Source: The Intercept
Pa September 19, 2001, Akuluakulu a CIA adasonkhanitsa makatoni odzaza $ Miliyoni 3 in mabilu a $ 100 osafunikira kugula omenyera nkhondo aku Afghanistan, kuyambira kuyankha kwankhondo yaku America pakuwukira kwa 9/11. Patatha tsiku limodzi, Purezidenti George W. Bush adayimilira pamaso pa Congress ndikulengeza kuti "nkhondo pa mantha” zomwe “sizidzatha mpaka gulu lililonse la zigawenga lomwe lifika padziko lonse lapansi litapezeka, litaimitsidwa, ndi kugonjetsedwa.”
Pazaka 20-kuphatikiza, tabu yokhudza nkhondoyi, yomwe idayamba ku Afghanistan koma idafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Burkina FasoIraq, Libya, Mali, Niger, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, ndi Yemen, yakwera kwambiri kuposa $ 6 zankhaninkhani,. Phindu lake silinayende bwino: Mpaka pano, nkhondo yapha mozungulira 900,000 anthu, kuphatikizapo anthu wamba oposa 350,000; kuthamangitsidwa monga ambiri miliyoni 60; ndipo anatsogolera ku masoka aumunthu ndi kugonjetsedwa koipitsitsa kwa asilikali a US kuyambira Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Ndalama zaku America zamanga magulu ankhondo omwe atero kugwad or chasanduka nthunzi akatsutsidwa; panthawiyi, chiwerengero cha magulu achigawenga akunja padziko lonse lapansi ali kupitilira kawiri kuchokera pa 32 mpaka 69.
"Njira zolimbana ndi uchigawenga zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga, osati mabungwe ndi anthu omwe amazichita, zitha kuthetsa ziwawa zachigawenga."
Sizinayenera kukhala motere, malinga ndi kafukufuku watsopano wa njira zolimbana ndi uchigawenga kuchokera ku Brown University's Costs of War Project. Wofufuza wina dzina lake Jennifer Walkup Jayes analemba kuti: “Uchigawenga ndi nkhani yandale.Beyond the War Paradigm: Zomwe Mbiri Imatiuza Zokhudza Momwe Makampeni Achigawenga Amathera,” zomwe zidagawidwa kokha ndi The Intercept isanatulutsidwe Lachiwiri. "Njira zolimbana ndi uchigawenga zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga, osati mabungwe ndi anthu omwe amazichita, zitha kuthetsa ziwawa zachigawenga."
Kufufuza kozama kwa ziwerengero kwawonetsa kuti pali njira zotsimikiziridwa, zothandiza kufulumizitsa kutha kwa mabungwe achigawenga, malinga ndi lipoti la Walkup Jayes. Koma "paradigm yankhondo," yomwe inali kuchoka ku njira yachikale ya malamulo aku America yolimbana ndi uchigawenga, si imodzi mwa izo.
Kafukufuku wina watsopano wa magulu ankhondo 648 otchulidwa ndi Walkup Jayes akusonyeza kuti 7 peresenti yokha ya magulu achigawenga anagonjetsedwa ndi zoyesayesa zankhondo. Kodi ndi nkhandwe ziti zamtima wokha magazi, zakumanzere, za minyanga ya njovu zomwe zinafika pa mfundo imeneyi? The phunziro 2008 idachitidwa ndi RAND Corporation, thanki yoganiza zankhondo, pomwe mtengo wankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga udali wocheperako. $ Biliyoni 752.
"Ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan," Bush adatero chaka chomwecho, “Timakhazikitsa tanthauzo lomveka bwino lachipambano: Chipambano chidzabwera pamene Al Qaeda ilibe malo otetezeka m’maiko amenewo ndipo anthu angadzitetezere ku zoopsa. Kupambana kudzabwera pamene Iraq ndi Afghanistan zikuyenda bwino pazachuma. Kupambana kudzabwera pamene Iraq ndi Afghanistan ndi demokalase yomwe imadzilamulira bwino ndikuyankha zofuna za anthu awo. Chipambano chidzabwera pamene Iraq ndi Afghanistan ali amphamvu komanso ogwirizana pankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga. "
Lero, Al Qaeda akadali kupezeka ku Afghanistan. Wolowa m'malo mwake, Islamic State, akugwira ntchito Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Ndipo palibe mwa izo mitundu ndi demokarase or zothandiza pazachuma, pamene Afghanistan tsopano ikupita patsogolo m'mphepete mwa kugwa kwachuma ndipo amalamulidwa ndi ndondomeko kwambiri kuti Bush adachotsedwa mu 2001.
Akatswiri amati kulephera kotereku kukanapewedwa kwambiri. "Mutha kuwona zomwe zidachitika, pambuyo pa 9/11, pomwe zigawenga zidawonedwa ngati vuto lamilandu," atero a Stephanie Savell, wotsogolera Costs of War Project, pozindikira kuti FBI ndi CIA zitha anatsogolera khamali ndi cholinga chomanga, kuimbidwa mlandu, ndi kutsekera m’ndende Osama bin Laden ndi ena amene anakonza zigawengazo.
Ngakhale akuwona kuti lipoti la Costs of War likuwonetsa zovuta panjira iyi, Savell adauza The Intercept kuti zikadakhala zosintha. “Simukanaona zaka 20 za nkhondo ndi kuwononga chuma modabwitsa kumeneku,” iye anatero. "Kuyankha kwa US sikukadachititsa kuti kuchuluke, nkhondo ndi ziwawa zomwe zikuyambitsa nkhondo ndi chiwawa."
Ndalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalingaliro ankhondo zitha kuperekedwa kuzinthu zazikulu zachitetezo cha dziko. Walkup Jayes akuwonetsa kuopsa kwa vuto la nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, kuti kusowa kwa inshuwaransi yazaumoyo kumapha anthu opitilira 45,000 pachaka, komanso mliri wa Covid-19 womwe sunangoyambitsa kufa kwa anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni aku America koma. inafotokozanso zachisoni za chisamaliro chaumoyo cha US. Iye anati: “Zoona zake n’zakuti umphawi, kusankhana mitundu, ndi kusagwirizana kwina n’koopsa kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu kuposa mmene zigawenga zimachitira. "Ziwopsezozi ndi zowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ochulukirapo kuposa magulu ankhondo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zauchigawenga, ndipo pali njira zomwe angathe kuthana nazo."
Zonsezi zimadzutsa funso la zomwe zikadakhala ngati bajeti yankhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga idasinthidwanso. "Boma la US likadagwiritsa ntchito gawo la $8 thililiyoni zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikukakamiza pankhondo zapambuyo pa 9/11 pazotsatira zina zapakhomo kuti zilimbikitse thanzi la anthu komanso moyo wabwino kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira za kusintha kwanyengo, zikanapangitsa chitetezo cha anthu chatanthauzo kwambiri mdziko muno, "Savell adauza The Intercept.
"Beyond the War Paradigm" ili ndi njira 10 zosiyana, ngakhale nthawi zina zimadutsana, zotsutsana ndi zigawenga m'malo mwa njira zankhondo zaku America. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko yoyendetsera malamulo, yomwe imadalira apolisi ndi kayendetsedwe ka milandu; kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga pagulu ndi zoulutsira mawu kuti asokoneze malingaliro okhwima; kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa uchigawenga popereka ndalama zachitukuko ndi magulu othandizira; ndi njira yowonjezereka ya "chitetezo cha anthu", yomwe "ikufuna kupatsa mphamvu magulu omwe alibe ufulu pazandale ndi zachuma ... kupangitsa uchigawenga kukhala njira yochepetsera kusintha."
Heather Brandon-Smith, wotsogolera zamalamulo pazankhondo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Komiti ya Anzathu pa National Legislation, gulu la Quaker, akuti "Beyond the War Paradigm" ndiyofunikira pakuphunzitsa mamembala a Congress, ambiri omwe adalowa m'boma pambuyo pa 9/11, za njira zina zaku America zomwe sizinagwire ntchito koma zomwe zakhala nthawi yayitali. "Takhala ndi zaka 20 zolimbana ndi uchigawenga zikuwonekera kudzera munkhondo," adauza The Intercept. "Lipoti latsopanoli likupereka njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo likuwonetsa kuti zothetsera zanthawi yayitali, zosakhala zankhondo ndizothandiza kwambiri. Kukhala ndi kafukufuku ndi umboni wofotokozedwa momveka bwino kotero ndikofunikira kwambiri. Zimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira kuti tikambirane ndi Congress ndi oyang'anira Biden za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zida zomwe sizinali zankhondo izi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi uchigawenga. "
Chaka chapitacho, White House idakhazikitsa malire kwakanthawi pakumenyedwa ndi ma drone ndikuukira kwa ma commando kunja kwa madera wamba ankhondo. Oyang'anira adayambitsa kuwunikanso kwa ntchito zotere ndikuyamba kulemba "buku lamasewera" latsopano kuti lilamulire ntchito zolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Ndondomekoyi, yomwe akuti ikuyenera kutulutsidwa pazaka 20 za 9/11, idachedwa pomwe White House idakumana ndi vuto la kusokonekera kwa asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan komanso kumenyedwa komaliza kwa drone "olungama". dziko kuti Pentagon idakakamizika kuvomereza kuti idapha anthu wamba okha, ambiri a iwo ana.
A White House sangapereke ngakhale chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza kuwunika kwauchigawenga komanso liti - kapena ngati - oyang'anira atha kuwulula mfundo zake zatsopano. "Timawunika mosalekeza momwe tikulimbana ndi uchigawenga padziko lonse lapansi ndikusintha momwe zingafunikire," mkulu wa oyang'anira adauza The Intercept.
Posachedwapa, a Reps. Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., ndi Barbara Lee, D-Calif., anapempha zambiri kuposa “zosintha.” "Zowopseza kwambiri chitetezo cha America - miliri, kusintha kwa nyengo, kusalingana kwachuma, utsogoleri - sizingagonjetsedwe ndi mfuti. Yakwana nthawi yoti musiye kudalira buku lakale lomwelo ndipo m'malo mwake mupange mfundo zakunja zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa anthu tsiku ndi tsiku, "adalemba kalatayi. nkhani kulengeza chisankho cha Congression chomwe adayambitsa. "Mavuto akuluakulu achitetezo masiku ano sangathetsedwe kudzera muzankhondo. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, zokambirana, chitukuko, ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere - osati mabomba - ziyenera kukhala zida zakunja zomwe dziko limafikira poyamba. "
Akatswiri ena apempha kuti pakhale ndondomeko yosakanizidwa yomwe imasunga mphamvu zomwe zilipo kale zankhondo koma zimatsindika kwambiri njira zina. A Luke Hartig, mkulu wa bungwe lolimbana ndi uchigawenga ku National Security Council ku Obama White House ndipo tsopano ndi mnzake wa New America's International Security programme, adapempha kuti pakhale "zida zonse zothana ndi uchigawenga" zomwe zimaphatikiza kukhazikitsa malamulo, chitetezo kumalire, luntha, kutsata zandalama za zigawenga, maubwenzi akunja, ndi kuthana ndi malingaliro onyanyira, komanso ntchito zankhondo.
"Tagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mayankho athu ankhondo ndipo sitigwiritsa ntchito bwino mapulogalamu athu ankhondo."
"Tagwiritsa ntchito zida zathu zankhondo mopitilira muyeso ndipo sitinagwiritse ntchito bwino mapulogalamu athu wamba," adauza The Intercept. "Sindikuganiza kuti kuthetsa nkhondo yamuyaya kumatanthauza kuthetsa ntchito zonse zankhondo zolimbana ndi magulu a zigawenga, koma kumatanthauza kusintha maganizo omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi anthu wamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuyika ndalama zambiri pazinthu monga kuthana ndi ziwawa zachiwawa komanso kumanga mabungwe. Zikutanthauza kutumizira ma diplomacy anzeru kuti apititse patsogolo zolinga zolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Ndipo zikutanthauza kukhala wokonzeka kudalira chitetezo chathu kuteteza dziko m'malo molimbana ndi zoopsa zilizonse zomwe tikuwona padziko lapansi. "
"Beyond the War Paradigm" ili ndi zambiri zomwe zapeza kuchokera ku maphunziro a zankhondo, monga kugwirizana pakati pa kusagonana pakati pa achinyamata ndi uchigawenga komanso mfundo yakuti maphunziro a anthu "akhoza kupereka katemera motsutsana ndi ziwawa, makamaka zomwe zimayang'ana. ena pazifukwa za fuko kapena chipembedzo,” komanso malingaliro okhudza momwe kafukufuku woterowo angagwiritsidwire ntchito kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zenizeni zolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Zonsezi, zikutsimikizira zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zodziwikiratu zomwe zapeza kuchokera ku lipoti la World Bank la 2011 World Development, lofotokozedwa ndi Walkup Jayes, kuti komabe zikuwoneka kuti zathawa maulamuliro anayi apurezidenti ndi mazana azamalamulo pazaka zopitilira 20: Ziwawa za m'boma zomwe zawukira. , kugwira ntchito, ndi kuponderezana n'zofunika kwambiri pa zifukwa zamagulu achigawenga.
"Tikadakhala m'malo osiyana kwambiri tikadayimba milandu ya 9/11 ngati milandu ndikuyitcha tsiku," Walkup Jayes adauza The Intercept. "Maganizo ankhondo apangitsa kuti anthu ambiri atenge zida zankhondo ku United States ndikuwonjezera thandizo kumagulu achigawenga omwe nkhondoyo ikufuna kuwathetsa. Chifukwa chake ngati cholinga chanu ndikuletsa uchigawenga, mwayi wanu wabwino ndikuthandiza kulimbikitsa chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti anthu ali ndi mwayi wopeza zomwe akufuna. ”
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