Source: The Intercept
Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Mostofa Mohiuddin/Shutterstock
Ndinkadziwa nthawi zonse Matthieu Aikins ayenera kukhala olimba mtima. Iye anapita mobisa ndi apolisi akumalire a Afghanistan akugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, anavumbula kuphana kumene kungatheke ndi mkulu wankhondo waku Afghanistan, ndi anakumba milandu yakupha ndi U.S. Special Forces A-Team.
Atolankhani ena sangathe kukuuzani nkhani yawo yaposachedwa: "Ndinalipo. Ndipo inali gehena!” Nthawi zambiri sindinkakumana ndi Aikins kwinakwake, koma mtolankhani waku Canada sananene zambiri za zomwe wangochita kumene kapena komwe akupita. Kenako kope langa lotsatira la Harper likafika, ndipo ndidawona “Pa Mizere Yakutsogolo mu Megacity Yakufa Kwambiri Padziko Lonse” pamwamba pa dzina lake.
Koma sindinkadziŵa kwenikweni mmene Aikins analili wolimba mtima kufikira pamene, wachitatu wa buku lake loyamba, akuvomereza kuti: “Ndinali pangozi ya kuluza chiwembucho.” Ndinamva chimodzimodzi. Zinaoneka ngati kuti “Amaliseche Sawopa Madzi” (mutu wobwerekedwa ku mwambi wa Dari) ungakhale ukupita patsogolo.
Kwa zaka zambiri, Aikins - wolemba wothandizira wa New York Times Magazine komanso mkonzi wothandizira ku Rolling Stone - adagwira ntchito limodzi ndi mnzake "Omar" (dzina lachinyengo), yemwe kale anali womasulira wa U.S. Special Forces ku Afghanistan. Monga mamiliyoni a anthu ena aku Afghanistan omwe adagwa chifukwa cha nkhondo komanso kufuna, Omar pamapeto pake atsimikiza kuyenda ulendo wautali, wowopsa wopita ku Europe. Inali nkhani yokonzeka. “Ngati Omar akanayenda mwanjira imeneyo, ndiye kuti ndinafuna kupita naye kukalemba za izo,” Aikins akutiuza motero. "Poganizira za chiopsezo chomangidwa, ndiyenera kudzibisa ngati mnzanga wa ku Afghanistan. … Mwanjira imeneyi ndinatha kuona munthu wothawa kwawo mobisa kuchokera mkati.”
Mukuona kumene izi zikupita, sichoncho? Mtundu wina wamakono wa "Pamsewu" umakumana ndi "Kutsika ndi Kutuluka ku Paris ndi London," koma ntchito yopanda pake yokhala ndi nkhondo ndi othawa kwawo. (Ngati wina aliyense anasiya kusindikiza akukumbukira Kerouac ndi Orwell, mwina anafotokoza maganizo a "Amaliseche Osawopa Madzi" motere.) Ndipo ndinali wokonzeka kuti bukhulo liziyambitsa pa tsamba loyamba. Koma Omar samachoka ku Kabul - kapena Laila, mkazi yemwe akufuna kukwatira koma samamudziwa - pafupifupi chaka. Ndipo Aikins (akuyenda mobisa ngati "Habib") ndi Omar pomaliza afika panjira ya ozembetsa kupita ku Europe, zonsezo ndi zoyambira zabodza komanso zolinga zabodza. Iwo amawulukira ku Istanbul. Osadikirira, adutsa Dasht-e Margo ("Desert of Death") ndikuyenda kudutsa Balochistan - m'malire achinyengo a Afghanistan, Iran, ndi Pakistan - pagalimoto. Koma tsopano Omar akuwopa kutenga njira ya Pakistani yopita ku Iran. Masamba zana mkati, Aikins ndi Omar ali m'basi yobwerera ku Kabul. "Ulendo uwu ndi Omar unali wovuta kwambiri kotero kuti sindinamvetsetse zomwe ndinali kuchita," Aikins akuvomereza. Kodi ndikuuzeni kuti, bukuli likufika kumapeto, Aikins akukayikira kusankha kwake Omar ngati protagonist?
Koma zidapezeka kuti sindiyenera kuda nkhawa - ndipo simuyeneranso. Zili m'machitidwe owonongekawo, mapulani osawerengeka omwe adalephera, ndi kuyesayesa kwa Aikins kuti adziwike, kuvula zovala zake, ndikuwoloka mtsinje wa Rezovo kuchokera ku Ulaya (Bulgaria) ndikupita ku dziko (Turkey) lomwe linali litangomuletsa kulowa. chifukwa cha kukayikira kosadziwika bwino za pasipoti yake ndi atolankhani nthawi zambiri, kuti mtima wa nkhaniyi umatuluka. Osati nthano zongopeka bwino za Aikins - chithunzi chapamtima komanso chachifundo chaubwenzi, kudzipereka komwe adagawana, komanso zopusa zamalire padziko logawika mopanda tsankho - koma imodzi mwankhani zazikulu kwambiri m'nthawi yathu ino: momwe kusamuka kwa anthu kumapitilirabe mdziko lomwe kusuntha kumawunikidwa, kuchepetsedwa, ndi kuchitidwa chigawenga; kumene mavuto akale a nyanja ndi kutentha kwadzaoneni akuwonjezeredwa ndi kuvina konyenga pakati pa maboma osasamala ndi magulu a zigawenga komwe kumawonjezera ngozi ndikusintha maulendo omwe poyamba anali ovuta kukhala ntchito yoopsa.
Kuyambira kuukira kwa US mdziko lawo mu 2001, Omar ndi pafupifupi Anthu 6 miliyoni a ku Afghanistan akhala akuthawa kwawo kapena kukhala othawa kwawo. Choyipa kwambiri, pakati Anthu 38 miliyoni ndi 60 miliyoni ku Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Syria, ndi Yemen, komanso Afghanistan, akakamizidwa kuchoka m'nyumba zawo, kaya kunja kapena m'mayiko awo, chifukwa cha nkhondo ya US pa zigawenga, malinga ndi Mtengo wa Brown University. ya War Project. Kuti tifotokoze momveka bwino, ngakhale kuyerekezera kotsika kumaposa amenewo kusamutsidwa ndi mikangano iliyonse kuyambira 1900, kupatulapo zoopsa za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.
Kwa zaka zambiri, tsoka lomwe likuchitikabeli lakhala ndi mitu yankhani zomwe zangotsala pang'ono kusiya masamba oyamba padziko lapansi. Vutoli lidafika podziwika kwambiri zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, pomwe chithunzi cha kamwana kakang'ono, kopanda moyo ka Alan Kurdi wazaka 2, atayang'anizana pagombe la Turkey, chidadabwitsa chikumbumtima chapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo, malinga ndi New York Times, "inakhala chizindikiro chapadziko lonse cha kuzunzika kwa nkhondo ya ku Syria ndi vuto la othawa kwawo ku Ulaya lomwe linayambitsa." Kusiya "vuto la othawa kwawo ku Ulaya" linamveka ngati kuti othawa kwawo anali a ku Ulaya (sanali); ngati kuti ku Ulaya ndi gulu lokhumudwa (sinali); ndipo ngati kuti nkhondo ya ku Syria inali nkhondo yokhayo yomwe inakakamiza anthu kuchoka m'nyumba zawo (siyinali), Alan Kurdi anali mmodzi mwa ochititsa chidwi kwambiri. anthu miliyoni 65.3 anasamutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha nkhondo, kuzunzidwa, chiwawa, kapena kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu mu 2015.
Kuyambira pamenepo, zinthu zafika poipa kwambiri. Pakati pa kufalikira kwa Covid-19 chaka chatha, sitima yonyamula katundu idakakamira mumsewu wa Suez, ndipo achifwamba akuwomberedwa mumlengalenga, mwina mwaphonya kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adasamutsidwa mokakamizidwa. miliyoni 84 - ndipo kuti 2.6 miliyoni a iwo, omwe anali achitatu pamlingo wonse m'maiko onse, anali Afghan.
Ndizovuta kukulunga malingaliro anu mozungulira anthu 84 miliyoni, pafupifupi anthu ophatikizana a Texas, Florida, New York, ndi Pennsylvania, ofanana ndi 1 mwa anthu 95 aliwonse pa dziko lino. Onjezani omwe adutsa malire kusimidwa kwachuma ndipo manambala amatembenukiradi zakuthambo. Mmodzi mwa anthu 30 padziko lapansi ndi osamuka, kutanthauza kuti anthu oposa 1 biliyoni tsopano akuyenda kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Ambiri amakhala m'mbali mwa anthu: oyikidwa pachiwopsezo, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, moyo wawo wosalowerera ndale, maloto awo amachepetsedwa komanso opunduka. Ndipo amalumikizidwa tsiku lililonse ndi apaulendo owonjezera pazomwe Bob Dylan adatcha "msewu wopanda zida. "
Pamsewu umenewo ndi Aikins ndi Omar, mumawawona anthu awa pafupi, zoopsa zomwe amakumana nazo, zopinga zomwe amapambana - kapena ayi. Kodi Omar adzamuwonanso Laila? Kodi banja lonse la Omar, atathawa ku Afghanistan kupita ku Turkey, adzafika ku Europe? Kodi Aikins adzasiyidwa kuti azisamalira Raja wazaka 11 pamene msuweni wa mnyamatayo, wothawa kwawo wina wa ku Afghanistan, amangidwa akuyesera kuthawa msasa wa anthu othawa kwawo ku Greece ku likulu la Athens?
Kuphatikiza pakupanga nthano zokayikitsa komanso zokayikitsa, Aikins akuwonetsa diso lakuthwa kuti adziwe zambiri komanso mphatso yojambula zithunzi zowoneka bwino, monga momwe adawolokera ku Turkey kupita ku Greece m'ngalawa yodzaza. “Mtsikana wina wa tsitsi lopiringizika wa ku Iraq anali atakhala pansi ndi makolo ake patsogolo panga. Pamene kutupa kumakulirakulira, mutu wake unkangogunda bondo langa, motero ndidatambasula mutu wake ndikumugoneka,” akulemba motero. "Kunali mdima kwambiri kuti ndisawone nkhope za okwerawo bwinobwino, koma pamene ndimamvetsera kudandaula kwawo ndi kubuula kwawo, ndinazindikira za mantha aakulu omwe anandizinga."
Ndi mantha omwe amapezeka ponseponse, nkhani zamphamvu zomwe zili m'nkhani yayikulu - za mtsikana waku Iraq ndi othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo, ozembetsa anthu ndi apolisi, omenyera ufulu ndi othandizira - omwe amapanga mitsempha ya "The Naked Don" t Opani Madzi” ndipo fotokozani nkhani yokulirapo ya nkhondo ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, vuto la kusamuka, ndi kuzunzika ndi kupirira kwa anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri amene ambiri amanyalanyazidwa ndi anthu amwayi okhala m’mayiko olemera a Kumadzulo.
Aikins adatha kupanga ulendowu pazifukwa zomwezo zomwe anali mtolankhani wogwira mtima ku Afghanistan. Olembera makalata ambiri akunja amayesa ndipo amalephera kutengera mbiri ya malo omwe amalemba, koma abambo ake a Aikins aku Europe-Canada komanso amayi aku Asia America adamupatsa chinthu chosowa kwa mtolankhani waku Western ku Afghanistan: zikuwoneka kuti anthu aku Afghanistan adatengera za mnzawo. Mwayi wachibadwa umenewo, wophatikizidwa ndi luso lochititsa chidwi la chinenero, chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe, kavalidwe ka m'deralo, ndi - china chofunika kwa mtolankhani - kudziwa nthawi yokhala chete, Aikins sanalole kuti Aikins akhale ndi mwayi wopeza nkhaniyi, komanso adamupangitsa kukhala wofunika kwambiri. gawo la izo. Pamene akuyenda mobisala othawa kwawo, Aikins amapereka chithunzithunzi cha kaleidoscopic cha mabanja ogawanika ndi anthu othamangitsidwa akuyesera ndi kulephera ndi kukonzekera ndikukonzekera ndi kuyembekezera ndi kupemphera kuti amalize gawo lotsatira la ulendo wawo - othawa kwawo m'mikhalidwe yovuta, kupanga zosankha zosatheka zochokera mphekesera. ndi mahunches ndi upangiri kuchokera kwa anthu omwe sakuwadziwa, kutenga zoopsa zowopsa chifukwa alibe njira zina.
Aikins amapereka malingaliro akaleidoscopic a mabanja ogawikana ndi anthu olandidwa omwe akuyesera ndikulephera ndi kukonza chiwembu ndikukonzekera ndikuyembekeza ndi kupemphera kuti amalize gawo lotsatira la ulendo wawo.
Sardar, yemwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mozembetsa katundu yemwenso ndi Aikins, analipira ndalama zina kuti akwere boti lothamanga kwambiri lopita ku Greece koma analepheretsedwa n’kuponyedwa m’ndende. Pakuyesa kwakenso, iye, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi mchimwene wake wachinyamata, yemwe anali atangomaliza kumene ulendo wamtunda kuchokera ku Afghanistan kupita ku Turkey, akuyembekeza kuti akafika ku Italy m'chotengera chotumizira. Yousef ndi munthu wina waku Syria akupereka ma euro 2000 aliyense kwa wozembetsa waku Pakistani kuti awatsogolere kudutsa ku Balkan, ndikungosiyidwa m'mapiri ozizira a Macedonia. Apolisi akulondera mwina apulumutsa miyoyo yawo, koma kumangidwako kunawayika m'chipinda chonyansa kwa milungu iwiri, pambuyo pake akuluakulu a ku Macedonia anawataya pamtunda wabwinja wa malire a Serbia ndikuwakakamiza kuwoloka. Wosweka komanso wopanda pokhala, Yousef akulembera Omar kuti: "Chilichonse chomwe mungachite, musabwere motere." Koma zili ndi phindu lanji? "Mwanjira iyi," buku la Aikins limafotokoza momveka bwino, mwina ndizoyipa monga choncho, pokhapokha mutakhala - kuwonjezera pazakudya zambiri ndi grit - ndalama zokwanira komanso mwayi kuti muchepetse ngoziyo.
Aikins akufotokoza kuti: “Mofanana ndi nkhondo, moyo wa anthu ozembetsa zinthu unali kuyembekezera modzidzimutsa chifukwa cha mantha.” Aikins ayenera kudziwa. Wakhala akuphwanya nkhani zazikulu za nkhondo zaku America kuyambira 2000s, palibe wamkulu kuposa chaka chatha. kufufuza kwa Times of the August drone attack in Kabul yomwe inapha anthu wamba 10, asanu ndi awiri mwa iwo ana. Lipotilo lidathandizira kukakamiza Mlembi wa Chitetezo ku US Lloyd Austin kuvomereza kuti kuukiraku kunali "kulakwitsa koopsa.” Koma Pentagon ndi anthu aku America sanachitepo kanthu, ndipo mwina sadzatenganso udindo wawo 6 miliyoni Afghans monga Omar yemwe adathawa kwawo pankhondo yaku America komanso mamiliyoni ena omwe adasamutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chankhondo yachigawenga.
“Amaliseche Sawopa Madzi” ndi chikumbutso champhamvu chakuti kwa ambiri, zovuta za kuwoloka malire kumaphatikizapo zambiri kuposa mizere yayitali kapena kuchotsa nsapato zanu. Aikins analemba kuti: “Tangoganizani mizinda ya padziko lapansi yolumikizidwa ndi njira zimene sizimayesa mtunda wa munthu koma ngozi: ngozi yomangidwa, kutsekeredwa m’njira, kuberedwa, kubedwa kapena kuphedwa.”
Tsogolo la anthu miyandamiyanda panjira zimenezi lidzatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo zolanga, kusalankhula mwamwayi, ndi kutopa kwa apolisi akumalire. Zapadera, zogwira mtima, komanso zolembedwa mwaluso, "Amaliseche Osawopa Madzi" amapereka chithunzithunzi chambiri cha njira zowopsa zapadziko lonse lapansi, olimba mtima omwe amayenda nawo, komanso maloto omwe angaike pachiwopsezo chilichonse kuti akwaniritse.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama