Mavuto azachuma akufalikira ku Iraq - ndipo si zachiwawa zomwe anthu aku America amazolowera kumva ndikuwongolera. Kunena zowona, chinayambitsa chiwawa chimenecho, koma tsunami yatsoka imeneyi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma. Imachotsa anthu ntchito, kuwasesa mโnyumba zawo, kuwachotsa pa chuma chawo, ndi kuwachotsa mโmabanja ndi mโmidzi. Zimawasiya ali otsekeredwa m'matauni audani kapena m'mayiko akunja, opanda nangula woti atsutse panthawi yomwe kusamuka kwina kumawasesa.
Ozunzidwa ndi tsunami yaumunthu amatchedwa othawa kwawo ngati amatsuka kumtunda kunja kwa dziko kapena IDPs ("othawa kwawo") ngati malo awo akutera ali m'malire a Iraq. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda nyumba zokhazikika, alibe moyo wodalirika, alibe thandizo la anthu ammudzi, ndiponso alibe thandizo la boma. Zida zonse zomwe zimathandizira miyoyo ya anthu zimachotsedwa, m'malo ndi ... palibe.
Mafunde Odutsana a Ochotsedwa
M'zaka zake zinayi zoyambirira, nkhondo ya Iraq idapanga mafunde atatu ophatikizika othawa kwawo ndi ma IDP.
Zonsezi zinayamba ndi Coalition Provisional Authority, yomwe bungwe la Bush linakhazikitsa mkati mwa Green Zone ya Baghdad ndipo, mu May 2003, adayiyika pansi pa ulamuliro wa L. Paul Bremer III. CPA nthawi yomweyo idayamba kugwetsa zida za boma la Iraq. Zikwi za akuluakulu a chipani cha Baathist adachotsedwa m'boma; ogwira ntchito masauzande ambiri anachotsedwa ntchito m'mafakitale otsekedwa, a boma; masauzande mazana a asitikali aku Iraq adachotsedwa m'gulu lankhondo lomwe lathetsedwa la Saddam. Ziwerengero zawo posakhalitsa zinachulukirachulukira pamene chiwonongeko cha mphamvu zawo zogulira chinayamba kudutsa muzachuma. Ambiri mwa othawa kwawo adapeza ntchito zina (zopanda malipiro ochepa); ena amazengereza kudikira nthawi zoipa; koma ena anasiya nyumba zawo ndi kukafuna ntchito kwina, ndipo ogulidwa kwambiri amapita kumaiko apafupi kumene maluso awo anali kufunidwabe. Iwo anali otsogola pagulu loyamba la othawa kwawo aku Iraq.
Pamene chipwirikiti cha pambuyo pa nkhondo chinali kupitirira, kuba kunakhala bizinesi yokulirakulira ya dzikolo, kulunjika banja lililonse lotukuka lokhala ndi njira zolipirira dipo. Izi zinangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa kunyamuka, makamaka pakati pa omwe anali atasokonezedwa kale ntchito zawo. Ogwira ntchito zambiri, akatswiri, ndi oyang'anira anathawa m'nyumba zawo ndi Iraq kufunafuna chitetezo chaumwini ndi ntchito.
Mzimu wa Ekisodo woyambirirawu unafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndi a Wolemba mabulogu waku Iraq ndi chogwirizira pa intaneti cha AnaRki13:
"Osati kusamuka kochuluka ngati kusamuka mokakamizidwa. Asayansi, mainjiniya, madotolo, omanga nyumba, olemba, olemba ndakatulo, mumatchulapo - aliyense akutuluka mtawuni.
"Chifukwa chiyani? Zosavuta: 1. Palibe msika weniweni wa ntchito ku Iraq. 2. Ngakhale mutakhala ndi ntchito yabwino, mwayi ndi wabwino kuti mudzabedwa kapena kuphedwa. Sikoyenera kukhala pano. Sunni, Shiite, kapena Mkhristu - aliyense, tonse tikuchoka, kapena tachoka kale.
"Mmodzi wa anzanga amandidzudzulabe za momwe ndiyenera kukonda dziko lino, dziko la makolo anga, kumene ndinabadwira ndikukulira; momwe ndiyenera kuthokoza ndikubwerera kumalo omwe anandipatsa chilichonse. Nthawi zonse ndimamuuza zomwezo. "Iraq, monga momwe iwe ndi ine tidadziwira kale, yatayika. Zomwe zatsala, sindikufunaโฆ'
"Madotolo odziwika kwambiri ndi maprofesa aku yunivesite achoka kale mdziko muno chifukwa ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza omwe ndimawadziwa, adaphedwa kapena kuphedwa, ndipo ena onse adalandira uthenga - ndipo adadzipezera ntchito kumadzulo, komwe adalandiridwa mwachikondi komanso apatsidwa maudindo apamwamba. Mamiliyoni ena aku Iraq, ma Iraqi wamba, adachoka ndikuchoka - opanda mapulani komanso chiyembekezo chachikulu."
Mu 2004, anthu a ku America adayambitsa chiwembu chachiwiri cha othawa kwawo pamene adayamba kuukira ndi kulanda malo achitetezo, monga adachitira mumzinda wa Sunni wa Falluja mu November 2004, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zonse zankhondo. Kaya anthu aku America adapempha kuti asamuke kapena ayi, anthu ambiri akumaloko anakakamizika kuthawa madera kapena mizinda yomenyera nkhondo. Ndondomekoyi idakambidwa mwachidule pakuwunika bwino mbiri yankhondo yomwe idapangidwa ndi Global Policy Forum ndi mabungwe ena 35 omwe si aboma:
"Pakati mwa anthu othawa, omwe ali ndi mwayi kwambiri amatha kuthawira kwa achibale akunja, koma ambiri amathawira kumidzi komwe akukumana ndi zovuta kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kusowa kwa chakudya ndi madzi. Pambuyo pake Red Crescent, UN kapena Ku Falluja, mzinda wa anthu pafupifupi 300,000, anthu oposa 216,000 othawa kwawo anasamukira m'misasa yomwe inali yodzaza ndi anthu m'miyezi yozizira, osapatsidwa chakudya, madzi, ndi chithandizo chokwanira. mzinda wa anthu 100,000, malinga ndi bungwe la Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS) Ku Ramadi, pafupifupi 150,000 peresenti ya anthu 70 a mumzindawu adachoka kusanachitike nkhondo ya US.
"Nthawizi zikuwonetsa kuyamba kwa vuto lalikulu lakusamuka ku Iraq."
Ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa othawa kwawowa anabwerera pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, owerengeka ochepa sanatero, mwina chifukwa chakuti nyumba zawo (kapena zopezera ndalama) zinali zitawonongedwa, kapena chifukwa choopa kupitiriza chiwawa. Mofanana ndi anthu othawa kwawo omwe anali osowa pokhala panthaลตi ya funde lapitalo, othaลตa kwawo ameneลตa anafunafuna madera atsopano amene sanali owopsa kapena otukuka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mayiko oyandikana nawo. Ndipo, monga momwe zinalili ndi funde loyamba lija, anali akatswiri komanso ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo ndi oyang'anira omwe anali ndi mwayi woti achoke ku Iraq.
Kumayambiriro kwa 2005 funde lachitatu lidayamba, pofika chaka chotsatira kukhala tsunami yeniyeni yoyeretsa mafuko ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe idakankhira anthu ambiri aku Iraq mnyumba zawo. Zochitika zowonongeka, malinga ndi Ali Allawi - nduna ya zachuma ku Iraq pamene funde lachitatu linayamba - linayambitsidwa ndi othawa kwawo achiwiri omwe anathamangitsidwa mumzinda wa Sunni wa Falluja m'nyengo yozizira ya 2004:
"Othawa kwawo omwe adachoka ku Falluja adasonkhana kumadera akumadzulo a Sunni a Baghdad, Amriya ndi Ghazaliya, omwe adakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa zigawenga. Zigawenga, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi achibale a Falluja othawa kwawo, adatembenukira ku Shi'a okhala m'madera oyandikana nawo. Mazanamazana a mabanja a Shiโa anathamangitsidwa mโnyumba zawo, amene pambuyo pake analandidwa ndi othaลตa kwawo. kuukira kwa Falluja.
"Komanso ma Shi'a adayamba kukwiya chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwatsiku ndi tsiku kwa apolisi ndi asitikali, omwe ambiri anali amuna osauka a Shi'a. Kulimbana ndi ma Sunni m'madera ambiri a Shi'a kudayamba kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2005. M'chigawo cha Shaab ku Baghdad. , mwachitsanzo, kuphedwa kwa wansembe wotchuka wa Sadrist, Sheikh Haitham al-Ansari, kunapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu limodzi mwa magulu opha anthu achi Shi'aโฆ. kuyeretsa kwathunthu mafuko a midzi ndi matauni. "
Ntchitoyi idangowonjezereka kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2006, pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa bomba la Golden Dome ku Samarra, malo olemekezeka a Shiite, ndipo adakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 pamene asilikali a ku America "akukwera" m'misewu ya Baghdad adamasula gulu la zigawenga za Sunni pa anthu ambiri osakanikirana. monga madera a Sunni ku likulu. M'chaka cha opaleshoni onse kupatulapo 25 kapena kuposerapo pafupifupi 200 magawo osiyanasiyana ku Baghdad kunakhala anthu amtundu umodzi. Mchitidwe wofananawo unachitika mโmadera akumโmwera kwa mzindawo.
Pamene magulu angโonoangโono a mโmadera osakanikirana ndi mโmizinda anathamangitsidwa, iwonso analoลตa mโgulu lankhondo la anthu othawa kwawo, ndipo kaลตirikaลตiri nโkukhazikika mโnyumba zosakhalamo anthu mโmalo oyeretsedwa kumene olamuliridwa ndi mpatuko wawo. Koma ambiri, monga omwe anali m'mafunde apitalo a othawa kwawo, adapeza kuti akuyenera kusamukira kumadera atsopano kutali ndi chiwawa, kuphatikizapo chiwerengero chachikulu chomwe, chinangochoka ku Iraq. Monga momwe zinalili ndi mafunde am'mbuyomu, otukuka kwambiri ndiwo anali othekera kwambiri kuchoka, kutenga nawo luso, luso, ndi luso la kuyang'anira.
Mwa iwo omwe adachoka mu funde lachitatu ili anali Riverbend, pseudonymous "Girl Blogger ku Baghdad," yemwe adapeza kutchuka kwapadziko lonse malipoti ake opangidwa mwaluso pa moyo ku Iraq pansi pa ntchito ya US. Malongosoledwe ake aulendo wake wopita ku ukapolo adafotokoza zamavuto omwe mamiliyoni ambiri aku Iraqi adakumana nawo:
"Maola angapo omalizira m'nyumbamo anali osokonezeka. Inali nthawi yoti ndipite ndipo ndinapita kuchipinda ndi chipinda ndikutsanzikana ndi chirichonse. Ndinatsanzikana ndi desiki langa - lomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito kusukulu ya sekondale ndi koleji. ndinatsanzika ndi makatani ndi bedi ndi sofa ndinatsanzika pampando wa E.ndipo ndinathyoka tili ang'ono.Ndinatsanzika patebulo lalikulu lomwe tidasonkhanamo kuti tizidyera komanso kuchita homework. Tidatsanzikana ndi mizukwa ya zithunzi zojambulidwa zomwe zidapachikidwapo pamakoma, chifukwa zithunzizo zidatsitsidwa kale ndikusungidwa - koma ndimadziwa zomwe zidapachikidwa pati. Arabic Monopoly yokhala ndi makhadi osowa ndi ndalama zomwe palibe amene anali ndi mtima wotayaโฆ
"Ulendo udali wautali komanso wopanda vuto, kupatula malo awiri ochita cheke omwe amayendetsedwa ndi anthu ovala zophimba nkhope. Adapempha kuti awone zidziwitso, adayang'ana mwachidwi mapasipoti ndikufunsa komwe tikupita. Chimodzimodzinso galimoto yomwe ili kumbuyo kwathu. zowopsa koma ndaphunzira kuti njira yabwino ndikupewa kuyang'ana maso, kuyankha mafunso mwaulemu ndikupemphera pansi pamtima.Ine ndi mayi anga tinali osamala kuti tisavale zodzikongoletsera zowoneka bwino, kungoti zingachitike, ndipo tonse tinali patali. masiketi ndi mascarves akumutu...
"Zili bwanji kuti malire omwe palibe amene angawone kapena kukhudza maimidwe pakati pa mabomba a galimoto, magulu ankhondo, magulu akupha ndi ... mtendere, chitetezo? N'zovuta kukhulupirira - ngakhale tsopano. Ndimakhala pano ndikulemba izi ndikudabwa chifukwa chake sindikumva. kuphulika ... "
Chiwerengero cha Anthu
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Iraq omwe adasefukira m'maiko oyandikana nawo, osanenanso za kuchuluka kwa anthu othawa kwawo, sikuli kovuta kudziwa, koma owonera ambiri akuti akuchulukirachulukira kuyambira pomwe boma la Bush lidawukira mu Marichi 2003. Ziwerengerozi zidaposa mwachangu anthu othawa kwawo omwe adathawa mdzikolo munthawi yankhanza ya Saddam Hussein.
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa 2006, a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees anali kuyerekeza kale kuti anthu aku Iraq 1.7 miliyoni adachoka mdzikolo ndikuti mwina chiwerengero chofanana cha othawa kwawo adapangidwa m'zaka zitatu zomwezi. Chiลตerengerocho chinakweranso kwambiri pamene ziwawa zamagulu ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa mafuko zinayamba; Bungwe la International Organisation for Migration linanena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo mu 2006 ndi 2007 chinali pafupifupi 60,000 pamwezi. Pakati pa 2007, Iraq idalengezedwa ndi Othawa kwawo kukhala โvuto la othaลตa lomwe likukulirakulira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi,โ pamene bungwe la United Nations linatcha vutolo โkusamuka koipitsitsa kwa anthu mโmbiri yamakono ya Iraq.โ
Syria, dziko lokhalo lomwe poyamba silinayike zoletsa kusamukira ku Iraq, linali (malinga ndi Ziwerengero za UN) anatengera anthu pafupifupi 1.25 miliyoni omwe anathawa kwawo pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2007. Komanso bungwe la UN linanena kuti anthu othawa kwawo oposa 500,000 a ku Iraq anali ku Jordan, pafupifupi 70,000 ku Egypt, pafupifupi 60,000 ku Iran, pafupifupi 30,000 ku Lebanon, pafupifupi 200,000 anafalikira kudera lonselo. Gulf States, ndi ena 100,000 ku Ulaya, ndi 50,000 yomalizira kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. The United States, omwe adalandira pafupifupi othawa kwawo aku Iraq a 20,000 m'zaka za Saddam Hussein, adavomereza ena 463 pakati pa kuyamba kwa nkhondo ndi pakati pa 2007.
Ndondomeko ya Purezidenti Bush, yomwe idayamba mu Januwale 2007, idakulitsa kusefukira kwamadzi, makamaka kwa othawa kwawo, kupitilirabe. Malinga ndi James Glanz ndi Stephen Farrell a New York Times, "Ntchito zotsogoleredwa ndi America zabweretsa kumenyana kwatsopano, kuyendetsa Iraqi amantha kuchokera m'nyumba zawo pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri kusiyana ndi makumi a zikwi za asilikali owonjezera asanafike." Kuphatikizika kwa kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu aku America komanso kuthamangitsidwa kwamtundu kumapangitsa kuti anthu pafupifupi 100,000 achoke pamwezi ku Baghdad kokha mu theka loyamba la 2007, zomwe zidadabwitsa ngakhale a Said Hakki, director of the Iraqi Red Crescent, yemwe anali kuyang'anira. vuto la othawa kwawo kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo.
Mu 2007, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa UN, Syria idavomereza othawa kwawo owonjezera a 150,000. Ndi ma Iraqi panthawiyo omwe amapanga pafupifupi 10% ya anthu mdzikolo, boma la Syria, likumva kupsinjika pazachuma, lidayamba kuyika. Malire pa kusefukira kosatha ndikuyesera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yobwezera anthu ambiri. Zoyesayesa zotere zobwerera kwawo, mpaka pano, sizinaphule kanthu. Ngakhale ziwawa ku Baghdad zidayamba kuchepa kumapeto kwa 2007, othawa kwawo poyesa kubwerera anapeza kuti nyumba zawo zosiyidwa nthawi zambiri zinali zowonongeka kwambiri ndi zolakwa za ku America kapena, mwinamwake, zolandidwa ndi alendo (nthawi zambiri amagulu osiyana), kapena anali m'madera "oyeretsedwa" omwe tsopano sanali ochereza kwa iwo.
M'zaka zomwezo, kulemera kwa anthu othawa kwawo ku Iraq kunakula mofulumira kwambiri. Malinga ndi UN pa 2.25 miliyoni mu September 2007, kuchuluka kwa anthu othawa kwawo, omwe nthawi zambiri alibe pokhala, mabanja anayamba kuganizira za chuma cha zigawo zomwe zimawalandira. Najaf, mzinda waukulu woyamba kumwera kwa Baghdad, kumene kuli malo opatulika a Shiite ku Iraq, anapeza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu 700,000 chawonjezeka ndi chiลตerengero cha 400,000 cha Shia. M'zigawo zina zitatu zakumwera kwa Shia, ma IDP adabwera pakati pa 2007 kuti apange theka la anthu.
Mtolowo unali kusweka. Pofika 2007, Karbala, chimodzi mwa zigawo zolemedwa kwambiri, chinali kuyesa kukakamiza kutsata njira yopondereza yomwe idachitika chaka chatha: Anthu atsopano achotsedwa pokhapokha atathandizidwa ndi mamembala awiri a khonsolo yachigawo. Maboma ena adayesanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo makamaka osapambana cholimba kuyenda kwa othawa kwawo.
Kaya mโdzikolo kapena kunja kwa dziko, ngakhale mabanja olemera nkhondo isanayambe ankakumana ndi mavuto. Ku Syria, kumene a kufufuza mosamala Zomwe zidachitika mu Okutobala 2007, 24% yokha ya mabanja aku Iraqi adathandizidwa ndi malipiro kapena malipiro. Mabanja ambiri anasiyidwa kuti azikhala mmene angathere pochepetsa ndalama zomwe asunga kapena kutumiza kuchokera kwa achibale, ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a omwe anali ndi ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeka kutha mkati mwa miyezi itatu. Pansi pa kupsinjika kwamtunduwu, ziwerengero zochulukira zidachepetsedwa mpaka ntchito zogonana kapena magwero ena opezera ndalama (kapena msika wakuda).
Chakudya chinali vuto lalikulu kwa mabanja ambiri; malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations, pafupifupi theka linafunikira "thandizo lachangu la chakudya." Akuluakulu ambiri anena kuti sanadumphe chakudya kamodzi patsiku kuti adyetse ana awo. Ena ambiri anapirira masiku opanda chakudya โkuti apeze ndalama za lendi ndi zothandiza.โ Mayi wina wothawa kwawo anauza mtolankhani wa McClatchy Hannah Allam, "Timagula nyama yokwanira kuti chakudyacho chiwonjezeke - timagula ndi XNUMX tambala ...
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wovuta wa McClatchy Newspaper, othawa kwawo ambiri aku Iraq ku Syria adakhala m'malo odzaza ndi anthu opitilira m'chipinda chimodzi (nthawi zina ochulukirapo). 46 peresenti ya mabanja ankakhala mโchipinda chimodzi; pafupifupi mmodzi mwa othawa kwawo asanu ndi mmodzi anapezeka ndi matenda aakulu (omwe nthawi zambiri samachiritsidwa); ndipo mmodzi mwa ana asanu mwa anawo anali atatsekula mโmimba milungu iwiri asanafunsidwe mafunso. Ngakhale akuluakulu a ku Syria adathandizira makolo othawa kwawo kuti apeze ana opitirira magawo awiri mwa atatu a ana okalamba omwe amapita kusukulu, XNUMX% adasiya sukulu - makamaka chifukwa chosowa zikalata zoyenera zosamukira kudziko lina, ndalama zosakwanira zolipirira sukulu, kapena maganizo osiyanasiyana. mavuto - ndipo chiwopsezo cha osiyira sukulu chinali kukwera. Ndipo kumbukirani, ma Iraqi omwe adapita ku Syria nthawi zambiri anali amwayi, omwe anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi ndalama kapena luso lotha ntchito.
Mofanana ndi othawa kwawo, anthu a ku Iraq omwe anathawa kwawo adakumana ndi mavuto aakulu komanso akutsika. Boma laling'ono la Iraq, lomwe limakhala lopanda mphamvu, lomwe latsekeredwa mkati mwa Green Zone ku Baghdad, likufuna kuti anthu omwe amachoka kumalo ena kupita kumalo ena alembetse munthu ku Baghdad; ngati alephera kutero, amataya mwayi wopita ku pulogalamu yadziko lonse yomwe imapereka ndalama zothandizira kugula zakudya zochepa zochepa. Nthawi zambiri mabanja amene anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo chifukwa cha nkhondo yoopsa yapachiลตeniลตeni ya m'dzikoli, sankalembetsa kulembetsa motero. Popanda njira "yolembetsa," mabanja omwe adasamutsidwa kunja kwa Baghdad adalowa mnyumba zawo zatsopano popanda chitetezo chochepa choperekedwa ndi chithandizo chotsimikizika cha chakudya chofunikira.
Choipitsitsacho nโchakuti, pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa anayi alionse amene anasamutsidwa kwawo anali akazi kapena ana ndipo ndi mabanja ochepa okha amene anali ndi atate awo ogwira ntchito. Chiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa ntchito m'mizinda yambiri yomwe adakakamizika kupitako chinali kale kapena kupitilira 50%, kotero uhule ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ana zidakhala zofunikira. UNICEF inanena kuti ana ambiri mโmabanja oterowo anali anjala, onenepa kwambiri, ndiponso afupikitsa msinkhu wawo. โMโmadera ena, mpaka 90 peresenti ya ana [othawa kwawo] sali pasukulu,โ linatero bungwe la UN.
Kutaya Zinthu Zamtengo Wapatali
Mbiri ya ntchito ya anthu othawa kwawo aku Iraq ku Syria anali akatswiri, oyang'anira, kapena oyang'anira. M'mawu ena, iwo onse pamodzi anali malo osungiramo chuma chamtengo wapatali cha anthu chomwe chikanafunika kuchirikiza, kukonzanso, ndipo potsirizira pake kumanganso nyumba zowonongeka za dziko lawo. Ku Iraq, pafupifupi 10% ya akuluakulu adapita ku koleji; opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a othawa kwawo ku Syria adaphunzitsidwa kuyunivesite. Ngakhale kuti ochepera 1% a aku Iraq anali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, pafupifupi 10% ya othawa kwawo ku Syria anali ndi madigiri apamwamba, kuphatikizapo 4.5% ndi madokotala. Kumapeto kwazachuma, 20% mwa onse aku Iraqi analibe maphunziro, koma othawa kwawo ochepa omwe akufika ku Syria (3%) analibe maphunziro. Izi mwina zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mayiko ena akutali, kumene kulowa kunali kovuta kwambiri.
Zifukwa za kukhetsa kwaubongo kodabwitsa kumeneku sizovuta kupeza. Ngakhale kuthedwa nzeru kuthawa kwanu kumakhala kofunikira, motero othawa kwawo ochokera ku masoka ambiri omwe amayenda mtunda wautali amakhala olemera kwambiri, monga momwe mphepo yamkuntho ya Katrina ku New Orleans ikuwonekera momvetsa chisoni.
Ku Iraq, izi zidalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo zaku America. Ndondomeko zoyendetsera anthu ambiri komanso zochotsera Baathification za boma la Bush zidawonetsetsa kuti anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito, akatswiri, komanso oyang'anira, makamaka, achotsedwa m'miyoyo yawo yakale. Chizoloลตezi chimenechi chinangokulirakulirabe chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ntchito yoba anthu, nโkumaika maganizo ake monga mmene anachitira mabanja amene ali ndi ndalama zokwanira zolipirira dipo. Zinakula pamene magulu ena a zigawenga anayamba kupha akuluakulu a boma otsala, maprofesa a mโmayunivesite, ndi akatswiri ena.
Kusamuka ku Iraq Diaspora kwawononga kwambiri likulu la anthu mdzikolo. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2006, Komiti ya United States yoona za anthu othawa kwawo komanso anthu osamukira kumayiko ena inanena kuti pali anthu ambiri 40% agulu la akatswiri aku Iraq anali atachoka m'dzikoli, atatenga luso lawo losasinthika. Mayunivesite ndi zipatala zinali zovuta kwambiri, pomwe ena akuti ochepera 20% ya ogwira ntchito omwe akufunika. Makampani amafuta adavutika ndi zomwe Wall Street Journal kutchedwa "kutuluka kwa petroleum" komwe kunaphatikizapo kuchoka kwa magawo awiri pa atatu a mamanenjala ake apamwamba 100, komanso kuchuluka kwa oyang'anira ndi akatswiri ogwira ntchito.
Ngakhale ulendo waukulu wa 2007 usanasamuke ku Baghdad, bungwe la United Nations loona za anthu othawa kwawo linachenjeza kuti โmaluso ofunikira popereka chithandizo chamankhwala akusoลตa kwambiri,โ akulozera makamaka madokotala, aphunzitsi, akatswiri a makompyuta, ngakhale amisiri aluso monga ophika buledi.
Pofika mkatikati mwa 2007, kutayika kwazinthu izi kudawoneka m'mabungwe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku gulu la Iraq. Panthawiyi, zipatala zinkafuna kuti mabanja a odwalawo akhale anamwino komanso akatswiri odziwa ntchito zachipatala ndipo sankathabe kugwira ntchito zambiri. Nthawi zambiri sukulu zinkatsekedwa, kapena kutsegulidwa mwa apo ndi apo, chifukwa chakuti kunalibe aphunzitsi oyenerera. Mayunivesite adayimitsa kapena kuletsa maphunziro ofunikira kapena mayeso oyenerera chifukwa chosowa antchito. Pa msinkhu wa incipient mliri wa kolera m'chilimwe cha 2007, malo oyeretsera madzi adatsekedwa chifukwa amisiri ofunikira sanapezeke.
Zowonongeka kwambiri za vuto la othawa kwawo ku Iraq, komabe, mwina zakhala pa mphamvu ya boma la dziko lonse (lomwe de-Baathification ndi privatization inali itachoka kale m'malo osalimba) kuti ayendetse chirichonse. M'malo aliwonse omwe boma loterolo lingakhudze, kusakwanira kwa oyang'anira, ukadaulo, ndi ukadaulo komanso ukadaulo wawononga kwambiri, chifukwa cha "kumanganso" kwanthawi ya nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo. Ngakhale a luso la boma kuti limwaza ndalama zomwe limalandira (makamaka kuchokera ku mafuta amafuta) lapunduka ndi zomwe nduna za boma zati "kusowa kwa antchito ophunzitsidwa kulemba makontrakitala" komanso "kuthawa kwa ukatswiri wa sayansi ndi uinjiniya kuchokera mdziko muno."
Kuzama kwa vutolo (komanso kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu zomwe zidapita nazo) zitha kuyesedwa ndikuti unduna wamagetsi udangogwiritsa ntchito 26% ya ndalama zake zazikulu mu 2006; magawo atatu mwa anayi otsalawo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, pamlingo woperekedwawo, udapambanabe mabungwe ambiri aboma ndi maunduna mwanjira yayikulu. Mokakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma la America kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zake mu 2007, boma linayesetsa kuonjezera bajeti ndi ndalama zomwe limapereka pomanganso. Ngakhale kuti poyambirira panali malipoti olimbikitsa, nkhanizo zinali zosautsa pofika kumapeto kwa chaka. Ndalama zenizeni pazitukuko zamagetsi, mwachitsanzo, zitha kutsika mpaka 1% ya ndalama zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa.
Zizindikiro zochulukirapo zinali zopambana zochepa pakumanganso zomangamanga zomwe zidapezeka New York Times mtolankhani James Glanz pa kafukufuku wokhudza zomangamanga m'dziko lonselo. Mapulogalamu ambiri opambana omwe adawunikira adayambitsidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi akuluakulu olumikizidwa ndi maboma am'deralo ndi zigawo. Iwo anapeza kuti kuchita bwino kunkadalira kupeลตa aliyense kugwirizana ndi boma losagwira ntchito komanso lachinyengo. Bwanamkubwa wa chigawo cha Babil, Sallem S. al-Mesamawe, adalongosola chinsinsi cha chipambano cha chigawo chake: "Tinalumphira pa chizoloลตezi, maulamuliro, ndipo timadalira magazi atsopano - gulu latsopano." Iwo anaphunzirapo phunziroli atagwiritsa ntchito ndalama za chigawochi komanso makontrakitala akumaloko kumanga sukulu, koma idatsekedwa chifukwa boma la dzikolo silinathe kupereka mipando yofunikira.
Kulephera kwa mabungwe aboma modabwitsa ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri chomwe chili ndi magwero ambiri opitilira kutha kwa anthu. Kusefukira kwa mamenejala, akatswiri, ndi akatswiri akunja kwa dziko, komabe, kwakhala chopinga chachikulu pakumanganso kwabwino kulikonse. Choyipa chachikulu, kuchoka kwa ziwerengero zofunika kwambiri mwina sikungasinthe, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti dziko lidzakhala loyipa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, uku kwakhala "kudontha kwaubongo" pamlingo womwe suwoneka kawirikawiri m'nthawi yathu ino.
Ambiri omwe ali mu ukapolo akufuna, ngakhale kufunitsitsa, kubwerera (kapena ngati) zinthu zikuyenda bwino, koma nthawi imakhala mdani wa zolinga zotere. Munthu akangofika m'dziko latsopano, amayamba kupanga maubwenzi omwe amakhala ofunika kwambiri moyo watsopano ukayamba - ndipo izi ndizowona makamaka kwa iwo omwe amachoka ndi mabanja awo, monga momwe aku Iraq ambiri achitira. Pokhapokha ngati ntchito yomanga maukondeyi yasokonekera, kwa ambiri mwayi wobwererako umachepa mwezi uliwonse.
Iwo omwe ali ndi luso logulika, ngakhale pamavuto omwe othawa kwawo ambiri aku Iraq akukumana nawo, alibe chochita koma kupitiliza kufunafuna ntchito yomwe imatengera maphunziro awo. Ogulitsidwa kwambiri ndi omwe amatha kuchita bwino komanso kuti ayambe kupanga ntchito zatsopano. Pamene nthawi ikudutsa, zabwino kwambiri, zowala kwambiri, komanso zonyamulira zofunika kwambiri za anthu amtengo wapatali zimatayika.
Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Tsunami
Kuwonongeka kwa Iraq muulamuliro wolanda anthu aku America ndizomwe zidayambitsa mphamvu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chuma chamtengo wapatali kwambiri mdzikolo chisamuke - likulu lofunikira kwambiri, ngakhale litakhala lamtundu womwe sunaganiziridwe nthawi zambiri zikayamba kukambirana. "chomanga dziko." Kodi, pambuyo pa zonse, mungatani "kumanganso" maziko owonongeka a dziko lomwe laphulitsidwa ndi mabomba popanda akatswiri oyenerera, aukadaulo, ndi oyang'anira? Popanda iwo, dziko la Iraq liyenera kupitirizabe kutsika kwa dziko la midzi ya anthu osauka.
Kulephera ndi ziphuphu mu 2007 kunali tsoka losasinthika kwa anthu aku Iraq, komanso zamanyazi kwa anthu aku America. Malingana ndi zolinga za nthawi yaitali za ku America ku Iraq, komabe mtambo wa mkuntho uwu, monga ena ambiri, unali ndi siliva. Kulephera kwa boma la Iraq kuchita pafupifupi mulingo uliwonse kunakhala kulungamitsidwa kwina kwa zonena zomwe zidanenedwa koyamba ndi L. Paul Bremer kumayambiriro kwa ntchitoyo: kuti kumangidwanso kwa dzikoli kudzayendetsedwa bwino ndi mabungwe apadera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthawa kwakukulu kwa akatswiri, mamanejala, ndi akatswiri aku Iraq kukutanthauza kuti ukadaulo womanganso sunapezeke mdziko muno. Izi zatsimikiziranso zonena zachiwiri zomwe Bremer adapanga: kukonzanso kutha kuyendetsedwa ndi makontrakitala akulu akunja.
Zowona za neoliberal izi zidadziwika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2007, popeza ndalama zomaliza zomwe bungwe la US Congress lidapereka pomanganso Iraq zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. "Petroleum exodus" (poyamba kudziwika ndi Wall Street Journal) anali atatanthauza kalekale kuti mainjiniya ambiri omwe amafunikira kuti asunge bizinesi yocheperako yamafuta anali kale alendo, makamaka "ochokera ku Texas ndi Oklahoma." Kupezeka kwa mayiko akunja kudafika ponseponse kotero kuti likulu lalikulu losamalira ndi kukonza malo opangira mafuta ku Rumaila kumwera kwa Iraq (magwero amafuta opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu amafuta adziko lino) likuyenda ku Iraqi ndi Houston. nthawi. Makampani aku America omwe amayang'anira ntchito yokonza ndi kukonza malowa, KBR ndi PIJV, akhala akugwiritsa ntchito makontrakitala ambiri, ambiri mwa iwo aku America kapena aku Britain, ochepa kwambiri mwa iwo aku Iraq.
Ntchito zothandizidwa ndi ndalama zaku America izi, komabe, zangokhala "zongoyimitsa." Ndalama zikatha, padzafunika ndalama zambiri kuti apititse patsogolo kupanga kwa Rumaila pakali pano.
Malinga ndi Magazini ya Harpers Mkonzi wamkulu Luke Mitchell, yemwe adayendera ntchitoyi m'chilimwe cha 2007, mainjiniya ndi akatswiri aku Iraq ndi "anzeru mokwanira komanso ofunitsitsa" kuti apitilize ndi "kukweza" dongosololi pokhapokha mapangano aku America atha, koma projekiti yotere ingatenge kupitilira awiri. zaka makumi ambiri chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wovuta wa boma komanso kusowa kwa akatswiri odziwa mainjiniya ndi amisiri. Chotsatira chake, pamene ndalama za ku America zichoka, choncho mwina ndi khama losakwanira limene ntchito imapitirira "pokhapokha; kapena, mwachiwonekere, mapangano atsopano omwe makampani akunja "adzapitiriza ntchito yawo," omwe amalipidwa ndi boma la Iraq.
Pankhani ya mafuta a petroleum, zomwe vuto la othawa kwawo lidatsimikizika linali kudalira kwanthawi yayitali kwa Iraq kwa anthu akunja. M'madera ena onse ofunikira, kudalira kofananako kunali kuchitika: mphamvu zamagetsi, madzi, mankhwala, ndi chakudya zinali, de A facto, kukhala "ophatikizidwa" m'dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi, kusiya Iraq yolemera kwambiri ya mafuta kudalira ndalama zakunja komanso zazikulu zamtsogolo. Tsopano, ili ndi dongosolo la zaka makumi awiri kwa inu, lomwe pafupifupi ma Iraqi 4.5 miliyoni, atuluka mnyumba zawo ndipo, nthawi zambiri, kunja kwa dziko, sangakhale okhoza kutenga nawo mbali.
Nkhani zowopsya zambiri zimatha, koma gawo loopsya kwambiri la nkhani yowopsyayi ndi khalidwe lake losatha. Anthu othawa kwawo omwe achoka ku Iraq tsopano akukumana ndi moyo womvetsa chisoni, pamene Syria ndi mayiko ena omwe akulandira akugwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo chochepa ndikuyesera kuthamangitsa ambiri a iwo. Iwo omwe akufuna malo okhala ku Iraq akukumana ndi kutha kwa njira zochepa zothandizira anthu omwe ali ndi anthu omwe akukhala nawo omwe angakhale pachiwopsezo chothawa kwawo.
Kuchokera pakusamuka kwakukulu ndi kusamuka kwa nzika zake zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa anthu onse komwe kuli kosatheka kuyerekeza. Kusamuka kwa anthu kumayendera limodzi ndi kuwonongedwa kwa anthu. Kuwonongeka kwa chuma cha anthu kumalepheretsa Iraq kukhala ndi chuma chake chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chokonzera kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo ndi ntchito, ndikudzudzula kuti zitukuke zipitirire. Izi zikuwonongeka kwa zomangamanga ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizika cha funde lina lakusamuka, la kusefukira kwa mtsogolo kwa othawa kwawo.
Malingana ngati United States ikuyesera kukhazika mtima pansi Iraq, idzayambitsa mafunde pambuyo pa masautso.
Michael Schwartz, pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya Stony Brook, walemba zambiri pa zionetsero zotchuka komanso zigawenga. Lipotili lokhudza vuto la othawa kwawo ku Iraq likuchokera m'buku lake lomwe likubwera la Tomdispatch, Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: The Iraq Debacle in Context (Mabuku a Haymarket, June 2007). Ntchito yake ku Iraq yawonekera pamasamba ambiri a intaneti, kuphatikiza Tomdispatch, Asia Times, Amayi Jones, ndi ZNET. Adilesi yake ya imelo ndi [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project ndi wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa (University of Massachusetts Press), yomwe yangosinthidwa kumene m'kope lomwe langotulutsidwa kumene lomwe limakamba za kugwa ndi kuwotcha kwa chikhalidwe cha chipambano ku Iraq.]
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