United States yamenya nkhondo zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, malinga ndi a lipoti latsopano kuchokera ku Brennan Center for Justice ku New York University School of Law. Kupyolera mu kumenyana kwapansi, kumenyana ndi ndege, ndi ntchito za asilikali a US, mikanganoyi yakhala ikuchitika kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku Middle East kupita ku Asia, nthawi zambiri zosadziwika bwino kwa anthu aku America komanso kuyang'anira kochepa kwa congressional.
"Kuchulukana kwa nkhondo zamseriku ndi chochitika chaposachedwa, ndipo sichotsatira demokalase komanso koopsa," analemba motero Katherine Yon Ebright, phungu wa bungwe la Brennan Center's Liberty and National Security Program. “Mchitidwe wa ziwawa zomwe sizinafotokozedwe m’maiko osaneneka zikusemphana ndi mmene malamulo athu amayendera. Ikuyitanitsa kukwera kwankhondo komwe sikungawonekere kwa anthu, ku Congress, komanso kwa akazembe omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira ubale wakunja waku US. "
Mikangano yachinsinsiyi yathandizidwa ndi 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa kuukira kwa September 11, komanso lamulo lachinsinsi, lomwe limalola ntchito zachinsinsi, zopanda ntchito, zomwe zimachitidwa ndi CIA. United States yadaliranso gulu la kale loipa mabungwe ogwirizana ndi chitetezo omwe The Intercept ili nawo anafufuzidwa kale, kuphatikizapo a kuwonetsa koyambirira kwa chaka chino zomwe zinavumbula kukhalapo kwa zoyesayesa zolimbana ndi uchigawenga za U.S Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, ndi Yemen. Zolemba za Ebright zomwe zimatchedwa mapulogalamu a 127e, omwe amadziwika ndi mayina awo mwalamulo, m'mayiko amenewo ndi ena 12: Afghanistan, Cameroon, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, ndi Tunisia, komanso dziko laling'ono. dera la Asia-Pacific lomwe silinadziwike poyera.
Ulamuliro wa 127e, womwe umalola ma commandos aku US kuti agwiritse ntchito anthu ogwira ntchito m'deralo pamishoni zotsogozedwa ndi US, kulunjika adani aku US kuti akwaniritse zolinga za US, ndi chimodzi mwazoyeserera zitatu zotsika kwambiri zomwe zawunikidwa mu lipoti la Brennan Center. Wina, 10 U.S. Code § 333, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi wa sitima ndi zida," imalola Pentagon kupereka maphunziro ndi zida kwa asitikali akunja kulikonse padziko lapansi. Ulamuliro wakutali wa murkier 1202 umalola dipatimenti yachitetezo kuti ipereke thandizo kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo pankhondo zachilendo zomwe zimalimbana ndi anzawo omwe akupikisana nawo ngati China ndi Russia.
Lipotilo, lomwe linatulutsidwa Lachinayi, limapereka kusanthula kwathunthu kwazomwe zimakhazikitsidwa pazamalamulo, chisokonezo cha congressional, ndi Pentagon obfuscation yozungulira zoyesayesa izi ndikufotokozera momwe ndi chifukwa chake Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo yakhala ikuchita mikangano pansi pa tebulo zaka 20 zapitazi. .
"Lipoti la Brennan Center likugogomezera kufunika kowunikira ntchito zathu zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zabisika kwanthawi yayitali. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu ndi Congress akuyenera kudziwa komwe komanso chifukwa chake tikutumizira anthu omwe akugwira ntchito m'njira zovulaza, "Rep. Sara Jacobs, D-Calif., membala wa House Armed Services Committee, adauza The Intercept. "Ndikukhulupirira kuti lipotili likulimbikitsa kufulumira kwa Congress kuti abwezeretse mphamvu zake zankhondo, kuthetsa mipata yomwe ilipo pamapulogalamu ogwirizanitsa chitetezo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira zathu zikugwirizana ndi zomwe timafunikira, zolinga zathu, ndi kudzipereka kwathu kwa mamembala athu."
Ebright alemba kuti: "Akuluakulu a Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku Dipatimenti ya Boma akuvutikanso kuti amvetse ndi kuzindikira momwe nkhondo za US zingafikire. Kumene kuyang'anira kongresi kumasokonekera, momwemonso kuyang'anira muofesi yayikulu. ”
Kusanthula kwa Ebright kumawunikira makamaka pankhani ya Somalia, pomwe United States idapanga zida ziwiri zazikulu, Danab Brigade ndi Puntland Security Force. The CIA idayamba kupanga Puntland Security Force mu 2002 kulimbana ndi al-Shabab yogwirizana ndi Al Qaeda ndipo pambuyo pake Islamic State ku Somalia, kapena ISS. Gulu lankhondo linasamutsidwa ku ulamuliro wa asilikali a US pafupi ndi 2012 ndikupitiriza kumenyana ndi asilikali a US Special Operations kwa zaka khumi. "Ku Puntland, tidapanga luso limeneli, kuwaphunzitsa pamlingo wanzeru komanso momwe angadzithandizire okha komanso kutsatira njira yabwino yolimbana ndi al-Shabab," Don Bolduc, wamkulu wakale wa Special Operations Command Africa ndipo tsopano woimira Republican Senate ku New Hampshire, idauza The Intercept muzoyankhulana za 2019.
Ebright akuti omenyera nkhondowo "adali odziyimira pawokha ku boma la Somalia, ngakhale anali gulu lankhondo lapamwamba komanso gulu limodzi lankhondo lapadera ku Somalia. Ndipo ubale wawo ndi asitikali aku US udali wobisika kwa nthawi yayitali, akuluakulu aku US adakana kukhalapo kwa alangizi ankhondo ku Somalia mpaka 2014. "
Chovutitsa kwambiri, kusanthula kwake kukuwonetsa kuti kwa nthawi yayitali, panalibe maziko omveka bwino ovomerezeka kuti asitikali aku US amenye nkhondo limodzi ndikuwongolera magulu awa. Boma la Obama lidasankha al-Shabab kukhala gulu logwirizana ndi Al Qaeda motero, cholinga chovomerezeka pansi pa AUMF ya 2001 mu 2016. Boma lidachitanso chimodzimodzi ku Islamic State mu 2014, koma ISS sinadziwikepo poyera kuti ndi yogwirizana ndi ISIS. kukakamizidwa ndi utsogoleri uliwonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Pentagon inapanga ndikumenyana ndi Puntland Security Force kuchokera ku 2012 ndi Danab Brigade kuchokera ku 2011 - pansi pa 127e ndi 333 maulamuliro a mgwirizano wa chitetezo - AUMF isanaweruzidwe kuti ivomereze kumenyana ndi al-Shabab ndi ISIS, mocheperapo ISS.
"Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ndiyosakayikitsa kuti silitenga § 333 ndi 127e ngati chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo. Zoona zake n’zosadziŵika bwino,” analemba motero Ebright. "Kupatula apo, asitikali aku US agwiritsa ntchito maulamulirowa kupanga, kuwongolera, komanso nthawi zina kumenya nkhondo limodzi ndi magulu ngati a Puntland Security Force ndi Danab Brigade."
Pazaka zapitazi za 20, apurezidenti akhala akunena kuti ali ndi ufulu wodzitchinjiriza, osati ankhondo aku US okha komanso anzawo monga Puntland Security Force ndi Danab Brigade, zomwe, Ebright amalemba, zitha kulola US kumenyana ndi adani akutali. popanda chilolezo cha Congress.
Rep. Jacobs adati zinali zovuta kutsimikizira gulu lankhondo m'boma lake la San Diego "kuti tikuchita zonse zomwe tingathe kuwateteza pomwe Congress ili ndi chidziwitso chochepa, osasiyapo kuyang'anira nthawi, kuti, ndi momwe timakhalira. pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo. Kuyesera kupewa kufufuzidwa kuchokera ku Congress - komanso kudziletsa kwa Congress pamphamvu zathu zankhondo - ndizofunikira kwambiri momwe tidathera m'nkhondo zosatha, kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba, komanso njira zolephera zomwe zimawononga ndalama za okhometsa msonkho ndikuyambitsa mikangano yomwe tikuyesera. kuthetsa.”
Matanthauzo ochulukira a chitetezo chophatikizana cha ma proxies nawonso ndiwodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi 1202 ulamuliro, zomwe zimafuna ngakhale kuyang'aniridwa pang'ono kuposa 333 ndi 127e ndipo "zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira asilikali akunja, mphamvu zosakhazikika, magulu, kapena anthu” amene akutenga nawo mbali m’nkhondo zachisawawa. Ngakhale kutengera 127e, 1202 sikungoyang'ana magulu azigawenga am'madera monga al-Shabab ndi ISS koma "maiko ankhanza," monga Iran kapena North Korea, kapena adani apafupi ndi anzawo monga Russia ndi China. "Kutanthauzira kwakukulu kwa nthambi yayikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamphamvu, zikaphatikizidwa ndi 1202, zitha kuyambitsa nkhondo, zomwe Congress sinavomereze, motsutsana ndi mayiko amphamvu," Ebright adauza The Intercept. "Kuti olamulira a 1202 asayang'anire pang'ono pakakhala zoopsa zomwe zingabweretse - mukamayendetsa mphamvu zolimbana ndi mayiko amphamvu, ngakhale okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya - ndikulakwitsa kwakukulu."
Lipotilo limapereka malingaliro owongolera kuyang'anira konkong'ono komanso kuyang'anira anthu, kulimbikitsa mphamvu zankhondo m'boma, komanso kupewa kumenyana kosaloledwa ndi Congress. "Kuchotsa §§ 333, 127e, ndi 1202 kungabwezeretse mphamvu zomwe zidayima nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga," Ebright akulemba, kukakamiza Pentagon kutsimikizira Congress kuti kumanga ma proxies akunja kunja kuli ndi chidwi cha chitetezo cha dziko la United States. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa kugwira ntchito, ndi, komanso kudzera mwaothandizira akunja ndi othandizana nawo ndikofunikira kwambiri pamasomphenya a Pentagon, malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la Biden latulutsa posachedwa. Ndondomeko ya National Security ndi National Defense Strategy.
"Zolemba zonse ziwirizi zikutsimikizira kuti DOD imawona mgwirizano wachitetezo ngati tsogolo la njira yake," Ebright adauza The Intercept. "Pakadali pano, ku Capitol Hill komanso pagulu la anthu ambiri, sitikambirana tanthauzo la izi, zomwe zingawononge ovota kuti amvetsetse komwe tili pankhondo komanso momwe izi zidzakhudzire kutenga nawo gawo kwankhondo ndikulowa kunja."
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