Zochitika ku Iraq ndi nkhani zapamutu paliponse, ndipo palibenso kutchulidwa za nkhani yomwe imayambitsa ziwawa zambiri: kulamulira mafuta aku Iraq. M'malo mwake, atolankhani wasefukira ndi mkangano wokhudza, mantha, komanso kusanthula kwakukulu kwa zigawenga zomwe sizili zatsopano, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Palinso zokambirana zambiri za kuthekera kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe likuoneka onse awiri kuzungulira kwatsopano kuyeretsa fuko komanso kugwa kwa boma lomwe linali lovuta la Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.
M’chenicheni, pali “kuukira boma kwa m’matauni,” monga momwe katswiri wina wa ku Middle East, Juan Cole, ananena. adayitana iwo. Pakali pano amangopezeka kumadera a Sunni a dzikoli ndipo ali ndi chikhalidwe champatuko, chifukwa chake magulu ngati ISIS akhoza kuchita bwino komanso kutenga udindo wa utsogoleri m'madera osiyanasiyana. Zipandukozi, komabe, sizinapangidwe kapena sizikulamulidwa ndi ISIS ndi asilikali ake zikwi zingapo. Iwo kukhudzanso omwe kale anali a Baathists ndi Saddam Hussein okhulupirika, magulu ankhondo amitundu, ndi ena ambiri. Ndipo ngakhale mu mawonekedwe oyambilira sangakhale, pamapeto pake, amangopezeka kumadera a Sunni. Monga New York Times inanenasabata yatha, makampani amafuta "akuda nkhawa kuti zipolowe zitha kufalikira" kum'mwera kwa mzinda wa Basra womwe ukulamuliridwa ndi Shia, komwe "minda yayikulu yamafuta ku Iraq ndi malo otumiza kunja akuphatikizana."
Pansi pa nyanja yotentha ya kusakhutira kwa Sunni pali chinthu chomwe chikunyalanyazidwa. Zigawenga sizikungolimbana ndi zomwe akuwona ngati kuponderezedwa ndi boma lalikulu la Shiite ku Baghdad ndi mabungwe ake achitetezo, komanso kuti ndani azilamulira ndi kupindula ndi zomwe Maliki - polankhula m'malo ambiri a anthu ake - adauzaWall Street Journal ndi Iraq"ulemu wa dziko. "
Kuwonongeka kwa Iraq ya Saddam Hussein
Kodi aliyense amakumbukira zomwe Iraq zinkawoneka ngati zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, pamene Saddam Hussein ankalamulirabe dzikolo ndipo United States inali pafupi kuukira? Kumbali imodzi, ma Iraqi, makamaka ma Shiites ndi Kurds, adazunzika pansi pa chidendene cha wolamulira wankhanza - yemwe mwina adapha. 250,000 kapena ochulukirapo a anthu ake mkati mwa ulamuliro wake wa zaka 25. Iwo adalimbananso ndi kusowa kwachuma komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha zilango zotsogozedwa ndi US - kuyerekezera kwina panthawiyo kuyika kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa ana chifukwa cha chilango chokha. 500,000.
Kumbali inayi, dzikolo linali ndi mafakitale ambiri ochita bwino okonda kutumiza kunja monga zinthu zachikopa ndi zaulimi monga masiku omwe amapereka ntchito kwa mazana masauzande a ogwira ntchito olipidwa bwino komanso amalonda. Inalinso ndi magetsi, madzi, ndi misewu yayikulu (ngakhale imacheperachepera chifukwa cha zilangozo). Kuphatikiza apo, inali ndi dongosolo labwino kwambiri lamaphunziro apulaimale ndi apamwamba, komanso chisamaliro chabwino kwambiri (chaulere) ku Middle East. M'dziko la anthu 27 miliyoni, analinso - poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena m'derali - gulu lalikulu, makamaka lolembedwa ndi boma lapakati pa mamiliyoni atatu.
Zowonjezera zonsezi zidachokera ku gwero limodzi: migolo yamafuta 2.5 miliyoni yomwe Iraq imapanga tsiku lililonse. Ndalama zatsiku ndi tsiku zochokera ku “banja lachifumu” zinapangitsa kuti dzikolo lisamayende bwino kwambiri pazachuma. M'malo mwake, bajeti ya boma yotengera mafuta inali yokwanira kotero kuti idathandizira Hussein ndi nyumba zachifumu zingapo, kulemeretsa achibale ake onse ndi ogwirizana nawo, ndikuthandizira nkhondo zake zosiyanasiyana, m'maiko ena komanso ma Kurds ndi Shiite aku Iraq.
Kusakanizika kwa kuponderezana ndi kutukuka kumeneku kunatha ndi kuwukira kwa US. Ngakhale amakana kuti zingakhudze "chibale" cha Iraq, olamulira a Bush adapita molunjika kukapeza ndalama zamafuta, kuwachotsa pazachuma ndikupita ku "ngongole" ndipo posakhalitsa, kampeni yolimbikitsa. Ngakhale amalonjeza kuchokera ku Washington kuti, pansi pa ntchito yaku America, kupanga posachedwa kukwera mpaka migolo sikisi miliyoni patsiku, kumenyera kuwongolera kupanga mphamvu kuchokera m'manja aku Iraq kunasokoneza bizinesiyo ndipokuchepetsa kupanga ndi 40%.
Ndipotu, boma logwira ntchitoyo linali mphepo yamkuntho yowononga chuma. Mwamsanga idayamba kugwetsa mafakitale onse omwe amayendetsedwa ndi boma (komanso othandizira mafuta), ndikuwononga mafakitale apayekha omwe amadalira iwo. Idasokoneza kapena kuwononga ulimi wamalonda, ndikusiyanso ndalama zothandizira mafuta mu nthawi ya Saddam komanso kuwukira kwa ndege kwa zigawenga zakumidzi. Idakhazikitsa njira zochepetsera komanso pulogalamu ya "de-Baathification" pamaphunziro ndi zamankhwala mdziko muno.
Popeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku Iraq omwe anali ndi udindo uliwonse analibe chochita koma kukhala m'gulu la Saddam's Baath Party, izi zinakhala tsoka kwa akatswiri apakati, omwe ambiri mwa iwo adapeza kuti alibe ntchito. mu ukapolo m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Popeza kuti iwo ankayang'anira machitidwe oterowo, nthawi zambiri m'mikhalidwe yowopsya kwambiri, zotsatira za kayendetsedwe ka magetsi, madzi, ndi misewu yayikulu zinali zowononga. Onjezani zotsatira za makampeni ophulitsa bomba komanso kusungitsa ntchito zachinsinsi ndipo munakumana ndi tsoka losatha.
Pamene, mu 2009, olamulira a Obama adayamba kuchotsa asitikali aku US, ma Iraqi kulikonse - koma makamaka m'malo a Sunni - adakumana ndi 60% ya ulova, ntchito zamagetsi zamagetsi, zida zamadzi zapoizoni, maphunziro opitilira apo, dongosolo lachipatala losagwira ntchito, komanso kusowa. za mayendedwe apagulu kapena apayekha. Anthu akumadzulo ochepa amakumbukira kuti, mu 2010, Maliki adakhazikitsa kampeni yake yachisankho palonjezano lothetsa mavutowa ndi - chiwerengerochinso - kuchulukitsa kupanga mafuta mpaka migolo sikisi miliyoni patsiku. Popeza kuti zinthu zomwe zinalipo zinali zokwanira kuti boma liyendetse ntchito, pafupifupi ndalama zonse zimene analandirazo zikanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanganso zomangamanga za dzikolo, kutsitsimula maboma, ndi kukonzanso ntchito zonse zaboma, zamafakitale, ndi zaulimi zomwe zawonongeka.
Cholowa Chachinyengo cha Ntchito ya US
Ngakhale kuti ali ndi magulu achipembedzo a Shia, Sunni adapatsa Maliki nthawi yokwaniritsa malonjezo ake a kampeni. Kwa ena, ziyembekezo zinawonjezeka pamene mapangano autumiki anagulitsidwa kumakampani amafuta padziko lonse lapansi ndi cholinga chokweza mphamvu zopangira magetsi mpaka kufika pa migolo sikisi miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2020. (Komabe, ena anangowona izi monga kugulitsidwa kwa chigawo cha dzikolo.) Anthu ambiri aku Iraq adalimbikitsidwa popanga mafuta anayamba kuwuka: mu 2011, chizindikiro cha nthawi ya Hussein cha migolo ya 2.5 miliyoni patsiku chinafika, ndipo mu 2013 kupanga kunadutsa migolo ya 3.0 miliyoni patsiku.
Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kunadzutsa chiyembekezo chakuti kumangidwanso kuyambira nthawi yowukira ndi ntchito kuyambika. Ndi mitengo yamafuta kugwira mokhazikika Pansi pa $100 pa mbiya, ndalama zamafuta aboma oposa awiri, kuchoka pa $50 biliyoni mu 2010 kufika pa $100 biliyoni mu 2013. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kokha, ngati kugawiridwa kwa anthu, kukanapanga ndalama zokwana madola 10,000 zothandizira banja lililonse mwa mabanja mamiliyoni asanu a ku Iraq. Zikadakhalanso malipiro odalirika pakubwezeretsa chuma cha Iraq ndi ntchito zake zachitukuko. (Dongosolo lamagetsi palokha linkafuna madola mabiliyoni ambiri kuti awononge ndalama zatsopano kuti abwezeretsenso kumlingo wosakwanira nkhondo isanayambe.)
Koma palibe chuma chamafuta chimenechi chinatsikira kumidzi, makamaka m’madera a Sunni a dzikolo kumene zizindikiro za kumangidwanso, chitukuko cha zachuma, ntchito zobwezeretsedwa, kapena ntchito zinali zovuta kuzizindikira. M’malo mwake, ndalama zambiri zatsopanozi zinazimiririka m’boma pachikhalidwe ndi Transparency International monga gulu lachisanu ndi chiwiri la ziphuphu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kufuna Gawo la National Patrimony
Ndiye apa ndipamene mafuta aku Iraq, kapena kusowa kwa ndalama zake, kumabwera. Madera ku Iraq, makamaka m'madera omwe akukwiyitsa a Sunni, anayamba kufunsandalama zomanganso, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi maboma am'deralo ndi zigawo. Poyankha, boma la Maliki linakana mosalekeza kugawira ndalama zilizonse zamafuta pantchito zotere, ndikusankha kudzudzula zofuna zotere monga kuyesetsa kupatutsa ndalama kuzinthu zofunikira kwambiri za bajeti. Izi zinaphatikizapo mabiliyoni ambiri a madola ofunikira kugula zida zankhondo kuphatikiza, mu 2011, 18 F-16 jets kuchokera ku United States kwa $ 4 biliyoni. Mu mphindi yachilendo ya kuzindikira kodabwitsa, Time magazini inamaliza nkhani yake yogula F-16 ndi izi ndemanga: "Uthenga wabwino ndikuti mgwirizanowu upangitsa kuti chomera cha Lockheed's F-16 ku Fort Worth chigwire ntchito mwina chaka chotalikirapo. Nkhani yoipa ndiyakuti 70% yokha ya anthu aku Iraq ndi omwe ali ndi madzi aukhondo, ndipo 25% okha ndi omwe ali ndi ukhondo.
Mwachilungamo kwa Maliki, boma lake lidagwiritsa ntchito zina mwazopeza zatsopano zamafutakuyamba kubweza anawononga mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe othandiza anthu, koma pafupifupi ntchito zonse zatsopanozo zinapita kwa nzika za Shia m’madera a Shia, pamene Sunni anapitirizabe kuchotsedwa ntchito m’boma. Kusowa ntchito kumeneku - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, ndithudi, kusowa kwa ndalama za mafuta - kwakhala chinsinsi cha kuwukira kwa Sunni. Monga Patrick Cockburn wa nyuzipepala yaku Britain, the Independent, analemba,
“Amuna a Chisunni anali otalikirana chifukwa chosowa ntchito chifukwa ndalama za boma zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina kulikonse, ndipo nthaŵi zina, mwadzidzidzi anachotsedwa ntchito popanda penshoni chifukwa chokakamizidwa kukhala membala wa chipani cha Baath zaka zambiri zapitazo. Mphunzitsi wina wachisunni yemwe wakhala zaka 30 tsiku lina analandira chikalata chophwanyika pansi pa chitseko chake chomuuza kuti asabwerenso kudzagwira ntchito kusukulu kwawo chifukwa anachotsedwa ntchito pachifukwa chimenechi. 'Kodi ine ndichite chiyani? Kodi ndidzadyetsa bwanji banja langa?' anafunsa."
