Molimbikitsidwa ndi langizo la Flora Tristan—lokwezedwa kwambiri ndi Marx ndi Engels—“Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse, Gwirizanani!” (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2013), omenyera ufulu wa anthu akhala akulimbikitsa ogwira ntchito kuti apange mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuti athe kulimbikitsana wina ndi mnzake komanso kukonza miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito onse komanso moyo wabwino kubwerera ku First International. Kukula kwakukulu kwa izi kunali kukana kwa ogwira ntchito ovala nsalu ku Britain kuti asambe thonje kuchokera ku akapolo-based antebellum South, ngakhale zikutanthauza kuvutika kwawo chifukwa cha ulova (onani Featherstone, 2012).
Mwambowu, ngakhale utaphwanyidwa ndi Cold War pakati pa US ndi UK mbali imodzi ndi Soviet Union mbali inayo, wakhala ukutsitsimutsidwa kuyambira 1970s ndi zoyesayesa za omenyera ufulu ndi akatswiri kuti apange mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa ogwira ntchito. , khama lomwe likuwoneka kuti likukula. Pepalali, komabe, likunena kuti kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wantchito sikulinso kofunikira; kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zofunikira.
Tanthauzo
Kodi tikutanthauza chiyani ponena za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito? Zafotokozedwa kuti:
Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito ndi ntchito, kapena zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ndi antchito, mabungwe awo, ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo, komanso olemba, ojambula, ndi ena omenyera ufulu wawo, kuthandiza ogwira ntchito kudutsa malire a ndale, pakuyesetsa kwawo kuonjezera miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito, malipiro, mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito, ndipo nthawi zina kukhalapo kwawo komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi omwe akhudzidwa. Kuti alimbikitse mphamvu ndi moyo wabwino wa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, ogwira ntchito akuyenera kukulitsa mgwirizano pakati pa andale andale kuphatikiza pakupanga mgwirizano ndi ogwira ntchito m'dziko lawo; Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ogwira ntchito sikulepheretsa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito m'dziko lomwelo koma m'malo mwake umalimbikitsa mphamvu, moyo wabwino, ndi chidziwitso cha ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Mgwirizanowu uyenera kukhala pamaziko a kulemekezana ndi kuthandizana, zomwe zimalepheretsa malingaliro a kasitomala, malingaliro osagwirizana, ndalama, ndi zinthu zina, ndi ulamuliro wa gulu lina la ogwira ntchito pa linzake (ndiko kuti, limakana imperialism ya ogwira ntchito). Mgwirizanowu ukhoza kubwera kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito akummwera kapena kumpoto kapena mabungwe awo, angaphatikizepo mabungwe angapo ogwira ntchito, ndipo atha kulunjikitsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito akummwera kapena kumpoto ndi mabungwe awo.
Mgwirizanowu ukhoza kukhala pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe ali pamlingo wofanana wa ndale kapena pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe pamagulu osiyanasiyana a ndale.
Mgwirizanowu ukhoza kulimbikitsidwa ndi kudzikonda, kuyanjana, kapena kukondana (Scipes, 2016c: 45-46).[1]
History
Nkhondo ya ku United States ku Vietnam inakhala ngati madzi a mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse; mamiliyoni a anthu padziko lonse lapansi anazindikira zotsatira zoopsa za nkhondo ya US, ngati sanabwere kudzatsutsa nkhondo ya US, ndipo ambiri mwa awa anali mu mgwirizano wozindikira ndi nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa Vietnamese; "Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh, NLF ipambana!" sichinali nyimbo yachilendo m'makoleji ambiri aku US ndi mayunivesite pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 / koyambirira kwa '70s ndipo mochulukirachulukira m'gulu lankhondo lolimbana ndi nkhondo ku US. Inali nkhondo imeneyi ndi zolimbana nazo zomwe zinathandiza kuti anthu padziko lonse lapansi ayang'ane zochitika kunja kwa malire a dziko lawo m'njira zatsopano.
Iyi inali nthawi ya chipwirikiti padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zinkachitikanso zinali nkhondo zomenyera ufulu wadziko kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, podziwa za Revolution ya Russia ya 1917, China Revolution ya 1949, Cuban Revolution ya 1959, Algerian Revolution ya 1962; ndithudi, kuzindikira za nkhondo ya Palestina kunali kulowa mu chidziwitso cha dziko lonse ndi 1967.
Ku United States iyi, izi zidaphatikizidwa ndi Civil Rights/Black Power Movements, pamodzi ndi gulu la ophunzira, pambuyo pake gulu la anti-Vietnam War, Women's Liberation Movement, gulu lodana ndi nkhondo mkati mwa asitikali aku US, Gay ndi Lesbian. Liberation Movement, gulu la ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, ndi kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe. Izi, ndithudi, zinali zofanana ndi zolimbana ndi kuponderezana m'mayiko onse achifumu, komanso m'mayiko ambiri omwe kale anali atsamunda padziko lonse lapansi.[2]
Panthawiyi, panali chiwembu chothandizidwa ndi US chomwe chinagonjetsa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase la Salvador Allende ku Chile pa September 11, 1973, 9-11 yoyamba.
Koma ndikutsutsa - kutsatira kutsogolera kwa woimba / wolemba nyimbo Dave Lippmann, "Vietnam, Vietnam, Vietnam. Munayatsa fuse ya bomba la nthawi yachifumu”—kuti inali nkhondo imeneyi ndi kumenyana kokulirakulira kolimbana nayo kumene kunafalikira m’kumvetsetsana koyambirira kwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi kuponderezana pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II (1945-m’tsogolo).
Zinthu zinasintha. Mwachiwonekere, gulu lankhondo la US anti-Vietnam War linatsika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 pamene olamulira adathetsa nkhondo yodana ndi asilikali a US, adachotsa asilikali a US ku Vietnam mu 1973, ndikuwona kupambana kwa Vietnamese mu 1975 komanso ku Cambodia ndi Laos. . Zimenezo mwachiwonekere sizinathe kumenyana kolimbana ndi atsamunda—Angola, Mozambique, ndi Guinea-Bissau aliyense analandira ufulu wawo wandale kuchokera ku Portugal mu 1975, ndipo nkhondo yachipulumutso inalamulira mu South Africa mu 1976 chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa ophunzira kumene kunachitika Soweto, tawuni ya Black kunja kwa Johannesburg. Dziko la Zimbabwe linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1978, ndipo Nicaragua inapeza ufulu wake wodzilamulira mu 1979.
Chifukwa chiyani zonsezi ndizofunikira ndikuti nthawiyi idatulutsa gulu la omenyera ufulu m'maiko achifumu - zowonadi, gawo laling'ono chabe la omwe adasonkhanitsidwa - omwe adatengera kumvetsetsa kwa "internationalist", ndikuzindikira kuti tiyenera kupanga mgwirizano. padziko lonse lapansi, kuti sitingathe kuyika masomphenya athu m'malire a dziko. Panali ochepa omwe anabweretsa kumvetsetsa kwa mayikowa mu ntchito yawo ya ndale kuyambira nthawi yaufulu isanafike - analipo, koma ochepa - koma zikuwoneka kuti ambiri mwa makadiwa anali aang'ono komanso ofunitsitsa kusintha dziko. Kaya aliyense payekhapayekha adayambitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kapena udachokera ku mabungwe andale ndi zolimbana zomwe adachita, nthawi yaufulu iyi pakati pa 1955-1979 idakhudza kwambiri njira zambiri zokhalitsa, ndipo titha kuziwona m'magulu ogwira ntchito. ku Canada ndi United States komanso kwina kulikonse. Kugawa zochitika zotsatila mu nthawi ziwiri, 1970-2010 ndi 2011 mpaka lero, zimathandizira kuunikira ngati mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ogwira ntchito ukukula kapena ukukwera.
Pepalali likutchula zoyesayesa zingapo zam'mbuyomu kuyambira m'ma 1970 kuti apititse patsogolo zoyesayesa zapano kuti apange mgwirizano wofunikira. Izi zidayamba nthawi ya Cold War, mwina mwa zotulukapo za ophunzira ndi/kapena omenyera ufulu wa mabungwe omwe akumanzere omwe amalowa mgulu la ogwira ntchito, omenyera nkhondo atamasulidwa akulandira ntchito, othandizira kwanthawi yayitali / chitukuko, ophunzira opita patsogolo, ogwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali, komanso omenyera ufulu wakuda omwe adadziwa za kayendetsedwe kaufulu ku Africa, makamaka gulu la Pan African, komanso omwe adaphatikizidwa m'mabungwe.
1978-2010[3]
Ngakhale kuti chidziwitso cha dziko lonse lapansi chinakhalabe kwa omenyera ufulu ambiri, izi sizinawonekere mkati mwa gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito-lomwe lidatsimikiziridwa mopambanitsa ndi zochita za AFL-CIO ya United States ndi Trades Union Congress ya UK-ndi choncho. , kupatulapo ochepa, panalibe chidziwitso chonse cha ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena ndi ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena.[4]
Nthawi ya 1978-2010 idawona zochitika zingapo zomwe zingatsogolere kwambiri kulimbana kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuyika nkhani izi pagulu: izi zikuphatikizapo kumenyedwa kwamakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'maiko omwe kale anali atsamunda komanso kuyesetsa kupeza thandizo kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito m'maiko osiyanasiyana omwe adachita izi. mayiko osiyanasiyana anachokera; pakuchulukitsidwa kwa maphunziro a chitukuko cha "dziko lachitatu", makamaka ku Ulaya; ndi kuonjezera njira zoyankhulirana—zamwambo ndi mwamwambo—zimene zimafalitsa chidziwitso cha sitiraka imeneyi ndi zochitika zina (makamaka zokhudza mmene mabungwe ogwira ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana “adziko lachitatu” akuyendera) pakati pa timagulu ting’onoting’ono ta akatswiri ndi omenyera ufulu padziko lonse lapansi. Maziko a chitukuko chowonjezereka adayikidwa mu nthawi yoyamba iyi, koma panalibe chitsimikizo chakuti chidzapitirira mu nthawi yotsatira.
Zomwe zidachitika pazitukukozi zidaphatikiza zigawenga za Sao Paolo Metalworkers motsutsana ndi makampani amagalimoto amitundu yambiri omwe anali nkhokwe yazachuma yaulamuliro wankhondo waku Brazil (onani TIE, 1984; Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010);[5] kusindikizidwa kwa buku la Don Thomson ndi Rodney Larson (1978) lotchedwa Munali Kuti M'bale? Akaunti ya Trade Union Imperialism, zomwe zidadzudzula bungwe la British Trade Union Congress chifukwa chochita motsutsana ndi zofuna za ogwira ntchito m'maiko omwe kale anali ufumu wa Britain,[6] ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa NILS, ndi Kalata ya International Labor Studies ndi Peter Waterman.[7] Mu 1979, FOSATU (Federation of South African Trade Unions) inakhazikitsidwa m’dziko limenelo (onani MacShane, Plaut and Ward, 1984).[8] Ndipo pa Meyi 1, 1980, mabungwe ku Philippines adagwirizana kuti apange mgwirizano Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU-May First Movement) Labor Center (onani Scipes, 1996),[9] pomwe mu Ogasiti chaka chimenecho, antchito aku Poland adapanga Solidarnosc (MacDonald, 1981; onani Garton Asch, 1983; Bernhard, 1993; ndi Bloom, 2014).
Nthawiyi idapitilira kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1997, pomwe Kim Moody's adasindikizidwa. Ogwira Ntchito M'dziko Lowonda: Mgwirizano mu International Economy.[10] Komabe, nthawiyo idapitilirabe mpaka 2010, monga momwe buku la Jeffrey Sluyter-Beltrao's (2010) limafotokoza za mgwirizano watsopano ku Brazil ndi buku la Kim Scipes (ndi nkhani yotsatira) pa pulogalamu ya AFL-CIO's Foreign Policy (Scipes, 2010a). , 2010b; onani 2016a).
Nyengo iyi ya 1978-2010 ndi imodzi yomwe imadziwika pang'ono ndi omenyera ufulu wamasiku ano, ndipo ikukhudzabe zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, ngakhale makamaka chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana komanso kusamvetsetsana.
Lingaliro lamalingaliro lomwe limagwirizanitsa nthawi ya 1978-2010 ndi "social movement unionism."
Ofufuza adapeza mtundu watsopano wa mgwirizano wamalonda womwe ukupangidwa ndi CUT ku Brazil, KMU ku Philippines, FOSATU/COSATU ku South Africa, mwinanso ndi mabungwe omwe angotuluka kumene ku South Korea, ndipo Peter Waterman adapititsa patsogolo lingaliro la " social movement unionism” (SMU) kutchulanso (Waterman, 1988b). Poyesera kumvetsetsa kuti ndi mtundu wina wa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito, ofufuzawa anayamba kukambirana zapadziko lonse za momwe ziyenera kumvetsetsedwa, komanso m'njira yomwe ingalimbikitse ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena kuti nawonso akutukule.[11] Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zapeza m'mafukufukuwa zinali zoti mgwirizano wamagulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu unali mtundu watsopano wa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito zomwe sizinangotsutsa olemba ntchito kapena / kapena ulamuliro wa boma m'malo antchito. ndi madera, komanso adatsutsa maukonde andale azachuma ndi chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse (mwachitsanzo, imperialism) momwe maiko awo adalumikizidwa.
Komabe, kutengera zolemba za Gay Seidman (1994)-omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti SMU, koma omwe sanali gawo la zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi-Kim Moody (1997) pambuyo pake adagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamagulu, "zatsopano" zamalonda. zochitika ku United States. Kugwiritsira ntchito mosayenera kumeneku kwa lingaliro la mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku zochitika za mgwirizano ku US kunayambitsa chisokonezo chachikulu chomwe chidakalipo lero - pakati pa ochita kafukufuku m'mayiko omwe anali achifumu komanso omwe kale anali atsamunda-kulepheretsa kufunikira kwa chitukuko pakati pa malo atatuwa ogwira ntchito.
Chisokonezo cham'maganizo ichi sichinasokonezedwe mpaka 2014, pamene Scipes adagwirizananso ndi nkhaniyi ndikuyimasula (Scipes, 2014c; yosindikizidwanso mu 2021: 231-262).[12]
Komabe, ngakhale kuti pali chisokonezo pakati pa akatswiri ena a zantchito padziko lonse lapansi, khama lalikulu lolimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse la ogwira ntchito linayambika panthawiyi, ndipo izi zinaphatikizapo ntchito zodzipangira okha komanso zochita zomwe zinafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku ndi zoyesayesa za akatswiri kuti afufuze, kulingalira. ndi/kapena yambitsani zoyesayesa izi padziko lonse lapansi.[13] Zoyeserera zazikulu zidaphatikizapo:
- Fred Hirsch, woyendetsa ma plumber ndi membala wa Plumbers and Pipefitters Local 393 ku San Jose, California adapeza kukhudzidwa kwa AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development, bungwe la AFL-CIO ku Latin America) pothandizira kuyala maziko. chifukwa cha kulanda boma mu 1973 ku Chile pokonzekera kumenyedwa koopsa kwa eni malori motsutsana ndi boma la Allende. Hirsch adasindikiza timapepala tiwiri (1974, ndi 1975) pazochita izi. Anatsogolera South Bay Labor Council kuti apereke chigamulo chotsutsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa AIFLD, ndipo kenaka adatsogolera kutsutsa kwa AIFLD-motsogoleredwa ndi Executive Director, William Doherty, Jr. Muir, 1987).
- M'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ogwira ntchito padoko ku International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) - United States West Coast Longshore Union - adayambitsa zinyalala zonyamula zida kupita ku Chile ndi katundu wochokera ku South Africa (Cole, 2018; Scipes, 1985).
- Mu 1984, KMU Labor Center ya ku Philippines inayambitsa "International Solidarity Affair" (ISA) yapachaka ya "International Solidarity Affair" (ISA), yomwe inayitana antchito ndi atsogoleri a ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti abwere kudziko lawo ndikukhala masiku a 10 akukumana ndi zenizeni zomwe ogwira ntchito aku Philippines anakumana nazo.[14]
- Malipoti a International Labor, magazini yochokera ku Britain, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1984 kuti ipange mgwirizano wantchito padziko lonse lapansi (onani Scipes, 2021: 43-57). Magaziniyi imafalitsa nkhani kawiri pamwezi ndi zambiri zokhudza ogwira ntchito ndi zovuta zawo padziko lonse lapansi m'njira yofikirika kwambiri.[15]
- M'zaka za m'ma 1980, ogwira ntchito ku Canada adapanga mapulogalamu ogwirizana kuti athe kuthandizira kulimbana kwapang'onopang'ono ku US (ogwira ntchito m'mafamu) pamodzi ndi zovutazo ku Chile, Palestine, ndi South Africa (onani Nastovski, 2014, 2016). Izi zinali makamaka zochokera pa lingaliro la mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ndi wogwira ntchito.
- Mu 1986, National Labor Center for Human Rights and Democracy ku El Salvador inakhazikitsidwa ndi opita patsogolo a US ogwira ntchito ndi atsogoleri a mipingo kuti athandizire ufulu waumunthu ndi demokalase ku El Salvador; adachita gawo lalikulu pakuchepetsa thandizo la AFL-CIO pazandale za Reagan ndipo anali ofunikira poletsa US kuti isawukire Nicaragua (onani Battista, 2002).
- Mu 1988, atayenda kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ku Western Europe ndi Philippines, Scipes inanena za zoyesayesa za omenyera ufulu m'mayiko angapo kuti apange mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito (Scipes, 1988; kusindikizidwanso 2021: 29-42).
- 1989. CITUR (Committee for International Solidarity for Trade Union Rights) inakhazikitsidwa ku San Francisco ndi Aubrey Grossman kuti apange mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito. Apa ndi pamene Fred Hirsch ndi Kim Scipes anakumana, zomwe pambuyo pake zinali ndi zofunikira pa ntchito yawo yogwirizana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000.
- M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Eric Lee adayambitsa "Labour Start," pulojekiti yogwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito pa intaneti kwa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi yomwe ikupitirirabe.https://www.labourstart.org). Labor Start yayang'ana kwambiri kubweretsa chidwi ku zovuta zantchito, kuwathandiza iwo ndi/kapena owalimbikitsa.
- Mu 1994, Roger Southall adawunikanso mabungwe a "Northern" othandizira mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku South Africa.
- Mu 1995, kutengera pang'ono kutsutsa ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi za AFL-CIO, wolowa m'malo wa Lane Kirkland, Tom Donohue, adakanidwa pachisankho choyambirira cha demokalase m'mbiri yake, ndipo John Sweeney adatenga utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO.
- Pofika chaka cha 1997, Sweeney anali atathetsa mabungwe achigawo a AFL-CIO—AAFLI (Asian American Free Labor Institute) ku Asia; AALC (African American Labor Center) ya Africa; ndi AIFLD (American Institute for Free Labor Development) ya Latin America—ndipo m’malo mwake anaika American Center for International Labor Solidarity, yomwe imadziwika kuti The Solidarity Center, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake inadzakhala dzina lake. Bungwe la Solidarity Center lakhala likugwira ntchito movutikira kuposa mabungwe am'madera, nthawi zina ngakhale kuthandiza ogwira ntchito, koma likadali "malo oyambira" a imperialist National Endowment for Democracy (NED). (Onani Bass, 2012; Robinson, 1996; Scipes, 2010a: 96-105).
- M’zaka za m’ma 1990, ogwira ntchito padoko ku South Africa anakana kunyamula katundu wa asilikali ochokera ku China amene ankapita ku Zimbabwe (Cole, 2018).
- Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, zoyesayesa zazikulu zomanga mgwirizano wamalire ndi ogwira ntchito ku US ndi Mexico ndi Caribbean zidapangidwa, makamaka muzovala ndi kupanga zovala (Armbruster-Sandoval, 2005; Hathaway, 2000).
- Mu 1998, Peter Waterman adasindikiza buku lake lofunika kwambiri Globalisation, New Social Movements, ndi Internationalisms.
- SIGTUR (Southern Initiative for Global Trade Union Rights) inakhazikitsidwa ndi olimbikitsa migwirizano opita patsogolo ku South Africa ndi Western Australia, pofuna kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ku Global South. Kenako inakula padziko lonse lapansi. (Onani makamaka O'Brien, 2019; onaninso Dobrusin, 2014; Framil Filho, 2021; Lambert, 2002; Lambert and Webster, 2001; and Scipes, 2019.)
- Kuonjezera malipoti apamwamba ndi kusanthula mabungwe ogwira ntchito opangidwa, makamaka ku South Africa ndi Philippines, komanso pang'ono, South Korea ndi Brazil: ku South Africa, onani makamaka Adler, Maller ndi Webster, 1992; Baskin, 1991; Friedman, 1987; Kraak, 1993; MacShane, Plaut ndi Ward, 1984; Pilay, 1990; Scipes, 2001, idasindikizidwanso 2021: 173-203; Seidman, 1994; ndi kawiri pamwezi Bulletin ya South Africa Labor; ndi za Philippines, onani Scipes, 1996 ndi West, 1997. Kwa South Korea, onani Chun, 2003; Gray, 2008; Koo, 2001, Nyimbo, 2002; ndipo kenako, ku Brazil, onani Seidman (1994) ndi Sluyter-Beltrao (2010).
- Mu 2003, atsogoleri apamwamba adayambitsa US Labor Against the War (USLAW) kuti apange mgwirizano ndi ogwira ntchito ku Iraq panthawi ya nkhondo ya US ndi ntchito yotsatira; pambuyo pake anakulitsa zoyesayesa zawo zomanga mgwirizano ndi antchito ku Iran, Palestine, ndi Venezuela. Iwo adalandira chigamulo chomwe chidaperekedwa pa msonkhano wa AFL-CIO wa 2005 ku Chicago, panthawi yomwe US inali pankhondo ku Iraq, kuti afunse kuti US ichoke mwachangu. (Onani Fletcher, 2003; Onasch, 2003; Scipes, 2003, 2010a: 77-78; Zweig, 2005, 2016.) [Izi zinanyalanyazidwa pambuyo pake ndi atsogoleri a ndondomeko zakunja za AFL-CIO.]
- Nthumwi zoposa 400 ku California State AFL-CIO Convention—gawo lalikulu kwambiri logwirizana ndi boma komanso gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa mamembala onse a AFL-CIO panthaŵiyo—anagwirizana mogwirizana chigamulo chakuti, “Pangani Umodzi ndi Kukhulupirirana Pakati pa Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse,” chomwe chinadzudzula National AFL. -CIO's Foreign Policy (Hirsch, 2004; onaninso Scipes, 2004).
- Omenyera ufulu adapanga Komiti ya Worker to Worker Solidarity Committee ndipo adatsogolera nkhondo yodzudzula ntchito zapadziko lonse za AFL-CIO pa msonkhano wa 2005 AFL-CIO ku Chicago, pomwe utsogoleri wa dziko la AFL-CIO udasintha chigamulo kuchokera ku California State AFL-CIO kuchokera ku dziko lodzudzula. AFL-CIO ntchito zakunja kwa wina wowatamanda ndikukana kulola otsutsa chigamulo choyambirira kulankhula pansi pa msonkhano (Scipes, 2010a: 69-82; Scipes, 2012a).
- Mu 2010, Nkhondo Yachinsinsi ya AFL-CIO yolimbana ndi Ogwira Ntchito Kumayiko Otukuka: Mgwirizano Kapena Kuwononga? komanso kumvetsetsa kwamalingaliro kwa Scipes za pulogalamu yake yakunja kudasindikizidwa (Scipes 2010a, 2010b; onaninso Scipes, 2016.). Bukuli silinangofotokoza zaka zoposa 100 za ntchito zapadziko lonse za America koma linapereka chithunzithunzi cha ntchito zapadziko lonse mpaka 2007.
- Maukonde, kuphatikiza Asian Monitor Resource Center ndi Australian Asian Workers' Links (AAWL), adakhazikitsidwa ku Asia konse.
Mwachidule, zoyesayesa zazikulu-makamaka zoyambitsidwa ndi omenyera ufulu, ambiri osathandizidwa pang'ono ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito-zidawonekera padziko lonse lapansi, kufunafuna kulumikizana pamodzi ndikuthandizira ogwira ntchito kulikonse komwe amalimbana ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma.
2011 mpaka pano (2024)[16]
Nthawiyi-yomwe ikupitirira lero-ndi yofunikira chifukwa zikuwoneka kuti pali kusintha kwenikweni pakupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito, kotero kuti ndikutanthauza zoyesayesa zapambuyo pa 2010 monga kumanga. padziko lonse mgwirizano wa ntchito m'malo mwa padziko lonse mgwirizano wantchito (onani Scipes, 2020a). Uku ndikusintha kofunikira, koma kumafuna kupangidwa.
Kupangidwa ndi zoyesayesa za nthawi ya 1978-2010, ikuwonetsa mabungwe ochulukirachulukira ndi anthu ogwira ntchito pakufunika kolimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe mwamalingaliro akukhala otsogola pamene kafukufukuyu akuchulukirachulukira ndikuwunika ndikuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. . Kuyankhulana kwa lingaliro ili ndi zitsanzo za zovuta zomwe zimamangidwa ndi kuzungulira kumanga mgwirizano wa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi zakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zawonetsa lingaliro ili kwa ogwira ntchito ambiri ndi mabungwe awo padziko lonse lapansi. Tawonadi, ndipo wolembayu akuneneratu kuti tidzawonanso pamsonkhano wa Labor Notes mu Epulo 2024 - kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito pakufunika kofikira ndikuthandizira ogwira ntchito omwe akuvutika kulikonse komanso kulikonse padziko lapansi, komanso kufunitsitsa kwawoko. kumenyera izi ndi maudindo "wamba" ndikuyika mamembala amigwirizano yawo kuti tikulitse ntchito zathu padziko lonse lapansi.
Izi zikuphatikizidwanso ndi kukana kochulukira kwa imperialism yantchito kulikonse komwe ikuwonetsa mutu wake wopondereza. Monga Peter Waterman (1998) adanenera, zambiri zomwe zidachitika monga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wantchito yapadziko lonse lapansi mpaka nthawi imeneyo zinali zachibaba kwambiri, zinali za njira imodzi (unidirectional), kuchokera kumabungwe omwe amati ndi mayiko otukuka. awo aku Western Europe, Canada, US, Japan, Australia ndi New Zealand) kupita ku mabungwe akumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene (amene aku Africa, Asia, Latin America ndi Middle East), ndipo adatsagana ndi "Northern" yambiri, nthawi zambiri Eurocentric, chikhalidwe, zikhalidwe, makhalidwe, ziyembekezo ndi kudzikuza. Nthawi zina, komabe, mgwirizanowu umapereka zothandizira ndi chithandizo chomwe chathandizadi ogwira ntchito m'mavutowa m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Nthawi zina, makamaka zowoneka muzoyesayesa zambiri za malo ogwira ntchito ku US, AFL-CIO, zomwe zimatchedwa "mgwirizano" zathandizadi kulepheretsa kapena kuwononga zoyesayesa za ogwira ntchito akumayiko akutukuka.[17] (onani Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2012b. 2020c; onaninso Bass, 2012; Cox and Bass, 2012; Carew, 2018; Radosh, 1969; Schuhrke, 2019, 2020, 2024; Sims, 1992; Sims).
Zomwe zasintha ndikumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa omwe akukhala m'maiko achifumu a dziko lonse lapansi momwe akukhala; akumvetsetsa bwino kuti mphamvu zakunja kwa mayiko achifumu zimatha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhudza zochitika m'dziko lawo. Ndikuganiza kuti pamene izi zinayamba kusintha kunali kuukira kwa 9-11, September 11, 2001; sikunalinso zochitika za dziko “uko” chabe.
Pambuyo pake, chidziwitso chomwe chikukula padziko lonse lapansi chakhala makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zoyipa padziko lonse lapansi pansi pa lingaliro la kudalirana kwa mayiko. Ogwira ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri m'maiko achifumu achotsedwa ntchito zaka 40 zapitazi chifukwa cha zisankho za kasamalidwe kamakampani kuti asinthe zopanga kuchokera kumaiko achifumu kupita kumayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda, makamaka kwa omwe maboma awo amatha kusunga ntchito yotsika mtengo komanso yoyendetsedwa (onani Scipes, 2006, 2023a).
Komabe, pali zambiri kuposa izi. Monga momwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu adziwira za anthu m'mayiko ena, izi sizinagwirizane ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Chifukwa chake ndi chosavuta: ndikumvetsetsa bwino za kudalirana kwa mayiko komwe kumalumikizidwa ngati kuti kwavomerezedwa ndi aliyense (onani Friedman, 1999), palibe malo omvetsetsa kuti lingaliroli ndi lalikulu kuposa izi.
Kuyambira 2016, Scipes yakhala ikuyesera kukulitsa malingaliro a ogwira ntchito pazachuma. Kuti achite izi, adamanga ntchito ya Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2015). Nederveen Pieterse amatsutsa kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko kuli kosiyanasiyana (kuposa zachuma chabe, kumaphatikizapo ndale ndi chikhalidwe) ndipo kunayambira masiku ano, ndipo Scipes amavomereza kufalikira kwake kwa lingaliro. Komabe, Scipes imati kudalirana kwa mayiko kumakhalanso kochulukira, komwe kuli ndi magawo awiri: kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kwamakampani/nkhondo (komwe, kwenikweni, kunali lingaliro la malingaliro a Friedman a 1999, ngakhale sanawonetse momwemo), komanso pansi. -Kusuntha kwachitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, chomwe chinali cholimbikitsa moyo, komanso kuti kayendetsedwe kameneka kameneka kamatsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chowononga ndi makhalidwe apamwamba (Scipes, 2016b: 16-17; Shiva, 2005; Starr, 2005). Kumvetsetsa kukhalapo kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kumatipatsa mwayi wolumikizana ndi omwe akumenyera dziko labwino padziko lonse lapansi.
Mosakayikira, pali chidwi chowonjezereka ndi kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, ndithudi ndi omenyera ufulu ndi chiwerengero chochepa koma chokulirapo cha mamembala a bungwe. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa komwe kukukulirakulira kwakukula kwamagulu opititsa patsogolo moyo padziko lonse lapansi (pakati pa ena ambiri, onani Bevins, 2023; Klein, 2014; Moghadam, 2020; Scipes, 2021, 2022b) monga gulu lachikazi, makamaka kayendedwe ka chilengedwe. Monga momwe anthu adawonera-mwachindunji kapena mosalunjika-chiwopsezo chowonjezereka cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe (onani, pakati pa ena ambiri, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Harper ndi Snowden, 2017; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2017b, 2023b , 2024), akupitilizabe kudziwa zambiri zazomwe zimachitika padziko lonse lapansi ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe izi zakhala makamaka kwa omenyera ufulu; ndipo monga momwe ndimachitira ndi omenyera ufulu anzanga, chofooka chimodzi ku ntchito yathu nthawi zambiri ndikuti sitinalumikizane ndi "anthu wamba" (ie, osachita ziwonetsero) m'maiko achifumu m'njira zopezera chidaliro ndi kutsatira.
Kusintha kwa kupanga kwapadziko lonse sikunagwirizane ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko kuchokera pansi pa kayendetsedwe kake chifukwa ngakhale atadziwa za anthu padziko lonse lapansi, anthu ambiri okhala m'mayiko achifumu samamvetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena ndi omwe angakhale ogwirizana nawo, osati adani. Auzidwa mosalekeza ndi “atsogoleri” andale ndi aboma—pamodzi ndi “atsogoleri” ochuluka a ntchito—kuti anthu a ku Mexico, Achitchaina, aliyense, akhala akubera ntchito “zathu”, ndipo mawailesi ambiri ofalitsa nkhani ambiri angofalitsa izi. kunama, kupangitsa antchito akunja kuoneka ngati “adani” athu, osati ogwirizana nawo. Ndipo ife omenyera ufulu sitinathe kufotokoza momveka bwino zenizeni ndikutsimikizira kwambiri kuti kasamalidwe kamakampani m'mabungwe amitundu yambiri akhala akupanga zisankho zowononga ntchito zaku US posunthira zopanga kunja, osati ogwira ntchito kumayiko ena (Scipes, 2006; onaninso, pakati pa ambiri ena, Cox, 2012).
Pakhala pali zochitika zina zomwe zasonyeza kuti US ikugwira ntchito mkati mwa malo akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi; kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi (kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa nkhani zakumayiko akunja, komanso makanema "akunja"), nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi, maulendo apadziko lonse lapansi, kukulitsa maphunziro ochokera ku mayunivesite aku US padziko lonse lapansi; mliri wa COVID-19; komanso kusamuka kwa mayiko ndi, ndithudi, kusintha kwa nyengo, zonse zathandizira kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kumeneku, kophatikizana padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndizitukukozi, sitinachitepo kanthu ndi ogwira ntchito, ngakhale ndi chidziwitso chowonjezerekachi. Zambiri za chidziwitso chokonzekera pakati pa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi m'mayiko achifumu chatayika chifukwa cha kupuma pantchito, ukalamba ndi nthawi zina imfa, ndipo okonzekera atsopano sanaphunzitsidwe za kufunikira kokhazikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kupatulapo milandu yochepa. Okonza masiku ano sakubweretsa chidziwitso chapadziko lonse lapansi m'malo antchito monga kale. Komabe, kumvetsetsa dziko lonse n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse; ndipo tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti tiyenera kusintha chidziwitso chapadziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku "kuyenera" (kwa m'badwo wa Vietnam) kuti "tiyenera" kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ngati tikufuna kutsutsa makampani a capitalist ndi kusintha kwanyengo (kwa omwe adakonza pambuyo pake.)
Atadziwitsidwa, ntchito ya Ronald W. Cox (2012) ili ndi kuthekera kothandiza ogwira ntchito kuona kufunika kwa masomphenya a dziko lonse lapansi.[18] Cox wakhala akuphunzira za bungwe la capitalist firm ndipo zomwe wakhala akulemba ndikusintha kwamakampani akuluakulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira nyumba kupita ku zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa-kaya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina - pamizere yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ena amvetsetsa lingaliro ili la unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma ku chidziwitso changa, Cox ndiye woyamba kuwamangiriza mwachindunji kumakampani opanga ma capitalist, ndikuwonetsa momwe adapangira chithandizo chandale pamaudindo apamwamba apurezidenti aku US a zipani zazikulu zonse zandale. kuwonjezera njira izi.
Cox akufotokoza zimenezi m’mbiri yakale: pofika m’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1960, maiko osakazidwa ndi nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse a France, Germany, Japan, ndi United Kingdom anali atachira kwambiri kotero kuti mabungwe awo anali okhoza kupikisana ndi aja. United States ku Europe ndi Japan. Pofika m'ma 1970, ena mwa mabungwewa anali kupikisana ndi mabungwe aku US mkati mwa United States. Ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1980, mabungwe akunja anali kuyika ndalama zambiri m'malo opangira zinthu mkati mwa US, kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wawo motsutsana ndi makampani aku US.
Cox ananena kuti kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa “kutsika kwa phindu limene makampani a ku United States anakumana nalo kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1970,” zimene zinafalikira m’ma 1970 mpaka pakati pa ma 1980.[19] Amayang'ana kwambiri "kuwunika njira zomwe mabungwe aku US adachita potengera kutsika kwa phindu," zomwe "zimaphatikizapo kukonzanso kwa msika komwe kumafuna kutsitsa mtengo wazinthu zolowa, kuphatikiza ndi ndale zomwe cholinga chake ndikusintha mfundo za boma la US kuti zigwirizane ndi neoliberal, "Zotsatira zomwe iye ndi Cathy Skidmore-Hess adanena mu 1999.
Cox akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane:
Kwa mabungwe aku US, njira yachikhalidwe yosungira mitengo ya phindu yakhala kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamsika za oligopolistic ndi udindo wokweza mitengo. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makampani omwe gawo lawo la msika mumsika woperekedwa linali pamlingo wokhazikika zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo kuti makampani atsopano alowe bwino pamsika ndikupikisana pamitengo yotsika. Mabungwe aku US omwe amapikisana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pamagalimoto, zitsulo, mankhwala, ndi zida zamakina adasangalala ndi mwayi woterewu kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha. Izi zidapangitsa kuti makampaniwa agwire bwino magawo amphamvu kwambiri pamsika waku US motsutsana ndi omwe akupikisana nawo akunyumba ndi akunja kwazaka makumi awiri zoyambilira nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Komabe, pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, panali ming'alu yowonekera m'mapangidwe a oligopolistic omwe amalola makampaniwa kulamulira msika waku US.
Kukwera kwa mpikisano kuchokera kwa ogulitsa kunja kwa Japan ndi Germany, kutsatiridwa ndi kulowa kwa msika kuchokera kumayiko otukuka kumene ku Asia, kudafooketsa mphamvu yomwe oligopolies okhala ku US anali nayo pamsika wapakhomo. Kuthekera kwamakampani aku US oligopolistic m'mafakitale ofunikira kukweza mitengo kuti asunge phindu kunachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpikisano wakunja. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani akunja omwe adakonzanso zida pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse anali ndi mwayi wochulukirapo kuposa anzawo aku US: adatengera matekinoloje atsopano omwe adawapangitsa kukhala opikisana komanso kukhala ndi nthawi yotsika yamitengo "yotsika" poyerekeza ndi omwe akupikisana nawo aku US. Makampani aku US, atapanga chuma chawo m'zaka za m'ma 1930, anali ndi udindo wapamwamba wa penshoni ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kuposa anzawo akunja - zomwe zikuwonetsa kukwera kwamitengo iyi ku US poyerekeza ndi Europe komanso nthawi yayitali yamakampani aku US. pakukhala wokakamizika ku izi. M'zaka makumi awiri zoyambirira za nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, makampani aku US omwe akupikisana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi atha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wawo ngati "opanga mafakitale oyambilira" kukhazikitsa oligopolies omwe amalamulira msika waku US m'magawo onse otsogola opanga. Njira imeneyi inali yosatheka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Mabungwe aku US adayenera kuyang'ana njira zina poyesa kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa phindu. Kusinthana kwa zochitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kunapangitsa mabungwe kuti akonzenso ntchito zawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira ndi zopezera zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugula, kapena kugwirizanitsa, makampani omwe akupikisana nawo, ndikutaya katundu mu njira yokonzanso yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri mabizinesi mozungulira. gulu la zochita. Izi zidakhudzanso kukonzanso kwamakampani padziko lonse lapansi komwe phindu lowonjezera kwambiri limapeza mabizinesi omwe ali pamwamba pa unyolo. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980 mpaka pano, pakhala kuchuluka kwa magawo amsika omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe omwe ali pamwamba pakupanga kwamtengo wapatali, makamaka mu 'zaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso / kapena zigawo zodziwika bwino zapadziko lonse lapansi. misika….' Izi zakhala zikuphatikizana ndi njira yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira yopangira zinthu padziko lonse lapansi ya opanga ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati ndi ogulitsa omwe amamalizana wina ndi mnzake kuti akwaniritse zomwe akupanga zomwe zikuchulukitsidwa ndi 'ophatikiza dongosolo' pamwamba pa chain chain ( Cox, 2012: 15-16).[20]
Dziko lopanda malire lomwe chuma cha US chinagwira ntchito mkati mwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse chinali kusintha: sichinalinso pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States, chinali kuchoka ku dongosolo lapakati lolamulidwa ndi dziko limodzi kupita kudziko lomwe linali lopikisana kwambiri. Pofika m’ma 1980, mpikisano wowonjezereka unali kubwera kuchokera ku mabungwe ochokera kumaiko ena otchedwa maiko otukuka kumene. Izi zangopitilira kukula. Ndipo, m'malo mwake, zomwe tawona pambuyo pake ndikupikisana motsutsana ndi mgwirizano ndi makampani omwe akupikisana nawo amayiko ena, kuphatikiza makampani ochokera kumayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda.
Ogwira ntchito akangozindikira kuti kunali kukonzanso kwamakampani - poyesetsa kuti apezenso phindu lawo m'magawo akulu azachuma - koyambitsidwa ndi oyang'anira mabungwe apamwamba omwe amawawonongera ntchito osati ogwira ntchito kunja, ndiye kuti amatsegula zokambirana kuti apange mgwirizano wogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito. padziko lonse lapansi.[21] Izi zili ndi magawo awiri: mwa omwe adakali ndi ntchito, ndi omwe alibe.
Zowona tsopano m'makampani ambiri amitundu yambiri ndikuti mabungwewa amafunikira mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti apange, kusonkhanitsa, zoyendera (kuphatikiza zotumiza kumayiko achifumu, kenako kutumiza kudera lonselo ndikugawira ku malo ogulitsira), ndikugulitsa. chilichonse mwazinthu zawo. Ngati magawo awa atsekedwa, zimakhudza omwe ali m'munsi kwambiri, ndipo zimakhudza ntchito ndi phindu la kampani yonse.[22] Mwachidziwikire, pali mphamvu yodabwitsa pakumvetsetsa kumeneku. Komabe, zimafunika kumvetsetsa kwapadziko lonse, kutsimikiza mtima kulinganiza kuti athe kuyimitsa kupanga kwawoko, komanso kufunitsitsa kufunafuna ndi kulumikizana ndi ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi bungwe mumikhalidwe yofananira mkati mwakampani padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikachitika pakampani iliyonse, m'pamenenso anthu ogwira ntchito amakhala amphamvu kwambiri motsutsana ndi oyang'anira. Ndipo, zowonadi, mgwirizano wochulukirapo pakati pa ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi awo omwewo, m'pamene aliyense amalimba.
Tsopano, pali antchito omwe kale amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe omwe alibenso ntchito. Mwachiwonekere, kuyambiranso ntchito mukampani yomweyo, ngati kuli kotheka, kungakhale bwino kwambiri.[23] Komabe, zoona zake n’zakuti ambiri amene anachotsedwa ntchito sadzawapezanso; ndipo omwe akugwirabe ntchito nthawi zonse amakumana ndi zomwe zingatheke. Chinthu chimodzi, makamaka ngati kutayika kwa ntchito kuli komweko, ndi kwa iwo omwe ataya ntchito kuti akhazikitse maulalo ndi antchito ena ochotsedwa / ochotsedwa ntchito; ngati palibe china, chithandizo cha anthu kuti chiwombedwe-makamaka ngati misa osati chifukwa cha munthu "chofufutira" -ndichofunikira kwa anthu omwe akuyambiranso komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, thupi ndi maganizo.
Komabe, kukhala pamodzi n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino, monga momwe zilili kwa munthu aliyense. Tiyenera kuyamba kukambirana za m’tsogolo.
Ndipo zoona zake—ndipo ndikunena izi nditafufuza ndi kuganizira za nkhanizi kwa zaka zopitirira 40 (onani Scipes, 1984, 2023a)—ndi zimenezo. dongosolo lazachuma ichi la capitalist silingathe ndipo silidzaperekanso ntchito ndi moyo womwe anthu aku North America adakumana nawo pakati pa 1947-1973. Nthawi.
Ndipo inde, ndikudziwa, andale azikhalidwe amangofika pabokosi la sopo ndikunena momwe angabweretsere zopanga, pomwe ntchito zabwino zambiri za ogwira ntchito zakhala zikudziwika kale, limodzi ndi malonda omanga. Choyamba, pali malire a kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zingagulitsidwe ndi mabungwe, ndipo sangakhale pachiwopsezo chopitilira pamenepo ndi kupanga zochuluka, kaya zapakhomo kapena zakunja. Chachiwiri, ngakhale akukonzekera kubwezeretsanso ndalama m'maiko achifumu, adzagwiritsa ntchito makina ambiri, maloboti, ndi makompyuta momwe angathere kuti achepetse kufunikira kwa ntchito ya anthu (onani Harris, 2020). Choncho, kumanga zomera zatsopano sizikutanthauza kuti ntchito imawonjezera chilichonse monga kale. Ndipo andale sakuuzani izi, koma nditero! Ndi chinyengo chofuna kupangitsa ogwira ntchito kukhala chete pa mabulu awo - kuwalola andale kuti atichitire - pomwe mabungwe amagwiritsa ntchito andale popumira misonkho, kugwiritsa ntchito malo abwino, kukwera kwa mayendedwe, ndi zina zotero, zonse zomwe zimachokera kwa okhometsa msonkho. zimabisala kuti zithandizire kukonza phindu la kampani iliyonse. Ndipo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito asokonezeke.
Tikazindikira izi—ndipo ndikutsimikizira izi—pamenepo tiyenera kuyamba kuganizira za mtundu wa dziko limene tikufunira ife eni ndi ana athu. Tsopano, izi ziyeneranso kuchitika mkati mwa zenizeni za kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe (onani, pakati pa ena, Angus, 2016; Aron, 2023; Cox, 2020; Hickel, 2020; Scipes, 2017a, 2022b). Tiyenera kuyamba kukambirana ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, mabwenzi, oyandikana nawo, ndi zina zotero, ndiyeno kulingalira momwe tingakonzekere pamodzi kuti tiyambe kulimbana ndi dziko labwino.
Chomangika mu zonsezi, ndikuzindikira kuti pali anthu ambiri omwe akufufuza, kusanthula, ndi kukambirana zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe awo. Ndipo titha kuwona izi kuchokera mu kafukufuku yemwe akufalitsidwa, ena mwa omwe ndikulemba pansipa. Mfundo n’njakuti tikuphunzira zambiri zokhudza zimene zikuchitika padzikoli, ndiponso udindo wa mayiko athu m’dziko lokondana kwambiri ili, ndipo tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi umenewu. Ubwino wa ntchitoyi ndi momwe timakhalira padziko lonse lapansi kuzindikira ndi kumvetsetsa kwapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kumvetsetsa momwe tingagonjetsere zoyesayesa zathu.
Zochitika zazikulu mu nthawi yachiwiri iyi, kuyambira 2011 (ngakhale zina zisanachitike chaka chimenecho) zikuphatikiza:
- Peter Waterman's (1988a) ntchito yolumikizana ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
- Buku la Beverly Silver la 2003 lonena za ogwira ntchito ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko.
- Kafukufuku wa 2008 wokhudza msika wapadziko lonse wa "katundu woyera" wolembedwa ndi Edward Webster, Rob Lambert, ndi Andries Bezuidenhout.
- Mabuku angapo omwe amayang'ana ntchito kuchokera kumadera (Latin America) kapena momwe amawonera padziko lonse lapansi akuphatikizapo Anner (2011), Bacon (2004), Hathaway (2000), Kay (2011), Luce (2014), ndi Taylor ndi Rioux (2018). ). Ndipo onani zolemba za PhD zosasindikizidwa za Thomas Collombat (2011), zomwe zimafanizira mayendedwe a anthu ogwira ntchito ku Mexico ndi Brazil.
- Nkhani zingapo zomwe zimaganizira za anthu ogwira ntchito kumadera (Latin America/Africa/Asian) kapena zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuphatikizapo Anner (2015), Bacon (2016), Burawoy (2009), Brookes and McCallum (2017), Dobrusin (2014), 2016), Evans (2010, 2014), Herode (2003), Johns (1998), Jungehülsing (2016), McElroy and Croucher (2013), McQuinn (2020), Munck (2010), Scipes (2020d), 2003 Stillerman (2008) ), ndi Waterman (XNUMX).
- Zosonkhanitsa zingapo zosinthidwa zomwe zimapereka maphunziro amilandu ndikukambirana zomwe zikuchitika mdera kapena padziko lonse lapansi zikuphatikiza Alimahomed-Wilson ndi Ness, ed. (2018), Bieler ndi Lundberg, ed. (2011), Bieler, Lundberg, ndi Pillay, ed. (2008), Bronfenbrenner, ed., (2007); Hale ndi Wills, ed. (2007), Hutchinson and Brown, eds., (2001), Nowak, Dutta, and Birke, eds. (2018), Ovetz, ed. (2020), ndi Scipes, ed. (2014, 2016).
- Nkhani ya momwe Worker to Worker Solidarity Committee inapangira chidziwitso cha momwe AFL-CIO yakhala ikugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi (Scipes, 2012a).
- Msonkhano wa 2013 wa Robert Waters, Jr., ndi Gert van Goethem adayesa kupanga kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa ntchito za AFL-CIO kunja kwa dziko; komabe, onani ndemanga ya Scipes (2014a), yomwe imatsutsa zoyesayesa zawo.
- Kim Scipes adasinthiratu ntchito yake nthawi yonseyi: pazantchito zakunja za AFL-CIO (2012a, 2012b, 2014a, 2016a, 2018c, 2020c, 2022a, 2022c); pakupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi (2012a, 2014b, 2015, 2019, 2020a, 2020c, 2021); pa KMU Labor Center ya Philippines (2018a, 2018b); pa chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito (2014c, 2016b, 2016c); ndikuyamba kulemba za zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo (2017a, 2022b). Scipes adasinthanso gawo la mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wantchito Kugwira USA mu 2014 (Scipes, ed., 2014), ndi buku lokonzedwanso mu 2016, lomwe linaphatikizapo kusanthula kambiri pakupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito (Scipes, ed., 2016).[24]
- Peter Dicken (2015) adapitilizabe kuyesa kwake kusintha kapena kupanga ubale pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi.
- Buku la Immanuel Ness la 2016 la ogwira ntchito lidafufuza zoyesayesa za ogwira ntchito ku China, India, ndi South Africa, pomwe 2016 Encyclopedia on Imperialism ndi Anti-imperialism, wokonzedwa ndi Zak Cope, adasanthula mozama nkhanizo. Ness adasindikizanso buku limodzi ndi Jake Alimahomed-Wilson (2018) pazida zotsamwitsa pama network padziko lonse lapansi.
- Tawona ntchito zambiri pa antchito aku China ndi zovuta zawo; pakati pa ena onani Bieler and Lee (2017a, 2017b); Chan (2014); Chan, Selden, and Ngai (2020); Friedman, (2014); Lambert ndi Webster (2017), Lee (2007); Pringle (2011), Pun (2005), Pun, et. al., 2016); Ren, ed. (2016), Zhang (2014); ndikuwona Ness, 2016: 107-147.
- Ntchito ya Katharine Nastovski yakhazikika pakupanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito; dissertation yake ya PhD ya 2016 idawunikanso mphamvu zantchito za gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Canada, ndipo akhala akuyesera kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa "transnational" labour solidarity (Nastovski, 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2019, 2020).[25]
- Katy Fox-Hodess '2018 PhD dissertation adawunika mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ogwira ntchito pakati pa ogwira ntchito padoko. Adapitilizabe kupanga kafukufuku wake pa ogwira ntchito pamadoko padziko lonse lapansi (Fox-Hodess, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020).
- Ronaldo Munck adasindikiza ntchito zosangalatsa mu 2010, ndi 2018a, 2018b, makamaka aku Latin America m'dziko ladziko lapansi.
- Ron Cox (2019) adasindikiza buku lonena za kufunikira kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito polimbana ndi mabungwe ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi.
- Rob O'Brien adasindikiza buku la SIGTUR (Southern Initiative on Globalization and Trade Union Rights), gulu la mabungwe ogwira ntchito makamaka ku Global South, mu 2019. Onani ndemanga ya Scipes' 2019, komanso ya Framil Filho (2021) .
- Jeff Schuhrke (2019, 2020) apitilizabe kuyang'ana mbali za mfundo zakunja za AFL-CIO ndipo ali ndi buku lomwe likubwera mu 2024.
- Jörg Novak (2019) adachita kafukufuku woyerekeza pakati pa zovuta za ogwira ntchito ku Brazil ndi India. Onani ndemanga ya Scipes '2020b.
- Edward Webster ndi Robert O'Brien adaganizira zaka 10 zoyambirira za Global Labor Journal.[26]
- Mu 2021, Scipes adasindikiza zolemba zingapo zomwe adalemba kwazaka zambiri, zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa pamalo amodzi, zomwe onse adaganizira za ntchito yomwe idachitika m'mbuyomu ndikuyika maziko omaliza (Scipes, 2021).
- Mu 2022, Rob McKenzie adasindikiza buku lake, El Golpe: Bungwe la US Labor Movement, CIA, ndi Coup ku Ford ku Mexico, kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ntchito za AFL-CIO, CIA, ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito ku Mexico, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ntchito yopita patsogolo ku Mexico iwonongeke kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Uwu ndiye nkhani yatsatanetsatane yomwe tili nayo mpaka pano ya momwe AFL-CIO amakhudzira ntchito zakunja kwa ogwira ntchito m'maiko ena, kuposa akaunti ya Scipes' (1996: 116-125) yaku Philippines. (Onani ndemanga ya Scipes '2022a buku la McKenzie).
- Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2022: omenyera ufulu wanthawi yayitali ochokera kumabungwe angapo ku US ndi Canada ndi owatsatira adalumikizana kuti ayambitse LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on the AFL-CIO's International Operations) (Scipes, 2022c). Tsamba la LEPAIO ndi https://aflcio-int.education. Iwo adapereka msonkhano wamaphunziro ku Washington, DC mu Epulo 2022, ndipo adatsatiridwa ndi msonkhano wina wamaphunziro ndikuwonetsa Msonkhano wa National AFL-CIO ku Philadelphia mu June 2022. Adapereka tsamba lawebusayiti la mamembala a UAW mu Epulo 2023 pa buku la Rob McKenzie pa zochitika za 1990. m'fakitale ya Ford kunja kwa Mexico City. Pogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito aku Chile ndi othandizana nawo, LEPAIO idachita msonkhano wina wamaphunziro ku Washington, DC pa Seputembara 10, 2023, kenako idachita ziwonetsero kunja kwa likulu la AFL-CIO, kukumbukira kutayika kwa moyo komanso zomwe zidachitika ku Chile pakuukira kwa 1973. ndi 50th chikumbutso cha kuukira boma ku Chile, pomwe akudzudzula mbali yofunika kwambiri ya AFL-CIO pakuukira boma. (Msonkhano wamaphunziro wa Seputembala 2023 uli pa intaneti pa https://youtu.be/eL7Z2uhxaFcLEPAIO idathandiziranso pa Januware 27, 2024, webinar pa "Zionism, the Histadrut, AFL-CIO, and South Africa" (LEPAIO, 2024).
- Zolemba Zantchito (https://www.labornotes.org/), nyuzipepala yomwe imayang'ana anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu ku North America, ili ndi msonkhano wa anthu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wazaka ziwiri, womwe udzachitike ku Chicago pa Epulo 19-21, 2024. ndi zokambirana zomwe zakonzekera msonkhanowu: mndandanda wa magawo omwe akukhudzidwa padziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi umaposa msonkhano uliwonse wam'mbuyomu wa Labor Notes, womwe wolembayu adakhalapo nawo ambiri. Ngakhale ena aife takhala tikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, zikuwoneka kuti kuukira kwa Israeli ku Palestine ndi Palestine kwalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa antchito.
Zomwe tikuwona pamndandandawu ndikuti kuchuluka kwa zolemba zomwe zalembedwa, nkhani zambiri ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe amayang'ana kwambiri, komanso ndi gulu lalikulu la olemba ndikuti kutembenukira ku mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi sikunasungidwe kokha koma kukufalikira. The Zolemba Zantchito msonkhano—waukulu kwambiri mwakuti kulembetsa kunafunikira kutha mwezi umodzi msonkhanowo usanachitike—chikusonyeza kuti kutsindika kumeneku pa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito sikudzapitirizabe kufalikira, komanso kufulumizitsa ku North America konse.
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- 2016. "Kugwira Ntchito Zachilungamo Padziko Lonse mu New US Labor Movement" mu Kim Scipes, ed., 2016: 177-197.
Malemba omveka
[1] "Malire a anthu a ndale" anali lingaliro lopangidwa ndi Jan Nederveen Pieterse (1989); zinakambidwa momveka bwino ndi Scipes (2010b). Zimatilola kuti tiphatikizepo m'matanthauzo athu a chikhalidwe cha imperialism ndi magulu ena ophatikizidwa mkati mwa mayiko achifumu, omwe sananyalanyazidwe ndi akatswiri ena.
Monga zikuwonekera mwachangu, ndimafotokoza kwambiri ndikudalira ntchito ya Kim Scipes. Scipes wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito mozama komanso mozama poyesa kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1983. Iye wakhala wolemba mabuku ambiri, akusindikiza mabuku angapo, zolemba zambiri, ndi chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha mavidiyo a ntchito zomwe adachita, payekha komanso ndi ena, ku US ndi mayiko ena angapo. (Kuti mupeze mndandanda wa zofalitsa zake pa intaneti, zambiri zokhala ndi maulalo azolemba zoyambirira, pitani ku https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications) Chonde khululukireni kusatchula molakwika kwa ntchito yake, koma kuchuluka kwa zofalitsa zake kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwake poyerekeza ndi ena kumafuna chisamaliro chotere.
[2] Ndimakana mawu oti "maiko otukuka" ndi "otukuka" chifukwa amabisa njira zomwe zidapangitsa kusiyana uku; Ndikunena kuti kusiyana kumeneku kudachokera ku imperialism (onani Nederveen Pieterse, 1989). Mogwirizana ndi izi, tsopano ndikutchula maiko "otukuka" monga "maiko" achifumu, pamene ndikutchula maiko "otukuka" monga "maiko omwe kale anali atsamunda"; momwe ndingadziwire, maiko onse a ku Africa, Asia, Latin America, ndi Middle East adalamulidwa ndi mayiko achifumu pofika 1915, kupatulapo Ethiopia, Iran (kale Persia), ndi Thailand (Siam). ; ambiri pambuyo pake apeza ufulu wawo wandale.
[3] Gawoli likuchokera ku Scipes, 2021: ix-xi. Zolemba zina zowonjezera ndi ndemanga zapangidwa mu Baibuloli. Kuti mumve zambiri zamabuku, operekedwa mosiyana, onani Scipes, 2020a.
[4] Izi sizikutanthauza kuti AFL-CIO ndi TUC sanali kugwira ntchito kunja kwa mayiko awo; anali. Iwo sanadziŵitse atsogoleri ambiri a gulu la ogwira ntchito—kungopereka chidziŵitso chimenechi kwa awo amene akugwira ntchito m’mapologalamu awo a malamulo akunja—kapena sanadziŵitse mamembala a mabungwe awo, mwachikumbumtima kusunga chinsinsi cha ntchitozi. Chifukwa chachinsinsi ichi chinali chakuti iwo kwenikweni anali kuthandizira ufumu wa dziko lawo motsutsana ogwira ntchito m'mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda, akunyoza mfundo za gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse zomwe analengeza poyera kuti zimawathandiza. Onani makamaka Radosh, 1969; Scipes, 2010a; Sims, 1992; Thomson ndi Larson, 1978.
[5] Izi zidadzetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa CUT (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) malo ogwirira ntchito mu 1983 (onani Sluyter-Beltrao, 2010).
[6] Pambuyo pake Thomson adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu poyambitsa magazini yochokera ku Britain, Malipoti a International Labor (onani Scipes, 2021: 43-57), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu Januware 1984.
[7] Kuti muwone bwino za cholowa chochititsa chidwi cha Waterman - adamwalira mu 2017 - onani Chhachhi, 2019.
[8] FOSATU, yomwe idakula kukhala malo olimba, a demokalase, pambuyo pake idachita gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsidwa kwa COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Unions) kumapeto kwa 1985 (onani Baskin, 1991).
[9] Buku lokhalo mpaka pano lomwe laphunzira KMU m'dziko lonselo ndi Scipes (1996). Buku lonseli layikidwa pa intaneti kwaulere: go to https://www.pnw.edu/personal-faculty-pages/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/ ndipo ulalo uli pansipa mabuku omwe akuwonetsedwa.
[10] Marissa Brookes ndi Jamie McCallum (2017) amatsutsa kuti maphunziro atsopano a ntchito padziko lonse sanayambe mpaka 2000, mwachiwonekere-ndi molakwika-kunyalanyaza zomwe zaperekedwa pamwambapa.
Buku la Moody la 1997, ngakhale lofunika makamaka ku US, mwachidziwitso silinaphatikizepo KMU m'nkhani zake za malo ogwirira ntchito omwe akubwera padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikukambidwa mu Scipes, 2014c, kumapeto kwa 15.
[11] Nkhani zoyamba mumtsutso uwu wokhudza mgwirizano wamagulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu zinali Lambert ndi Webster, 1988; Scipes, 1992a, 1992 b; ndi Waterman, 1988b ndi 1993. [Nkhani ya 1992a inasindikizidwanso monga Scipes, 2021: 101-117 (gawo la chiphunzitso) ndi 131-142 (gawo lamphamvu).] Scipes adatsatira zolemba zake ndi phunziro lokhazikika, lautali wa buku la KMU zomwe zidapanga mfundo zake zamantha (Scipes, 1996). Onaninso Munck, 1988. Ndiyeno, pambuyo pa chisokonezo chachikulu pakutsutsana, Scipes adalowanso zokambiranazo ndikuthetsa mkanganowo: onani Scipes, 2014c, yomwe idasindikizidwanso pansi pa mutu wosiyana mu Scipes, 2021: 231-262.
[12] Akuti nkhani ya Scipes ya 2014c ndiyokambitsirana yofunika kwambiri ya chiphunzitso cha mabungwe a zamalonda ndipo iyenera kuwerengedwa ndi onse ogwira nawo ntchito. Pofika pa Marichi 28, 2024, Baibulo la 2014c latsitsidwa nthawi 4,075 padziko lonse lapansi!
Izi zikutha gawo kuchokera ku Scipes, 2021.
[13] Ndikuganiza kuti pali zochitika zina zingapo zomwe ndaphonya; zina mwa izi zitha kukhala m'mabuku omwe ndidawanyalanyaza, koma ndikuganiza kuti pali zovuta zingapo zomwe sizinalembedwepo. Ndikuyembekeza kuti, pakapita nthawi, tidzaphunzira zambiri. Pepani pasadakhale chilichonse chomwe ndaphonya. Ndikukhulupirira kuti monga momwe zafotokozedwera, adzawonjezedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi ena.
[14] A Scipes alemba zambiri pa ntchito yapadziko lonse ya KMU, akutsutsa kuti pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchitowa. Kuti mumve mwachidule za ntchito ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa KMU, onani Scipes, 1996: 199-201; pakukambitsirana mongoganizira za ntchito ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonseyi ndi cholinga chapadera pa ISA, onani Scipes, 2000a; kuti mupeze lipoti la momwe KMU imamangira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa ntchito, onani Scipes, 2014b; kwa lipoti la 2015 ISA, onani Scipes, 2015; pakukambitsirana kopitilira muyeso, onani Scipes, 2021: 205-229.
ISA idapitilira mpaka 2020, pomwe idayimitsidwa chifukwa cha mliri wa Covid-19; ikuyenera kuyambanso. Wolemba uyu adachita nawo ISA mu 1988 ndi 2015. Momwe ndingadziwire, pulogalamuyi ndi yapadera padziko lonse lapansi; Ndakhala ndikutsutsa kwanthawi yayitali kuti ikuyenera kutsatiridwanso m'maiko ena.
[15] Wolemba uyu adakhala woimira North America kuyambira 1984 mpaka 1989.
[16] Gawoli likuchokera ku Scipes, 2021: xi-xii, ndipo atenganso kuchokera ku Scipes, 2020a.
[17] Kufotokozera mwachidule: mwa zina, AFL adagwira nawo ntchito yogonjetsa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase ku Guatemala (1954), ndipo AFL-CIO omwe adaphatikizidwa panthawiyo adagwira nawo ntchito yogonjetsa maboma osankhidwa mwa demokalase ku Brazil (1964), ndi Chile (1973) , ndikuthandizira kuyesa kulanda boma ku Venezuela (2002). Iwo adathandiziranso olamulira ankhanza padziko lonse lapansi, kulepheretsa zoyesayesa za ogwira ntchito kuti akonzekere ndikusintha miyoyo yawo ndi moyo wawo, ndi zina zambiri zowononga ku Global South. Jeff Schuhrke asintha zonsezi m'buku lomwe lizisindikizidwa mu Seputembara 2024.
[18] Gawo ili la ntchito ya Cox lidawonekera koyamba mu Scipes, 2023a.
[19] Amatchula Prechel (1997: 414), akulemba "... monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera pakugwa kwakukulu kwa phindu panthawiyi kwa makampani apamwamba a 500 kuchokera ku 7.7 peresenti kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1981 mpaka 4.8 peresenti kuyambira 1982 mpaka 1986 ..." (Cox , 2012:18).
[20] Mawu amodzi m'mawu a Cox akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa: akunena za mayiko omwe akutukuka ku Asia. Malinga ndi Scipes, "Choyamba, momveka bwino, chitukukochi chinayamba ndi / kapena kupindula ndi Cold War ya US yolimbana ndi 'communism,' ndipo kenaka akutsutsa, "chitukuko chachuma ichi chinapangidwa kuti chikhazikitse kapena kukonzanso ulamuliro wa capitalist m'madera osiyanasiyana. mayiko ndi ulamuliro wachifumu waku US mderali…” (Scipes, 2020d: 1216). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti popereka "malo opangira ndalama" ku mabungwe a mayiko, izi zinapereka malo ambiri omwe mabungwe a US angasamuke kuchokera ku US, ndikuwononga mamiliyoni ambiri a ntchito zomwe zinali ku US.
[21] Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikufunika kuphatikizidwa m'machitidwe a maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito: inali kukonzanso kwamakampani - ndi zisankho zomwe zidapangidwa ndi oyang'anira makampani - zomwe zidawononga mamiliyoni ambiri a ntchito zochokera ku US, osati ogwira ntchito akumayiko ena.
[22] Monga momwe United Auto Workers (UAW) idawonetseratu pamwambo wawo wa Fall 2023 motsutsana ndi makampani amagalimoto a "Big 3" ku US. (Mkati mwa zolemba zingapo mu Zolemba Zantchito Panthawiyi, womenyera ufulu wa UAW, a Frank Hammer, adalemba chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri chakunyanyalako pa intaneti kwa Workers' International Network ku. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ivH1q0GE5k.)
[23] Pakugwa kwa 2023, UAW idakwanitsa kukakamiza Stilantis, kampani ya makolo ya Chrysler, kuti atsegulenso nyumba yake yotsekedwa ku Belvidere, Illinois.
[24] Nkhani yake, "Multiple Fragments" (Scipes, 2016c) mu voliyumu yosinthidwayo idafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zoyesayesa zambiri zomanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso ikuwonetsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi wantchito.
[25] Ngakhale kuyesa kumvetsetsa zomwezo, wolemba uyu akuganiza kuti kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mawu otakataka, ophatikizana kuposa kumanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi; Mawu oti "mayiko ena" atha kungotanthauza kuwoloka malire a mayiko awiri pomwe dziko lonse lapansi likuphatikiza antchito padziko lonse lapansi.
[26] Ngakhale kofunika kuganizira Global Labor Journal monga gwero la zolemba za ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi maphunziro “atsopano” apantchito padziko lonse lapansi, ndikofunikiranso kuti musatseke malingaliro amunthu kuti muganize kuti ndiye gwero lokha pankhaniyi, monga olemba awa akunenera. Monga tawonera m'mabuku anga, palinso malo ena ambiri kuphatikiza Journal of Labor and Society (onse pansi pa dzina ili komanso omwe adalipo kale, Working USA), Critical Sociology, ndi Kalasi, Mpikisano ndi Mphamvu Zamakampani amene akufalitsa ntchito zabwino kwambiri, ndipo pali enanso.
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