Pamene bungwe la Bush likulowa mu 2000, a Donald Rumsfeld adanena mokondwera zokhumba zazikulu chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa Middle East, akuwuza msonkhano wa National Security Council kuti: "Tangoganizani momwe derali lingakhalire popanda Saddam komanso ndi boma lomwe likugwirizana ndi zofuna za US.
Patatha milungu ingapo, wolemba mawu wachi Bush David Frum adaperekanso mtundu wosangalatsa wa masomphenya omwewo kwa a Magazini ya New York Times: "Kugonjetsedwa motsogozedwa ndi America kwa Saddam Hussein, ndikulowa m'malo mwa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Baathist ndi boma latsopano lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri ndi United States, zidzaika America kuti aziyang'anira dera lonse kuposa mphamvu iliyonse kuyambira Ottomans, kapena mwinamwake. ngakhale Aroma.โ
Kuyambira pa Meyi 1, 2003, Purezidenti adalengeza kuti "nkhondo zazikulu ... zidatha" pa sitima ya USS. Abraham Lincoln, zonena za kayendetsedwe kosangalatsa zotere zasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi zomwe zikuchitika pansi. Kusiyidwa mosadukizadukiza ku Iraq zakhala izi: Kaya akhumudwitsidwa bwanji, akuluakulu aboma sanagonje pa zikhumbo zawo zazikulu. Kupyolera mu kunenepa ndi kuonda, Washington yafuna kukhazikitsa boma "logwirizana ndi zofuna za US" - boma lokonzeka kugwirizana pokhazikitsa United States ngati mphamvu yaikulu ku Middle East.
Posachedwapa, ndi ziwawa zochepa kwambiri ku Iraq zomwe zafika chaka chachiwiri, anthu a ku Washington ayamba kudzinenera - potsiriza - njira yopambana (zonena zomwe zinalembedwa bwino ndi Juan Cole, mwa akatswiri ena aku Middle East). Munkhaniyi, zolinga zenizeni za Bush zawonekeranso momveka bwino, komanso momwe aboma akulepherera kuzikwaniritsa - chifukwa cha ma Iraqi.
M'masabata angapo apitawa, boma la Iraq la Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki lafotokoza momveka bwino kuti, m'kupita kwa nthawi, ilibe chidwi chofuna kukhalabe "ogwirizana ndi zofuna za US" m'derali. M'malo mwake, titha kukhala tikuwona "malo otsogola", mphindi yomwe kuyesayesa kwa Washington kulamulira Middle East kuli kozama kwambiri.
Makasitomala akuti olamulira a Bush atha zaka zambiri komanso mabiliyoni ambiri a madola kupanga, kulera, ndi kuteteza awonetsa kusakhulupirika komanso kusayamika, komanso chikhumbo champhamvu chofuna kuchita zomwe akufuna. Pansi pa kukakamizidwa ndi ndale za Iraq, Maliki adasunthira mwamphamvu kumbali ya chikhalidwe cha dziko pazinthu ziwiri zazikulu: kupitirizabe ku America kudziko la dzikoli ndi tsogolo la mafuta a Iraq. Pochita izi, adayesetsa kuti atalikitse boma lake ku kayendetsedwe ka Bush ndikukhazikitsa ubale wabwino, ngati si mgwirizano weniweni, ndi adani apadziko lonse a Washington, kuphatikiza mdani wamkulu wa Bush Bush, Iran.
Kusiya Kumakhala Nkhani Yovomerezeka
Mwinamwake chizindikiro chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha ufulu watsopanowu ndi kukana kwa boma la Iraq ku lingaliro la Washington la "mgwirizano wamagulu ankhondo" (SOFA) omwe angalole kukhalapo kwa asilikali a US ku Iraq kosatha komanso kosaletseka.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zigamulo za UN zomwe zidapereka chilolezo kwa asitikali aku US ku Iraq, zokambirana za SOFA ndizofunikira. Adayamba ndi lingaliro lomwe lidawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zomwe Washington akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Iraq ngati maziko opangira US. "olamulira chigawo chonsecho kuposa mphamvu iliyonse kuyambira ma Ottoman, kapena mwina Aroma."Lingaliro lomwe lidatulutsidwa koyamba kwa atolankhani mu June 2008 linali kulanda malo, kuphatikiza chakudya monga zotsatirazi zomwe sizikanawoneka ngati zachilendo mu a pangano la atsamunda la zaka za m'ma XNUMX:
*Chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha asitikali aku US chikhalabe ku Iraq mpaka kalekale, atakhazikika pazida za 58 m'malo osankhidwa ndi United States.
*Asilikaliwa adzaloledwa kuukira chandamale chilichonse mkati mwa Iraq popanda chilolezo cha, kapena chidziwitso kwa akuluakulu aku Iraq.
*U.S. Asitikali ndi asitikali atha kukhala omasuka kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la Iraq kuti achite zigawenga motsutsana ndi anansi onse a Iraq popanda chilolezo chochokera ku boma la Iraq.
*A US angayang'anire ndege zaku Iraq mpaka 30,000 mapazi, ndikumasula US Air Force kuti igwire momwe ikufunira mkati mwa Iraq ndikupanga maziko ogwiritsira ntchito, kapena kudutsa, malo amlengalenga aku Iraq kwa ndege zomwe zikufuna kuukira mayiko ena.
* Asitikali aku US ndi makontrakitala ake azinsinsi sangakhale ndi malamulo aku Iraq, ngakhale atachita zosagwirizana ndi ntchito zawo zankhondo.
* Unduna wa chitetezo ku Iraq, mkati, ndi chitetezo cha dziko (ndi zida zonse zogulira zida za Iraq) zitha kuyang'aniridwa ndi US kwa zaka 10.
Pamene zidawukhira (zachidziwikire ndi ma Iraqi omwe adachita nawo zokambirana), lingaliro ili lidapangidwa kutsutsa m'magulu onse a ndale kuyambira ku nyumba yamalamulo mpaka kumakwalala. Idatsutsidwa ngakhale ndi Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani yemwe amakhala chete, Shia Ayatollah wamphamvu kwambiri. Posakhalitsa, Prime Minister Maliki adafotokoza zake kukanidwa za ganizoli, kuyambitsa kukambirana kwachipwirikiti pomwe ma Iraqi akuwoneka kuti amakangana mwamphamvu kuti pakhale kukhalapo kocheperako, mwachidule komanso mwachidule ku US, komanso tsiku lomalizira kuti achotsedwe kwathunthu - lingaliro lomwe linali lonyansa kwa olamulira a Bush.
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa August, pamene tsatanetsatane wa a mwatsatanetsatane atavomerezedwa ndi Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice adayamba kutuluka, zinali zoonekeratu kuti okambirana aku US apereka njira, ndikupereka mwayi waukulu ku mbali ya Iraq. Malingana ndi anthu a ku Iraq, pangano latsopanoli linafuna kuti asilikali a US achotsedwe kwathunthu ku mizinda ya Iraq, kumene nkhondo zambiri zimachitika, m'chilimwe cha 2009. Asilikali onse a US - osati "nkhondo" zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri. Ma Democrat amalankhula za nthawi yochotsa ku Iraq - zikhala zitapita kumapeto kwa 2011.
Zolemba zomwe zidatsitsidwa zikadakhazikitsidwa, US ikadasiya maziko 58, kuphatikiza maziko asanu akuluakulu "okhalitsa". momwe boma la Bush latsanulira mabiliyoni a madola. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kosalephereka kwa zomwe Washington idafuna poyambirira kuti mphamvu zake zikhale zochepa kwambiri: A US sakanakhala ndi ufulu woukira maiko ena kuchokera ku nthaka ya Iraq, mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito mkati mwa Iraq zidzatsekedwa, ndipo chitetezo chotsutsa chidzakhala cha asilikali aku US okha (ndipo pokhapokha atakhala nawo pazochitika zankhondo zovomerezeka. ).
Chizindikiro cha kumasuka kwa boma la US ku boma la Iraq la kasitomala ndi zomwe mbali ziwirizi zinachita pa zomwe zidatulutsidwa za mgwirizano watsopano. Secretary of State Rice adalengeza kuti "ndizovomerezeka" ndipo adafotokoza movutikira kuti nthawi yomwe akufunsidwayo sinali tsiku lokhazikitsidwa lomwe olamulira a Bush adakana kwanthawi yayitali, koma "zofuna" "nthawi yakutali" yomwe ingadalire "mikhalidwe" ku Iraq.
Maliki, mwachiwonekere poyankha kukhudzidwa kwa ziwonetsero za anthu ku ndemanga za Rice, nthawi yomweyo adalengeza kuti mgwirizanowu ndi wosavomerezeka pokhapokha nthawi yomaliza yochotsamo inali yokhazikika komanso yopanda malire. M'mawu odziwika bwino kumsonkhano wa ma sheiks, adanena kuti mgwirizano uliwonse uyenera kukhazikitsidwa pa mfundo yakuti "palibe msilikali wakunja amene amakhala ku Iraq pambuyo pa nthawi yeniyeni, osati nthawi yotseguka." Powonjezera kumveketsa mawu ake, wothandizira wamkulu adauza a Associated Press kuti "asilikali otsiriza a ku America ayenera kuchoka ku Iraq kumapeto kwa 2011, mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu zinalili panthawiyo."
Malipoti aposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kukambirana kwina kwachinsinsi kudabwezeretsa zofuna za US, kuphatikiza chitetezo chokwanira kwa asitikali aku America (koma osati omenyera nkhondo), komanso kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lomaliza kuti athane ndi asitikali okha. Kuvomereza kotere kwa Maliki, komabe, kumawoneka kuti kungayambitsenso ziwonetsero zina komanso kukana m'misewu ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Iraq.
Kaya zotulukapo zake nโzotani, zokambirana zomwe sizinamalizidwebe zikusonyeza kuti pali china chatsopano pa ubale wa maboma awiriwa. Mpaka posachedwa, utsogoleri waku Iraq mokhulupilika udayesetsa kukhazikitsa mfundo zilizonse zomwe olamulira a Bush adakonda (ngakhale kuthekera kwake kuzitsatira kumakayikiridwa nthawi zonse). Ndi SOFA yomwe ikufunsidwa, kaimidwe kameneka kamasowa, m'malo mwa kutsutsana komveka ndi zilakolako za Washington. Ndi zida zake zowopsa (kuphatikiza asitikali a 146,000 pansi), Washington ikuyenera kupambana zina mwa mikanganoyi, koma zomwe titha kuwona ndikutha kwa maloto a boma "logwirizana kwambiri" ndi mfundo za US.
Kuyambanso kwa Mafuta a Nationalism
Palibe chabwino chomwe chikuwonetsa kusinthaku kuposa ndondomeko yamafuta. Kuyambira pomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito ku Iraq, olamulira a Bush adayesetsa kuchulukitsa kanayi kupanga mafuta aku Iraq popereka ulamuliro wamakampani kumakampani akuluakulu amafuta padziko lonse lapansi. Akapatsidwa ufulu wochita zofuna zawo, opanga mfundo ku Washington adakhulupirira kuti akuluakulu amafuta aziyika ndalama zambiri pakukonzanso minda yomwe ilipo, kuyambitsa nkhokwe zosatukuka pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe ulipo, ndikupeza magawo atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito zamakono. kufufuza ndi kuchotsa njira.
Kufikira 2007, boma la Iraqi linali lothandizana nawo pabizinesiyi, ngakhale kuti ambiri aku Iraqi - kuphatikiza gulu lamphamvu la ogwira ntchito pamafuta, utsogoleri wachipembedzo, komanso ambiri a Nyumba Yamalamulo - adatsutsa mwamphamvu mapulaniwa, akufuna m'malo mwake kuti azilamulira. mafakitale amakhalabe m'manja mwa boma. Mu 2004, boma la Iraq lomwe linasankhidwa ndi U.S. lidavomereza mwachidwi mgwirizano wa International Monetary Fund womwe udalamula kuti makampani amafuta apadziko lonse lapansi akhazikitse nkhokwe zazikulu zamafuta aku Iraq. Makampaniwa atapeza maziko ovomerezeka a ndalama zotere kuti azitha kuyika ndalama zambiri, boma la Iraq (lozunguliridwa ndi alangizi aku America) nthawi yomweyo lidayamba kugwira ntchito yokhazikitsa lamulo lamafuta lomwe likanapereka maziko otetezeka kwambiri pakuyika kwawo. Pakadali pano, upangiri wanthawi zonse udalandiridwa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu amafuta, omwe akatswiri awo adayikidwa kuti aziyang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zauinjiniya mdziko muno.
Mu 2007, pamene lamulo la mafuta lidaperekedwa ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Iraq, adatsutsidwa mosalekeza. Mabungwe amphamvu amafuta nthawi zonse adayamba nkhanza kampeni yotsutsa zomwe zinalepheretsa lamulo.
Palibe mwazinthu izi zomwe zidasintha kutsimikiza kwa olamulira a Bush kukankhira lamuloli. Komabe, iwo sanayembekezere kuti olamulira a Maliki nawonso adzakhala magwero ena otsutsa. Monga Charles Ries adanena atolankhani atasiya udindo wake ngati Ambassador wa Economic ku Iraq mu Ogasiti 2008 patatha chaka cholephera, "Nditafika kuno ... Ndinamvetsetsa zomwe zinali zenizeni ... zinali zoonekeratu kuti iyi ikhala vuto lalikulu la ndale. "
Pamene Ries anali pa ntchito, ngakhale utsogoleri wa Unduna wa Mafuta, mpaka nthawi imeneyo gulu logwirizana ndi America, linayamba kutsutsa. Chizindikiro chimodzi cha izi chinali kulephera kwake kumaliza makontrakitala asanu osatsatsa (zomwe sizinaphatikizepo mwayi wogula kapena kuchotsa) ndi mafuta ogwirizana omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi omwe amawakayikira - Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Total, ndi Chevron - yopangidwa kuti iwonjezere kupanga Iraq ndi migolo ya 500,000 patsiku. Nduna ya Mafuta Hussein al-Shahrastani adauza atolankhani Wall Street Journal kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha zokambirana zomwe zikulephereka chinali chikhumbo cha makampani opangira mafuta "chosankha mwapadera pazochita zofufuza zamtsogolo zamafuta." Ndemanga iyi, monga zokambitsirana zomwe zikusokonekera, zikuwonetsa kutayidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka Bush kachitidwe ka mafuta aku Iraq komwe kakufunidwa kwanthawi yayitali.
Maganizo atsopanowa adatsindikitsidwa pomwe Unduna wa Mafuta udatsitsimutsa mgwirizano wanthawi ya Saddam ndi China National Petroleum Corporation, womwe tsopano wapatsidwa mwayi. Mgwirizano wa $ 3 biliyoni kukulitsa malo opangira mafuta a Ahdab. Poganizira mkangano womwe ukukula pakati pa US-China paulamuliro wamafuta akunja, fanizo la izi sizikanamveka bwino - makamaka popeza kuti mgwirizano wakale udathetsedwa mopanda ulemu ndi United States kumayambiriro kwa ntchitoyo mu 2003. Ayi. Zosafunika kwenikweni, iyi inali "mgwirizano wautumiki" womwe mawu ake sanatsatire malangizo a US omwe akufuna kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa ulamuliro wa boma la Iraq pamakampani amafuta.
Atangolengeza mgwirizano watsopanowu, Mtumiki wa Mafuta Shahrastani adapereka zomwe zingawoneke ngati a chidziwitso za ufulu wodzilamulira wa ndondomeko ya mafuta. Iye anati: โMafuta [apadziko lonse] angakwaniritsidwe ndipo akhoza kupyola pangโono mmene anthu akufunira padzikoli. Dziko lapansi, ndiye kuti, linali ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, kotero panalibe, adaumiriza, palibe chifukwa chothamangira padziko lonse lapansi kuti achite nawo mapangano opanga mafuta omwe mwina sangakhale othandiza ku Iraq.
Izi zidayimira kuwukira kwa maziko za mfundo zamafuta aku US - zomwe, monga Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Cheney adauza msonkhano wamakampani amafuta mmbuyo mu 1999"Pofika m'chaka cha 2010 tidzafunika mbiya zowonjezera XNUMX miliyoni patsiku. Ndiye mafuta amachokera kuti? mafuta padziko lapansi komanso mtengo wotsika kwambiri, akadali pomwe mphoto ili. "
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mmbuyo mu 2001 - ndipo pamaso pa 9/11 - Cheney Energy Task Force, kugwira ntchito ndi National Security Council, akanapanga kudzipereka kwapakati pa kayendetsedwe ka ndondomeko ya Middle East, kufotokoza mkhalidwe wa dziko monga momwe mafuta ayenera kuperekedwa. ziwonjezeke kwambiri kuti zikwaniritse kufunika kwa "migolo yowonjezera makumi asanu pa tsiku."
Mayiko omwe amapanga mafuta ku Middle East sanavomereze kusanthula kwa Cheney ndipo mobwerezabwereza anakana zoyesayesa za US kulimbikitsa, kulimbikitsa, kapena kukakamiza kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupanga mafuta. Mโmalo mwake, iwo anawona โkupereลตeraโ kwa mafuta monga chotulukapo chachibadwa cha mphamvu za msika, zopindulitsa ku chuma chawo.
Ndi kupambana kwa kuwukira kwa US, boma la Iraqi lidawopseza kuti likhala chiwopsezo pakati pa Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), kuvomereza mapulani othandizidwa ndi US omwe, mwachidziwikire, akadachulukitsa kanayi kupanga kwa Iraq mkati mwa zaka 10. Chifukwa chake ndemanga za Shahrastani zinali chizindikiro kuti Iraq ikulowanso m'gulu la OPEC ndikutsegula nthawi yatsopano mu ndale za Iraq pambuyo pa kuwukira komwe boma lomwe adayimilira silidzakhalanso mnzake wodalirika wa United States.
Msomali mu Bokosi la Kugonjetsedwa kwa America?
Zomwe zikuchitika muzochitazi ndi malingaliro atsopano, ndikuwunika, kukhalapo kwa US ku Iraq. Prime Minister Maliki ndi anzawo akuwoneka kuti atengera malingaliro a mtolankhani Ndi Rosen kuti "anthu aku America ndi gulu limodzi lankhondo," ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri omwe amayenera kuwongolera ndikuchotsa.
Pamene boma la Iraq likusonkhanitsa nyanja yowonjezereka ya mafuta a petrodollar ndikupeza njira zowagwedeza kuchokera kumabanki aku US ndi akuluakulu a boma la US, atsogoleri ake adzakhala ndi zothandizira kutsatira ndondomeko zomwe zimasonyeza zolinga zawo. Kuchepa kwa ziwawa, zomwe zimatengedwa ku U.S. monga chizindikiro cha "kupambana" kwa America, kwathandizira izi. Zapangitsa kuti boma la Maliki lizimva kuti silidalira kwambiri kupulumuka kwawo pakukhalapo kwa America, ndikulimbitsa mphamvu zamkati ndi zigawo zotsutsana kapena zotsutsana ndi zolinga za Washington ku Middle East.