Zinthu zikuipiraipira, madera a Sunni adangolimbikira, ndikuwonjezera zopempha zawo ndi ziwonetsero ndi kukhala m'maofesi a boma, misewu yotsekeka, komanso ntchito zamtundu wa Tahrir Square m'malo aboma. Mayankho a Maliki adafikanso pakumanga amithenga andale, kufalitsa ziwonetsero, ndipo munthawi yofunika kwambiri mu 2013, "kupha anthu ambiri” ya otsutsa pamene “asilikali ake achitetezo anawombera msasa wa zionetsero wa Sunni.” Kuponderezedwa kumeneku ndi kukhumudwa kosalekeza kwa zofuna za m'deralo kunathandizira kukonzanso zigawenga zomwe zinali msana wa kukana kwa Sunni panthawi ya ulamuliro wa America. Ziwawa zakupha zitayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magulu ankhondo a boma, zigawenga zinayamba kufala m’madera a kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Baghdad kumene nzika za ku United States zinazitcha “makona atatu a Sunni.”
Zambiri mwa zigawengazi zinali ndi cholinga chopha akuluakulu a boma, apolisi, ndipo - pamene kupezeka kwawo kumawonjezeka - asilikali otumizidwa ndi Maliki kuti athetse ziwonetserozo. Ndizodziwikiratu, komabe, kuti mayankho otsimikizika kwambiri, okonzedwa bwino, komanso owopsa mwamayankho ankhondowa adalunjika kumalo opangira mafuta. Ngakhale madera a Sunni ku Iraq simalo opangira mafuta - kuposa 90% mphamvu za dzikolo zimachotsedwa kumadera a Shia kumwera ndi dera la Kirkuk lolamulidwa ndi aku Kurds - pali mafuta ochuluka amafuta Apo. Kuphatikiza pa minda yaying'ono yamafuta, "makona atatu a Sunni" ali ndi kutalika kwa payipi yokhayo yokhayo yomwe imatuluka m'dzikolo (ku Turkey), malo oyeretsera kwambiri ku Haditha, ndi malo opangira mafuta a Baiji, omwe ali ndi magetsi. fakitale yopangira magetsi yomwe imagwira ntchito m'zigawo zakumpoto komanso malo opangira mafuta okwana migolo 310,000 patsiku omwe akupanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafuta oyeretsedwa a dzikolo.
Panalibe chatsopano ponena za zigawenga zakumaloko zomwe zidaukira malo opangira mafuta. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2003, dziko la United States litangoletsa kutulutsa mafuta m’madera a Sunni, anthu a m’dzikoli anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoletsa kupanga kapena kutumiza kunja kwa dzikolo mpaka atalandira zomwe akuona kuti n’zabwino. Mapaipi osatetezeka opita ku Turkey adakhala opanda ntchito, chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zopitilira 600. Malo a Baiji ndi Haditha adaletsa zigawenga polola atsogoleri amderalo kuti achotse gawo - nthawi zambiri mpaka 20% - yamafuta omwe amadutsamo. Asitikali aku US atayamba kulamulira malowa koyambirira kwa 2007 ndikuthetsa dongosololi, malo oyeretsera awiriwa amakumana ndi ziwonetsero zopunduka.
Mapaipi ndi zoyeretsera zinabwerera ku ntchito yosalekeza pokhapokha a US atachoka m'chigawo cha Anbar ndipo Maliki adalonjezanso atsogoleri am'deralo ndi zigawenga (nthawi zambiri anthu omwewo) gawo la mafutawo posinthana ndi "kuteteza" maofesi ku kuba kapena kuukira. Mgwirizanowu unatha pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, koma pamene boma linayamba kutsutsa zionetsero za Sunni, "chitetezo"cho chinachotsedwa. Kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika pakuwona mafuta, Iraq Oil Report, nyuzipepala yapaintaneti yamakampani yomwe imapereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chazomwe zikuchitika ku Iraq, idawonetsa kuti iyi ndi mphindi yofunika kwambiri ya "kuwonongeka kwa chitetezo," kunena kuti "mphamvu zoteteza magetsi ... akhala akudalira mgwirizano ndi anthu am'deralo kuti athandize kuteteza."
Kumenyera Mafuta
Iraq Oil Report yafotokoza mosamalitsa zotsatira za "kuwonongeka kwachitetezo" kumeneku. "Kuyambira chaka chatha pamene kuukira kwa mapaipi [a Turkey] kunayamba kuwonjezeka," North Oil Company, yomwe imayang'anira ntchito zopanga zinthu m'madera a Sunni, inalembetsa kutsika kwa 50%. Mapaipiwo adadulidwa motsimikizika pa Marichi 2 ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, ogwira ntchito yokonza "aletsedwa kulowa" malo opumira. Paipi yodyetsera ku Baiji inaphulitsidwa ndi bomba pa Epulo 16, kuchititsa kuti madzi a mumtsinje wa Tigris asamwe kwa masiku angapo.
Pambuyo pa ziwopsezo "zambiri" kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2013, kampani yamafuta ya Sonangol, kampani yamafuta ku Angola, idagwiritsa ntchito gawo la "force majeure" mu mgwirizano wake ndi boma la Iraq. kusiya zaka zinayi za ntchito yachitukuko pa minda ya Qaiyarah ndi Najmah m'chigawo cha Nineve. M’mwezi wa April, zigawenga zinabera mkulu wa fakitale yoyenga ma Haditha. M'mwezi wa June, adalanda malo osagwira ntchito pambuyo poti asitikali ankhondo aboma adasiya kugwa kwa asitikali aku Iraq mu mzinda wachiwiri waukulu kwambiri mdzikolo, Mosul.
Poyankha kuukira kwa zigawenga izi, boma la Maliki lidakulitsa kupondereza kwawo kwa madera a Sunni, kuwalanga chifukwa cha "kusunga" zigawenga. Asilikali ochulukirachulukira anatumizidwa kumizinda imene inkaonedwa kuti ndi malo a “uchigawenga,” ndi kulamulidwa kuletsa zionetsero zamtundu uliwonse. Mu December 2013, asilikali a boma atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoopsa pochotsa misasa ya zionetsero yomwe inkatsekereza misewu ndi malonda m’mizinda ingapo, zigawenga zomwe zinkaukira asilikali zinakwera kwambiri. Mu Januwale, boma akuluakulu ndi asilikali anasiya mbali za Ramadi ndi Falluja yonse, mizinda iwiri yofunika kwambiri mu katatu ya Sunni.
Mwezi uno, tidakumana ndi zomwe Patrick Cockburn adatcha "chipwirikiti,” Asilikali 50,000 adasiya zida zawo kwa zigawenga, ndipo adathawa ku Mosul komanso mizinda yaying'ono ingapo. Kukula kumeneku kunafika ngati sikunachitike ndipo mawailesi ambiri a ku United States amawasamalira moyenerera, koma Cockburn anafotokoza maganizo a anthu odziŵa zambiri pamene ananena kuti kugwa kwa asilikali m’madera a Sunni kunali “kosadabwitsa.” Monga momwe iye ndi ena ananenera, asilikali a gulu lankhondo lodzala ndi ziphuphu “sanali okonzeka kumenya nkhondo ndi kufa m’malo awo . . .
Kutuluka kwa asilikali m'mizinda nthawi yomweyo kunachititsa kuti achokeko pang'ono pa malo opangira mafuta. Pa June 13th, patatha masiku awiri kugwa kwa Mosul, Iraq Oil Report adanena kuti malo opangira magetsi ndi nyumba zina mumzinda wa Baiji zinali kale "zolamulidwa ndi mafuko am'deralo." Pambuyo polimbana ndi zolimbikitsa boma, malowa adakhala a malo omwe amatsutsidwa.
Lipoti la Iraq Oil Report linanena kuti zigawenga zomwe zaukira Baiji ndi "zomwe zingakhale kuyesa kulanda gawo lina la ndalama za mafuta ku Iraq." Ngati ntchito ya Baiji itaphatikizidwa, "gawo loyang'anira" lingaphatikizeponso malo oyeretsera Haditha, minda yamafuta ya Qaiyarah ndi Hamrah, ndi "njira zazikuluzikulu monga Iraq-Turkey Pipeline ndi al-Fatha, komwe kusonkhanitsa mapaipi. ndi malo ena operekera mafuta, gasi ndi mafuta pakati komanso kumpoto kwa dzikolo.”
Umboni winanso wa cholinga chofuna kuwongolera "gawo lina la ndalama zogulira mafuta ku Iraq" umapezeka muzochita zoyamba zomwe zigawenga zafuko zidalanda malo opangira magetsi ku Baiji: "Zigawenga sizinawononge chilichonse ndipo zidalangiza ogwira ntchito kuti azisunga malowa pa intaneti. ” pokonzekera kuyambitsanso malowo mwamsanga. Mfundo zofananirazi zidakhazikitsidwa m'minda yamafuta yomwe idalandidwa komanso pamalo oyenga mafuta a Haditha. Ngakhale momwe zinthu zilili pano sizikutsimikizirika kuti sizilola kuti malowa agwire ntchito, cholinga chachikulu cha zigawengachi chikuwonekera. Iwo akuyesera kukwaniritsa mwaukali zomwe sizikanatheka kudzera mu ndondomeko ya ndale ndi zionetsero: kutenga gawo lalikulu la ndalama zogulitsa mafuta a dziko.
Ndipo zigawenga zikuwoneka kuti zatsimikiza mtima kuyambitsa ntchito yomanganso yomwe Maliki adakana kupereka ndalama. Patangopita masiku ochepa atapambana izi, Associated Press idatero zigawenga zinali kulonjeza Nzika za Mosul ndi othawa kwawo obwerera "gasi ndi chakudya chotsika mtengo," ndikuti posachedwa adzabwezeretsa mphamvu ndi madzi, ndikuchotsa zotchinga zamagalimoto. Mwachiwonekere, izi zidzathandizidwa ndi ndalama zoposa $ 450 miliyoni (ndalama zamafuta), komanso bullion yagolide, akuti adabedwa kuchokera kunthambi ya Central Bank of Iraq ndikuphatikiza mabanki ena kudera la Mosul.
Ulamuliro wopondereza wa Saddam Hussein udadzala ndi zigawenga, ndipo kuponderezana koyipa kukalephera, zidapereka gawo la ndalama zambiri zamafuta kwa anthu monga ntchito zaboma, ntchito zachitukuko, mafakitale othandizira ndi ulimi. Ulamuliro wopondereza wa dziko la United States udadzala ndi zigawenga ndendende chifukwa udayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zamafuta mdzikolo kuti zigwirizane ndi mapangidwe ake achifumu ku Middle East. Ulamuliro wopondereza wa Maliki tsopano wadzaza ndi zigawenga, chifukwa Prime Minister anakana kugawana nawo ndalama zochulukirapo zamafuta ndi anthu ake a Sunni.
Zakhala zamafuta nthawi zonse, zopusa!
Michael Schwartz ndi Pulofesa Wolemekezeka Wophunzitsa, Emeritus, wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Stony Brook State University. Long a TomDispatch wokhazikika, ndiye mlembi wa mabuku ambiri ndi zolemba za zionetsero zotchuka ndi zigawenga, mphamvu zamakampani, ndi mfundo zandale, kuphatikiza Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: Nkhondo ya Iraq mu Context. Adilesi yake ya imelo ndi [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
[Zindikirani pa Zochokera: Ndemanga iyi yakhazikika, mwa zina, pa malipoti a Ben Lando ndi ogwira ntchito ku Lipoti la Mafuta aku Iraq, lomwe ndi gwero labwino kwambiri lachingerezi kuti mudziwe zambiri zandale, zachuma, komanso ziwonetsero zaku Iraq. Chifukwa zolemba zake sizingapezeke popanda kulembetsa, palibe maulalo a ntchito yake omwe amaperekedwa m'mawuwo. Umboni wosagwirizana ndi mafuta ndi ntchito ya US imatengedwanso Nkhondo Yopanda Mapeto: Nkhondo ya Iraq mu Context.]
Nkhaniyi idayamba kupezeka TomDispatch.com. Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, monga za novel, Masiku Otsiriza a Kusindikiza. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: Momwe Nkhondo Za Bush Zinakhalira za Obama (Mabuku a Haymarket).
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama