United States of America yakhala dziko lodziwika bwino padziko lapansi kwazaka zopitilira 40.[I] Pali zowunikira zambiri zopikisana pazitukukozi, kumvetsetsa kosiyana, ndi zina zambiri, komanso mitundu yonse yazidziwitso zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku izi. Komabe, pamodzi ndi zoyesayesa zenizeni za kumvetsetsa bwino nyengoyi, pali zambiri zabodza, zosokoneza, ndi zabodza zomveka ponena za udindo wake padziko lapansi ndi ntchito zake zachuma, zandale, zankhondo, ndi zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwira; mbali ya izi ndi yozindikira, mbali yake siili, koma zikutanthauza kuti pali chisokonezo chachikulu pa izi, osati pakati pa ophunzira ndi atolankhani okha, koma, chofunika kwambiri, omenyera ufulu ndi anthu onse.
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kukwaniritsa zinthu zinayi:
- Awunikireni zomwe akuluakulu azandale azachuma aku US akuyesera kuchita: kulamulira dziko lapansi, kupititsa patsogolo zokonda zawo motengera anthu aku America komanso anthu ena padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale izi ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe akunena kuti akuyesera. ; mwachitsanzo, kupereka mbiri yolondola ndi yowona mtima ya zochitika ndi mapulojekiti a anthu osankhikawa.
- Kongoletsani ndi kusokoneza malingaliro, ena otukuka kuposa ena, omwe amabisala zoyesayesa zawo.
- Onetsani zotsatira za ntchitozi pa anthu aku America ndi chikhalidwe chathu, ndikuzindikira kuti zotsatira zake ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ena ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
- Nenani kuti kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ngati sikupulumuka kwa anthu ambiri aku America, komanso maiko ambiri padziko lapansi, anthu aku America tiyenera kulumikizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi kuti titsutsane ndi ulamuliro wapamwambawu, kulikonse komwe ukuwonetsa. mutu wonyansa.[Ii]
Kusanthula uku kumafuna momwe dziko likuyendera, zomwe zimasiyana ndi zomwe timakonda kudziko lathu.
Ngakhale kuli kofunikira, sizokwanira kuti tichepetse chidwi chathu ku United States ndi / kapena mayiko ena achifumu. Tiyenera kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, komanso lomwe limaphatikizapo mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda. Inde, izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri - ndipo zimatikakamiza kuganizira zinthu zomwe mwina sitinaganizirepo. Komabe sitingathe kupambana popanda kuyang'ana dziko lonse lapansi; kuchokera pa zonse zomwe ndaziwona ndi kuphunzira kwa zaka zambiri, zili choncho zofunika; sizingachitike mwanjira ina iliyonse.
Choncho, zomwe ziyenera kuzindikirika nthawi zonse ndikuti zochitika zamagulu nthawi zonse zimachitika mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimawakhudza, zabwino kapena zoipa. Ndipo kachiwiri, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ichi chiyenera kutenga dziko lonse lapansi.
Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chiyenera kumveka ndichoti kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II mu 1945, anthu apamwamba a ku United States ayesa kulamulira dziko lonse; US ndi dziko lachifumu (onani, pakati pa ena, Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015; Chomsky, 2003; Grandin, 2007; Johnson, 2000, 2010; Klein, 2007, 2014; McCoy, 2009; Nederveen Pieterse, 2017, 2021, 1989; Robinson, 2004; Scipes, 2008, 1996, 1984a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010, 2016, 2017b, Kuznick, Stone and 2020;[III] Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitingamvetsetse US ngati dziko lina, koma - nthawi zonse - tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ili ndiye dziko dziko la US Empire. Izi zakhala ndi mawonekedwe osinthika kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za United States-monga momwe akuluakulu a dziko lino amagawira-pamwamba pa mayiko ena onse. Kupyolera mukupanga zomwe zingatchulidwe kuti ndi "utundu waku America" โโ- kutengera utsogoleri wa azungu - ndikufalitsa izi kudzera m'masukulu, mipingo, ndi mabungwe ena amtundu wa anthu (ndi kunama kwambiri pazama TV), osankhika apeza zambiri. ambiri aku America kuti athandizire maulendo awo achifumu.[Iv]
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi kudzinyenga kwa anthu a ku America ndikuti ntchito yachifumuyi ya anthu osankhika imanenedwa kuti ndiyo maziko a moyo wathu wapamwamba komanso ubwino wa dziko; ie, tiyenera kukhala imperialist, kulamulira maiko ena, kukhala bwino kwambiri, ngakhale izo sizinachitike m'mawu amenewa.
Komabe, kuyambira cha mโma 1973โndipo motsimikizirika pofika 1979โmiyezo ya moyo ya ku United States yapita patsogolo, ngati sichinaipireipire kwa ziลตerengero zomawonjezereka za anthu; izi zifotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Gawo 3 la polojekiti yonseyi. "Yankho," monga momwe adafotokozera atsogoleri athu andale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akhala akutchedwa "neo-liberal economics"; koma monga momwe zasonyezedwera mosakayikira, zomwe zalengezedwa yankho lake zangopangitsa kuti zinthu ziipireipire. Neo-liberal economics, motsutsana ndi zomwe "zolonjezedwa," kwenikweni zathandizira chuma kuchokera kudziko lonse kupita kwa olemera ndi kwa mameneja a Ufumu wa US m'malo mopindulitsa anthu athu. Izi zakhala tsoka kwa anthu ambiri aku America; kusalingana kwa anthu kwakula pamene mamiliyoni a malipiro abwino, makamaka ntchito zamagulu zikuwonongeka; ntchito zathu zamagulu ndi maphunziro athu akhala akuwukiridwa; kuwomberana anthu ambiri kwachuluka ndipo, kwa nthawi yoyamba mโmbiri ya dziko la United States, mโbadwo wamakono sungachite bwino pazachuma ngati mmene makolo awo amachitira. Ndipo zinthu zikungoipiraipira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Yakwana nthawi yoti tilingalire njira yatsopano yolumikizirana pakati pathu, ndi anthu ena aku America, komanso anthu padziko lonse lapansi, komanso chilengedwe.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, povomereza ntchito yolamulira anthu osankhika komanso kuzunza anthu mabiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, tikuwonjezera kuponderezedwa kwathu.
Yakwana nthawi yoti tilingalire njira yatsopano yolumikizirana pakati pathu, ndi anthu ena aku America, komanso anthu padziko lonse lapansi, komanso chilengedwe.
ZINTHU ZOFUNIKIRA: IMPRIALISM, KUTULUKA KWA DZIKO LAPANSI, NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMICS
Kuti kusanthula uku kumveke bwino, pali mfundo zitatu zofunika zomwe ziyenera kufotokozedwa kuti kusanthulaku kukhale kovomerezeka: "imperialism," "globalization," ndi "neo-liberal economics," ndipo zonsezi zikukambidwa pansipa. Mawuwa ndi ovuta, ndipo adakula pakapita nthawi, kotero kuti kufotokoza kwake kumakhala kokwanira. Awa ndi mawu omwe samakambidwa mwachisawawa (imperialism), amasokonekera ngati kuti timamvetsetsana (kudalirana kwadziko lonse), kapena samveka bwino koma ofunikira kumvetsetsa (neo-liberal economics); ndipo kawirikawiri samafufuzidwa pamodzi. Ayenera kupatulidwa ndiyeno aliyense amapangidwa ndikuwonetsedwa momwe amalumikizirana, ndipo izi zimachitika apa.
Pakhala mkangano waukulu pakati pa openda za ubale wa imperialism ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko;[V] mโchenicheni, ena amachitcha โkudalirana kwapadziko lonse kwa imperialism.โ
Kumeneko sikuli njira imene ena aife timaitsatira; mwina zomveka bwino ndi Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004).[vi] Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Nthawi zina izi zatenga mawonekedwe a imperialism-Alexander Wamkulu, Genghis Khan, ndi zina zotero-koma nthawi zina sizinatero, monga pamene tikukambirana za kusamuka kwa malire. Komabe, ulamuliro wamakono wamakono umayamba ndi โmaulendo otulukira zinthuโ mwa ntchito zapanyanja za mayiko a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, pafupifupi cha mโma 1500. afunika kumvetsedwa moyenerera.
Malingaliro awa tsopano akukambidwa motsatira.
KUMVETSA IMPERIALISMU: COLONIALISM NDI NEO-COLONIALISM[vii]
Imperialism nthawi zambiri imatayidwa ngati mawu ongolankhula, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika apa kukambirana zenizeni pansi. Kwenikweni amatanthauza lingaliro lakuti mayiko osiyanasiyana alibe mphamvu zofanana pazandale ndi zachuma; imperialism imanena kuti maiko ena ndi amphamvu kuposa ena, ndi kuti amphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzi kusunga kapena kukulitsa ulamuliro wawo pa ofooka pamene mayiko ena sakugonjera ku dziko lamphamvu kwambiri.
Chimodzi mwazothandizira zazikulu za Marxism kunkhondo yandale ndikukulitsa lingaliro la "imperialism". Kufotokozera mwachidule, kutengera Lenin's "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" (Lenin, 1916) ndikufotokozeranso mozama kwa lingaliroli, imperialism ndi njira yomwe mayiko ena amatha kupezerapo mwayi maiko ena, ofooka, chifukwa cha zopangira zawo. (monga nthaka yaulimi ndi zinthu zake, monga matabwa, zipatso, ndi zina zotero), zinthu zachilengedwe (zomera monga golidi, siliva ndi mkuwa), ndipo nthawi zina anthu awo (akapolo kapena posachedwapa, osamukira kuntchito), anaunjikana, kenaka anasonkhanitsa, ndi kubwerera ku dziko lachifumu โlakwawoโ kukagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo dziko lachifumulo.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, izi zimachitika mopanda kulingalira pang'ono ndi mphamvu za mfumu zomwe zimawononga anthu omwe akuwafuna. Mwachiwonekere, kuwukira ndi nkhondo zili ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri komanso zaposachedwa pa anthu, mwa iwo eni. Robert McNamara, mlembi wakale wa US wa "Defense," akuti 3.8 miliyoni a Vietnamese anaphedwa panthawi yomwe Vietnamese imatcha "Nkhondo ya ku America," ndipo Nick Turse (2013) akulemba ena 5.7 miliyoni ovulala. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zakuthupi, zachilengedwe, zachikhalidwe, komanso zamunthu zikupitilira masiku ano, pafupifupi zaka 50 pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo (1975), ndi milandu yopitilirabe ya malamulo osaphulika komanso kuvulala kopitilira muyeso kuchokera ku poizoni wa Agent Orange).[viii]
Kukhudzidwa kwina kumachitika chifukwa cholowererapo pazochitika zamayiko ena - kugwiritsa ntchito njira zobisika za CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) kapena "Public" ntchito za NED (National Endowment for Democracy).[ix]-kukwaniritsa zilakolako za ufumu wa US. Izi pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimayambitsa kusokonekera kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa imfa, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kuzunzika, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa anthu ndi madera akumidzi, makamaka ngati angachite bwino kugwetsa maboma osankhidwa mwa demokalase, omwe US โโmotsogozedwa ndi Richard Nixon ndi Henry. Kissinger adachita ku Chile pa Seputembara 11, 1973-zaka 9/11-50 zapitazo chaka chino (2023).
Palinso udindo wa zilango zandale. Apa ndi pamene dziko limodzi - makamaka US - limaika malire pa zomwe dziko lingathe kuitanitsa ndi kutumiza kunja, ndipo izi zimachitika kupyolera mu kukakamizidwa, kutsekereza zombo zapamadzi, zoletsa zachuma, ndi njira zina. Mwina nkhani yachikale ndi nkhani ya Iraq, pakati pa kuwukira koyamba ndi kwachiwiri kotsogozedwa ndi US (1991-2003). Atafunsidwa ndi mtolankhani wa CBS News Leslie Stahl, Mlembi wa boma la US Madeleine Albright adanena mosapita m'mbali kuti "Tikuganiza kuti mtengowo ndi wofunika" kuti pafupifupi 500,000 (palibe zolakwika) ana aku Iraq osakwana zaka zisanu adamwalira chifukwa cha chilango cha US (Stahl. , 1996; onaninso Blum, 2000: 5-6). US yakhazikitsa zilango padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zakhudza kwambiri Cuba ndi Venezuela kuwonjezera pa Iraq.
Kuphatikiza pa nkhanza zomwe zimachitika, zotsatira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa masuku pamutu zitha kumveka pomvetsetsa kubedwa kosavuta kwa zinthu, zachilengedwe, ndi anthu, kapena zitha kuzindikirika ndi kukhudzidwa kwakuthupi, chikhalidwe, malingaliro, ndi chilengedwe chakuba koteroko. ukhoza kupitirira kwa mibadwomibadwo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndipo ukhoza kutchedwa kuponderezana.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuti ayambe kumvetsetsa imperialism, munthu ayenera kuzindikira kuti ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa dziko lamphamvu ndi lofooka, lomwe cholinga chake ndi kupindulitsa lamphamvu powononga lofooka; kumene dziko lamphamvu limagwiritsa ntchito zida zake zankhondo, zachuma, ndale, ukazembe, ndi/kapena zachikhalidwe kukakamiza ofooka; ndipo lamuloli cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo kuponderezedwa ndi kuponderezedwa kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lofooka kuti apitirize kulamulidwa ndi wamphamvu pakapita nthawi..[x]
Njira zolamulirazi, komabe, zimapita patsogolo: cholinga chake ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro ndi dziko lolamulira osati dziko lonse lapansi ndi chuma chonse, koma pachikhalidwe komanso malingaliro amunthu aliyense wa nzika zolandidwa, kutengera omaliza. osachepera kuvomereza ngati savomereza malingaliro akuti dziko lolamulira ndilopambana kotero kuti mwachibadwa liyenera kulamulira miyoyo ya anthu m'dziko logonjetsedwa ndi kuti liyenera kupitiriza mpaka kalekale.[xi]
Komabe, pali mitundu iwiri ya imperialism: colonialism ndi neo-colonialism. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?
Colonization ndi njira yowukira mwachindunji ndikulandidwa kwa dziko linalake ndi dziko lamphamvu, mosasamala kanthu kuti malo omwe adawukiridwawo akhazikitsidwa mumtundu wadziko kapena gawo; m'mawu amasiku ano, ndipamene dziko lamphamvu limayika "nsapato pansi." Zachitika kukhazikitsa madera a dziko lachifumu m'njira yomwe imatsimikizira kuti kupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito chuma ndi kulamulira ndale ndi dziko lachifumu kuti apindule ndi dziko lachifumu; chimachitidwa motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha anthu wamba a mโdziko loterolo, kaya โosamukaโ akumaloko akuvomereza kapena ayi.
Komabe, panthawi yautsamunda, maiko achifumu nthawi zambiri amakonzekeretsa ana aamunaโndi ana aakaziโa anthu osankhika atsamunda asanayambe kulamulira dzikolo, makamaka powaphunzitsa, kaya โkunyumbaโ kapena mโdziko lachifumu. za "zodabwitsa" za gulu lachifumu. Chofunika kwambiri pa izi ndi "kutsimikizira" "atsogoleri" amtsogolowa (ie, osankhika) kuti njira yabwino yopitira patsogolo dziko lawo ndi "mwaufulu" kuvomereza mgwirizano wachuma womwe unakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya chitsamunda ndi dziko lachifumu ndikuwasunga pambuyo pa ufulu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene akupereka ufulu wa ndale, atsamunda amafuna muzochitika zonse kusunga maubwenzi achuma omwewo atatha ufulu wodzilamulira; izi zimatchedwa neo-colonialism.[xii] Imasunga dziko lodziyimira pawokha pansi pazachuma, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndale, kulamulira dziko lachifumu, popanda ulamuliro wodziwikiratu wankhondo.
Izi sizoipa kwenikweni ku dziko lodziimira kumene; Pajatu, nkhanza za atsamunda kwa nzika zimachepa nthawi zonse pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira; ndipo nthawi zambiri, qualitatively. Ndipo anthu amaona kuti anthu ooneka ngati iwo angathe kuyendetsa zinthu za dziko lodziimira palokha, kutsutsa mfundo za โulamuliro wa azunguโ umene unakhazikitsidwa panthawi ya utsamunda. Izi ndithudi ndi zopindulitsa kwa onse okhudzidwa. Komabe zopindulazo nthawi zonse zimakhala zochepa chifukwa sizikhudzaโkapena, choipitsitsa, kukulitsaโ maubale a zachuma okhazikitsidwa pansi pa utsamunda; maubale omwe adapangidwa kuti apindule dziko lachifumu powononga atsamunda.
Ngakhale kuti kusanthula kwa Lenin ndi mbadwa zake za ndale za imperialism n'kofunika, kulinso kochepa kwambiri; kwenikweni amangogwiritsa ntchito chuma.[xiii] Chomwe chikunyalanyazidwa apa ndi chakuti dziko la Imperialism nthawi zambiri limafuna kulamulira mayiko angapo, nthawi zina kumadera amodzi a dziko lapansi, nthawi zina kumadera ena, ndipo nthawi zina kumadera angapo nthawi imodzi.[xiv] Ndipo nthawi zina, maubale a imperialist amangokhala maubwenzi ongodyera masuku pamutu.
Komabe nthawi zina sali. Zomwe miyambo ya Marxist imanyalanyaza ndi ubale wandale, pakati pa maiko ena achifumu ndi atsamunda, komanso pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana achifumu.
Jan Nederveen Pieterse waposa maganizo a Lenin. M'kupita kwanthawi yake Empire and Emancipation: Mphamvu ndi Ufulu pa Global Scale (New York: Praeger, 1989), Nederveen Pieterse amavomereza kusanthula kwachuma kwa Lenin koma akuwonjezera kusanthula kwandale pazachuma. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Nederveen Pieterse amatsutsa kuti imperialism ili nayo onse zolimbikitsa zachuma ndi ndale ndipo, powonjezera izi, zimatilola kulingalira nkhani za kulamulira ndi kugonjetsa mu ubale wa dziko, zomwe zimatilola kulingalira za geo-strategic maudindo ndi maufumu, ndi zotsatira zake pa mbiri ya dziko.[xv] Kupitilira apo, nthawi zina, zolimbikitsa zachuma ndizofunikira pomwe m'malo ena, zolimbikitsa ndale ndizofunikira; munthu sangaganize kuti chilimbikitso ndi choyambirira, koma chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwamphamvu.
Komabe, kumvetsetsa kwa Nederveen Pieterse za imperialism kumapitilira kupitilira dziko. M'nkhani ya 2010, ndinalongosola:
Gulu la ndale nthawi zambiri limatanthawuza dziko-boma; komabe, ngakhale kuphatikiza mayiko-maiko mu gulu ili, kumvetsetsa kwa Nederveen Pieterse pa imperialism kumapitirira kupitirira dziko la dziko. Amazindikira kuti chifukwa cha ulamuliro wakunja m'mbiri yakale, magulu omwe amagawana chikhalidwe chofanana, miyambo, zilankhulo, ndi bungwe la ndale (ie, "madera a ndale") akhoza kuphatikizidwa m'malire a madera ena a ndale. Zitsanzo za izi zikuphatikizapo mayiko Achimereka aku America omwe adaphatikizidwa ku US, ma Palestine ku Israel, Akurds kupita ku Turkey, Syria, Iran, ndi Iraq, ndipo izi ndi zoonanso kwa anthu amtundu padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, m'malo monyalanyaza anthuwa kapena kuwapangitsa kukhala opanda ntchito mwa kulepheretsa kumvetsetsa kwa imperialism ku mayiko okha, Nederveen Pieterse amakulitsa lingaliro la imperialism kuti liphatikizepo ulamuliro wa gulu limodzi la ndale pamwamba pa linzake, ndipo izi zikhoza kukhalapo m'malire amakono. dziko-dziko: maubwenzi apamalire a ndale apakati pa ndale amakhazikika muubwenzi wosafanana wa mphamvu, ndi mphamvu zolamulira zofooka (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kuzindikira kuti imperialism sikuti imangokhala ku mayiko amtundu, Nederveen Pieterse akunena kuti mabungwe omwe ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu akhoza kuchita nawo za imperialism, ndipo zomwe zingathandize maufumu okhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chake,
Nederveen Pieterse amakulitsa lingaliro la imperialism "molunjika" kuti aphatikizepo magawo osiyanasiyana olamulira. Samangoyang'ana kwambiri maubwenzi olamulira pamlingo wadziko, koma amaphatikiza maubwenzi olamulira pamiyezo yapamwamba komanso yotsika kuposa gawo ladziko. Mwachitsanzo, pamlingo wa suprastate (pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa mayiko-mayiko / ndale), maubwenzi olamulira amatha kukhazikitsidwa, monga pakati pa United Nations (UN) ndi anthu adziko lina lililonse (monga "mabungwe oteteza mtendere" a UN ndi anthu okhala mโmisewu ya ku Haiti). Momwemonso, maubwenzi olamulira amatha kukhazikitsidwa pamlingo wocheperako (otsika), monga pakati pa bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku US ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'maiko ena. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Nederveen Pieterse samangokulitsa lingaliro la imperialism panjira yopingasa poyikulitsa kuti iphatikize kulamulira malire andale, komanso amakulitsa molunjika pophatikiza magawo osiyanasiyana aulamuliro. Ndiko kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro ukhoza kuchitika pamlingo pansipa Ulamuliro wadziko lonse womwe umalola kuti ulamuliro wa Labor kudutsa malire a ndale-m'madera kuti uphatikizidwe mu lingaliro la imperialism (Scipes, 2010b: 468).
Pambuyo pake, ndikuchokera ku malingaliro osiyana, akatswiri monga Alfred W. McCoy (2009, 2017, 2021) apititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwa maufumu. McCoy (2017), akuyang'ana za kuchepa kwa Ufumu wa US, akunena kuti zonena za ufumu zimamveka. Atakambirana za olemba angapo ankhani za ndale, iye anati, โMwachidule, akatswiri a ndale afika povomereza kuti. ufumu anali mawu oyenera kwambiri pofotokoza momwe America ilili wamphamvu kwambiriโ (McCoy, 2017: 47). Ndipo kupitilira apo, "Kutcha dziko lomwe limayang'anira pafupifupi theka la asitikali ankhondo padziko lapansi komanso chuma chake chochuluka kukhala 'ufumu' sichinakhale china koma kutsimikizira zowona" (McCoy, 2017: 43).[xvi]
Chotero, mโkulamulira maiko ofooka, amphamvuwo anagwirizanitsa mphamvu zawo kukhala maufumu.
Ndipo maufumu, kwa zaka zambiri, akhala akupikisana kuti azilamulira maufumu ena.
Ndipo imperialism, mwa mitundu yake yonse, yakhazikika pa chiwawa, kaya ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zinazake kapena ayi. Thomas Ferguson (2012: xi-xii) akupereka tchati chochititsa chidwi (onani Chithunzi 1) chomwe chikuwonetsa kuyamba kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za US kapena kulowererapo mobisa kunja kwa 1798-2001. Zimachokera ku deta yochokera ku US Congressional Research Service, yomwe inalemba lipoti, "Instances of US Armed Forces Abroad From 1798," komanso kuchokera ku Blum (2014). Zomwe zikuwonetsa ndi kuchuluka kosalekeza koma kocheperako mpaka 1947 (pamene CIA idapangidwa kudzera mu National Security Act),[xvii] ndiyeno chinalumpha kwambiri mpaka cha mโma 1975: โKugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zida zankhondo kumaiko akunja ndi kuchitapo kanthu mobisa kunakula kwambiri mโkati mwa Nkhondo ya Mawu, kusanachepe modzidzimutsa pamene nkhani zina za Komiti ya Tchalitchi . . . ; m'malo mwake, idasintha modabwitsa ndikulengeza kwa "Reagan Doctrine" (Ferguson, 2012: xi), pomwe idaposa ndalama zambiri nthawi ya 1947-75.
Kuzindikira izi kumafuna kuti timvetsetse, poyesa kuwerengera chitukuko chadziko lonse cha capitalism, kuti likulu siligwira ntchito m'dziko lachikapitalist "lopanda ndale", momwe zisankho za eni kapena mamenejala amakampani zimalamulira, koma m'malo mwadziko landale lokhazikika. pa ufumu wopangidwa ndi mayiko ena.
M'kupita kwa nthawi - ndipo izi zitha kukhala zaka makumi ambiri, ngati sizaka mazana ambiri akugonjetsedwa - madera nthawi zambiri apeza ufulu wawo wandale kuchokera kwa atsamunda awo.[xviii] Nthaลตi zina, kudziimira kumadza kupyolera mโnkhondo yankhondo; ie, zoukira. Nthawi zina, zabwino kwa atsamunda zakhala zochepa kwambiri kotero kuti atsamunda adapereka ufulu wandale kuti achepetse ndalama zamtsogolo kudziko lachifumu. Komabe, kachiลตirinso, ambiri a maiko akale anangopeza ufulu wawo wandale zadziko; iwo amakhalabe omangika pazachuma kwa mbuye wawo wakale wachitsamunda.[xix]
Chifukwa chake, mwachidule:
Imperialism ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa gulu la ndale lamphamvu (dziko-boma, kapena mabungwe pamiyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi kapena yapadziko lonse lapansi) ndi gulu lofooka la ndale, lomwe cholinga chake ndi kupindulitsa omwe ali amphamvu powononga wofooka; kumene gulu la ndale lamphamvu limagwiritsa ntchito chuma chake (kuphatikiza, ngati kuli koyenera, zankhondo, zachuma, ndale, zaukazembe, ndi/kapena zachikhalidwe) kukakamiza kulamulira wofooka; ndipo lamuloli likufuna kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuponderezana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lofooka kuti likhalebe ndi ulamuliro ndi wamphamvu pakapita nthawi.
KUTULUKA KWA DZIKO LAPANSI[xx]
Kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi njira yopitilira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kumatanthauza kutengera kukula kwa mapulaneti, osaletsanso kusanthula kwanu kumlingo wadziko. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti dziko-dziko ndi lachikale, losafunika, ndi zina zotero, koma kuti sitingathe kuyika kusanthula kwathu pa ndale ku gawo la dziko. Jan Nederveen Pieterse akuwonjezera:
Pakati pa openda ndi opanga mfundo, kumpoto ndi kumwera, pali mgwirizano womwe ukubwera pazochitika zingapo za kudalirana kwa mayiko: kudalirana kwa mayiko kumabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa sayansi, kumaphatikizapo kukonzanso maiko, kumayendera limodzi ndi zigawo [mwachitsanzo, European Union, Latinamericanization-KS], ndipo ndizosiyana (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).
Iye akulembanso kuti ngakhale kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amatchula za kupanikizika kwa nthawi, "Zikutanthauza kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko kumaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwakukulu kudera lonse komanso mu nthawi yaifupi kuposa kale" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8).[xxi]
Komabe, pali nkhani zokhudza kudalirana kwa mayiko kumene kuli mikangano yambiri. Potsatira Nederveen Pieterse, wolemba uyu akunena kuti kuwonjezera pa zomwe tafotokozazi, kudalirana kwa mayiko kuli kosiyanasiyana (ie, sikungatheke ku mbali imodzi yokha, monga zachuma, koma kumaphatikizapo zinthu monga ndale ndi chikhalidwe) ndipo ziyenera kuwonedwa ngati zochitika za nthawi yaitali. zomwe zinayamba zaka masauzande zapitazo mu "kuyambira pa kusamuka koyamba kwa anthu ndi kugwirizana kwa malonda akutali ndipo kenako imathandizira pansi pa zikhalidwe zina (kufalikira kwa matekinoloje, zipembedzo, kuwerenga, maufumu, capitalism" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 70- 71).[xxii] M'mawu ena, kudalirana kwa mayiko kale capitalism ndi modernity, kutanthauza kuti idayamba "West". Ndipo, ndithudi, kuti sizinayambe mu 1970s.
Ngakhale kudalirana kwa mayiko ndi njira yotakata, yozama, komanso yotalikirapo kuposa momwe zimazindikirika, njirazi zidayamba kuchulukira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.
Ngati kudalirana kwa mayiko mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la makumi awiri kunagwirizana ndi 'American Century' ndipo nthawi ya 1980-2000 ikugwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Anglo-American capitalism ndi America hegemony, kudalirana kwa mayiko a m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kumasonyeza zosiyana kwambiri. Ulamuliro waku America wafowoka, chuma cha US chimadalira kuchokera kunja, ali ndi ngongole zambiri, komanso akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma.
Zomwe zikuchitika mzaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi ndizoyambira zachuma padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zikupita kumayiko akumwera, kupita kumayiko otukuka kumene, komanso kwa ogulitsa mphamvu kunja (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24).[xxiii]
Ananenanso kuti kusintha kumeneku kukuchitika pazachuma komanso zachuma, m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kusintha njira zakusamuka. Akufotokoza mwachidule, "Chikhalidwe chosakayikitsa cha chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo chapita" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 24-25).
Ngakhale mlembiyu akugwirizana ndi maganizo a Nederveen Pieterse pa nkhani ya kudalirana kwa mayikoโkuphatikiza kuti kudalirana kwa mayiko komanso kuti kudayamba kale masiku anoโndikufuna kuwonjezera mfundo ina yokhudzana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko: ndi mitundu yambirimbiri (Scipes, 2012a). Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika.
Mabizinesi ndi maboma agwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kudalirana kwapadziko lonse," akuumirira kuti ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha ya "zabwino" yomwe ikuwononga dziko lapansi, ndikukuta zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake, ngati khoma la madzi osefukira omwe sangathe kuimitsidwa.
Omenyera nkhondo poyamba adayankha izi potsutsana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko; Kukhalapo, buku la Amory Starr la 2005 linali lotchedwa Global Revolt: Chitsogozo cha Movements motsutsana ndi Globalization. Komabe, omenyera ufulu adawona kuti sitikutsutsana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko, koma motsutsana ndi mtundu wa kudalirana kwa mayiko komwe kunkalimbikitsidwa ndikufalitsidwa (mwachitsanzo, Friedman, 1999).
Olemba angapo akuganiza kuti lingaliro labwino ndikuzindikira kuti pali magawo awiri a kudalirana kwadziko - kunena kuti pali "pamwamba-pansi," kudalirana kwamakampani / zankhondo, ndi "pansi-mmwamba," gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lachilungamo ndi zachuma - ndi kuti magawo awiriwa amachokera pamikhalidwe yotsutsana kwathunthu ndi ina. Apa ndikutanthauza kuti kudalirana kwa dziko lapansi kuli osati monolith, chinthu chimodzi, chophatikizana, koma kutsutsana kuti chili ndi zigawo ziwiri, kotero tikhoza kunena kuti "kudalirana kwa dziko lonse kuchokera kumwamba," ndi "kudalirana kwa mayiko kuchokera pansi." Zimatanthauza chiyani?
Kuvomereza zomwe Nederveen Pieterse adanena kuti "kudalirana kwa mayiko kumafuna kuyanjana kwakukulu m'malo ambiri komanso mu nthawi yochepa kuposa kale" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), tiyenera kuyang'ana makhalidwe pamlingo uliwonse wa kudalirana kwa mayiko. Mfundo za kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndizomwe zimalimbikitsa kufalikira kosalephereka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachuma ndi ulamuliro wamakampani padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zankhondo (ndi nkhondo zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ndi ntchito zankhondo) zomwe zimayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ndizotheka; mwa kuyankhula kwina, kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndizomwe zimayesa kulamulira dziko lapansi, zamoyo zonse ndi dziko lapansi.
Izi zitha kuwoneka tikayang'ana nkhani ya chikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Kwenikweni, kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kumalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha "padziko lonse" momwe chikhalidwe cha ochita zisudzo chimaonedwa ngati, kapena chiyenera kukhala, chikhalidwe cha anthu onse; imanyalanyaza kapena ikufuna kuwononga zikhalidwe zonse za m'deralo pofuna kuvomereza cholamulira chomwe imapanga.
Kudalirana kwa mayiko kuchokera pansi, kumbali ina, kukupititsa patsogolo moyo: imakana ulamuliro wamtundu uliwonse ndipo ikufuna kumanga dziko latsopano lokhazikika pa kufanana, chilungamo cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, ndi kulemekeza zamoyo zonse ndi dziko lapansi (Shiva, 2005 ). Malingaliro awiri a dziko lapansi, ndi zikhalidwe zomwe aliyense wakhazikika, sakanatha kutsutsidwa.
Apa ndipamene kuyitanitsa kwanga kwa anthu oganiza bwino kwambiri kuti aphatikize mgwirizano wopita patsogolo pakuwunika kwawo kumakhala kofunika kwambiri: migwirizano yomwe ikupita patsogoloyi.[xxiv] ndi gawo la kayendetsedwe kadziko lonse kazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (kaya akuzindikira kapena ayi), ndikuti akapeza chidziwitso chotere, adzapeza njira zopangira mgwirizano ndi ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe ena, amayi, alimi, ophunzira, osauka akumidzi. , etc., padziko lonse lapansi.
Choncho, kumvetsetsa kuti pali magawo awiri osiyana a kudalirana kwa mayiko, komanso kuti amatsutsana wina ndi mzake, zikutanthauza kuti anthu ayenera kusankha: kodi muli mbali iti?
Ndipo, makamaka, zikutanthawuza kuti kufufuza kwathu kwa ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi kuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kumanga maubwenzi kwa iwo omwe akupititsa patsogolo zikhulupiliro, zolinga, ndi mabungwe a gulu la "globalization kuchokera pansi" pamene akufunafuna chilungamo chadziko lonse pa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. malo onse padziko lapansi kwa malo onse padziko lapansi.
NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMICS[xxv]
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zomwe zimatchedwa neo-liberal economics. Uku ndikuyesa kufotokoza chitukuko makamaka chachuma cha US mkati mwadziko lonse lapansi.[xxvi] Kaลตirikaลตiri zimanenedwa kukhala zozikidwa pa mfundo za msika waufuluโiwowokha ndi malingaliro amalingaliro[xxvii]- Neo-liberal economics ndithudi si yaulere, koma ndi otukuka kwambiri kuti apindule olemera ndi amphamvu a Ufumu wa US; motero, cholinga chake ndikulemeretsa omwe ali kale bwino pomwe akupereka chuma chowonjezera kuti athandizire Ufumu wa US. Ndipo zimathandizira kuti pakhale kusokonezeka kwapakhomo kwachuma cham'nyumba cha US, chomwe chawononga kale chuma ndi chitetezo cha mamiliyoni ambiri mdziko muno, ndikupangitsa osowa kuganiza kuti kulephera kunali kwawo okha-osati chifukwa cha dongosolo ladongosolo. ndi olemera ndi amphamvu-ndipo kuti sangathe kukana njira zazikuluzikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa cha kudzipatula kwawo ndi malingaliro aumwini omwe alimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu apamwamba.
A US adatuluka ku chiwonongeko chapadziko lonse cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse-koma-opanda kuwonongeka komanso ndi chuma chamakono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi; Kupatula kukhala ndi bomba la atomiki ndikugwetsa kawiri ku Japan, komanso magulu ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri apanyanja ndi amlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi, posakhalitsa adapanga CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) kuti awathandize kukhalabe ndi ulamuliro pandale padziko lapansi nthawi iliyonse komanso ngati kuli kotheka.[xxviii] Ufumu wa US unamangidwa kumbuyo kwa chuma cholimba-McCoy (2017) akunena kuti US inapanga 50 peresenti ya kupanga katundu ndi ntchito zapadziko lonse kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 (mofanana ndi zomwe zinapangidwa ndi mayiko ena onse mu XNUMX). dziko, kuphatikiza) -ndipo izi zidaphatikizidwa ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi monga World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), ndi General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), iliyonse idapangidwa kuti iteteze chuma chapadziko lonse ku zolakwika za capitalism yosalamulirika yomwe idatsogolera. ku Kupsinjika Kwakukulu, chuma chapadziko lonse chomwe akatswiri azachuma aku America adaganiza kuti chidzakhala cholamulidwa ndi United States nthawi zonse.
Kwa anthu aku United States, izi zidapangitsa kuti zaka 26 zakuchulukirachuluke komanso pafupifupi kukula kwenikweni kwachuma mkati mwa anthu aku US. Izi zitha kuwoneka pansipa, ndikuwoneka bwino pazachuma pachuma chonse cha US.
Zaka zapakati pa 1947 ndi 1973 zimatengedwa ngati "zaka zamtengo wapatali" za anthu aku US.[xxix] Miyezo imaperekedwa mu madola a 2005, kotero zikutanthauza kuti kukwera kwa mitengo sikunaphatikizidwe ndipo zomwe zapeza mu tchatichi zikhoza kufananizidwa ndi Chithunzi 2 ndi Chithunzi 5, pansipa: izi ndi ndalama zenizeni za dollar, ndipo motero ndi mafananidwe oyenera.
Otsika 20% | Wachiwiri 20% | Chachitatu 20% | Chachinayi 20% | 95th Peresenti[xxxi] | |
1947 | $11,758 | $18,973 | $25,728 | $36,506 | $59,916 |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
Kusiyana (zaka 26) | $ 11,386 (97%) | $ 19,215 (101%) | $ 27,554 (107%) | $ 36,769 (101%) | $ 54,318 (91%) |
Gwero: Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku US, Bureau of the Census (pano, US Census Bureau) ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: datayi palibenso. Ndalama zonse za dollar zidasinthidwa kukhala madola a 2005 ndi US Census Bureau, kuchotsa kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kufananiza mayendedwe enieni. Kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwawerengedwa ndi wolemba. Maperesenti omwe akuwonetsedwa pamzere wolembedwa "Kusiyana" akuwonetsa kusiyana kwa dola ngati gawo la chaka choyamba cha kufananitsa ndipo adazunguliridwa.
Deta ya nthawi yoyamba, 1947-1973, ikuwonetsa kuti panali kukula kwenikweni kwachuma pa quintile iliyonse. Pazaka 26, panali kukula kwenikweni kwachuma ndi 100% pazopeza zomwe zinali pamwamba pa quintile iliyonse, zomwe zikutanthauza. ndalama zochulukirapo pambuyo poti inflation itachotsedwa; motero, panali kukula kwenikweni kwachuma mโchitaganya. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kukula kwenikweni kwachuma kumeneku kunagawidwa mwachilungamo. Zomwe zili mumzere wachinayi (m'makolo) ndi ubale wapakati pa kusiyana pakati pa 1947-1973 ndalama zenizeni poyerekeza ndi ndalama zenizeni za 1947, zomwe 100 peresenti ikuyimira. kuwirikiza kawiri kwa ndalama zenizeni: mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa quintile yotsika pakati pa 1947 ndi 1973 kunali chiwonjezeko cha $11,386, chomwe ndi 97 peresenti kuposa $11,758 chomwe pamwamba pa quintile chinali nacho mu 1947. mu dongosolo lokwera, 101 peresenti, 107 peresenti, 101 peresenti, ndi 91 peresenti. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa quintile kunali kofanana kwambiri m'magawo onse asanu a anthu.
Komabe, chapakati pa ma 1960, maiko osakazidwa ndi nkhondo ya Dziko Lachiลตiri a Germany, Japan, ndi United Kingdom anali atachira kwambiri kotero kuti mabungwe awo anali okhoza kupikisana ndi aja a United States ku Ulaya ndi Japan. Pofika m'ma 1970, ena mwa mabungwewa anali kupikisana ndi mabungwe aku US mkati mwa United States. Ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1980, mabungwe akunja anali kuyika ndalama zambiri m'malo opangira zinthu mkati mwa US, kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wawo motsutsana ndi makampani aku US.
Ronald W. Cox akusonyeza kuti kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa โkutsika kwa phindu la phindu limene makampani a ku United States anakumana nalo kumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 1960 ndi kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970,โ zimene zinafalikira mโma 1970 mpaka pakati pa ma 1980.[xxxii] Amayang'ana kwambiri "kuwunika njira zomwe mabungwe aku US adachita potengera kutsika kwa phindu," zomwe "zimaphatikizapo kukonzanso kwa msika komwe kumafuna kutsitsa mtengo wazinthu zolowa, kuphatikiza ndi ndale zomwe cholinga chake ndikusintha mfundo za boma la US kuti zigwirizane ndi neoliberal, "Zotsatira zomwe iye ndi Cathy Skidmore-Hess adanena mu 1999.
Cox akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane:
Kwa mabungwe aku US, njira yachikhalidwe yosungira mitengo ya phindu yakhala kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamsika za oligopolistic ndi udindo wokweza mitengo. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makampani omwe gawo lawo la msika mumsika woperekedwa linali pamlingo wokhazikika zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo kuti makampani atsopano alowe bwino pamsika ndikupikisana pamitengo yotsika. Mabungwe aku US omwe amapikisana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pamagalimoto, zitsulo, mankhwala, ndi zida zamakina adasangalala ndi mwayi woterewu kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha. Izi zidapangitsa kuti makampaniwa agwire bwino magawo amphamvu kwambiri pamsika waku US motsutsana ndi omwe akupikisana nawo akunyumba ndi akunja kwazaka makumi awiri zoyambilira nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Komabe, pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, panali ming'alu yowonekera m'mapangidwe a oligopolistic omwe amalola makampaniwa kulamulira msika waku US.
Kukwera kwa mpikisano kuchokera kwa ogulitsa kunja kwa Japan ndi Germany, kutsatiridwa ndi kulowa kwa msika kuchokera kumayiko otukuka kumene ku Asia, kudafooketsa mphamvu yomwe oligopolies okhala ku US anali nayo pamsika wapakhomo. Kuthekera kwamakampani aku US oligopolistic m'mafakitale ofunikira kukweza mitengo kuti asunge phindu kunachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpikisano wakunja. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani akunja omwe adakonzanso zida pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse anali ndi mwayi wochulukirapo kuposa anzawo aku US: adatengera matekinoloje atsopano omwe adawapangitsa kukhala opikisana komanso kukhala ndi nthawi yotsika yamitengo "yotsika" poyerekeza ndi omwe akupikisana nawo aku US. Makampani aku US, atapanga zinthu zawo zokolola m'zaka za m'ma 1930, anali ndi udindo wapamwamba wa penshoni ndi chithandizo chamankhwala kuposa anzawo akunja - zomwe zikuwonetsa kukwera kwamitengo iyi ku US poyerekeza ndi Europe komanso nthawi yayitali yamakampani aku US. pakukhala wokakamizika ku izi. M'zaka makumi awiri zoyambirira za nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, makampani aku US omwe akupikisana kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi atha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wawo ngati "opanga mafakitale oyambilira" kukhazikitsa oligopolies omwe amalamulira msika waku US m'magawo onse otsogola opanga. Njira imeneyi inali yosatheka chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Mabungwe aku US adayenera kuyang'ana njira zina poyesa kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa phindu. Kusinthana kwa zochitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kunapangitsa mabungwe kuti akonzenso ntchito zawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira ndi zopezera zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugula, kapena kugwirizanitsa, makampani omwe akupikisana nawo, ndikutaya katundu mu njira yokonzanso yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri mabizinesi mozungulira. gulu la zochita. Izi zidakhudzanso kukonzanso kwamakampani padziko lonse lapansi komwe phindu lowonjezera kwambiri limapeza mabizinesi omwe ali pamwamba pa unyolo. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980 mpaka pano, pakhala kuchuluka kwa magawo amsika omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe omwe ali pamwamba pakupanga kwamtengo wapatali, makamaka mu 'zaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso / kapena zigawo zodziwika bwino zapadziko lonse lapansi. misikaโฆ.' Izi zakhala zikuphatikizana ndi njira yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira yopangira zinthu padziko lonse lapansi ya opanga ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati ndi ogulitsa omwe amamalizana wina ndi mnzake kuti akwaniritse zomwe akupanga zomwe zikuchulukitsidwa ndi 'ophatikiza dongosolo' pamwamba pa chain chain ( Cox, 2012: 15-16). [xxxiii]
Dziko lopanda malire lomwe chuma cha US chinagwira ntchito mkati mwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse chinali kusintha: sichinalinso pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States, chinali kuchoka ku dongosolo lapakati lolamulidwa ndi dziko limodzi kupita kudziko lomwe linali lopikisana kwambiri. Pofika mโma 1980, mpikisano wowonjezereka unali kubwera kuchokera ku mabungwe ochokera kumaiko ena otchedwa maiko otukuka kumene. Izi zangopitilira kukula. Ndipo, m'malo mwake, zomwe tawona pambuyo pake ndikupikisana motsutsana ndi mgwirizano ndi makampani omwe akupikisana nawo amayiko ena, kuphatikiza makampani ochokera kumayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda.
Kupanga ku US kudayima m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo izi zidaphatikizidwa ndi kukwera kwa inflation. Dziko la US linali kutaya ubwino wake zachuma ku mayiko omwe akupikisana nawo.
Business Roundtable - gulu la Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) amabungwe otsogola aku US - idapangidwa mu 1972 kuti ayambe kupereka "mayankho" poyankha kufooka kwachuma komwe adawona kukukula.[xxxiv] Kwenikweni, iwo anaganiza kuti sangalekererenso mabungwe a anthu ogwira ntchito amene amalepheretsa kasamalidwe kawo mโmasitolo ndi kupanga njira zothetsera vutoli.
Kukula ndi kupambana kwa ndondomeko ya neo-liberal corporate sikunangochitika chifukwa cha 'misika' kapena kudalirana kwa mayiko. Mabungwe amphamvu kwambiri ku US-ambiri a iwo omwe ali amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi-anakonzekera kuti izi zitheke; adapanga mgwirizano wawo ndikusonkhanitsa chuma chawo chachikulu ndikulumikizana kuti kupanga zimachitika. Iwo adatsimikiza mtima kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawenga zantchito ndikusintha mapindu omwe adachitika m'ma 1960 ndikupitilira gawo lomaliza la Nkhondo yaku Vietnam mu 1969-71. Kuwukira kwamakampani sikunangofuna kukakamiza ogwira ntchito kumenya nkhondo komanso kuchepetsa malipiro, komanso kuyankha zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ngati zikubwera chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana zazaka za m'ma 1960, mayendedwe omwe adawoneka ngati akuwopseza momwe zinthu ziliri komanso zomwe zidalipo. pakati pa antchito achichepere ndi akuda (kutsindika koyambirira) (Roman ndi Velasco Arregui, 2013: 7).[xxxv]
Njirazi zinaphatikizapo zochita pamagulu angapo. Iwo anatsutsa malire a mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'masitolo, koma anapita patsogolo kwambiri kuposa pamenepo. Iwo anaganiza kuti โadzaperekaโ zokolola zochulukirachulukira kumaiko omwe anali ndi ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito, makamaka kwa omwe anali ndi njira zowongolera ogwira ntchito, omwe angapikisane kuti apeze ndalama zamayiko awo. Adzagwira ntchito ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF) ndi World Bank kuti awapangitse kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira maikowa kuti athandizire ndalama zatsopano zakunja. Adzakweza ukadaulo m'mafakitole aku US, m'malo mwa ogwira ntchito ndi makina opangidwa kumene ndi "zopulumutsa ntchito". Adzagwira ntchito ndi anzeru "otsogolera" kuti amvetsetse kusintha komwe kunali kofunikira kwa anthu - chifukwa chake, kufalitsa zomwe zidadziwika kuti "neo-liberal" zachuma. Iwo akanathandizira andale ndi oweruza omwe angathandizire pulogalamu yawo. Ndipo akanathandizira ndikupereka ndalama kwa andale omwe angapititse patsogolo malingalirowa ngati gawo la kampeni yawo yachisankho, makamaka m'mayiko.
Filosofi ya neo-liberal economics inali yofunika kwambiri pa njirayi. Kwenikweni, inanena kuti moyo wabwino wamakampani aku US ndiwofunikira kwambiri pazachuma cha US, kuti chuma cha US ndichofunika kwambiri paubwino wa Ufumu wa United States, ndikuti chinsinsi pakukhala bwino kwa mabungwe aku US chinali kuthetsa zoletsa zilizonse zamabizinesi aku US., ngakhale kuchita zimenezi kunali koipa bwanji kwa anthu aku US.[xxxvi] Izi zikutanthawuza kulola mabungwe a US kulamulira mopanda malire ogwira ntchito, kunyalanyaza ngati sikuwononga mabungwe ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale awo ndi ntchito zina. Zinkatanthauza kupeputsa sitalaka polola โogwira ntchito mโmaloโ ( nkhanambo) ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yawo ndi โufuluโ kunyanyala ntchito kutha. Zinatanthauza kulola ogwira ntchito zamakontrakitala ndi antchito aganyu kuti alowe m'malo mwa ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Zinatanthauza kuchepetsa chitetezo chaumoyo ndi chitetezo, njira zolipirira antchito (kwa omwe avulala pantchito), ndi ziletso zina zilizonse zomwe zingachepetse kupanga ndi zokolola. Ndipo zikutanthawuza kuletsa malamulo / zoletsa zilizonse pazosankha zamabizinesi zakuti, ndi pamikhalidwe yotani, angayike ndalama kapena kuchotsera madera.
Monga momwe ndinalembera mu 1984, โKunyansidwaku [kuchepetsa mtengo wamakampani] kwatenga njira zambiri. Kumaphatikizapo 'kulinganizaโ (kuchotsa zotsalira ndi/kapena zomera zakale), kusintha kwamakono, kubweza ngongole, ndi kubweza ndalama. Nthaลตi zambiri, kuukira kungaphatikizepo zingapo mwa njira zimenezi.โ
Ndinafotokozeranso,
Mfundo yotchulira njira zosiyanasiyana zamakampani ndi makampani ndikuwonetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe antchito akuwukiridwa. Kuukira kulikonse kumeneku kumakhala kuukira mabungwe. Cholinga chachikulu ndikuwononga kukana kwa ogwira ntchito pashopu. Kampani iliyonse imafuna kukakamiza antchito kuchita zomwe kampaniyo ikufuna, nthawi yomwe kampaniyo ikufuna, momwe kampaniyo ikufuna. Amawona mabungwe ngati njira zokanira, ndipo ngati mgwirizano ukuyimira mamembala ake nkomwe, amafuna kuugonjetsa ndikuuphwanya (Scipes, 1984: 20-21).
Komabe, chuma cha neo-liberal chinapitilira "kumasula" mabungwe ena ku "kuponderezedwa" kuchitira ulemu antchito awo: kunatanthauza kukonzanso dongosolo lonse la anthu. Monga Francis Fox Piven akunenera, ndale zazachuma za neo-liberal zinali ndondomeko zomwe zimayendetsedwa, m'dzina la anthu payekha komanso misika yopanda malire.
kuchepetsa malamulo a mabungwe, makamaka mabungwe azachuma; kubwezeredwa kwa ntchito za boma ndi mapulogalamu a phindu; kuletsa migwirizano ya antchito; ndondomeko za 'malonda aulere' zomwe zingatsegule misika yakunja; ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, kusinthidwa kwa mapulogalamu aboma ndi misika yachinsinsi (Piven, 2006: 17).[xxxvii]
Zinaphatikizaponso kuchepetsa msonkho kwa mabungwe ndi anthu olemera, komanso kuchepetsa mapulogalamu a chilengedwe.
Mphamvu zamapiko amanja zomwe zimatsutsa kulowerera kwa boma pazachuma (pokhapokha zitawapindulira iwo kapena othandizira awo amakampani) -kaya zotsutsana ndi mapulogalamu azaka za m'ma 1960 (nthawi zambiri pazifukwa za tsankho), kapena chifukwa cha filosofi yazachuma - adalumikizana mu kampeni yapurezidenti ndi , kuyambira mu January 1981, mu ulamuliro wa Ronald Reagan. Anthuwa ankaona kuti kulowererapo kulikonse kwa boma pazachuma kungawononge chuma ndiponso moyo wabwino wa anthu: Reagan anatsutsa zimenezi ponena kuti: โBoma si yankho; ndiye vuto.โ[xxxviii]
Ndikutsutsa, komabe, panali zambiri zowonjezera phindu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko cha neo-liberal economics: otsogola anali kukumana ndi mpikisano wopambana wazachuma kuchokera kumayiko ena monga. kuwopseza mwachindunji kuthekera kwawo kuthandizira ndi kusunga Ufumu wa US, ndipo motero adayamba kusamutsa chuma kuchoka ku United States ndi anthu ake kupita kukuthandizira Ufumu wa US makamaka asitikali aku US.[xxxix]
Mu 1980, komanso mu 1982, chuma chinachepa. Mu 1982, akatswiri omwe anali pansi pa Reagan adamutsimikizira za kufunika kothetsa kukwera kwachuma, ndipo boma silinalowererepo kuti "litsitsimutse" chuma: ngakhale kuti chiwongola dzanja chinafika pa 21 peresenti, zomwe zinali zowononga kwambiri zachuma, Reagan sanakhazikitse zatsopano. mapulogalamu a chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena kuonjezera ndalama kwa okhazikika. Ulova unakula kwambiri, kufika pamlingo waukulu kwambiri kuyambira pa Chisokonezo Chachikulu.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Reagan anaukira gulu la ogwira ntchito, mphamvu imodzi - ngakhale kuti inali ndi zofooka zambiri - zomwe zinapereka chitukuko chachuma kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America.[xl] Pamene bungwe loyangโanira za kayendedwe ka ndege (PATCOโProfessional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) linayamba mu 1981, Reagan anabweretsa asilikali oyendetsa ndege kuti athyole sitalakayo. (Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zazikulu zopangidwa ndi atsogoleri adziko lonse a gulu la ogwira ntchito, okhala ndi zotulukapo zowopsa, chinali kukana kutseka bizinesi yonse yandege, yomwe idali yogwirizana kwambiri, kuletsa mabasi a mgwirizano wa Reagan.) Boma la Federal's union , ndi zigamulo zina zamapiko amanja ndi makhothi zomwe zidasokoneza kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, zidapangitsa kuti mabizinesi athe kukulitsa zokolola pamtengo wachindunji wa ogwira ntchito - makamaka posuntha ntchito zovutirapo kumayiko omwe amalandila malipiro ochepa monga Mexico ndi China (kuwononga ntchito US) ndikuyika ndalama pamakina otengera ndalama zambiri omwe adapangidwanso kuti athetse ntchito.[xli]
Komabe Reagan, ngakhale nthano zomwe zidapangidwa mozungulira iye, zidatha kuwononga chuma munthawi yayitali zomwe sizinavomerezedwe. Anagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, koma ndalamazi sizinathandize anthu a ku America; zinali kuthandiza anthu olemera kwambiri aku America, asitikali aku US ndi zida zankhondo: Reagan adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mabiliyoni mazana ambiri pachaka pa dipatimenti yankhondo - ndikukana kuyitcha "chitetezo" -ndipo adachita izi pochulukitsa ngongole ya dziko. zaka zisanu ndi zitatu: pamene adalowa ntchito mu 1981, ngongole ya dziko la US - kuyambira 1789 pansi pa George Washington mpaka kumapeto kwa kayendetsedwe ka Jimmy Carter - inali $ .909 thililiyoni madola; pamene Reagan adachoka, zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, inali $ 2.7 trilioni.[xlii] (Ikupitilira kukwera kuyambira pamenepo pansi pa apurezidenti onse a Democratic ndi Republican, ndipo kuyambira Okutobala 2022, idaposa $31 thililiyoni (Rappeport ndi Tankersley, 2022).[xliii]
Mwanjira ina, chuma cha US chachita bwino monga momwe chakhalira zaka 40+ zapitazi, ngakhale sizinali choncho kwa anthu wamba monga momwe zidakhalira pakati pa 1947-73 - chifukwa boma la US lakhala likulemba "macheke otentha" kuti alipire. za ndalama zake. Panthawi ina, ngongoleyo iyenera kubwezeredwa - ndipo sizikhala zokongola.[xliv]
Kuti tibwerere ku nkhani yathu: pamodzi ndi kuukiridwa kwa mgwirizano, nkhondo zopanda ndalama, ndi zina zotero, filosofi ya neo-liberal economics inagwetsa zikhalidwe zathu zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu kukhala chinthu chimodzi: phindu. Ngati china chake chimapangitsa kuti bizinesi iwonjezere phindu, ndi yabwino; ngati sichiteroโkaya china chilichonse nโchofunika chotaniโndi choipa. Ngati malamulo okhudza zakudya kapena mpweya/madzi kapena chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito/chakudya amawononga ndalama ku mabungwe, ndi oyipa ndipo ayenera kuthetsedwa nthawi yomweyo, posatengera kuti ndi opindulitsa bwanji kwa anthu, chilengedwe kapena chikhalidwe chathu. Ndi "filosofi" iyi yomwe boma la US lakhala likukankhira padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo lapweteka anthu mabiliyoni ambiri, kuphatikizapo mamiliyoni makumi ambiri ku United States.
Chomwe izi zatanthawuza kwa ogwira ntchito ndikuti chilichonse chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zochepa zamabizinesi pantchito - mabungwe okha, sitiraka, malamulo amtundu uliwonse waumoyo ndi chitetezo, ndi zina zambiri - zawukiridwa ndi mabungwe. Kuonjezera apo, kupyolera mu zigamulo za malamulo ndi/kapena makhothi, zochita zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zochepera za ogwira ntchitoโkuteteza ophwanya sitiraka, ogwira ntchito mโmakontrakitala, ndi zoyesayesa zowononga mabungwe mwa kubisa ntchito zaboma, ndi zina zoteroโzathandizidwa. Apanso, chirichonse chomwe chimalepheretsa kapena kuchepetsa phindu, mosasamala kanthu kuti chimapereka ubwino wochuluka bwanji-ndichoipa: ndizo filosofi ndi zotsatira za neo-liberal economics.
Komabe pali chinanso chomwe chachitika ku United States kuphatikiza pakugwiritsa ntchito neo-liberal economics. Kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zaka za m'ma 1960-kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970-kuphatikizapo mayendedwe a Civil Rights/Black Power, kayendetsedwe ka amayi, LGBT (achiwerewere, gay, bisexual, ndi transgender), kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe, kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo yotsutsana ndi Vietnam, makamaka. gulu la anti-Vietnam War mkati asilikali a ku United Statesโanachititsa mantha anthu osankhika olamulira. Iwo anaganiza kuti adzachita chilichonse chimene akanatha kuti atsimikizire kuti kusonkhanitsa pamodzi, makamaka kuchita zinthu pamodzi, sikudzadzutsanso mutu wake wonyansa mโdongosolo lachitukuko limeneli.[xlv]
Kuti akwaniritse izi, akhala akupanga chikhalidwe cha kudzikonda kulepheretsa zokhumba zilizonse zamagulu. Kwenikweni, malinga ngati inu ndi okondedwa anu muli bwino, simuyenera kudera nkhaลตa za ubwino wa wina aliyense mโdzikoloโndipo, kwenikweni, anauza anthu kuti kusamalira ena kungafooketse zokonda zawo. Adapanga zomwe ndidazitcha kuti "Ndili ndi zanga, ndikuwononga, Jack" chikhalidwe ndi anthu. Ndipo lingaliro la "kuwomba iwe, Jack" lakhala lopambana kwambiri: mosasamala kanthu kuti kusagwirizana kwa ndalama ku United States kukukulirakulira kuposa mayiko ena osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi (mwachitsanzo, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique, Uganda, ndi Vietnam) -panalibe zokambirana zapadziko lonse za kusalingana kwa ndalama izi kuyambira 1973 mpaka gulu la Occupy Wall Street lomwe lidayamba kugwa kwa 2011, pafupifupi zaka 40.[xlvi]
Chifukwa chake, kuyambira cha m'ma 1978, koma makamaka ndi chisankho cha Ronald Reagan mu 1980, malingaliro a mapiko amanja (kuphatikiza ogwirizana nawo pazofalitsa zazikulu, monga FOX pambuyo pa 1996 ndi ena onse) anyenga dziko kuti likhulupirire kuti chilichonse imalepheretsa bizinesi kuti iwonjezere phindu ndi yoyipa, komanso kuti mitundu yonse yamagulu ndi yodzigonjetsera. Chifukwa chake, Reagan sanangosuntha chipani cha Republican kumanja chakumanja, koma adapangitsa kuti chipani cha Democratic Party chisamukirenso kumanja: mosakayikira, palibe utsogoleri wotsatira wapurezidenti waku US womwe wadutsa ngati pulogalamu yapanyumba ngati ya Richard Nixon pakati pa 1969-73.[xlvii]
Titha kudziwa momwe zonsezi zimakhudzira anthu wamba aku America tikawona kukula kwachuma pakati pa 1973-2001, makamaka tikayerekeza zomwe zili mu Chithunzi 1 (1947-73), pamwambapa:
Otsika 20% | Wachiwiri 20% | Chachitatu 20% | Chachinayi 20% | 95th Peresenti[xlviii] | |
1973 | $23,144 | $38,188 | $53,282 | $73,275 | $114,234 |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,355 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
Kusiyana (zaka 28) | $ 3,323 (14%) | $ 7,167 (19%) | $ 15,643 (29%) | $ 30,553 (42%) | $ 66,739 (58%) |
Gwero: Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku US, Bureau of the Census (pano, US Census Bureau) ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. Izi sizikupezekanso. Ndalama zonse za dollar zidasinthidwa kukhala madola a 2005 ndi US Census Bureau, kuchotsa kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kufananiza mayendedwe enieni. Kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwawerengedwa ndi wolemba. Maperesenti omwe akuwonetsedwa pamzere wolembedwa "Kusiyana" akuwonetsa kusiyana kwa dola ngati gawo la chaka choyamba cha kufananitsa ndipo adazunguliridwa.
Tikayang'ana ziwerengero za 1973-2001, pali chinthu china chosiyana kwambiri. Kodi tingawone chiyani? Choyamba, kukula kwachuma kwatsika kwambiri: chiwonjezeko chapamwamba kwambiri cha quintile chili chonse chinali cha 58 peresenti kwa awo amene anakwera pamwamba pa quintile yachisanu, ndipo ichi chinali chotsika kwambiri โchiลตerengeroโ cha 91 peresenti ya nyengo yoyambirira.
Chachiwiri, kukula kwake kunali, kunagawidwa mosiyana kwambiri. Ndipo ziwopsezo za kukula kwa omwe ali m'ma quintiles otsika nthawi zambiri zinali zotsika kuposa za omwe ali pamwamba pawo: pa quintile yotsika, ndalama zomwe amapeza zidakula ndi 14 peresenti yokha mu nthawi ya 1973-2001; pa quintile yachiwiri, 19 peresenti; wachitatu, 29 peresenti; wachinayi, 42 peresenti; ndipo kwa 80-95 peresenti, 58 peresenti: kulankhula mosasamala, olemera akulemera, ndipo osauka akukulirakulira.
Nโcifukwa ciani anasintha? Ndikuganiza zinthu zitatu makamaka. Choyamba, pamene maiko otukuka adachira ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, mabungwe omwe ali m'mayikowa akhoza kupikisananso ndi omwe akuchokera ku US - poyamba m'mayiko awo, kenako kudzera ku US, ndipo pamapeto pake atagulitsa ku United States. . Ganizilani za Toyota: anayamba kuitanitsa ku US kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo ndi ndalama zawo kuno kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi kutsogolo, tsopano ndi achiwiri aakulu kwambiri opanga magalimoto ku US.
Chachiwiri chinali kukonzanso chuma cha US, chomwe ndidakambirana pamwambapa, kuchoka ku oligopolistic control kupita kulamulira unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pamlingo wa kasamalidwe kamakampani, mwachiwonekere adapanga zisankho zokonzanso izi. Mabungwe akuluakulu abizinesi adagwira ntchito molimbika kuti apeze ndikusankha andale omwe angakhazikitse malamulo / kupanga mfundo zomwe zingawalole kukonzanso ndikukhazikitsa ntchito zomwe akufuna. Iwo adathandizira ofuna ku Khoti Lalikulu omwe angavomereze kusintha kumeneku ndikulola kuti kusinthaku kukhazikitsidwe. Ndipo ankagwira ntchito limodzi ndi maboma akunja omwe akanawalola kulowa mโmayiko awo, makamaka kumene atsogoleri a maboma anali okonzeka kuletsa zochita za ogwira ntchito zimene zingachitike. Ndipo mphotho yayikulu kwambiri inali kutsegulira China ku ndalama zakunja.
Pambuyo pa kampeni yayitali komanso yayikulu pakati pa ndale komanso anthu aku America ndi mabungwe akulu akulu azamalonda padziko lonse lapansi,
Kulowa kwa China ku WTO [World Trade Organization] kunatsatira patangodutsa chaka chimodzi. Zinali zopambana kwambiri pazofuna zamayiko akumayiko ena, pomwe opanga mfundo aku US ndi EU adakambirana zokomera zomwe zidaposa za mamembala amayiko osatukuka (LDC) (Breslin, 2000). Izi zitha kulola makampani aku US kukulitsa phindu lawo powapatsa mwayi wopeza msika waku China komanso kuwapangitsa kuti aphatikizire dziko la China mumayendedwe awo apadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidule, Kulowa kwa China ku WTO kunali njira yopezera ndalama zamayiko ena, makamaka kwa makampani apamwamba kwambiri omwe anali okonzeka kuphatikizira dziko la China m'malo omwe analipo kale odzikundikira mayiko. (kutsindika kwawonjezera) (Cox ndi Lee, 2012: 36).
Ndipo pamene mabungwe apadziko lonsewa adaphatikizira dziko la China kuzinthu zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi, adachepetsa kapena kutseka malo awo opangira zinthu ku US, ndikuchotsa ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri ku United States.[xlix]
Chifukwa chachitatu cha kusinthaku chinali kuwonongeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ku America: kuchokera pa 35.3 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito omwe si aulimi m'mabungwe mu 1954, kufika pa 12.0 peresenti yokha ya ogwira ntchito ku America m'mabungwe mu 2006 - ndi 7.4 peresenti yokha ya makampani onse apadera. ogwira ntchito ndi ogwirizana, omwe ndi ocheperapo mu 1930![l]
Kutsika kwa mgwirizanowu kuli ndi zifukwa zingapo. Zina mwazowonongekazi zakhala chifukwa cha ndondomeko za boma-chilichonse kuyambira kuphwanyidwa kwa oyendetsa ndege pamene adanyanyala ntchito ndi Reagan Administration mu 1981, kukonzanso malamulo a ntchito, mpaka kusankhidwa kwa National Labor Relations Board, yomwe. imayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka malamulo a ntchito. Ndithudi, mfundo yaikulu ya boma, yolembedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Democratic Bill Clinton, yakhala North America Free Trade Act kapena NAFTA. Katswiri wina anafika ponena kuti:
Popeza โฆ [NAFTA] idasainidwa mu 1993, kukwera kwa kusokonekera kwa malonda aku US ndi Canada ndi Mexico mpaka 2002 kwachititsa kuti ntchito zopanga zisankho zomwe zidathandizira ntchito 879,280 zaku US zisinthe. Zambiri mwa ntchito zotayikazi zinali za malipiro apamwamba mโmafakitale opangira zinthu. Kutayika kwa ntchitozi ndi gawo lodziwika bwino la NAFTA pachuma cha US. M'malo mwake, NAFTA yathandiziranso kukwera kwa kusalingana kwa ndalama, kupondereza malipiro enieni a ogwira ntchito, kufooketsa mphamvu zamagulu a ogwira ntchito komanso kuthekera kokhazikitsa mabungwe, ndikuchepetsa zopindulitsa (Scott, 2003: 1).
Kuukira kumeneku kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa kwaphatikizidwa ndi zotsatira zake chifukwa cha kukonzanso chuma, makamaka ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a mayiko. Pakhala kusintha kuchoka pakupanga kupita ku mautumiki.
Komabe, mkati mwa zopanga, zomwe zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, pakhala kutayika kwakukulu kwa ntchito: pakati pa Julayi 2000 ndi Januware 2004, US idataya ntchito zopanga mamiliyoni atatu, kapena 17.5 peresenti, ndi 5.2 miliyoni kuyambira pachimake chambiri mu 1979. kuti "Ntchito popanga [mu Januwale 2004] inali yotsika kwambiri kuyambira July 1950" (CBO, 2004).
Kutayika kwa ntchito m'magawo onse opanga zinthu kunali kofala komanso kozama:
AFL-CIO imafotokoza za kutayika kwa ntchito ku America ndi makampani opanga zinthu mu nthawi ya 2001-05:
Makompyuta ndi zamagetsi: antchito 543,000 kapena 29.2 peresenti
Semiconductor ndi zida zamagetsi: 260,100 kapena 36.7 peresenti
Zida zamagetsi ndi zida: 152,500 kapena 26 peresenti
Zigawo zamagalimoto: 153,400 kapena 18.6 peresenti
Makina: 289,400 kapena 19.9 peresenti
Zopangira zitsulo: 235,200 kapena 13.3 peresenti
Zitsulo zoyambirira: 144,800 kapena 23.5 peresenti
Zida zoyendera: 246,300 kapena 12.1 peresenti
Zogulitsa zam'nyumba: 58,500 kapena 13.4 peresenti
Makina opangira nsalu: 158,500 kapena 43.6 peresenti
Zovala 220,000 kapena 46.6 peresenti
Zachikopa: 24,700 kapena 38.3 peresenti
Kusindikiza: 159,300 kapena 19.9 peresenti
Zogulitsa pamapepala: 122,600 kapena 20.4 peresenti
Pulasitiki ndi zinthu zamphira: 141,400 kapena 15 peresenti
Mankhwala: 94,900 kapena 9.7 peresenti
Zamlengalenga: 46,900 kapena 9.1 peresenti
Zovala ndi zovala zidatsika ndi ntchito 870,000 1994-2006, kuchepa kwa 65.5 peresenti (Source: AFL-CIO, 2006: 2, yotchulidwa mu Scipes, 2009: 16-17).
Izi zimachitika chifukwa chosinthira kuzinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri (monga makompyuta ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndiukadaulo wazidziwitso pamodzi ndi magalimoto), kuphatikiza kutulutsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito zogwirira ntchito kunja kunja (monga zovala, nsalu, ndi nsapato) ndi , chofunika kwambiri, kusamuka kwaumisiri monga teknoloji yatsopano kwathandiza kupanga kwakukulu pamtundu wapamwamba ndi antchito ochepa pakupanga ndalama zambiri monga zitsulo (onani Fisher, 2004).
Pali "zifukwa" zingapo zoperekedwa za kusintha kumeneku pakupanga kuphatikiza pazomwe tafotokozazi. Akatswiri ena anena kuti kuchepa kwa malonda kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakukwera: "... gawo lochulukirachulukira lazinthu zapakhomo zopanga zopanga zimakhutitsidwa ndi akunja osati opanga zapakhomo" (Bivens, 2005). Ena adanenanso kuti izi zimachokera ku kusintha kwa zokonda za ogula (Schweitzer ndi Zaman, 2006). Kaya chifukwa chake chinali chotani, mโmaboma 50, asanu okha (Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, ndi Wyoming) omwe sanaone kutaya ntchito kulikonse pakupanga pakati pa 1993-2003, komabe 37 anataya pakati pa 5.6 ndi 35.9 peresenti ya ntchito zawo zopanga. nthawi iyi (Public Policy Institute, 2004).
Komabe, mbali ina ya mbiri ya kuwonongeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito iyenera kuperekedwa ku gulu la ogwira ntchito palokha: utsogoleri sunathe kulimbana ndi zosinthazi, ndipo, panthawi imodzimodziyo, wakhala akugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi zochita zilizonse zodziimira payekha ndi udindo- ndi-mafayilo mamembala.[li]
Komabe, ziyenera kufunsidwa kuti: kodi kusintha kwachuma komwe kukuwonetsedwa pano kumangotengera ziwerengero, kapena kodi izi zikuwonetsa kuti zili zenizeni?
Mfundoyi ingafotokozedwe mโnjira inanso: pogwiritsa ntchito CAGR, Compound Annual Growth Rate, chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mโzachuma. Ichi ndi nambala imodzi yomwe imawerengedwa, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zophatikizika, m'zaka zingapo, kuti abwere ndi avereji ya chiwerengero choyimira chiwonjezeko kapena kuchepa chaka chilichonse munyengo yonseyo. Izi zikuwoneka zovuta kwambiri, koma zimachokera ku lingaliro lomwelo monga chiwongola dzanja chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu akaunti zathu zosungira ndalama: mumayika $ 10 lero ndipo (ichi mwachiwonekere si chitsanzo chenicheni) chifukwa mumapeza chiwongoladzanja cha khumi, kotero muli ndi $ 11 yotsatira. chaka. Chabwino, chaka chotsatira, chiwongoladzanja sichimawerengeredwa pa $10 yoyambirira, koma imawerengedwa pa $11. Chifukwa chake, pofika chaka chachitatu, kuchokera pa $ 10 yanu, tsopano muli ndi $ 12.10. Ndi zina zotere. Izi ndi zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Compound Annual Growth Rate: uku ndikukula kophatikizana ndi chaka kupyola nthawi yoikidwiratu.
Kutengera ndi manambala omwe aperekedwa pamwambapa mu Chithunzi 1, wolemba adawerengera Chiwopsezo cha Kukula Pachaka ndi ma quintiles (Chithunzi 3). Kukula kwapachaka kwawerengedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba, 1947-1973, zaka zomwe zimadziwika kuti "zaka zagolide" za anthu aku US. Kodi chachitika nโchiyani kuyambira pamenepo? Fananizani zotsatira kuchokera ku 1947-73 mpaka kukula kwapachaka pazaka zachiwiri, 1973-2001, zowerengedwanso ndi wolemba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi ma quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 |
Peresenti ya 95th | 2.51% | 1.66% |
Wachinayi quintile | 2.72% | 1.25% |
Mtundu wachitatu | 2.84% | .92% |
Wachiwiri quintile | 2.73% | .62% |
Otsika kwambiri quintile | 2.64% | .48% |
Gwero: Owerengedwa ndi wolemba kuchokera kugulu loperekedwa ndi US Census Bureau ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html. (Tsamba silikupezekanso.)
Zomwe titha kuziwona apa ndikuti ngakhale ndalama zomwe aliyense amapeza zinali kukula pafupifupi pamlingo wofanana m'nthawi yoyamba - pakati pa 2.51 ndi 2.84 peresenti pachaka - pofika nthawi yachiwiri, kukula sikunangochepa pang'onopang'ono, koma idakula mosiyanasiyana. mitengo: chimene tikuchiwona apa, kachiwiri, ndi kuti olemera akulemera, ndi osauka osauka.
Ngati ziwerengerozi zili zolondola, kusintha kwa nthawi kwa ndalama zolandilidwa ndi quintile iliyonse kuyenera kuwonedwa. Moyenerera, ngati anthu akanakhala olingana, 20 peresenti iliyonse ya anthu akanapeza 20 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe amapeza mโchaka chimodzi chilichonse. Kunena zoona, zimasiyana. Kuti timvetse Chithunzi 4, pansipa, munthu sayenera kungoyang'ana kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa ndi quintile pa tchati, kuyerekeza chaka chosankhidwa ndi chaka chosankhidwa, koma ayenera kuyang'ana kuti awone ngati gawo la ndalama za quintile likusunthira kapena kuchoka. kuchokera pa 20 peresenti yabwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi ma quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 |
Pamwamba pachisanu (malire otsika a 5 peresenti, kapena 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% |
Chachiwiri chachisanu- $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% |
Chachitatu chachisanu- $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% |
Chachinayi pachisanu- $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% |
Pansi pachisanu - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% |
Gwero: US Census Bureau ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html : palibenso.
Tsoka ilo, zambiri zomwe zilipo poyera zinatha mu 2001. Komabe, m'chilimwe cha 2007, patatha zaka zambiri osatulutsa deta pambuyo pa 2001, Census Bureau inatulutsa deta yopeza ndalama mpaka 2005. Imatithandiza kufufuza zomwe zachitika. zokhudzana ndi kusalingana kwa ndalama za mabanja pazaka zinayi zoyambirira za Bush Administration.
Otsika 20% | Wachiwiri 20% | Pakati 20% | Chachinayi 20% | Otsika kwambiri 5% | |
2001 | $26,467 | $45,855 | $68,925 | $103,828 | $180,973 |
2005 | $25,616 | $45,021 | $68,304 | $103,100 | $184,500 |
Kusiyana (zaka 4) | -$851 (-3.2%) | -$834 (-1.8%) | -$621 (-.01%) | -$728 (-.007%) | $ 3,527 (1.94%) |
Source: US Census Bureau ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: palibenso. (Miyezo iyi imachokera ku ndalama zawo za 2005 ndipo zinawerengedwa ndi Census Bureau.) Kusiyana ndi maperesenti owerengedwa ndi wolemba, ndi magawo ozungulira.
Chifukwa chake, zomwe taziwona mzaka zinayi zoyambirira za Bush Administration ndikuti kwa anthu aku America ambiri, chuma chawo chafika poipa: sikuti kukula kwachuma kwamtundu uliwonse kwatsika mpaka 1.94 peresenti pang'ono, koma otsika 80 peresenti anatayadi ndalama; kutaya ndalama (kutayika kotheratu), m'malo mokulira pang'ono koma kugwera kumbuyo kwa quintile yapamwamba (kutaya wachibale). Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwapakati pamagulu anayi otsika kwavutitsidwa kwambiri ndi omwe ali otsika kwambiri 40 peresenti ya anthu.
Izi zitha kuwoneka bwino kwambiri pakuwunika mitengo ya CAGR pakapita nthawi.
Tsopano titha kuwonjezera zotsatira za gawo la ndalama za 2001-2005 ndi quintile ku tchati chathu choyambirira:
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi ma quintiles | 1947-1973 | 1973-2001 | 2001-2005 |
Top 95 peresenti | 2.51% | 1.66% | .48% |
Chachinayi chachisanu | 2.72% | 1.25% | -.18% |
Wachitatu wachisanu | 2.84% | .92% | -.23% |
Wachiwiri wachisanu | 2.73% | .62% | -.46% |
Pansi pachisanu | 2.64% | .48% | -.81% |
Source: Zowerengedwa ndi wolemba kuchokera ku data yotengedwa ku US Department of Census www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f01ar.html: palibenso.
Monga tikuonera m'munsimu, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mabanja amapeza pamagulu anayi otsika ndi ochepa mu 2005 kuposa mu 1947; malo okhawo pakhala kusintha pazaka 58 izi ndi 95th percentile (ndi pamwamba).
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi ma quintiles | 1947 | 1973 | 2001 | 2005 |
Pamwamba pachisanu (malire otsika a 5 peresenti, kapena 95th Percentile) - $184,500 | 43.0% | 41.1% | 47.7% | 48.1% |
Chachiwiri chachisanu- $103,100 | 23.1% | 24.0% | 22.9% | 22.9% |
Chachitatu chachisanu- $68,304 | 17.0% | 17.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% |
Chachinayi pachisanu- $45,021 | 11.9% | 11.9% | 9.7% | 9.6% |
Pansi pachisanu - $25,616 | 5.0% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 4.0% |
Gwero: US Census Bureau ku www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f02ar.html: palibenso.
Zomwe zaperekedwa mpaka pano, zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa kagawidwe ka ndalama, zakhala pagulu mkati chikhalidwe cha US; Pankhaniyi, quintile ndi quintile. Yakwana nthawi yoti tiwone momwe izi zakhudzira anthu onse.
Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi azachuma amagwiritsa ntchito nambala yotchedwa Gini index poyeza kusalingana. Deta ya ndalama zamabanja yagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pano, ndipo tipitiliza kuigwiritsa ntchito. Mlozera wa Gini ndiwosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Zimayesa kusalingana pakati pa anthu. Mlozera wa Gini nthawi zambiri umadziwika pakati pa 0.000 ndi 1.000, ndipo nthawi zambiri umalembedwa mu zikwi, monga chidindo chopambana: manambala atatu pambuyo pa decimal. Chinthu choyenera kukumbukira ndi ichi: pamene chiwerengero cha Gini chikukwera, kusiyana kwakukulu.
Kuyang'ana mlozera wa Gini, titha kuwona nthawi ziwiri kuyambira 1947, pomwe boma la US lidayamba kuwerengera mlozera wa Gini mdzikolo. Kuchokera ku 1947-1968, ndi kusintha kwa pachaka kwakukulu kapena kakang'ono, kachitidwe kameneka kakutsika, kusonyeza kuchepa kwa kusiyana: kuchokera .376 mu 1947 mpaka .378 mu 1950, koma kenako kutsika mpaka .348 mu 1968. Kotero, kachiwiri, pa nthawi yoyamba, mchitidwe uli pansi.
Kodi chachitika nโchiyani kuyambira pamenepo? Kuchokera pamalo otsika mu 1968 a .348, chikhalidwe chakhala chokwera. Mu 1982, chiwerengero cha Gini chinagunda .380, chomwe chinali chachikulu kuposa chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1947-1968, ndipo US siinayambe yapita pansi pa .380 kuyambira pamenepo. Pofika 1992, idafika .403, ndipo sitinabwererenso pansi pa .400. Mu 2001, US inagunda .435. Koma zotsatira za 2005 zangosindikizidwa posachedwa: .440.[liii] Kotero, zochitikazo zikuipiraipira, ndipo ndi ndondomeko zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa pansi pa George W. Bush, ndikuwona iwo akupitirizabe kuwonjezeka mu nthawi yomwe ikubwera. [Ndipo mwa njira, chizoloลตezi chowonjezereka chimenechi chapitirizabe pansi pa onse a Republican ndi a Democrats, koma popeza a Republican alamulira utsogoleri kwa zaka 18 za 26 zapitazo (kuyambira 1981), amapeza ngongole zambiriโkoma tisaiwale. kuti a Democrat alamulira Congress pazaka zambiri, kotero iwonso akhala owononga mwayi wofanana!]
Komabe, funso linanso liyenera kufunsidwa: kodi kusalingana kwachuma kumeneku ku US kukuyerekeza bwanji ndi mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi? Kodi mulingo wa kusalingana kwa ndalama ukufanana ndi madera ena "otukuka", kapena akufanana ndi mayiko "otukuka"?
Tiyenera kutembenukira ku US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) kuti tipeze deta yathu. CIA imawerengera kuchuluka kwa Gini kwa ndalama zomwe mabanja amapeza m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo nthawi yomaliza kufufuzidwa mu 2007 (Ogasiti 1), anali ndi zambiri zamayiko a 122 patsamba lawo lawebusayiti ndipo manambalawa adasinthidwa komaliza pa Julayi 19, 2007 (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Ndi dziko lililonse lomwe latchulidwa, pali mphambu ya Gini yoperekedwa. Tsopano, CIA siwerengera kuchuluka kwa Gini pachaka, koma amapereka chaka chatha chomwe chidawerengedwa, kotero izi sizofanana ndendende, koma ndizokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, akasonkhanitsa ziwerengero za Ginizi pamalo amodzi, amazilemba motsatira zilembo, zomwe sizogwiritsa ntchito mofananiza (US Central Intelligence Agency, 2007).
Komabe, Banki Yadziko Lonse imayika mayiko m'magulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kufananizidwa m'magulu ndi magulu. Banki Yadziko Lonse, yomwe sipereka zigoli za Gini, imayika mayiko 208 m'gulu limodzi mwa magulu anayi kutengera Gross National Income per capitaโndiwo mtengo wonse wa katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika mchaka chimodzi, zogawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ichi ndi chiลตerengero chothandiza, chifukwa chimatilola ife kufanizitsa madera omwe ali ndi chuma cha kukula kosiyana kwambiri: ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza pa munthu aliyense zimachotsa kusiyana kwa kukula pakati pa mayiko.
Banki Yadziko Lonse imaika dziko lililonse mโmagulu anayi: amene amapeza ndalama zochepa, amene amapeza ndalama zapakatikati, amene amapeza ndalama zambiri, komanso amene amapeza ndalama zambiri (World Bank, 2007a). Kwenikweni, omwe ali m'magulu atatu otsika ndi "otukuka" kapena omwe tinkawatcha "mayiko achitatu", pamene mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri ndi mayiko omwe amatchedwa maiko otukuka.
Maiko omwe adalembedwa ndi CIA ndi ma Gini awo adayikidwa m'magulu a World Bank omwe World Bank idawapeza kale (World Bank, 2007b). Akaikidwa m'magulu awo, ziwerengero zapakatikati za Gini zidawerengedwa pagulu lililonse. Poyesa kupeza nambala imodzi kuti iwonetsere gulu la manambala, apakati amaonedwa kuti ndi olondola kuposa avareji, kotero kuti wapakati adagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti theka la ziwerengero ndi zapamwamba, theka ndi lotsika-mwa kuyankhula kwina, deta ili pa 50th percentile pagulu lililonse.
