Monga Utsi Utsikira ku Iraq: Ngakhale kampeni yochititsa chidwi ya zisankho zapurezidenti isanachitike idakhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mavuto azachuma kwambiri kuyambira pomwe Great Depression idadzaza nkhani zina, nkhani zankhondo yaku Iraq zidali. adachepa pafupi ndi kanthu. Nyuzipepala za dziko lonse zinali zitasiya kale maphwando awo a tsiku ndi tsiku - kawirikawiri tsamba loyamba - malipoti a dzikolo, m'malo mwawo ndi zakudya zochepa za nkhani zachidule zamkati. Pawayilesi ndi mawayilesi apawailesi yakanema, pomwe ziwawa ku Iraq kale zinali zotsogola usiku wonse, nkhani zonse zidadutsa osatchulapo zankhondoyo.
Kamvekedwe ka nkhaniyo adasinthanso. Malipoti amphamvu ankhondo zosimidwa ndi ma Iraqi omvetsa chisoni adasowa. Pali nkhani zapanthawi ndi apo za kuphulitsa kwamphamvu kwa mabomba kapena ziwonetsero zankhondo m'malo osadziwika bwino, koma zambiri zankhani ndi za chipwirikiti m'malo otentha akale, kuwongolera ndale kwa magulu aku Iraq, komanso njira zomwe zangochitika kumene pamoyo wamba.
A wamba "kubwerera ku moyo wabwinobwino" chidutswa anaonekera October 11 mu New York Times pansi pa mutu wakuti, "Masukulu Atsegulidwa, Ndipo Mayeso Oyamba Ndi Chitetezo cha Iraq." Anali mphunzitsi wa ku Baghdad akulandira ophunzira ake powatsimikizira kuti "chitetezo chabwerera ku Baghdad, mzinda wamtendere."
Ngakhale lipoti lake linayamba, Times mtolankhani Sam Dagher adatsekereza mutu wa "kubwerera ku zabwinobwino". Nayi ndime yake yoyamba yonse:
"Patsiku loyamba la sukulu, Basma Osama wazaka 10 ankawoneka wosamasuka ataima m'gulu ladzuwa lam'maลตa lomwe linali lotentha kale. Iye pamodzi ndi anzake akusukulu ambiri anamvetsera nkhani ya aphunzitsi - mwinamwake yofunikira, chifukwa cha kusabereka ndi zinyalala. bwalo lamasewera."
Kuwona uku kwa zinthu zonyozeka pasukulu ina ya boma ku Baghdad, zokulitsidwa m'nkhani ya Dagher ndi zitsanzo zina, ndi chizindikiro cha zochitika zazikulu ku Iraq. M'lingaliro lina, kuchepa kwa ziwawa (nthawi zambiri kukokomeza) m'dzikolo kwalola atolankhani akunja kuyendayenda mokwanira kuti afotokoze za zochitika zenizeni zomwe anthu aku Iraq akukumana nazo, motero ziyenera kupatsa owerenga aku US chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha chiwonongeko cha nkhondo ya George Bush. anachita.
Zoona zake, komabe, popeza pali atolankhani akunja ochepa omwe akuyendayenda ku Iraq komwe kuli bata, nkhani zochepa kwambiri zikutuluka m'dziko lowonongekalo. The nyuzipepala zazikulu ndipo maukonde achepetsa kwambiri ndodo zawo kumeneko ndipo - ndi zina zingapo zosiyana ngati lipoti labwino la Dagher - zomwe zimatsalira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochulukirapo kuposa zolengeza za asitikali aku US, kapena atsogoleri andale aku Iraq ndi America ku Baghdad ndi Washington, akukhazikitsa Chifaniziro cha anthu aku America cha momwe zinthu ziliri kumeneko.
Kuphatikiza apo, chiwonongeko chomwe tsopano ndi Iraq sichiri chamtundu womwe ungafotokozedwe mosavuta mu lipoti lalifupi, komanso chifukwa chake sichikukonzedwanso mosavuta. M'mizinda yambiri, kudalira kwa America pa zida zankhondo ndi mphamvu zamlengalenga m'masiku ovuta kwambiri akumenyana kunathandizira kuwononga zida za Iraq. Kusintha kwa ndale ndi zachuma komwe kunachitika ndi anthu aku America kudawononga mtundu wina, nthawi zambiri kumamana anthu aku Iraq osati moyo wawo komanso zida zomwe angafunikire kuti ayambitse ntchito yomanganso dziko lawo.
Zotsatira zake, zomwe kale zinali zotsogola kwambiri ku Middle East - pazachuma, pazachikhalidwe, komanso zaukadaulo - zakhala vuto lazachuma, kupikisana ndi mayiko omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Lonjezo lokhalo (lomwe silinakwaniritsidwebe) la chuma chamafuta, lomwe mwina silingafikire bwino kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka asitikali aku US atachoka mdzikolo, limapereka chiyembekezo choti dziko la Iraq tsiku lina lidzitulutsa kuphompho komwe kuwukira kwa US kukankhira. .
Tangoganizirani zochepa chabe za chiwonongekocho.
Economy: Chofunikira pa ntchito yaku America chinali chikhumbo chofuna kuwononga zida za boma za Saddam Hussein za Baathist komanso dongosolo lazachuma lomwe adalamulira. Chofunikira kwambiri pa izi chinali kutseka kwa mabizinesi ambiri azachuma a boma (kupatulapo omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakukumba mafuta ndi kupanga magetsi).
Pazonse, mabungwe 192, kuphatikiza 35% yachuma cha Iraq, adatsekedwa m'chilimwe ndi kumapeto kwa 2003. Izi zinaphatikizapo njira zopangira zinthu monga kufufuta zikopa ndi kusonkhanitsa mathirakitala omwe amapereka magawo ena, makampani oyendetsa mayendedwe omwe ankalamulira malonda a dziko, ndi mabizinesi okonza zinthu omwe amakhala pafupifupi amisiri ndi mainjiniya onse omwe anali oyenerera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, madzi, mafuta, ndi zomangamanga m'dzikolo.
Kulungamitsidwa ngati ndi njira yobweretsera dongosolo lamakono lazamalonda kuti libwerere kumbuyo kwa Iraq, pulogalamu ya draconian iyi inakhazikitsidwa ndi bwanamkubwa wa Purezidenti ku Baghdad, L. Paul Bremer III. Chotsatira? Kukhumudwa komweko komwe kudangokulirakulira m'zaka zotsatira.
Chimodzi mwazokhudzidwa ndi ndondomekoyi chikhoza kupezeka pakutha kwa malonda a zikopa, gawo lofunika kwambiri lomwe lisanayambe kuukira chuma cha Iraq chomwe sichinali mafuta. Pamene ntchito yofufuta ndi boma, yomwe yokha idalemba antchito 30,000 ndikupereka zikopa kumakampani onse, idatsekedwa kumapeto kwa 2003, idalepheretsa opanga nsapato ndi ogulitsa ena achikopa kupeza zofunikira zawo. Mโchaka chimodzi chokha, ntchito mโmakampaniwo inatsika kuchoka pa antchito 200,000 kufika pa 20,000 chabe.
Pofika nthawi yomwe Bremer adachoka ku Iraq kumapeto kwa 2004, anthu okhala m'mizinda yambiri adakumana ndi 60% ya ulova. Panthawiyi, ulimi wa dziko lino, womwe ndi gawo lalikulu la chuma chake, udavutitsidwanso ndi kuthetsedwa kwa mabungwe ndi ntchito za boma. Malo aulimi obiriลตira pakati pa mitsinje ya Tigris ndi Firate anavutika kwambiri. Makampani a kanjedza omwe kale anali otukuka anali ovulala. Zinavutika ndi tizilombo towononga tizilombo pamene ntchitoyo inathetsa pulogalamu ya boma yopopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ngakhale matauni opangira mafuta oyeretsera mafuta monga Baiji adakhala mizinda yaying'ono pomwe malo osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta adatsekedwa.
Kuwonongeka kwachuma kumeneku kunasonkhezera zigawengazo mwa kuyambitsa kusimidwa, mkwiyo, ndi anthu ofunitsitsa kulembedwa usilikali. Kuphulika kwa kukana, kumakondanso kubisa - makamaka pazofalitsa zakumadzulo - zovuta zomwe ma Iraqi wamba adagwira ntchito.
Pamene ziwawa zatha ku Baghdad ndi kwina kulikonse, zofuna za chithandizo zafika patsogolo. Izi siziyankhidwa mosavuta ndi boma lapakati lomwe silikugwira ntchito ku Baghdad lomwe zida zake zoyang'anira ndi zachuma zidathetsedwa kalekale, ndipo ambiri omwe akatswiri ake adathawira ku ukapolo. Pakadali pano, koyambirira kwa 2006, ntchito yaku America idalengeza kuti ntchito yomanganso idzakhala udindo wa ma Iraqi. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi njira ziti zomwe kusakhutira komwe kukukulirakulira pazachuma komwe kudalibe m'boma komanso boma lomwe silingathe kupereka ntchito wamba lidzayenda.
Magetsi: Chomwe chinayambitsa kugwa kwa Iraq chinali kuwonongeka kwa gridi yake yamagetsi. M'madera omwe zigawenga zinayamba, malo opangira ndi kutumiza magetsi ankayang'aniridwa, ndi zigawenga ndi asilikali a US, aliyense akuyesera kulanda zinthu zofunika. Kuphatikiza apo, Bremer adachotsa mabizinesi aboma okonza ndi uinjiniya omwe akhala akugwirizira magetsi pamodzi kuyambira pomwe bungwe la UN lachilango pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1991 Gulf War idalanda Iraq zinthu zofunika kukonzanso ndikukweza malo ake. Mapangano osamalira ndi olowa m'malo adaperekedwa m'malo mwamakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe amadziwa pang'ono za dongosolo lomwe lidalipo ndipo - chifukwa cha mtengo wophatikizana ndi mgwirizano - chilimbikitso chilichonse chosintha malo ndiukadaulo wawo. Pakadali pano, akatswiri ambiri aku Iraq adachoka mdzikolo.
Maboma omwe adalowa m'malo a Iraq, akusowa mphamvu zoyendetsera ntchito yomanganso dongosololi, adapitiliza lamulo la US lokhala ndi mgwirizano ndi makampani akunja. Ngakhale mโmadera amene sanakhudzidwe ndi kumenyanako, makampani amenewo anachita zopindulitsa kwambiri, mโmalo mwa zigawo zonse za gridi yamagetsi, kaลตirikaลตiri ndi zipangizo ndi umisiri zosayenera koma zodula kwambiri.
Zinthu zosiyanasiyana - kuphatikizapo kukakamizidwa ndi zigawenga, kukwera mtengo kwa chitetezo, ndi mbiri yosayerekezeka ya zinyalala ndi ziphuphu zomwe zakhala zikuchitika - zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zidaperekedwa kale pama projekiti omwe adakwera kale. Ambiri adasiyidwa asanamalizidwe chifukwa ndalama zidatha. Ntchito zomwe zimamalizidwa nthawi zambiri zinkachitika mwachisawawa ndipo nthawi zambiri zinkawoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi malo omwe analipo kale, zomwe zinayambitsa kusagwira ntchito kwatsopano.
Muzochitika zodziwika bwino kwambiri, Bechtel adayika makina opangira gasi 26 m'malo omwe kulibe mpweya wachilengedwe. Ma turbines adasinthidwa kukhala mafuta, zomwe zidachepetsa mphamvu zawo ndi 50% ndikupangitsa kuti zida zomangika mwachangu pazida zomwe zimafunikira kukonza kwamtengo wapatali palibe akatswiri aku Iraq omwe adaphunzitsidwa kuchita. Mmalo osiyanasiyana, ma turbines adakhala osagwira ntchito.
Ngakhale zisanachitike, dongosolo lamagetsi locheperako silinathe kukwaniritsa zofuna za dziko. Palibe chigawo chomwe chinali ndi ntchito zosasokoneza ndipo madera ena anali ndi maola ochepera 12 patsiku. Kukula kwakukulu kwa ntchito ndi maulamuliro omwe adalowa m'malo mwake kwachulukitsa mphamvu zamagetsi kuyambira kuukira kwa 2003, koma zopindulazi sizinafike pafupi ndi kufunikira kokulirapo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mazana masauzande a asitikali, ogwira ntchito zachitetezo payekha, ndi ntchito. akuluakulu, komanso poyambitsa mitundu yonse ya zida zamagetsi ndi zinthu zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa kuwukira. Malipoti aposachedwa a UN akusonyeza kuti, mโchaka chatha, mphamvu ya magetsi yatsikira kuchepera theka la kufunika kwa magetsi. Poyang'anira ntchito zankhondo ndi boma, madera ambiri a Baghdad amakumana ndi magetsi osakwana maola awiri patsiku, zomwe zimakakamiza nzika ndi mabizinesi kugwiritsa ntchito majenereta amafuta okwera mtengo komanso oyipitsa.
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, 81% ya aku Iraqi adanena kuti adakumana ndi magetsi osakwanira mwezi watha. M'nyengo yachilimwe komanso kuzizira kwanyengo yachisanu, kusowa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi zenizeni zathanzi.
Mu 2004, bungwe la UN linanena kuti ndalama zokwana madola 20 biliyoni zomanganso zidzafunika kuti magetsi azigwira ntchito mokwanira. Ziwerengerozi tsopano zikuchokera pa $40 biliyoni mpaka $80 biliyoni.
Madzi: Mitsinje ya Tigris ndi Firate, yomwe imadutsa m'dzikoli kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo mpaka kum'mwera chakum'mawa, kuyambira kalekale yathirira malo olima omwe ali pakati pawo, kudyetsa nsomba zomwe ndi chakudya chambiri cha Iraq, komanso kupereka madzi kwa nyama ndi zinyama. kudya kwa anthu. Nkhondo zamtundu waku America, zomwe zidadalira tanki, zida zankhondo, ndi mphamvu zapamlengalenga, nthawi zambiri zidapangitsa kuti misewu igwe m'mizinda yakumtunda kwa Sunni monga Tal Afar, Falluja, ndi Samarra komwe zigawenga zinali zamphamvu kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zake chinali kuphwanyidwa kwa zimbudzi zomwe zawonongeka kale zapansi panthaka. Mโchigawo cha Sadr City ku Baghdad, mwachitsanzo, kumene kumenyana kochuluka kwachitika ndipo mphamvu ya ndege ya ku America inkaitanidwa nthaลตi zonse, tsopano pali nyanja yachimbudzi yowonekera bwino pazithunzi za satellite.
Malo omalizira a mbali zazikulu za zonyansa zochokera ku zimbudzi zowonongeka zinali mitsinje iwiri. Zaka zisanu za zinyalala zotere zomwe zikuyenda m'misewu ndi kulowa m'mitsinjeyo zawasiya aipitsidwa kwambiri. Madzi awo sangamwenso bwinobwino ndi anthu kapena nyama, nsomba zotsalazo sizingadyedwe bwinobwino, ndipo akuti madzi oipawo amafooketsa mbewu zimene amathirira.
Dongosolo loyeretsera madzi ku Iraq lomwe silinakwanire konse latsimikizira kuti ndi losakwanira kuthana ndi kuipitsidwa kumeneku, pomwe magetsi osakwanira akuwonetsetsa kuti malo oyeretsa ochepa a dzikolo sagwira ntchito bwino.
Mโmizinda yambiri, zimbudzi zimayenera kumangidwanso, koma kukonzanso sikungayambe popanda magetsi, ntchito ya uinjiniya ndi zomangamanga, komanso boma lomwe lingathe kuwongolera zinthu zimenezi. Palibe chilichonse mwa zofunika izi chomwe chilipo pakadali pano.
Sukulu: Maphunziro akhala akuvutitsidwa ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikuchitika mdziko la Iraq. Panthawi yowukira koyamba, asitikali aku US nthawi zambiri ankalamulira masukulu ngati maziko akutsogolo, mokopeka ndi madera awo odziwika bwino, malo otseguka agalimoto, ndi zipinda zambiri zamaofesi ndi nyumba zankhondo. Zochitika ziwiri zomwe kuphedwa kwa mfuti zaku America kuchokera kusukulu ya pulayimale yomwe idapha anthu wamba waku Iraq mumzinda wa Falluja wokhazikika wa Sunni mwina ndizomwe zidayambitsa zigawenga. Pambuyo pake, masukulu ambiri sadzakhalamo anthu chifukwa cha nkhondo zowononga zomwe zimamenyedwa mkati mwawo kapena pafupi nawo.
Pansi pa lamulo la US occupation de-Baathification, aphunzitsi masauzande ambiri omwe anali a chipani cha Baath adachotsedwa ntchito, zomwe zidasiya ophunzira masauzande ambiri opanda aphunzitsi. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsekedwa kwa mabizinesi aboma kudalepheretsa masukulu zinthu - kuphatikiza mabuku ndi zida zophunzitsira - komanso kukonza komwe kumafunikira mwachangu.
Njira yothetsera vutoli ku America, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi gridi yamagetsi, inali yolemba ntchito makampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti akonze masukulu ndi kukonzanso machitidwe a sukulu. Chotsatira chake chinali chipwirikiti chachinyengo chotsatiridwa ndi chithandizo chochepa kwambiri. Akuluakulu a sukuluyi anadandaula kuti nyumba zopanda mawindo, zotenthetsera, kapena zimbudzi zinapentidwanso nโkuuzidwa kuti nโzoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuchepa kwa kukhalapo kwa boma lapakati kunapangitsa masukulu oitanira mabwalo a mikangano yamagulu, ndi olamulira, aphunzitsi, ndipo makamaka maprofesa akukoleji kuchotsedwa, kubedwa, kapena kuphedwa pazifukwa zamalingaliro. Izinso zinalimbikitsa kusamuka kwa aphunzitsi, aluntha, ndi asayansi ochokera mdzikolo, kuchotsa chuma chamtengo wapatali cha anthu zofunika pakumanganso mtsogolo.
Pomaliza, ku Baghdad, asitikali aku US adayamba kukhazikitsa makoma a simenti amtali mamita khumi kuzungulira madera ndi madera ambiri kuti atsekereze omwe akuchita nawo ziwawa zamagulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ana asukulu nthaลตi zambiri ankalekanitsidwa ndi sukulu zawo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ophunzira amene ankakhala mโndende asamapezeke pa malo ochepa amene anali adakalipo.
Kugwa uku, pomwe ena mwa makomawa adagwetsedwa, anthu adapeza kuti masukulu ambiri anali osatha kugwiritsa ntchito. The Nthawi ndi Dagher anafotokoza momveka bwino, mwachitsanzo, pasukulu ina ya mโdera la Dolaie imene โikugwa, ndiponso ikuthedwa nzeru ndi ana pafupifupi 4,000 a mabanja othawa kwawo achi Shiite amene anakhazikika mumsasa wa Chukouk wapafupi. ndipo misewu yapanjira ikuphwanyidwa, ndipo mโbwalo lamasewera mulu wa zinyalala zopsereza zinkangofuka.โ
The Dysfunctional Society: Zambiri zapangidwa mu kampeni yapurezidenti wa US pa $ 70 biliyoni yamafuta ochulukirapo omwe boma la Iraq lidapanga mzaka zapitazi pomwe mitengo yamafuta idakwera. M'malo mwake, ambiri mwa izi zikuchitika m'mabungwe azachuma aku America, pomwe andale osiyanasiyana aku America akuwopseza kuti alanda ngati sagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Komabe ngakhale ubwino umenewu umasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo.
De-Baathification ndi chipwirikiti chotsatira chinapangitsa kuti boma la Iraq silingathe kuyendetsa bwino ntchito zomwe zinali kunja kwa Green Zone yoyendetsedwa ndi America mkati mwa Baghdad. Kuuluka kwakukulu kwa ophunzira opita ku Syria, Jordan, ndi mayiko ena kudalepheretsanso mamenejala ndi akatswiri ofunikira kukonzanso kwakukulu pamlingo waukulu.
Zotsatira zake, ndalama zosakwana 25% za ndalama zomanga ndi kumanganso malo chaka chatha zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Unduna wina wa boma udawononga ndalama zosakwana 1 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe adapatsidwa. Pakali pano, mafuta ochulukirachulukirawa achititsa kuti maboma ayambe kuchita ziphuphu, zomwe zikukwiyitsanso nzika zokhumudwa zomwe, patatha zaka zisanu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Bungwe la Transparency International 2008 "Corruption Perceptions Index" adalemba kuti Iraq idamangidwa pamalo a 178th pakati pa mayiko 180 omwe adawunikidwa.
Dziko la Iraq lomwe lidachokera ku nkhondo yaku America ndi kulandidwa kwawo tsopano ndi dziko lowonongeka kwambiri, lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri osagwira ntchito. Opitilira miliyoni miliyoni aku Iraq mwina adamwalira; mamiliyoni athawa kwawo; ena mamiliyoni ambiri avulazidwa ndi nkhondo, zigawenga ndi zigawenga, ziwawa zampatuko zoipitsitsa, ndi kuchuluka kwaupandu wamba. Maphunziro ndi machitidwe azachipatala agwa ndipo, ngakhale lero, chiwawa chamtundu uliwonse chikuchepa, Iraq idakali imodzi mwamabungwe owopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Pamene mavuto ake anali kukulirakulira, madera osiyanasiyana a chiwonongeko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi luso linayamba kugwirizana kwambiri, kulimbikitsana. Mwachitsanzo, njira zotayira zotayira zonyansa ndi madzi za mโdzikoli zabala kolera kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatizana. Zikuoneka kuti chaka chino, matendawa adzatha kokha pamene nyengo yozizira imapangitsa kuti kufalikira kwina kusakhale kovuta, koma "njira" imeneyi imatsimikiziranso kuti imayambanso chaka chilichonse mpaka njira zoyeretsera madzi zidzamangidwanso.
Pakadali pano, odwala kolera sangadalire njira yachipatala yaku Iraq yomwe idatchuka kale, popeza magawo awiri mwa atatu aliwonse a madotolo a mdzikolo athawa, zipatala zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowola komanso zowonongeka, mankhwala amakhalabe osowa, komanso zida, ngati zilipo. , ndi zakale. Kumangidwanso kwa madzi ndi machitidwe azachipatala, komabe, sikungatheke pokhapokha ngati magetsi abwezeretsedwa ku mawonekedwe oyenera. Kukonzekera kwa gridi yamagetsi kukuyembekezera dongosolo lodalirika la mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi kuti apereke mafuta kwa jenereta, ndipo izi sizingapangidwe popanda luso la akatswiri omwe achoka m'dzikoli, kapena akatswiri ophunzitsidwa kumene omwe dongosolo la maphunziro silingathe kupanga. Ndipo kotero izo zimapita.
Tsiku ndi tsiku, nkhokwe yachisoniyi imapangitsanso kusakhutira kwakukulu, zomwe zikufotokozera chifukwa chake atsogoleri ankhondo aku America nthawi zonse amaumirira kuti chipwirikiti chomwe chilipo mdziko muno ndi "chosalimba." Amakhulupirira kuti kuchepetsedwa kochepa kwambiri kwa asitikali aku US ku Iraq (akuzungulirabe pafupi ndi asitikali a 150,000) ndikofunikira.
Ngakhale Washington ingakonde kunyalanyaza zenizeni zaku Iraq, akuluakulu ankhondo omwe amagwira ntchito pafupi ndi pansi amadziwa kuti dzikolo likuwonongeka, komanso kulephera kuthana nazo mwanjira iliyonse yachangu, kumasiya anthu ambiri kukhala osakhutira. Nthawi iliyonse, izi zitha kuphulika mu ziwawa zina zamagulu kapena kuyesanso kuthamangitsa asitikali aku US mdzikolo.
Buku latsopano la Michael Schwartz, Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: Nkhondo ya Iraq mu Context (Haymarket, 2008), yatulutsidwa kumene. Ikufotokoza momwe geopolitics yamafuta idatsogolera US kuti iwononge dziko la Iraq ndi chuma chake ndikuyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni m'dzikolo. Pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Stony Brook State University, Schwartz walemba zambiri pa zionetsero zodziwika bwino komanso zigawenga. Ntchito yake ku Iraq yawonekera m'malo ambiri, kuphatikiza TomDispatch, Asia Times, Amayi Jones, ndi Contexts. Kanema wa iye akukambirana za "Iraq yowonongeka" ikhoza kuwonedwa mwa kuwonekera Pano. Adilesi yake ya imelo ndi [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, zosinthidwa m'kope lomwe langotulutsidwa kumene ku Iraq, komanso mkonzi ndi wothandizira Dziko Lolingana ndi Tomdispatch: America mu New Age of Empire.]
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