Source: The Intercept
Posachedwapa Pambuyo pa 9/11, anthu aku America anali kufuna nkhondo. A CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll anapeza kuti 90 peresenti ya aku America adavomereza kuti United States iwononge Afghanistan, pamene 65 peresenti ya anthu anali omasuka ndi chiyembekezo cha kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ku Afghanistan. Ndi anthu 22 okha pa XNUMX alionse amene ankaganiza kuti nkhondoyo ipitirira zaka ziwiri.
Achimerika ankafuna magazi, ndipo iwo anawapeza iwo. United States inaukira Afghanistan ndipo inatha zaka 20 zotsatira zikuchita nkhondo kumeneko ndi kupitirira: ku Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Iraq; Libya; Niger; ku Philippines; Somalia; Syria; Tunisia; ndi Yemen, pakati pa malo ena. Kuposa 770,000 Anthu amwalira mwankhanza pankhondo zaku America ndikuchitapo kanthu, kuphatikiza anthu wamba opitilira 312,000, malinga ndi a Brown University. Ndalama za Nkhondo polojekiti.
Mwa 10 peresenti ya Achimereka omwe ankaganiza kuti nkhondo sinali yankho, chiwerengero chochepa chinasonyeza motsutsana ndi mkangano womwe unali pafupi. Analowa Austin, Texas; Mzinda wa New York; San Francisco; Washington, DC; ndi kwina. Panafunika kulimba mtima kuti ndilankhule motsutsa โkubwezera mosasankha,โ kunena kuti kunali kupusa kuukira dziko chifukwa cha a upandu wochitidwa ndi gulu laling'ono la zigawenga, ndikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira zake zitha kumveka zaka makumi ambiri. Ananyozedwa, kukalipiridwa, kutchedwa zinyalala achiwembu, ndi zoipa.
Iwo omwe adachipeza mu Seputembala 2001 adayiwalika kalekale. White House, Pentagon, ndi atolankhani sanafunefune otsutsawo kuti alandire upangiri, ndemanga, kapena uphungu pamene nkhondo ku Afghanistan idayamba, kutha ndi kugwa kwachisokonezo kwa boma la Afghanistan lothandizidwa ndi US Lamlungu. M'malo mwake, omwe adalakwitsa nthawi zonse akhala akulamulira mabwalo amphamvu. "Izi zidachitika mwachangu kuposa momwe timayembekezera," Purezidenti Joe Biden, yemwe adavotera usilikali mu 2001, adavomereza dzulo. "(Purezidenti wakale wa Afghanistan Ashraf] Ghani adanenetsa kuti asitikali aku Afghanistan amenya nkhondo, koma mwachiwonekere adalakwitsa." Ghani sanali yekha. Biden ndi anthu ena ambiri aku America adagwira ntchito zazikulu mumsewu wazaka 20 wogonjetsera womwe unayamba ndi United States kugwetsa a Taliban mchaka cha 2001 ndipo udatha pomwe a Taliban adadziyika okha ku nyumba yachifumu ku likulu la Afghanistan, Kabul, sabata ino.
Buku latsopano la mtolankhani Craig Whitlock, "Mapepala a Afghanistan: Mbiri Yachinsinsi ya Nkhondo,โ zidzathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti palibe amene adzaiwale mavuto amene atsogoleri ankhondo ndi ankhondo a ku America anachita, mabodza amene ananena, ndi nkhondo imene anataya.
Kuphatikizira zoyankhulana zopitilira 1,000 ndi masamba a 10,000 a zikalata, Whitlock amapereka kafukufuku wodabwitsa wakulephera komanso kukhazikika, nkhani yosatsutsika yakugonja kopanda ulemu kwa US m'mawu a omwe - kuchokera kunkhondo kupita ku likulu la NATO ku Kabul komanso kuchokera ku Pentagon kupita ku White House - adalakwitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, adalemba zolephera zawo ndi zabodza, ndipo adayesetsa kupewa kuyankha ngakhale pang'ono.
โNthawi zambiri anthu amandifunsa kuti, โKodi zimenezi zitenga nthawi yaitali bwanji?โโ Pulezidenti George W. Bush anatero pa October 11, 2001, patangopita masiku ochepa dziko la United States litayamba kuphulitsa mabomba ku Afghanistan. "Nkhondo yankhondoyi ikhala nthawi yayitali kuti Al Qaeda aweruze. Zitha kuchitika mawa, zitha kuchitika mwezi umodzi kuchokera pano, zitha kutenga chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Koma tidzapambana. "
Zaka zoposa khumi pambuyo pake, US inali isanapambane nkhondoyi, ndipo bungwe la boma losadziwika bwino, Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, kapena SIGAR, adafufuza chifukwa chake. Zotsatira zake zinali zoyankhulana zopitirira 400 "Zophunzira" zomwe zinachitidwa ndi akuluakulu a ku America (komanso Afghan ndi NATO) komanso akatswiri ena, ogwira ntchito zothandizira, ndi alangizi. Malingaliro awo anali omveka, nthawi zambiri odzudzula, ndipo boma linkafuna kuwabisa.
Koma Whitlock wosatopa ndi owalemba ntchito, Washington Post, kudzera pamilandu iwiri ya Freedom of Information Act, adakakamiza boma kuti lipereke mafayilo. Zolemba izi zidakhala maziko a mndandanda wopambana mphoto za Post; tsopano, kuphatikizidwa ndi zolemba zingapo zochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu, mafayilowa amapangitsa "Mapepala a Afghanistan" kukhala owerengera aku America okhudzana ndi nkhondoyi ndikuthandizira kufotokozera, kuposa buku lililonse, chifukwa chiyani ambiri mwa omwe adakonza, kutsogolera, ndi anamenya nkhondoyo analephera mochititsa chidwi kwambiri.
Kusonkhanitsa maakaunti mokhazikika komanso motsatira nthawi, Whitlock amalola oyang'anira nkhondo aku America kuti adzipachike ndi zolemba zawo, ndikupereka mndandanda wa mabodza ndi kusazindikira, chinyengo ndi kukana, kusachita bwino komanso katangale, komanso, koposa zonse, amantha. Mobwereza bwereza, Whitlock amapereka kuwunika kopanda chiyembekezo komanso ziweruzo zankhanza za akuluakulu omwe amakhulupirira kuti zonena zawo sizingawonekere poyera - oyambitsa nkhondo omwe akanatha kuyankhula pagulu koma nthawi zambiri amasunga kuwunika kwawo mobisa kapena kuwafotokozera nthawi yayitali kwambiri. .
Mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo Lt. Douglas Lute, mkulu wankhondo ku White House motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti George W. Bush ndi Barack Obama, anakumbukira motero.
"Sitinadziwe zomwe tikuchita," adatero Richard Boucher, kazembe wamkulu wa bungwe la Bush ku South ndi Central Asia.
"Panali vuto lalikulu ... losagwira ntchito limodzi mwalamulo mkati mwa Afghanistan, mkati mwa usilikali," anakumbukira Lt. Gen. David Barno, wamkulu wa nkhondo ya Afghanistan.
"Panalibe dongosolo lokonzekera kampeni," adavomereza General Dan McNeill, yemwe adatumikira kawiri monga mkulu wa asilikali ku Afghanistan pansi pa Bush. "Ndinayesa kupeza wina kuti andifotokozere zomwe kupambana kumatanthauza, ngakhale ndisanadutse, ndipo palibe amene akanatha."
Awa ndi mazana ena akuluakulu, akuluakulu ankhondo, akazembe, ndi akatswiri akadakhala akulimbana ndi anthu aku America nthawi yomweyo kapena nthawi ina iliyonse pazaka 20 zapitazi. Akadatero, mwina nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan ikanafupikitsidwa ndi zaka khumi kapena kuposerapo; mwina kutsatira mikangano sikukadakhala kophweka kuyambitsa kapena kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuthetsa; mwina anthu opitilira 770,000 sakanafa ndipo mpaka 59 miliyoni achotsedwa mnyumba zawo. Nkhondo zaku America pambuyo pa 9/11.
M'malo mwake, anthu aku America adasokoneza mkangano ku Afghanistan, osatsimikiza zomwe analipo kuti akwaniritse, chifukwa chiyani akuchita, omwe akumenyera nkhondo, ndi zomwe akumenyera. โKodi kwenikweni tinali kuchita chiyani mโdziko limenelo?โ anafunsa mkulu wina wa ku United States yemwe ankatumikira limodzi ndi nthumwi ya NATO ku Afghanistan. "Tidalowa pambuyo pa 9/11 kuti tigonjetse Al Qaeda ku Afghanistan, koma ntchitoyo idasokonekera."
Kuchitcha chisokonezo ndiko kuyesa kosangalatsa kwambiri. Chinanso n'chakuti, monga momwe Whitlock akulembera, boma linali kugulitsa pablum "mopanda chifukwa komanso zopanda pake kotero kuti zomwe adanenazo zidakhala kampeni yotsutsa anthu."
Whitlock amachita a ntchito yabwino kwambiri yopangira ma synopses a SIGAR omwe adapambana movutikira komanso zoyankhulana zosungidwa zakale kuti afotokoze zigamulo zachinsinsi ndi ndemanga za anthu. Bush, mlembi woyamba wa chitetezo, Donald Rumsfeld, anamwalira posachedwapa multipleeloma angapo, koma Whitlock akuwonetsa bwino kuti manyazi amayenera kumutengera zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo. Mwa oyang'anira onse olakalaka nkhondo omwe amatenga nyenyezi yawo mu "Mapepala a Afghanistan," Rumsfeld atha kuyipitsa kwambiri. "Sindikudziwa kuti anthu oipawo ndi ndani," mlembi wachitetezo wochedwa adalemba m'makalata amkati pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zankhondo. "Ndife opereลตera momvetsa chisoni m'nzeru zaumunthu."
Rumsfeld sanagawirepo chiyembekezo chake ndi anthu aku America. M'malo mwake, kwa zaka zambiri, adatenga atolankhani kuti ayambe kukankhira kumbuyo kwinaku akulira poyera za zizindikiro za kupita patsogolo komanso kutembenuka. Mu 2003, Rumsfeld adalengeza kuti a Taliban atha. โKufikira pamene amasonkhanitsidwa koposa mmodzi ndi aลตiri โฆ adzaphedwa kapena kugwidwa,โ iye anadzitama motero. Ngati pali chilungamo, Rumsfeld pano akuwunikidwa m'moyo wamtsogolo ngati ndi m'modzi kapena awiri omenyera a Taliban omwe ali pano. kupitilira mizinda ndi zigawo kudutsa Afghanistan.
Zambiri mu "Mapepala a Afghanistan" amawerengedwa ngati chisokonezo cha nkhondo yaku America ku Vietnam. Panthawi ya nkhondoyi, asilikali a ku South Vietnam omwe amamangidwa, ophunzitsidwa, okhala ndi zida, komanso amathandizidwa ndi anthu aku America nthawi zonse (ndi osati nthawi zonse mopanda chilungamo) kunyozedwa chifukwa cha mantha ndi kusakhoza kwake. Pomaliza, akuluakulu aku US sanathe kumvetsetsa momwe a 1 miliyoni-anthu asilikali ndi mabiliyoni a madola zida zankhondo zaku America ndi zida zidagwa mu 1975. Mu "Mapepala a Afghanistan," Achimereka amanyozanso gulu lankhondo la Afghanistan lomwe adamanga kapena kupereka zifukwa zofooka ndi kusazindikira kwake. Kodi dziko la US lingakhale lolakwa bwanji pomwe milandu yaku Afghan simatha kuwerenga, kulemba, kapena kuzindikira mitundu; analakwitsa mkodzo kwa akasupe akumwa; sanathe kuphunzira njira zoyambira kapena kuwombera molunjika; ndipo onse anali aulesi ndi oipa? Kusiyidwa mosafufuzidwa ndi chifukwa chake chiguduli, chopanda zida, chiwembu chopanda zida, chopanda ndalama zambiri chochokera kwa anthu omwewo, popanda gulu lankhondo lamlengalenga kapena thandizo lamphamvu zamphamvu, chinatha kukhalapo, mocheperapo kupita patsogolo kosasintha, pazaka 20, kutha ndi blitzkrieg yomwe adatenga mizinda yayikulu pambuyo pa imzake, kuphatikiza Kabul, m'masiku ochepa.
Opium ndi chinsinsi chinanso. Pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, monga Kugwiritsa ntchito heroin pakati pa asitikali aku US kudakwera kwambiri, Air America, kampani yoyendetsedwa ndi CIA, yonyamula opiamu zokololedwa ndi alimi a ku Laos amenenso anali asilikali mโgulu la asilikali gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi. Kutsatira kugonjetsedwa kwake ku Southeast Asia, United States inafuna kusokoneza Soviet Union mu "Vietnam" yake ku Afghanistan, kumene, monga New York Times. inanena"Kupanga opiamu kunakula ... ndi kulowerera kwa ena mwa mujahedeen, zigawenga zomwe zidathandizidwa ndi Central Intelligence Agency." Pofika nthawi yomwe anthu aku America anali kumenyana ndi ena a mujahideen omwewo ndi ana awo aamuna m'zaka za m'ma 2000, United States inali itasiya kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo inapereka mabiliyoni ambiri kuti ithetse ma poppies, koma Afghanistan idakhala pamwamba pa dziko lonse lapansi. narco-state.
Whitlock akupereka Operation River Dance, kuukira kwa miyezi iwiri kwa US-Afghan m'minda ya poppy kumwera kwa Afghanistan, ngati phunziro. John Walters, yemwe ndi mkulu woyangโanira mankhwala osokoneza bongo mโboma la Bush, anauza atolankhani kuti ntchitoyi โikupita patsogolo kwambiri,โ koma zoona zake nโzakuti zonse zinalakwika. Mabuldozer anathyoka; mathirakitala anamira mu ngalande; ndege yobwerekedwa ndi dipatimenti ya boma yodzala ndi akuluakulu okhudza zamankhwala osokoneza bongo a US idagunda gulu lanyumba, kupha anthu wamba; Afghans omwe adachita nawo khama adapita AWOL; alimi akumaloko anakwiya ndi kukhala kutali; Ogulitsa magetsi aku Afghanistan adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi kuti amenye opikisana nawo; ndipo dera lomwe poyamba linali labata linasanduka malo a zigawenga.
โAmati zidayenda bwino kwambiri. Ndikuganiza kuti ndi BS chabe "
"Amati zidayenda bwino," ndiye-Lt. Col. Michael Slusher, mlangizi pa opaleshoniyi, adauza wofunsa mafunso ankhondo. "Ndikuganiza kuti ndi BS chabe"
"Bs plain BS" ndi epitaph yoyenera, osati ya River Dance kapena American drive yothetsa opium poppies, koma zoyesayesa za US ku Afghanistan zidakhala zazikulu. Monga ku Vietnam, asitikali adaphika mabukuwo pamlingo uliwonse - kunama zankhondo kwa iwo okha, ku Congress, ndi kwa anthu aku America. "Mfundo iliyonse ya deta inasinthidwa kuti iwonetse chithunzi chabwino kwambiri," adatero Army Col. Bob Crowley, mlangizi wamkulu wa counterinsurgency mu 2013 ndi 2014.
M'mafunso a SIGAR, a Whitlock akuti, "Akuluakulu ankhondo aku US ndi alangizi adafotokoza momveka bwino komanso mosasunthika kuti asocheretse anthu mwadala" kuchokera kunkhondo kupita ku White House, ndikuyika zambiri kuti ziwoneke ngati US ikupambana nkhondo.
Ngati laibulale yaying'ono of Mabuku a Vietnam War ndi wotsogolera aliyense, akatswiri a mbiri yakale a hawkish, revisionist reprobates, ndi oyambitsa nkhondo omwe ali ndi chisoni adzatenga chovalachi ndikuyesera kubwezeretsanso nkhondo ku Afghanistan m'njira zabwino, ndikumapepesa kugonjetsedwa kwina kwa asilikali a ku America ndikuimba mlandu anthu omwe akuwakayikira.
Kabul asanagwe kwa a Taliban, akazembe a US adapereka chigamulo: "Osataya Afghanistan.โ Cholemba ichi cha Ogasiti 6 pabulogu ya Atlantic Council yolembedwa ndi amuna asanu, onse omwe adagwira ntchito yayikulu paulendo wautali waku America kuti agonjetse, adamaliza ndi pempho lankhondo yowonjezereka yotengera kubweza komaliza kwa ankhondo anzeru komanso amakhalidwe oipa. United States, iwo anaumirira kuti, "angathe, ndipo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ku Afghanistan ndi chithandizo cha ndege ndi chitetezo pamodzi ndi zokambirana zamphamvu. Tsogolo la dzikolo - komanso kudalirika kwa Washington padziko lonse lapansi - lili pachiwopsezo. " Zimangoyang'ana zomwe zidadziwika kale mu 1965 za zolinga za US ku Vietnam ndi Mlembi Wachiwiri wa Chitetezo John McNaughton: "70% - Kupewa kugonjetsedwa kochititsa manyazi kwa US,โ poyerekezera ndi 10 peresenti ya cholinga chonenedwa poyera cholola โanthu a [South Vietnam] kusangalala ndi moyo wabwinoko, womasuka.โ Kudalirika kunali chifukwa chokulirapo (ndi chinsinsi) chotalikitsira nkhondo zaka zina za 10 pamtengo wa mamiliyoni amoyo ku Southeast Asia.
HR McMaster - mkulu wopuma pantchito, mlangizi wa chitetezo cha dziko kwa Purezidenti Donald Trump, wolemba mbiri ya nkhondo ya Vietnam, komanso m'modzi mwa anthu aku America omwe adalephera kunkhondo ku Afghanistan - nawonso adalowa nawo mkanganowo. Mwamuna yemweyo yemwe analemba kuti "nkhondo ya ku Vietnam sinataye ... pamasamba oyamba a New York Times, kapena masukulu aku koleji. Idatayika ku Washington, DC โposachedwa tweeted, Kabul isanagwe, "Atolankhani aku US pomaliza pake akufotokoza za kusintha kwa Afghanistan pambuyo poti kusakonda kwawo komanso kugonja kwawo kunathandizira kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yolandirira anthu komanso tsoka lothandiza anthu."
Mwamwayi, tili ndi "Mapepala a Afghanistan" kuti alowetse ndale zathupi motsutsana ndi chinyengo choterechi. "Ndikukhala chete, atsogoleri ankhondo ndi andale adapewa kuyankha ndikunyalanyaza zomwe zikanasintha zotsatira kapena kufupikitsa mkangano," alemba a Whitlock. Ndi njira yolankhulirana kuti akakumana ndi mwayi wonena zoona ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magazi m'manja mwawo, oyang'anira nkhondo ku America nthawi zonse amachulukitsa ziwawa.
"Mapepala a Afghanistan" amathandizira kupereka chilungamo pang'ono, kukakamiza atsogoleri kuti azikhala ndi mabodza awo omwe ali pagulu, ndikupereka mndandanda wosavuta wa omwe akuyenera kupewedwa ndi opanga nkhani zama chingwe, makomiti olemba ntchito ku White House ndi Pentagon, osindikiza mabuku, ndi akonzi atsamba la ndemanga zamanyuzipepala.
Kutsatira kulanda kwa Taliban sabata ino, ambiri akufunsa funso lomwe mibadwo yamtsogolo idzabwerezedwanso: "Ndani adataya Afghanistan?" Whitlock's "The Afghanistan Papers" amapereka yankho lotsimikizika.
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