pro-business proposals," ichibvisa iyo "traditional socialist
base" yeSPD, iyo yaive nehanya nevashandi, mhuri, uye bhizinesi diki, uye
kupa simba kune "mamwe pragmatic moderates." Ipapo Germany inogona kuva iyo
rudzi rweparadhiso inofarikanywa navazhinjisa vavagari veEngland neUnited
States pasi pe "free-market restructuring" - iyo yakafanana
"misika yemahara" muBritain zvakati wandei kupfuura pano, zvinoenderana nezvakajairika
hukama pakati pemisika nesimba.[11]
Andrews anoona rimwe dambudziko rinogona kuitika: Eichel ane anokahadzika
yapfuura. "Akaita mushandirapamwe wekurwisa kupararira kwenyukireya uye nezvezvakatipoteredza
zvinokonzeresa.โ Asi โzvamatongerwe enyika zvake zvakadzikama kubvira ipapo.โ Iye zvino
"kazhinji anoonekwa semubatsiri webhizinesi," saka pamwe kushaya mwero kwehudiki hwake
hazvizopindiri zvakanyanya nekukundwa kunoshamisa kwedemocracy nekodzero dzevanhu.[12]
Zviitiko zvacho zvakakosha, dudziro yazvo zvakare. The
zvidzidzo zveruzhinji rwenyika dzakapfuma zvakajeka zvakakwana, kune avo
ane rombo rakanaka zvikuru.
-
-
Edmund Andrews, "Mubatsiri Wemari weGermany Anosiya: Misika yeEurope
Jubilant," _NYT_, Kurume 12; Andrews, "German Stock Market Inokwira SoKuruboshwe
Fiscal Chief Anosiya," _NYT_ Kurume 13, 1999.
-
Mharidzo, "Kuonekana naOskar," _FT_, Kurume 13.
-
Ralph Atkins, "Clash of Thunder Gods inotungamira kumukana we
tanga patsva," _FT_, Kurume 13/14.
-
Sheri Berman naKathleen McNamara, "PaCentral Banks uye
Democracy," _Foreign Affairs_, Kurume/Kubvumbi 1999.
-
Mumiriri weUN, Jeanne Kirkpatrick; Ambassador Morris Abram,
vachitsanangura vhoti yeUS yeRight to Development, iyo yakanyatso tsanangura UD. Maona
chinyorwa changu "United States uye dambudziko rehukama" (muTony Evans,
ed., _Kodzero dzevanhu Makore makumi mashanu Pamberi, U. yeManchester, 1998), yakadhindwa zvakare se_The Umbrella of
US Power," _Open Media Pamphlet Series_ (Nhau nomwe, 1999).
-
[Mupepeti, _FT_, _op.cit_; Ralph Atkins, _FT_, Kurume 15; Atkins
naFrederick Stuedemann, _FT_ March 13/14; Uta Harnischfeger, _FT_, Kurume 13/14.
-
Gerald Baker, "Vagadziri vemitemo veUS vakazorora pakusimuka,"
_FT_, Kurume 15. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, John Schmitt, _The State of Working
America 1998-99_ (Cornell, 1999); Robert Pollin naStephanie Luce, _Mubairo Unorarama_ (Mutsva
Press, 1998); Tsvagiridzo yaEdward Wolff, yakataurwa naAaron Bernstein, _Bhizinesi Vhiki_, Sept.
14, 1998.
-
Baker, _op. cit._. James Bennet, "Pamusangano weWall
Kusiyana kweMigwagwa, Mutungamiriri Anoona Zvake Zvega Zvichikwira," _NYT_, Ndira 16, 1999.
-
Andrews, _NYT_, Kurume 12, 13, 15.
-
. _Ibid._
-
. Andrews, "Kubva Akapfuma Hesse, Mubatsiri Webhizinesi,"
_NYT_, Kurume 13; William Drozdiak, _WP_, Kurume 13.
-
, Andrews, "Kubva kuWealthy Hesse." _