Atavala kutopa kwankhondo kobiriwira komanso chipewa cha buluu, Colonel Major Amadou Abdramane, wolankhulira gulu lolamulira la Niger, adapita pawailesi yakanema yakumapeto mwezi watha kudzudzula United States ndikuthetsa mgwirizano wankhondo womwe wakhalapo pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. "Boma la Niger, poganizira zokhumba ndi zofuna za anthu ake, lithetsa, mwamsanga, mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi udindo wa asilikali a United States ndi ogwira ntchito ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo," adatero, akuumirira kuti zaka 12 zawo. Pangano lakale lachitetezo likuphwanya malamulo a Niger.
Mneneri wina wa ku Nigerien, Insa Garba Saidou, adanena momveka bwino kuti: "Maboma aku America ndi anthu wamba sangakhalenso m'nthaka ya Niger."
Zilengezozi zidabwera pomwe uchigawenga ku West African Sahel wakula komanso atapita ku Niger ndi nthumwi zapamwamba zaku America, kuphatikiza Secretary Secretary of State for African Affairs Molly Phee ndi General Michael Langley, wamkulu wa US Africa Command, kapena AFRICOM. Kukana kwa Niger kuti agwirizane naye ndi vuto laposachedwa kwambiri pakuchitapo kanthu kwa Washington polimbana ndi uchigawenga m'derali. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mgwirizano wautali wankhondo waku US ndi Burkina Faso ndi Mali wachepetsedwanso kutsatira zigawenga za asitikali ophunzitsidwa ndi US. Niger, kwenikweni, inali malo omaliza ankhondo aku America ku West African Sahel.
Zolepheretsa ngati izi ndi zaposachedwa kwambiri pamndandanda wazovuta, zifaniziro, kapena kugonja komwe kwabwera kudzayimira Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya America pa Zowopsa. M'zaka za 20-kuphatikiza zida zankhondo, magulu ankhondo aku US akhala akupitilira mobwerezabwereza ku Africa, Middle East, ndi South Asia, kuphatikiza chipwirikiti ku Somalia, kulowererapo-injini yosinthira ku Libya, komanso kuphulika ku Afghanistan. ndi Iraq.
Izi zovuta zakugonja kwa US ndikubwerera kwatsala pang'ono Anthu 4.5 miliyoni anafa, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi 940,000 kuchokera ku ziwawa zachindunji, oposa 432,000 mwa iwo anali anthu wamba, malinga ndi Bungwe la Brown University la Costs of War Project. Ambiri monga miliyoni 60 anthu athawanso kwawo chifukwa cha ziwawa zomwe zayambika ndi "nkhondo zosatha" zaku America.
Purezidenti Biden adanenanso kuti ali inathetsa nkhondo zimenezo ndi kuti United States idzatero pitirizani kumenyana mtsogolomo - mwina kosatha - "kuteteza anthu ndi zokonda za United States." Chiwopsezochi chakhala chowopsa, makamaka ku Sahel, koma Washington idanyalanyaza kwambiri ndalama zomwe anthu omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulephera kwawo kuthana ndi uchigawenga.
โKuchepetsa Uchigawengaโ Kukuwonjezera 50,000%โฆ Inde!โฆ Uchigawenga
Pafupifupi Asilikali 1,000 a ku U.S ndi makontrakitala wamba akutumizidwa ku Niger, ambiri a iwo pafupi ndi tauni ya Agadez pa Air Base 201 m'mphepete kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Amadziwika kuti "Base Americaine,โ gulu lankhondo limenelo lakhala mwala wapangodya wa a zisumbu za mabungwe ankhondo aku US m'derali ndipo ndiye chinsinsi cha mphamvu zankhondo zaku America zowonetsera mphamvu ndi kuyang'anira ku North ndi West Africa. Kuyambira 2010s, US yamira pafupifupi kotala biliyoni ya madola ku malo achitetezo okhawo.
Washington yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri ku Niger ndi oyandikana nawo kuyambira masiku oyambilira a Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse pa Zigawenga, kutsanulira thandizo lankhondo kumayiko aku West Africa kudzera muzochita zambiri za "mgwirizano wachitetezo", pakati pawo Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership, pulogalamu yomwe idapangidwa. "kuthana ndi kuletsa ziwawa zankhanza" m'derali. Maphunziro ndi thandizo kwa asitikali akumaloko zomwe zaperekedwa kudzera mu mgwirizanowu zokha zawonongera America ndalama zoposa $ 1 biliyoni.
Atangotsala pang'ono ulendo wake waposachedwa ku Niger, General Langley wa AFRICOM adapita pamaso pa Senate Armed Services Committee kudzudzula abwenzi aku America omwe akhala aku West Africa. "M'zaka zitatu zapitazi, asilikali a chitetezo cha dziko adatembenuza mfuti zawo motsutsana ndi maboma awo osankhidwa ku Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, ndi Niger," adatero. "Atsogoleri awa amapewa kuyankha kwa anthu omwe amati amawatumikira."
Langley sanatchule, komabe, kuti osachepera 15 apolisi omwe adapindula ndi mgwirizano wachitetezo waku America adachita nawo zigawenga za 12 ku West Africa komanso Sahel yayikulu pa Nkhondo Yachigawenga Padziko Lonse. Iwo akuphatikizapo mitundu yomwe iye anaitcha: Burkina Faso (2014, 2015, ndi kawiri mu 2022); Guinea (2021); mali (2012, 2020, ndi 2021); ndi Niger (2023). Ndipotu, osachepera atsogoleri asanu za chiwembu cha July ku Niger adalandira thandizo la US, malinga ndi mkulu wina wa ku America. Pamene anagwetsa pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwademokalase wa dzikolo, iwonso anasankha mamembala asanu ophunzitsidwa ndi United States a gulu lachitetezo la ku Niger kuti akhale abwanamkubwa.
Langley anadandaulanso kuti, ngakhale kuti atsogoleri a zigawenga nthawi zonse amalonjeza kuti agonjetsa zigawenga, amalephera kutero ndiyeno "kutembenukira kwa mabwenzi omwe alibe zoletsa pothana ndi maboma ... makamaka Russia." Koma adalepheranso kuyika udindo wachindunji waku America pakugwa kwachitetezo ku Sahel, ngakhale kwazaka zopitilira khumi adayesetsa kuthana ndi vutoli.
"Tinabwera, tidawona, adamwalira," mlembi wakale wa State Hillary Clinton joked pambuyo pa kampeni ya ndege ya NATO yotsogozedwa ndi US idathandizira kugwetsa Mtsamunda Muammar el-Qaddafi, wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Libya kwa nthawi yayitali, mu 2011. Purezidenti Barack Obama adayamika kulowererapo ngati kopambana, ngakhale dziko la Libya lidayamba kulowa m'malo otsala pang'ono kulephera. Pambuyo pake Obama adavomereza kuti "kulephera kukonzekera tsiku lotsatira" kugonjetsedwa kwa Qaddafi kunali "cholakwika kwambiriโ pa utsogoleri wake.
Mtsogoleri wa Libyan atagwa, omenyera nkhondo a Tuareg omwe anali muutumiki wake adabera zida zankhondo za boma lake, adabwerera kwawo ku Mali, ndikuyamba kulanda gawo lakumpoto la dzikolo. Mkwiyo wa asitikali ankhondo aku Mali chifukwa chosachita bwino chomwe boma silinayankhe kudapangitsa kuti asitikali a 2012 ayambe kumenya nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi Amadou Sanogo, msilikali yemwe adaphunzira Chingerezi ku Texas, ndipo adaphunzitsidwa za ubwana wakhanda ku Georgia, malangizo anzeru zankhondo ku Arizona, komanso kuphunzitsidwa ndi Marines. ku Virginia.
Atagonjetsa boma la demokalase la Mali, Sanogo adakhala wopanda vuto polimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zidapindulanso ndi zida zomwe zimachokera ku Libya. Pomwe ku Mali kuli chipwirikiti, omenyera nkhondo a Tuareg adalengeza dziko lawo lodziyimira pawokha, koma adakankhidwira pambali ndi zigawenga zachisilamu zomwe zidanyamula zida zamphamvu zomwe zidakhazikitsa malamulo ankhanza a Shariah, zomwe zidabweretsa vuto lachiyanjano. Ntchito yogwirizana ya France, America, ndi Africa idalepheretsa kugwa kwathunthu kwa Mali koma idakankhira Asilamu kumalire a Burkina Faso ndi Niger, ndikufalitsa mantha ndi chipwirikiti kumayiko amenewo.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mayiko a ku West Africa Sahel akhala akuvutika ndi zigawenga zomwe zasintha, zimagawikana, ndi kudzipanganso. Pansi pa zikwangwani zakuda za zigawenga za jihadist, amuna okwera njinga zamoto okhala ndi mfuti za Kalashnikov nthawi zonse amabangula m'midzi kuti akakamize. chachikhumi (msonkho wachisilamu) ndikuzunza ndi kupha anthu wamba. Kuukira kosalekeza kwa magulu ankhondo oterowo sikunangosokoneza Burkina Faso, Mali, ndi Niger, zomwe zikuyambitsa chipwirikiti ndi kusakhazikika kwa ndale, koma zafalikira kumwera kwa mayiko omwe ali pafupi ndi Gulf of Guinea. Mwachitsanzo, zachiwawa zafika ku Togo (633%) ndi Benin (718%), malinga ndi ziwerengero za Pentagon.
Akuluakulu a ku America kaลตirikaลตiri anyalanyaza kupha anthu. Atafunsidwa za momwe zinthu zikuyendera ku Niger, mwachitsanzo, mneneri wa dipatimenti ya Boma Vedant Patel posachedwa anaumiriza kuti mgwirizano wa chitetezo ku West Africa "n'wopindulitsa ndipo cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe timakhulupirira kuti ndizogwirizana pofufuza, kuletsa, ndi kuchepetsa ziwawa zauchigawenga." Zonena zake mwina ndi zabodza zenizeni kapena zongopeka chabe.
Pambuyo pa zaka 20, zikuwonekeratu kuti mgwirizano wa Sahelian ku America "sikuchepetsa ziwawa zauchigawenga" konse. Ngakhale Pentagon imavomereza mwachidwi izi. Ngakhale asitikali aku US aku Niger kukula kuposa 900% mu zaka khumi zapitazi ndi American commandos kuphunzitsa anzawo am'deralo, pamene kumenyana ndi kufa kumene; ngakhale mazana mamiliyoni za madola othamangira ku Burkina Faso monga maphunziro komanso zida monga zonyamulira zida zankhondo, zida zankhondo, zida zolumikizirana, mfuti zamakina, zida zowonera usiku, ndi mfuti; ndipo ngakhale thandizo lachitetezo la US likulowa ku Mali ndi asitikali ake akuphunzitsidwa ndi United States, ziwawa zauchigawenga ku Sahel sizinachedwe. Mu 2002 ndi 2003, malinga ndi ziwerengero za Dipatimenti ya Boma, zigawenga zinapha anthu 23 mu Africa monse. Chaka chatha, malinga ndi Africa Center for Strategic Studies, bungwe lofufuza la Pentagon, kuukira kwa zigawenga zachisilamu ku Sahel mokha kudapangitsa. Anthu a 11,643 akufa - kuwonjezeka kwa 50,000%.
Konzani Nkhondo Yanu
Mu Januware 2021, Purezidenti Biden adalowa ku White House ndikulonjeza kuthetsa nkhondo zosatha za dziko lake. Mwamsanga ananena kuti wasunga lonjezo lake. "Ndiyima pano lero kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka 20 ndi United States osati pankhondo," Biden adalengeza miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake. "Tatembenuza tsamba."
Chakumapeto kwa chaka chatha, komabe, mu imodzi mwazolemba zake "mphamvu zankhondo"Zoyipa ku Congress, kufotokoza zankhondo zaku US zomwe zavomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi, a Biden adanenanso mosiyana. M'malo mwake, adasiya mwayi woti nkhondo zanthawi zonse za America zitha, kupitilira mpaka kalekale. Iye analemba kuti: โSizingatheke kudziwa pakali pano kukula kwake kapena nthawi imene asilikali a United States atumizidwa kuti athane ndi zigawenga zimene zidzachitike ku United States.โ
Gulu lankhondo la Niger lophunzitsidwa ndi US lanena momveka bwino kuti likufuna kuti nkhondo yanthawi zonse yaku America ithe. Izi zitha kutanthauza kutsekedwa kwa Air Base 201 ndikuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku America pafupifupi 1,000 ndi makontrakitala. Pakadali pano, Washington sawonetsa zizindikiro zovomereza zomwe akufuna. "Tikudziwa za mawu a Marichi 16 ... kulengeza kutha kwa mgwirizano wankhondo pakati pa Niger ndi United States," atero Mlembi Wachiwiri wa Pentagon a Sabrina Singh. "Tikugwira ntchito kudzera mwa akazembe kuti timvetsetse ...
"Asitikali aku US ali ku Niger pempho la Boma la Niger," adatero Mneneri wa AFRICOM Kelly Cahalan chaka chatha. Tsopano popeza junta yauza AFRICOM kuti ichoke, lamulo silinanene zambiri. Malisiti obwezera imelo akuwonetsa izi TomDispatchMafunso okhudza zomwe zikuchitika ku Niger omwe adatumizidwa kuofesi ya atolankhani ya AFRICOM adawerengedwa ndi anthu ambiri kuphatikiza Cahalan, Zack Frank, Joshua Frey, Yvonne Levardi, Rebekah Clark Mattes, Christopher Meade, Takisha Miller, Alvin Phillips, Robert Dixon, Lennea Montandon, ndi Courtney Dock, wachiwiri kwa director of public Affairs ku AFRICOM, koma palibe amene adayankha mafunso omwe adafunsidwa. Cahalan m'malo anatchula TomDispatch ku State Department. Nawonso a State Department adawongolera TomDispatch ku ku cholembedwa cha msonkhano wa atolankhani zikugwira ntchito makamaka ndi zoyesayesa zaukazembe waku US ku Philippines.
"USAFRICOM iyenera kukhala ku West Africa ... kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa uchigawenga kudera lonselo ndi kupitirira," General Langley anauza Komiti ya Senate Armed Services mu March. Koma akuluakulu aku Niger akuumirira kuti AFRICOM ikuyenera kupita ndipo kulephera kwa US "kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa uchigawenga" ku Niger ndi kupitirira ndi chifukwa chachikulu. "Kugwirizana kwachitetezo kumeneku sikunakwaniritse zomwe anthu aku Niger ankayembekezera - kupha anthu onse ochita za jihadist kunachitika pomwe aku America anali kuno," adatero. Anatero katswiri wina wa zachitetezo ku Nigeria omwe adagwirapo ntchito ndi akuluakulu aku US, akulankhula zakuti asatchulidwe.
Nkhondo zosatha za America, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ya Sahel, zakhala zikuchitika kupyolera mu utsogoleri wa George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, ndi Joe Biden polephera kulongosola nkhani ndi zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zimachitika. Kuchokera ku Islamic State kuthamangitsa gulu lankhondo la Iraq lophunzitsidwa ndi US ku 2014 kupita ku chigonjetso cha Taliban ku Afghanistan mu 2021, kuchokera pamavuto osatha ku Somalia mpaka ku chisokonezo cha 2011 cha Libya chomwe chidagwetsa chipwirikiti ku Sahel ndipo tsopano chikuwopseza mayiko omwe ali pafupi ndi Gulf of Guinea, Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Yachigawenga yachititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aphedwe, kuvulaza, kapena kusamutsidwa kwawo.
Kupha, kukhazikika, komanso kulephera kumawoneka kuti sikunakhudze chidwi cha Washington chofuna kupitiliza kupereka ndalama ndikumenya nkhondo ngati izi, koma zowona ngati kupambana kwa a Taliban ku Afghanistan nthawi zina zakakamiza Washington dzanja. Gulu lankhondo la Niger likutsatira njira ina yotere, kuyesa kuthetsa nkhondo yaku America kosatha m'ngodya ina yaying'ono yapadziko lonse lapansi - kuchita zomwe Purezidenti Biden adalonjeza koma adalephera. Komabe, funso likadalili: Kodi olamulira a Biden asintha njira yomwe US โโyakhala ikuchita kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2000s? Kodi idzavomera kukhazikitsa tsiku lochotsa? Kodi Washington pamapeto pake idzanyamula nkhondo yake yowopsa ndikupita kwawo?
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama