Ngati Tiwotcha: Zaka khumi Zotsutsa Misa ndi Kusintha Kwakusowa ndi buku lochititsa chidwi lomwe limakopa chidwi cha omenyera ufulu padziko lonse lapansi. Powonjezera ntchito yake, ndikupangira zowongolera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunika kwambiri.
Bevins akufunsa funso lofunikira - ndi zionetsero zambiri muzaka khumi za 2010-20, pomwe akuti adawona anthu ambiri akuchita ziwonetsero kuposa mbiri yakale - chifukwa chiyani sitinawone kusintha kwakukulu/kusintha? Kenako amayesa kuyankha pogwiritsa ntchito udindo wake monga mtolankhani wapadziko lonse kuti apite ku mayiko khumi osiyanasiyana kumene kunachitika zionetsero zotere, kukalankhula ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi ena pansi, kenako n’kumafuna kuyankha funso lake lofunika kwambiri.
Mayiko khumiwo makamaka ndi maiko “otukuka”—Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine—ndi Russia. Iwo ali ku Africa, Asia, Middle East, ndi Latin America, komanso Eastern Europe/Russia. Amaperekanso zambiri za Libya ndi Syria. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi za msonkhanitsiwu ndi awa si mayiko omwe takhala tikupereka malipoti ambiri achingelezi, kotero kuphatikizako ndi kofunikira pakungobweretsa zomwe zikuchitika m'maikowa pamalo amodzi.
Bevins amagwira ntchito pamagawo angapo apa. Pali funso lalikulu. Koma amawunika kwambiri ziwonetsero m'maiko ngati Brazil, Hong Kong, Turkey, ndi Ukraine, pofuna kumvetsetsa chilichonse. Zomwe adalemba ku Brazil ndizozindikira makamaka popeza adakhala ndikugwira ntchito kumeneko kwa zaka 13 (ndipo akukhala komweko) ndipo akuwoneka kuti akumvetsetsa dzikolo pazolinga zake. Mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikuyang'ana kwake pa zionetsero za mu June 2013, zomwe poyamba zinkatsutsana ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya mabasi, zomwe zinafika zaka zitatu pamene Dilma Rousseff wa chipani chotsalira cha Workers' Party adapambana utsogoleri ndikuchotsedwa, ndipo pamapeto pake adalowa m'malo. Wolemba a Jair Bolsonaro - m'modzi mwa ndale ochita chidwi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Brazil.
Zolemba zake za mayiko ena ndizabwino, koma amadalira kupeza magwero abwino omwe amamvetsetsa dziko lawo komanso omwe angafotokoze mozama mu Chingerezi kwa iye monga mtolankhani, ngakhale amalankhula Chingerezi, Indonesian, Portuguese, ndi Spanish.
Kenako amayesa kusanthula zomwe zidachitika m'maiko onsewa ndikuphatikiza "maiko otukuka". Pali malingaliro mkati mwa kufunikira kwa onse odziwika bwino komanso ochezera a pa Intaneti pakumvetsetsa izi; mwachiwonekere, akuganiza kuti izi ndizochitika zatsopano zomwe sizikumveka bwino. Pamapeto pake amakoka malingaliro ake pamodzi mogwirizana kwambiri kumapeto kwa bukhuli.
Mutu wake womaliza - "Kukonzanso Zakale" -ndipo amayesa kugwirizanitsa zomwe wapeza m'njira yogwirizana. Monga momwe akulembera, "Anthu ambiri omwe adalankhula nane amadziwa bwino kuti zinthu zimatha kuyenda molakwika mosasamala kanthu za cholinga ...." Ndi zenizeni zamutu wouma zomwe ndimawona kuti ndizothandiza.
Pamene akutsutsa, omenyera ufulu ayenera kuganizira zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pa zionetserozo, makamaka ndi kupambana kwakukulu kwa ziwonetserozo:
Lingaliro ndiloti ngati muwombera dzenje pakati pa ndale, kuchotsa mphamvu kwa iwo omwe ali nawo, ndiye kuti wina adzalowa m'malo opanda kanthu ndikuwatenga. Mphamvu zandale zosaneneka zimakhala ndi mphamvu yokoka yosatsutsika pa aliyense amene angafune, ndipo pa mphindi iliyonse m'mbiri yolembedwa, wina anazifuna. (Kusintha kupita kuchilankhulo chamasewera a zisudzo) Ngati mukufuna kugwetsa osewera akulu pabwalo, muyenera kulabadira kuti ndani atenge malo awo. Awa atha kukhala ochita zisudzo akudziko kapena akunja. Ngati simukhala inu, ndiye kuti muli ngati anthu amene akuyembekezera m'mapiko.
Mbiri ya mikangano yomwe idakhala yofala kwambiri, pafupifupi kuwoneka ngati yachilengedwe, kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2020 - zowoneka modzidzimutsa, zolumikizidwa ndi digito, zoyendetsedwa mozungulira, ziwonetsero zopanda atsogoleri - zidachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoboola mabowo m'magulu a anthu ndikupanga zipolowe zandale. Pali chifukwa chabwino chomwe timachitcha kuti "ziphuphu." Monga rubriki yophweka kwambiri kuti timvetsetse zotsatira za dziko lililonse, tiyenera kungoyang'ana yemwe anali wokonzeka ndikudikirira kuti alowemo.
M'zaka khumi za zionetsero zazikuluzikulu, kuphulika kwa mumsewu kunayambitsa mikhalidwe yosintha, nthawi zambiri mwangozi. Koma zionetsero zilibe zida zokwanira zopezerapo mwayi pazochitika zakusintha, ndipo zionetsero zamtunduwu ndizoyipa kwambiri. … gulu losiyana la anthu limatuluka m'misewu pazifukwa zosiyana siyana sangangotenga mphamvu okha, osati ngati gulu lonse la anthu (tsamba 263-64).
Mogwirizana ndi izi, ngakhale sakumveketsa mfundoyo, kusonkhanitsa anthu sikokwanira; tiyenera kumanga mabungwe kuchokera pansi kuti zitheke kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe chomwe tikufuna. (Onani posachedwapa "Kumanga Mabungwe Oyambira..)
Amayang'ana makamaka pakulimbikitsana pansi ndi njira zake; ndipo amawayika munkhani ya Leninism ndi "horizontalization." Ndimaona kuti izi ndizothandiza kwambiri; Ine mwatsatanetsatane pansipa. Komabe, akuyesera kulinganiza zomwe wapeza m'maiko angapo okhala ndi mbiri, zikhalidwe, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera kufunika kwa malipoti ake.
Chinthu chomwe ndimamuwona akuchita chomwe chili chabwino ndikuti amatenga mbali ya anthu wamba munkhani izi; amayang'ana magulu awo mosiyanasiyana makamaka kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba; samayang'ana anthu apamwamba kapena andale olamulira, ngakhale kuti mwachiwonekere amawadziwa ndipo amacheza nawo mochepa. Timadziwa zambiri za opondereza kotero kuti ndi zabwino kumva kuchokera kwa anthu makamaka omenyera ufulu omwe akuyesetsa kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhale bwino. Ngati wina agwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la kudalirana kwa mayiko kuchokera pansi-omwe amatsutsa kudalirana kwa mayiko kuchokera pamwamba-ndiye tikuwona miyandamiyanda ya njira zofanana zomwe zikuchitika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Global South, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi ambiri ku Global North.
Zina zomwe Bevins amachita - ndikumvetsetsa mozama za udindo wake monga mtolankhani wapadziko lonse lapansi akulembera malo monga Los Angeles Times ndi Washington Post -Ndikuwona udindo wa media m'njira zomwe sindinawonepo kale. Chifukwa chimodzi, amawona kuti atolankhani ambiri apadziko lonse lapansi ochokera ku US ndi Western Europe-omwe mabungwe awo amayesa kulamulira zofalitsa zapadziko lonse lapansi-kawirikawiri amachokera kumagulu apamwamba ndipo amapita ku mayunivesite apamwamba kapena "olemekezeka" ndi makoleji; ndipo akubweretsa mbiri yawo yonse m’nkhani zawo. Nthawi zambiri amafunafuna omwe ali ofanana nawo kuti afunse mafunso, kuwonjezera pa akuluakulu aboma kapena mabungwe.
Kupyolera mu izi, mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani amayesa "kukonza" zomwe amafotokoza malinga ndi momwe amaonera; mwa kuyankhula kwina, amayesa kupanga "tanthauzo" pazochitika zina. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chazinthu zawo zambiri, zolemba zawo, mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi zina zambiri, mawayilesi awa amayesa kupereka tanthauzo lalikulu la zomwe zikuchitika, zomwe zimakonda kuletsa malingaliro omwe ndiye "ovomerezeka" pagulu komanso zomwe zili. ayi. [Ichi ndichifukwa chake "njira zina" zakumanzere ndizofunika kwambiri poyesetsa kufutukula zokambirana komanso/kapena kusokoneza tanthauzo lalikulu.]
Iye samapanga mfundo yeniyeni, koma udindo wa New York Times ponena za kuwukira kwa Russia komanso nkhondo yotsatira ku Ukraine ikuwonetsa bwino zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi media: Times anakana kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndi kukambirana udindo wa boma la United States poyambitsa kuukira kwa Russia, kupanga Vladimir Putin kukhala wochita zoipa yekha, ndikunyalanyaza maudindo akuluakulu a Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, ndi Barack Obama ndi maulamuliro awo, aliyense ali ndi mlandu wofanana. . (Trump anali ndi mphamvu zosiyana.) Ndikhoza kupitiriza.
Ndipo, ndithudi, udindo wa "Western" (werengani mfumu) potsutsa kuukira kwa Hamas pa Israeli wosauka, wozunzidwa, komabe kunyalanyaza kuukira koopsa kwa Israeli ku Gaza, ndikoyenera kudziwa. Lingaliro la hegemonic la Israeli ngati wozunzidwa linali pafupifupi lathunthu muzofalitsa zodziwika bwino, ndipo adayesa kunyoza aliyense amene amatsutsa mosiyana; mwachitsanzo, sindinawonepo lipoti lililonse loti Hamas 'kuukira kunachotsa lamulo la Israeli kuyambira osachepera 1948 kuyesa kuyeretsa Palestine ku Palestine-mothandizidwa kwambiri ndi boma la US-ndikuunikira kulephera kwake.
Bevins amayesa kuwonjezera kuvomerezeka kwamaphunziro poyika ntchito zake zonse zabwino kwambiri pansi pa mawu a Charles Tilly, "ndale zokangana." Izo kwenikweni sizimatipatsa zambiri; kwa wolemba izi, ndizongopatsidwa kuti zimayang'ana makamaka pamsewu, osati bokosi lovota kapena nyumba zamalamulo.
Koma samapitilira pamenepo, zomwe ndikuganiza zikanathandiza kuchita zomwe adawoneka kuti akufuna: palibe kumvetsetsa za imperialism, komanso momwe izi zakhudzira dziko lililonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, dziko lililonse la mayikowa linagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika / kuponderezedwa / kugwidwa ndi mayiko achifumu, ndi zopangira zawo, zachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zina anthu amabedwa ndikupita nawo ku dziko lachifumu kuti akathandize dziko lachifumu kukula; panthawi imodzimodziyo, panalibe nkhawa zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za anthu omwe ali m'dziko lolamulidwa ndi atsamunda, kaya pazachuma, ndale, asilikali, diplomatically, chikhalidwe ndi / kapena payekha. Komanso panalibenso kulingalira kuti chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha pambuyo pa atsamunda ndi ndondomeko ya ndale idayambitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda kuti apitirize kupindula "akunja," onse a dongosolo lachitsamunda kapena osankhidwa atsopano a pambuyo pa atsamunda, Choncho, palibe mayiko omwe kale ankalamulidwa ndi atsamunda omwe adakhala ngati mayiko achifumu, zomwe zimawoneka ngati kumvetsetsa kwa Bevins.
M'malo mwake, pambuyo pake m'bukuli, Bevins akuwonetsa kuti mayiko onsewa akufuna kukhala pamlingo wamoyo wofanana ndi wa "Kumadzulo," osamvetsetsa kuti mayiko achifumu adafika kumeneko mwakuba ndi kuba kwa mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda. Popanda kumvetsetsa njira za imperialism ndi momwe zidakhalira, a Bevins sangamvetse bwino momwe mayikowa adafikira pomwe ali.
Pamodzi ndi izi, samapereka chidziwitso chochepa cha ntchito zaku US monga National Endowment for Democracy (NED), yomwe idapangidwa kuti izichita mwalamulo komanso pamwamba pazomwe CIA inkachita (ndipo imachitabe) mobisa, komanso Ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi za AFL-CIO. Izi si nitpicking: chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zikukhudza, ndipo iye mbendera izo, ndi kufanana mu zochitika m'mayiko amene amafufuza, kumlingo waukulu kapena wochepa. Amaganiza kuti zotsatira zake ndi njira zopangira zolimbikitsa, zomwe amafotokozera; Sindikudziwa, koma mantha kuti ndi zochuluka kuposa izi; ndipo pali umboni wokwanira wofuna kufufuzidwa kwa kuthekera kumeneku mokulirapo.
Ndatchula pamwambapa kuti amayang'ana kwambiri kulimbikitsana pansi ndi ndondomeko zake; ndipo amawayika munkhani ya "Leninism" ndi "horizontalization." Pali zovuta zingapo ndi izi. Ponena za Leninism, iye amatchula mwachindunji mtundu wa bungwe la Leninist, osati kwenikweni ku ndale za Lenin; kulingalira kwabwino kwa owerenga omwe mwina sanazindikire kusiyana kumeneku. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti gulu la Leninist - lochokera ku demokalase pakati pa demokalase - lakhala likunyozedwa m'maiko kupatula, mwina, omwe ali pansi paulamuliro wachitsamunda, monga Palestine, kapena ulamuliro wankhanza monga ku Egypt, ndipo sindine. zedi zimavomerezedwa mosatsutsika m'malo awa. Zikuonekadi kukanidwa ndi anthu m’maiko kumene mtundu wina wa demokalase ulipo tsopano. Bevins samayankha kukanidwa uku.
Kachiwiri, ine ndikuganiza iye amapanga lingaliro la "horizontalism" penapake wa caricature; amachiwona ngati chosalongosoka—kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula nkhani yachikale ya Jo Freeman yakuti “The Tyranny of Stucturelessness” —ndipo kwenikweni amaitchula “anarchism.” Lingaliro lomwe akuyesera kuti apeze, m'malingaliro anga, ndi lingaliro la anthu omwe akufuna kupatsidwa mphamvu zambiri, popanda amene ali ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa wina aliyense.
Tsopano, ndithudi, izi zikhoza kukhala "zosakhazikika" - monga momwe akusonyezera - koma pali njira ina yomwe samayiganizira: yomwe ingatchedwe "kukhazikika kwadongosolo" kutengera magulu ogwirizana ndi bungwe la spokes-mtundu wa bungwe monga momwe linapangidwira makamaka mu 1980s ndi gulu la California lopanda chiwawa lolunjika. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwina) bwino polimbana ndi zida zamagetsi za nyukiliya komanso motsutsana ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya za MX ku California, ndipo zidapangidwa mokulira m'misewu ya Seattle mu 1999 poyimitsa misonkhano ya World Trade Organisation. Njirayi imamangidwa pakutenga nawo mbali kwaumwini, kutenga nawo mbali mudemokalase, ndi ndondomeko yodziwika ya utsogoleri ndi kupanga zisankho; pakudziwa kwanga, izi sizinafotokozedwe bwino, koma kukhudzidwa kwanga (kochepa) kukuwonetsa kuti kuyenera kufufuzidwa molunjika. Bevins sakuwonetsa kuti akudziwa izi.
Kuphatikizidwa ndi lingaliro losasinthika ili lopanda dongosolo ndi malingaliro ake osagwirizana ndi njira zopangira zisankho; akudzinenera-ndipo akhoza kukhala olondola-kuti ziwonetsero zonsezi kuchokera pansi zinasankha kufuna mgwirizano wa 100% musanayambe kupita patsogolo kapena kupanga chisankho chilichonse. Izi zikuwoneka ngati kudziletsa modabwitsa.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti uku ndi kuyang'anira mbali yake, komanso kuti mabungwe adatengera mgwirizano wosinthidwa. Osandilakwitsa: Ndikhulupirira kuti kuvomerezana kwathunthu ndikofunikira, koma sindinawonepo kumagwira ntchito m'miyoyo ya anthu wamba; anthu ambiri alibe nthawi kutsutsana kwa nthawi yaitali kuti mgwirizano okwana kuonekera, kotero nthawi zambiri, bungwe lopuwala ndi chofunika ichi.
Mwanjira ina, ndingatsutse kukwera kwa "mgwirizano wosinthidwa", pomwe zisankho zimayikidwa m'magulu awiri osiyana - ofunikira komanso osatsutsa - okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a "kuvomerezana" ofunikira pa chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuvomerezana kwathunthu kuli kofunikira, nkhani zosafunikira zitha kuthetsedwa ndi 50% +1 mavoti kuti bungwe lisalowe m'zinthu zosafunikira. Momwemonso, nkhani zovuta ziyenera kufuna “kuchulukira” kwa anthu 67 kapena 70 kapena 75% a opezekapo kotero kuti ochuluka okha ndi omwe angapange zisankho pazovuta zazikulu; Izi, zimalepheretsa masewera kuseweredwa kuti apeze mulingo wa 50% +1, ndikuchepetsa kugawanika kwa bungwe pamfundo zazing'ono. Kuchita izi kungalole kuti ngakhale nkhani zovuta zithetsedwe ngakhale kuti zimafuna mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri kusiyana ndi anthu ambiri.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Bevins samamvetsetsa - makamaka m'bukuli - mfundo yakuti US ndi Ufumu, ndi kuti United States ndi kwawo; Chifukwa chake, ndalama zomwe zidakulitsidwa pankhondo ndi / kapena zida zotumizira zida kupita kumayiko omwe ali pansi kuti zithandizire kuwateteza kwa nzika zawo - mwachitsanzo, kusunga Ufumu - ndi ndalama zomwe zimachotsedwa kwa Achimereka mwachindunji chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga chisamaliro chaumoyo, maphunziro. , kuchepetsa nyengo, kukonza zomangamanga, ndi zina zotero, kapena m'njira zina ndi ndalama zopitirira bajeti yoyenera ndipo motero kulipira madola mamiliyoni mazana pachaka kwa anthu olemera ndi mayiko omwe amagula ma bond aku US (pamene ngongole yathu yakula ndi $ 32). quintillion kuyambira 1981).
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndikutsutsa kuti ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuthekera kwa zochita zambiri ku United States (ndi mayiko ena achifumu) monga momwe zidzachitikire kapena sizingakhudze kuthekera kwa dziko lililonse locheperako kusintha ubale wake ndi Ufumuwo. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Ngakhale kuti ufulu wachita (mwatsoka) ntchito yabwino kwambiri yowononga kumanzere kwa zaka zambiri, makamaka mawu akuti "socialism" ndi "communism," zenizeni za kuwonjezeka kwa umphawi ndi kusalingana kwachuma, kuchepetsa mwayi kwa achinyamata ambiri, ndi kuwonjezereka. kuzindikirika kulephera kwa ndale zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, kumapereka kumanzere (koma kumatanthauzidwa) mwayi wowonjezereka wofikira anthu "wamba" aku America m'njira zomwe sanathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (pambuyo pa 1945). Kaya kumanzere kungathe kupezerapo mwayi pakutseguliraku ku US zikuwonekabe, koma zikuwonetsa kuti kusuntha chidwi kuchokera kudziko kupita kudziko lonse lapansi (monga momwe Bevins amanenera) kuyenera kuthana ndi mafunso omanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa omwe ali muchifumu ndi maiko omwe kale anali atsamunda m'njira zomwe zimathandizira bungwe kuchokera pansi padziko lonse lapansi kulikonse komwe lingakhazikitsidwe.
Mwachidule, ndikuganiza kuti Vincent Bevins walemba buku lofunika kwambiri lomwe liyenera kuwerengedwa mozama komanso motsutsa, makamaka ndi otsutsa komanso akatswiri. Pali zambiri zofotokozera zofunika kwambiri komanso kusanthula koyenera kukonzedwa, ndikutsutsa kuti akanatha kupita patsogolo. Komabe, ndikuganiza kuti ayenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri!
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