Memo kwa Purezidenti Obama: Kupatsidwa kupezeka wa luntha lanzeru ndi kusakwanira pa malangizo a alangizi anu, n’zosadabwitsa kuti mmene munachitira ndi kuukira kwa Aigupto kwakhazikitsa miyezo yatsopano ya kusagwirizana kwa mfundo za mayiko akunja ndi kusachita bwino. Mwina choyambilira cha momwe mungaweruzire mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita zionetsero zazikulu zidzakukonzekeretsani bwino ku gawo lotsatira la zipolowe zandale.
Mukukumbukira zipolowe zomwe zidachitika ku Tiananmen Square ku Beijing mu 1989? Chimenechinso chinali chionetsero chachikulu, chamtendere cha demokalase, koma chinaphwanyidwa ndi ziwawa zankhanza. Mwinamwake kukumbukira chochitikacho kunakukhutiritsani inu ndi gulu lanu kuti, monga Mlembi wa State Clinton analengeza pamene zionetsero zinayamba, boma la Mubarak linali “lokhazikika” komanso “lopanda ngozi ya kugwa.” Kapena mwina chidaliro chanu chinakhazikika pa mfundo yakuti ili ndi gulu lankhondo lamakono lophunzitsidwa ndi kuperekedwa ndi USA.
Koma inagwa, ndipo mukanadziwa kuti inali pangozi yaikulu. Munayenera kudziwa kuti kuneneratu za kuwukiraku kunali kwabwinoko kuposa komwe kudathera kukupha anthu ku Tiananmen Square; kuti zinali zothekera kutsatira chitsanzo cha ulamuliro wa anthu ku Tunisia, kumene kwangotsala milungu ingapo kuti wolamulira wina wa autocrat atachotsedwa pampando, kapena Iran mu 1979 ndi Poland mu 1989.
Popeza anthu anu anzeru, kuphatikiza a CIA, sanakuuzeni, ndikuloleni ndikufotokozereni chifukwa chomwe otsutsa aku Egypt adachita bwino kwambiri polimbana ndi ziwopsezo komanso zachiwawa kuposa anzawo aku China, komanso chifukwa chomwe adachitira. okonzeka bwino kwambiri kuletsa kuwukira kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe laima. Chofunika kwambiri, ndikuloleni ndikufotokozereni chifukwa chake, pongokhala m'misewu ndikutsatira kudzipereka kwawo kusachita zachiwawa, adatha kugwetsa wankhanza wokhala ndi zaka 30 ndikuthandizidwa ndi United States kuchokera pachimake champhamvu, kusesa. iye kulowa mu fumbi la mbiriyakale.
Kodi Asilikali Amasankha Liti Kukhala Opanda Chiwawa?
Yankho limodzi lothekera - gawo lazambiri zofalitsa nkhani - ndikuti asitikali aku Egypt, mosiyana ndi mnzake waku China, adaganiza zothetsa zigawengazo, ndikuti kuleza mtima kumeneku kudapangitsa kuti ziwonetserozo zipambane. Komabe, mkangano wowoneka bwino uwu sufotokoza kalikonse pokhapokha titayankha mafunso awiri olumikizana omwe amachokera pamenepo.
Yoyamba ndi yakuti: N’chifukwa chiyani asilikali analepheretsedwa nthawi ino, liti kwa zaka 50, “laima pakatikati pa dziko lapolisi lopondereza”? Lachiwiri ndilakuti: Chifukwa chiyani boma, ngakhale popanda gulu lankhondo lokonzeka kuwombera ziwonetsero, kupirira masiku, masabata, kapena miyezi ingapo yakutsutsa, ndikudikirira kuti kuwukirako kutheretu, ndipo - monga BBC ikani izo - "Kodi zonse zatha"?
Mayankho a mafunso onse awiriwa agona pa kukhudza kochititsa chidwi kwa chuma cha Egypt. Mubarak ndi gulu lake (komanso gulu lankhondo, lomwe ndi chuma cha dzikolo) anali mantha kuti bizinesi "yopunduka chifukwa cha zionetsero" inali "yokhudza kwambiri chuma chomwe chikuyenda bwino" ku Egypt. Monga Nduna ya Zachuma Samir Radwin anati patadutsa milungu iwiri kuchokera pamene chipwirikiti chinachitika, chuma chinali “chovuta kwambiri” komanso kuti “zovuta zikapitirizabe, m’pamenenso zimawononga kwambiri.”
Kuyambira pachiyambi, zionetsero zazikuluzikuluzi zidawopseza mabiliyoni a madola omwe atsogoleri ndi akuluakulu opindula ndi boma la Mubarak adapeza mu ulamuliro wawo wazaka 30 wauchigawenga, ziphuphu, ndi kudzikundikira. Makamaka kwa akuluakulu ankhondowo, zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhanza zazikulu zimene zinali zofunika pofuna kupondereza zipolowezo zikanabweretsa mavuto osaneneka, kuwopseza. zazikulu zachuma. Mwanjira ina, kuyesa kudikirira osintha kapena kukakamiza njira ya Tiananmen kuyika pachiwopsezo cha kugwa kwa maufumu azachuma a magulu olamulira aku Egypt.
Koma nchifukwa ninji mayankho onsewa angawononge chuma?
Kufinya Moyo Kuchokera mu Ulamuliro wa Mubarak
Mwachidule, kuyambira pachiyambi, kuwukira kwa Aigupto kunali ndi zotsatira za kuukira kwachiwembu. Kuyambira pa Januware 25, tsiku loyamba la zionetsero, zokopa alendo - bizinesi yayikulu kwambiri mdziko muno, yomwe inali itangoyamba kumene nyengo yake yayikulu - idalowa. kugwa kwaulere. Patapita milungu iwiri, makampani anali chabe "Pansi poyimitsa," kusiya gawo lalikulu la antchito mamiliyoni awiri omwe adawathandiza ndi malipiro ochepa kapena osalandira konse, ndi alendo ochepa omwe atsala akuyenda mozungulira mahotela opanda kanthu, akugwira mapiramidi, ngati atero, pawailesi yakanema.
Popeza mapiramidi ndi malo ena Aigupto amakopa kuposa alendo miliyoni pamwezi ndikuwerengera osachepera 5% yachuma cha Aigupto, zokopa alendo zokha (kutengera kuchulukitsa kowonjezereka) zitha kuwerengera ndalama zopitilira 15% za ndalama za dzikolo. Choncho, n’zosadabwitsa kuti malipoti a nkhani posapita nthawi anayamba kunena za kutayika kwa ndalama mpaka kufika$ 310 miliyoni patsiku. Pachuma chomwe chili ndi phindu lapachaka (GDP) la $ 200 biliyoni, tsiku lililonse lomwe Mubarak adakakamira kuudindo limatulutsa kutsika kowoneka bwino. Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri ya bomba la nthawi yovutayi, Crédit Agricole, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la banki ku France, linachepetsa kukula kwachuma cha dzikolo ndi 32%.
Kuwonongeka koyambilira kwa malo oyendera alendo, mahotela, ndi maulendo azachuma ku Egypt kudakhudza mabizinesi omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe akulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso magulu akuluakulu abizinesi aku Egypt omwe amadalira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza. Ndalama zikafa, malipiro a ngongole ayenera kuperekedwabe, kutenthetsa mahotela, ndondomeko za ndege zimasungidwa, ndipo antchito ambiri, makamaka akuluakulu, amalipidwa. Zikatero, zotayika zimayamba kukwera mwachangu, ndipo ngakhale makampani akuluakulu amatha kukumana ndi zovuta mwachangu. Zinthu zinali zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri chifukwa zinkadziwika kuti apaulendo okanika sangabwerere mpaka atatsimikiza kuti palibenso zosokoneza.
Mabizinesi akulu kwambiri, akumaloko komanso ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri sakhala otanganidwa. Iwo ndi omwe akuyenera kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri kuti athetse inki yofiyira posokoneza boma kuti liletse ziwonetsero ngati izi, mwachiyembekezo dzulo. Koma akukula kodabwitsa ngakhale ziwonetsero zoyamba, nkhope ya anthu olimbikitsa anthu kuti awononge zaka 30 zachisangalalo, zidawoneka zodabwitsa. Kuyankha molimba mtima pakuwukiridwa kwa apolisi, komwe kuponderezana kudakumana ndi unyinji wa ziwonetsero zatsopano kuthira m’makwalala, inafotokoza momveka bwino kuti kuponderezana mwankhanza sikungathetse msanga zionetserozi. Zoterezi zinkangowonjezera kuti zisokonezo zichuluke komanso mwinanso kukulitsa zipolowezo.
Ngakhale Washington idachedwetsa kutengerapo, sizinatengere nthawi kuti gulu lopondereza la Aigupto lizindikire kuti kupondereza kwakukulu, mwankhanza kunali njira yosatheka kukhazikitsa. Ziwonetserozi zitakhudza mazana masauzande, ngati si mamiliyoni, aku Aigupto, kuponderezedwa kwakukulu komanso kwamagazi kunatsimikizira kufooka kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malonda oyendera alendo sabwereranso kwa miyezi kapena kupitilira apo.
Kufa ziwalo kwa ntchito zokopa alendo kunali, mwaokha, bomba la nthawi yazachuma lomwe linawopseza kuthekera kwapakati pa gulu la capitalist la Aigupto, bola ngati ziwonetserozo zidapitilira. Kuchira kokha yamba pambuyo “bwererani ku moyo wabwinobwino,” mawu omwe adakhala ofanana ndi kutha kwa zionetsero m'mawu a boma, ankhondo, ndi mawailesi ambiri. Ndi chuma chochuluka chomwe chili pachiwopsezo, makalasi abizinesi, akunja ndi apakhomo, posakhalitsa adayamba kusangalatsa njira yodziwikiratu komanso yosasokoneza: Kunyamuka kwa Mubarak.
Kusokoneza Regime ya Mubarak
Kuwukira kwa zokopa alendo, komabe, inali nkhonya yoyamba yomwe idakhala chida chenicheni cha ochita ziwonetsero chosokoneza anthu ambiri, kusokoneza kwawo chuma. Mafakitale ofunikira olumikizirana ndi mayendedwe adakumana ndi chipwirikiti mwachangu ndikusokonezedwa ndi ziwonetserozo. Boma poyamba Tsekani Intaneti ndi mafoni a m'manja pofuna kuletsa otsutsa njira zawo zoyankhulirana ndi bungwe, kuphatikizapo Facebook ndi Twitter. Pamene anatsegulidwanso, mautumiki ameneŵa anagwira ntchito mopanda ungwiro, mwa zina chifukwa cha khalidwe loipitsitsa la antchito awo.
Zofananazo zidawonekanso m'mayendedwe, zomwe zidakhala zosadalirika komanso zapang'onopang'ono, mwina chifukwa chakutseka kwa boma pofuna kulepheretsa ziwonetserozo kapena chifukwa ziwonetsero zidasokoneza magwiridwe antchito. Ndipo kusokonekera kotereku kudayamba kufalikira m'magawo ambiri azachuma, kuyambira kubanki kupita malonda akunja, zomwe kulumikizana ndi/kapena zoyendera zinali zofunika.
Monga ziwonetsero inakula, ogwira ntchito, makasitomala, ndi ogulitsa malonda osiyanasiyana anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi kukonzekera, kuchita nawo, kapena kuchira pa zionetsero zaposachedwapa, kapena kuteteza nyumba kwa achifwamba ndi zigawenga boma litachotsa apolisi m’misewu. Lachisanu makamaka, anthu ambiri anasiya ntchito kulowa nawo pachionetserocho panthawiyi mapemphero a masana, kusiya maofesi awo pamene dzikolo lidadzilowetsa m'chiwonetsero chachikulu chotsatira - ndiyeno pambuyo pake.
Malingana ngati zionetserozo zidapitilirabe, malinga ngati chiwombankhanga chilichonse chikufanana kapena kupitilira chomaliza, chuma chinkapitilirabe kufa pomwe mabizinesi ndi ndale amafunitsitsa kuthana ndi vutoli.
Makoswe Akusiya Sitima Yaboma Imamira
pambuyo kuchuluka kulikonse potsutsa, Mubarak ndi abwenzi ake adapereka mayanjano atsopano cholinga cha kutontholetsa makamuwo. Izi, zinatengedwa ngati zizindikiro za kufooka kwa otsutsa, akungowatsimikizira mphamvu zawo, kukulitsa kayendetsedwe kake, ndikuyendetsa mkati mwa mtima wa ogwira ntchito ku Aigupto ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a akatswiri. Kumayambiriro kwa sabata lachitatu la ziwonetsero, ziwonetsero zidayamba kugunda mabungwe ovuta mwachindunji.
Pa February 9, malipoti a a kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero m’mafakitale akuluakulu m’dziko lonselo anayamba kukhuthukira, pamene maloya, ogwira ntchito zachipatala, ndi akatswiri enanso anatulukira m’misewu ndi madandaulo awo. Patsiku limodzi, antchito zikwi makumi m'mafakitole opangira nsalu, m'manyuzipepala ndi m'makampani ena atolankhani, mabungwe aboma (kuphatikiza positi ofesi), ogwira ntchito zaukhondo ndi oyendetsa mabasi, ndipo - chofunikira koposa zonse - ogwira ntchito ku Suez Canal adayamba. udzafunidwa kuvomereza kwachuma komanso kuchoka kwa Mubarak.
Popeza kuti Suez Canal ndi yachiwiri pa zokopa alendo monga gwero la ndalama za dziko, kukhalamo, komwe kumaphatikizapo antchito 6,000, kunali koopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti otsutsawo sanayesetse kutseka ngalandeyo, kuopseza kwa ntchito yake kunali koonekeratu.
Kutsekeka kwa ngalandeyo sikukanakhala ku Iguputo chabe, koma tsoka la padziko lonse: mafuta ambiri padziko lonse amayenda mu ngalandeyo, makamaka ku Ulaya komwe kulibe mphamvu. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa sitima zapamadzi, kutseka kwenikweni, kudawopseza kuyambiranso kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kwa 2008-2009, monga momwe kungasokonezere gwero lalikulu la ndalama za boma la Egypt.
Monga ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, owonetserawo adatembenukira ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana a boma, kuyesera perekani iwo "zopanda ntchito." Patangotha tsiku limodzi kukana kwachitatu kwa Purezidenti kuti atule pansi udindo, ochita ziwonetsero adanena kuti mizinda yambiri yam'madera, kuphatikiza Suez, Mahalla, Mansoura, Ismailia, Port Said, komanso Alexandria (doko lalikulu la Mediterranean), anali "opanda ulamuliro" - adachotsedwa. akuluakulu a Mubarak, mauthenga oyendetsedwa ndi boma, ndi apolisi ndi asilikali omwe amadedwa. Ku Cairo, likulu la dzikolo, ziwonetsero zidayamba kuzungulira nyumba yamalamulo, a State TV nyumba, ndi malo ena ovuta ku boma la dziko. Alaa Abd El Fattah, wolemba zandale komanso wodziwika bwino ku Cairo, adanena Demokarase Tsopano kuti khamu la anthu “likhoza kupitirizabe kuwonjezereka, mwina mwa kufuna malo owonjezereka kapena mwa kusamukira m’nyumba zimenezi, ngati pakufunika kutero.” Chifukwa chachuma chachuma, ziwonetserozo zinali zitasuntha kuti atseke zida za boma.
Panthawiyo, chodabwitsa chosiya makoswe ndikumira m'boma chinayamba kuonekera kwa anthu pamene "makampani akuluakulu angapo adatulutsa malonda m'manyuzipepala akumaloko zomwe zimasiyanitsa iwowo ndi boma." Guardian mtolankhani Jack Shenkeradatsimikizira izi poyera pogwira mawu magwero odziwika bwino ofotokoza "mantha omwe ali pakati pa amalonda" okhudza kutha kwa boma, komanso kuti "anthu ambiri omwe mungaganize kuti ali pabedi ndi Mubarak ataya chipiriro mwachinsinsi."
Zinali zomangitsa izi pakhosi la boma la Mubarak zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zionetsero zochititsa chidwi za masabata apitawa zikhale zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili ku Tiananmen Square. Ku China, ochita ziwonetsero anali ndi mwayi wocheperako pazachuma komanso ndale. Ku Egypt, kusankha kwankhanza kwa asitikali, ngakhale "kupambana" kuwathamangitsa m'misewu, kumawoneka ngati zonse koma kumatsimikizira kuzama kwavuto lazachuma lomwe likukulirakulirakulirakulira - komanso chuma chambiri. asilikali - pachiwopsezo cha tsoka losasinthika.
Mwina Mubarak akanalolera kusiya zonsezi kuti akhalebe pampando. Zomwe zidachitika, gulu lomwe likukula la osuntha ndi ogwedeza, kuphatikiza utsogoleri wankhondo, mabizinesi akuluakulu, osunga ndalama akunja, ndi maboma achidwi akunja adawona njira ina yosangalatsa kwambiri.
Weil Ziada, wamkulu wa kafukufuku wamakampani akuluakulu azachuma aku Egypt, adalankhula za gulu lazamalonda ndi ndale pomwe adauza Guardian mtolankhani Jack Shenker pa February 11th:
"Maganizo odana ndi boma sakukhazikika, ayamba kukulirakulira ... Mpikisano waposachedwawu ukukakamiza kwambiri boma osati boma lokha komanso boma lonse; ochita ziwonetsero afotokozera zomwe akufuna ndipo palibe kubweza ngongole tsopano. Zonse zikuyenda bwino. Pali zochitika ziwiri kapena zitatu, koma zonse zikukhudza chinthu chimodzi: Mubarak kusiya udindo - ndipo amalonda akusintha zomwe akuyembekezera."
Tsiku lotsatira, Purezidenti Hosni Mubarak adasiya ntchito ndikuchoka ku Cairo.
Purezidenti Obama, kumbukirani phunziro ili: Ngati mukufuna kupewa Zosankha zamtsogolo zakunja, dziwani kuti zionetsero zopanda chiwawa zimatha kusokoneza ngakhale ulamuliro wankhanza kwambiri, ngati zitha kuwopseza kuthekera kwa mafakitale ake. Zikatere, gulu lalikulu lokhala ndi zida zoopsa zowononga anthu ambiri lingagwetse munthu wankhanza yemwe ali ndi zida zoopsa kwambiri zowonongera anthu ambirimbiri.
Pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Stony Brook State University, Michael Schwartz ndi mlembi wa Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: Nkhondo ya Iraq mu Context (Haymarket Press). Ntchito ya Schwartz pamayendedwe a zionetsero, ndale zokangana, ndi arc of U.S. imperialism yawonekera m'malo ambiri ophunzirira komanso otchuka pazaka 40 zapitazi. Iye ndi a TomDispatch nthawi zonse. Adilesi yake ya imelo ndi[imelo ndiotetezedwa]. Kuti mumvetsere kuyankhulana kwaposachedwa kwa TomCast kwa Timothy MacBain komwe Schwartz akukambirana za kusintha kwa Aigupto ndi mphamvu ya kusokoneza kosachita zachiwawa, dinani. Pano, kapena kukopera ku iPod yanu Pano.
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba TomDispatch.com. Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga wa novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: Momwe Nkhondo Za Bush Zinakhalira za Obama (Mabuku a Haymarket).]
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