Nyuzipepala yolemekezeka yaku Iraq Azzaman Mkonzi waposachedwapa analozera ku chimodzi mwa mphamvu zimenezi: "Iran yatulukira ngati mnzawo wamkulu wa malonda a dziko. Makampani ake ali kumpoto kwa Kurdish ndi kum'mwera kwa Iraq akugwira ntchito za mabiliyoni a madola. Katundu waku Iran ndi malonda odziwika kwambiri ku Iraq. Iraq, ngakhale idalandidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi America, yakula kukhala yodalira Iran kotero kuti akatswiri ena amawona ngati dziko la satellite la Tehran."
Kuti tithandizire mkangano uwu, Azzaman adatsimikiza kuti: "Unduna wa Mafuta ndi zigawo zina zazikulu monga Unduna wa Zam'kati ndi Zachuma zili m'manja mwa magulu ochirikiza Iran Shiite." Potengera zomwe Unduna wa Zamafuta udachokera, idati kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa mfundo zamafuta kukuwonetsa kukakamizidwa kwa Iran kuti "asaphatikize akuluakulu amafuta aku US pamakontrakitala opititsa patsogolo minda yayikulu yamafuta mdziko muno."
Azzaman zitha kugogomezera kwambiri chikoka cha Irani, popeza pali zikoka zambiri zamkati za Iraq zomwe zikupitilizabe kutsutsana ndi chikhumbo cha Washington chofuna kulamulira kasitomala. Nyumba yamalamulo, atsogoleri achipembedzo a Sunni ndi Shia, mabungwe amphamvu, ndi zigawenga za Sunni ndi Shia onse adalembetsa kutsutsa kwakukulu kuti apitirize kukhalapo ndi chikoka cha US.
Izi zikachitika, mphamvu zaku US pa boma la Iraq, ngakhale ndizowopsa, zikuchepa. Boma la Bush - kapena wolowa m'malo wake posachedwa - atha kukumana ndi vuto lalikulu: kuvomereza zomwe boma la Iraq likufuna kuti lichoke kapena kukulitsa nkhondoyo poyesanso kukhazikitsa boma lomwe likufunika. "zogwirizana ndi zofuna za US." Chilengezo chaposachedwa ndi Pentagon chokhacho chokha kuchepetsa pang'ono kwa asilikali zotheka zankhondo m'tsogolo zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kukhala chizindikiro cha vuto ili. Popanda kukwanira kwathunthu kwa asitikali aku US, pambuyo pake, zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kutsimikizira boma la Maliki kuti livomerezenso mfundo zomwe Washington imakonda.
Funso likadalili: Kodi pali chilichonse chomwe chingasinthe mphamvu zapakati zomwe zikukoka Iraq kuchokera ku Washington? Kodi njira ya Purezidenti "yochita opaleshoni" idzatsimikizira kuti inali msomali m'bokosi la chiyembekezo chake chakulamulira kwa US ku Middle East?
Ngati izi zili choncho, samalani pakhomo. Mkangano wosapeลตeka wokhudza "ndani adataya Iraq" - zomwe zikufanana ndi mikangano yam'mbuyomu "yemwe adataya China" ndi "ndani adataya Vietnam" - ikuyenera kukhala panjira.
Buku latsopano la Michael Schwartz, Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: The Iraq Debacle in Context (Haymarket, 2008), idzatulutsidwa kumapeto kwa mwezi uno. Ikufotokoza momwe geopolitics yamafuta idatsogolera US kuti iwononge dziko la Iraq ndi chuma chake ndikuyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni m'dzikolo. Pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Stony Brook State University, Schwartz walemba zambiri pa zionetsero zodziwika bwino komanso zigawenga. Ntchito yake ku Iraq yawonekera m'malo ambiri, kuphatikiza TomDispatch, Asia Times, Amayi Jones, ndi Contexts. Adilesi yake ya imelo ndi [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, zosinthidwa m'kope lomwe langotulutsidwa kumene ku Iraq, komanso mkonzi ndi wothandizira Dziko Lolingana ndi Tomdispatch: America mu New Age of Empire.]
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