Chigoli cha Gini cha mayiko, ndi Gross National Income per capita, chogawidwa ndi World Bank:
Gulu la ndalama | Zotsatira za Median Gini | Gini score, US (2004) |
Mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa (zosakwana $875/munthu/chaka) Zitsanzo: Bangladesh, Ghana, Moldova, Sierra Leon, Zimbabwe | .406 | .450 |
Mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa (pakati pa $876-3,465/munthu/chaka) Zitsanzo: Algeria, Colombia, Honduras, Romania, Ukraine | .414 | .450 |
Mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zapamwamba (pakati pa $3,466-10,725/munthu/chaka Zitsanzo: Chile, Estonia, Malaya, Panama, Venezuela | .370 | .450 |
Mayiko opeza ndalama zapamwamba (kuposa $10,726/munthu/chaka Zitsanzo: Australia, Finland, Italy, Slovenia, USA | .316 | .450 |
Monga tikuwonera, ndi (CIA-calculated) Gini mphambu ya .450, ndalama za banja la US ndizosafanana kuposa apakati pa gulu lililonse ndi nzosafanana kwambiri ndi mayiko ena osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi, monga Bangladesh (.318โyowerengeredwa mu 2000), Cambodia (.400, 2004 est.), Laos (.370-1997), Mozambique (.396, 1996-97 ), Uganda (.430-1999) ndi Vietnam (.361, 1998). Kupeza komweku kulinso kowona pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha Gini chowerengetsera cha .440.[liv]
Choncho, dziko la US silinangokhala losiyana kwambiri pazaka za 40, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pamwambapa, koma lapeza kusalingana komwe kuli kofanana kwambiri ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndipo, kwenikweni, sikufanana kwambiri lerolino kuposa. ena mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi! Palibe chomwe chikusonyeza kuti kusiyana kumeneku kudzachepa posachedwa. Ndipo popeza kusalingana kwa ndalama komwe kukukulirakuliraku kwachitika motsogozedwa ndi zipani ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zandale, palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti mwina chitha kuthana ndi vutoli mtsogolo mosasamala kanthu za malonjezo a kampeni.
Komabe, kuti tipitirire kupitilira kukambitsirana ngati ma Democrat kapena ma Republican atha kuthana ndi izi ndi zovuta zina, kuganiziranso mfundo zazachuma zaboma ndikofunikira. Chifukwa chake, purezidenti aliyense adzakakamizidwa ndi zisankho zomwe maulamuliro am'mbuyomu adachita, komanso zakhungu zomwe zimavalidwa ndi omwe asankhidwa kuti azigwira ntchito zapamwamba.[lv]
Mwachidule, pafupifupi zaka 30 (1982-2011), ku United States kunalibe zionetsero zoonekeratu zoonekeratu, monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu ya neo-liberal pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha munthu payekha kunali ndi zotsatira zofooketsa pamagulu a anthu. ntchito zina za ndale, monga momwe anayenera kuchitira.
Mkhalidwe wa zachuma ku United States wakhala woipa ndipo zatenga nthawi yaitali kuti anthu ogwira ntchito apite patsogolo ngakhale momwe zakhalira. Mwachiwonekere, Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu kwa 2008-09 kunali tsoka kwa anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito mdziko muno.
Titha kuwona izi powunika momwe chuma chikuyendera cha 2013.[lvi] Chuma cha ogwira ntchito ku US chinali choyipa pofika chaka cha 2007, Chiwopsezo chachikulu chachuma chisanayambike (onani pamwambapa kuti mumve zambiri kuchokera ku Scipes, 2009; onaninso Greenhouse, 2008). Pambuyo pake, ntchito zopitilira 8.7 miliyoni zidatayika kuyambira nthawi ya kuchepa kwachuma, pakati pa kumapeto kwa 2007-m'ma 2009 (Barello, 2014), ndipo ndalama zaku America zaku America zidatsika ndi 8.9% kuyambira 1999, chaka chomwe chinali pachimake kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse; ndi ndalama zapakatikati za amuna ndi akazi zidatsika 2.5% kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 5).
Kulemba kumapeto kwa 2010, David Leonhardt wa New York Times analemba kuti:
Pakali pano, akuti ntchito 9.4 miliyoni zikufunika kuwonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo kuti anthu osowa ntchito atsike mpaka 6%, zomwe akatswiri azachuma ena amatcha "ntchito zonse." Izi zinali pafupifupi 4%, ndiye izi ndizongoyerekeza. Ngakhale zili choncho, ziลตerengero zake ndi izi: ngati chuma chikanapereka ntchito 300,000 pamwezi, sitikanathetsa kupereลตera kwa ntchito mpaka pakati pa 2014. (Mโmawu ena, zimenezo zingatifikitse ku 6 peresenti ya ulova.) Ngati chuma chikanakula. pa ntchito 250,000 pamwezi, yomwe inali liwiro lapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990 pakukula kwachuma kwautali kwambiri kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, sitikanathetsa kuchepa kwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2016. Ndipo ngati chuma chinapereka ntchito 200,000 pamwezi, kuchepa kwa ntchito sikudatha mpaka koyambirira kwa 2020.
Kodi tinali kuchita bwanji? Mutu wa tsamba loyamba New York Times Nkhani ya pa January 8, 2011, yolembedwa ndi Michael Powell ndi Sewell Chan inapereka yankho lakuti: โKukula Kwapangโonopangโono kwa Ntchito Kumachepetsa Chiyembekezo cha Chitsitsimutso Chakumapeto: Chiลตerengero cha ulova ndi 9.4%โKuchira Kukadafunika Zaka Zina 4 kapena 5, Mkulu wa Fed Akutero.โ Atolankhaniwa adanenanso kuti mu Disembala 2010, ntchito 103,000 zokha zidawonjezedwa, ulova ukuyembekezeka kupitilira 16.7 peresenti mu nthawi yonse yoyamba ya Obama, komanso kuchuluka kwa kusowa kwa ntchito komwe kumatchedwa "weniweni" -kuphatikiza antchito omwe akhumudwitsidwa ndipo apereka. kufunafuna ntchito, kapena amene amagwira ntchito nthaลตi yochepa chabe pamene akufuna ntchito yanthaลตi zonseโanaima pa 35 peresenti. Kuwonjezera apo, iwo anagwira mawu wopenda wina akunena kuti, โTikuwona umboni wa ntchito yokhazikika pakati pa anthu a zaka zapakati pa 44 ndi 2037 amene amapeza ndalama zambiri, kumene ulova unawonjezerekadi mu December,โ ndipo iwo anasimba chiลตerengero chimene chikanatha. mpaka 2007 kuti apezenso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zidatayika panthawi yamavuto akulu, zomwe ndi zomwe akuzitcha kuti vutoli kuyambira 2011 (Powell ndi Chan, XNUMX).
Pakadali pano, monga ndidalemba mkati mwa 2013, zinthu zayenda bwino kuposa izi, ngakhale sizinali zambiri. Ntchito 165,000 zokha zidawonjezedwa mu Julayi 2013, ndipo chiwopsezo cha ulova chinali pa 7.4 peresenti, kuchepera pang'ono pamlingo wa 7.8% womwe unali pakati pa Seputembala ndi Disembala 2012, ndipo otsika kwambiri kuyambira 2008. anangosiya ntchito, kupangitsa zinthu kuwoneka bwino kuposa momwe zinalili: โKwa akulu 100 a ku America aliwonse, 63 anali ndi ntchito kugwa kwachuma kusanachitike; tsopano, 59 okha ndi amene amachita.
Chiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa ntchito chikutsikabe chifukwa chimangowerengera anthu omwe akufunafuna ntchito mwachangu. Ndipo kuyambira pomwe chuma chatsika, anthu aku America akuchulukirachulukira sakuyesera ngakhale kupeza ntchito. Ena ataya mtima; ena amawonekera kukhala akupeลตa msika wantchito mwa kukhala kusukulu kapena kunyumba (New York Times, 2013).
Pamodzi ndi mkhalidwe wa ntchito, umphaลตi unali kuwonjezereka. Mlingo waumphawi wa dziko - pamlingo wosakwanira kwambiri womwe uli pafupifupi theka la zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale moyo wautali.[lvii]-kuchokera pa 13.2 peresenti mu 2008 kufika pa 15 peresenti mu 2011, pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chinawonjezeka m'zaka zomwezo kuchoka pa 39.6 miliyoni kufika pa 46.2 miliyoni, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri kuyambira pamene boma linayamba kusonkhanitsa deta mu 1959 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, ndi Smith, 2012:13).
Umphawi unakula pamene tidapendanso zochitika za mafuko ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana. Umphawi pakati pa azungu unakula kuchoka pa 8.6 peresenti mโchaka cha 2008 kufika pa 9.8 peresenti mโchaka cha 2011, pamene umphaลตi wa Akuda unakwera kuchoka pa 24.7 peresenti kufika pa 27.6 peresenti; Umphawi wa Latino unakula kuchoka pa 23.2 peresenti kufika pa 25.3 peresenti mu 2011; pamene umphawi wa ku Asia unakhalabe pafupifupi 12.5 peresenti.[lviii]
Umphawi wa ana osakwana zaka 18 unakulanso: kuchoka pa 19 peresenti mu 2008 kufika pa 21.9 peresenti mu 2011 (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 13). Zimenezi nโzosadabwitsa, monga mmene lipoti la mu 2010 la ofufuza a bungwe loona za ana ovutika paumphaลตi linati: โAna amaimira 25 peresenti ya anthu. Komabe, iwo ndi 36 peresenti ya anthu onse osauka. Pakati pa ana, 42 peresenti amakhala m'mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa [omwe amadziwika kuti ali pansi pa 200 peresenti ya umphawi wa KS], ndipo mwa iwo, 25 peresenti amakhala m'mabanja osauka [pansi pa mzere wa umphawi-KS]" (Chau, Thampi, ndi Wight, 2010). Kulemba mu New York Times, Charles M. Blow anati: โChiลตerengero cha ana amene ali paumphaลตi chakwera ndi 33 peresenti kuyambira 2000,โ pamene anawo anangowonjezereka pafupifupi atatu peresenti panthaลตi imodzimodziyo. Kuphatikiza apo, akuti, "malinga ndi lipoti la 2007 la UNICEF lonena za umphawi wa ana, US idakhala yomaliza pakati pa mayiko olemera a 24" (Blow, 2010). Monga Paul Krugman adalemba m'buku la New York Times, "akatswiri a zamaganizo apeza kuti 'ana ambiri okulira m'mabanja osauka kwambiri omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chochepa amakumana ndi vuto la mahomoni opsinjika maganizo, omwe amawononga ubongo wawo.' Zotsatira zake ndikusokoneza kukula kwa chilankhulo ndi kukumbukira kwa moyo wa mwana wonseโ (Krugman, 2008). Mโchinenero chomveka bwino: umphawi umawononga ubongo wa ana.
Tsoka ilo, mwa omwe akukhala pansi pa umphawi, 44 peresenti ya anthu onse omwe ali paumphawi amakhala ndi theka la umphawi wa boma kapena otsika; chimenecho chinali 6.6 peresenti ya chiwerengero cha dziko, kuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 17.1 miliyoni mu 2008 kufika pa 20.4 miliyoni mu 2011. Onse pamodzi, 34.3 peresenti ya anthu onse a ku America ankakhala pansi pa 200 peresenti ya umphawi (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17) .[lix]
Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa kuti anthu awonongedwe? Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu ya neo-liberal economics poyankha movutikira pakukula kwa mpikisano wachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndikuwopseza Ufumu wa US, Reagan ndi omwe adalowa m'malo mwake adafulumizitsa kuukira mabungwe ndi anthu ogwira ntchito. Mabungwe omwe anali ndi antchito ambiri (mwachitsanzo, "ogwira ntchito kwambiri") adatseka ntchito zawo kunyumba ndikusamukira kutsidya lanyanja, makamaka kumadera monga Mexico ndi China, komwe antchito anali kulamulidwa, ndipo malipiro anali ochepa. Mabungwe omwe amadalira makina okwera mtengo ("olemera kwambiri") anakhalabe ku US, koma kusintha kwa makina awo ofunikira kunafuna antchito ochepa.[lx] Pamwamba pa izi, misonkho idadulidwa kwa olemera ndi mabungwe, kulola kuti milandu ipangidwe kuti achepetse ntchito zamagulu, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amazifuna.
Steve Fraser akukambirana za izi:
M'zaka za m'ma 1970 zokha, ntchito pakati pa 32 ndi 38 miliyoni zidatayika chifukwa cha ...
disinvestment, zomwe zinali zofala m'mafakitole akale (New England textile fakitale)
ndi mafakitale atsopano (opanga ndege za New England). Kupanga,
yomwe pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya
chuma, pofika 2011 chinali chitatsika kupitirira 10 peresenti. Kuyambira kutembenuka kwa
Zakachikwi zokha, ntchito zopanga 3.5 miliyoni zatha ndipo 42,000
zopangapanga zatsekedwa. Pafupifupi pakati pa 2000 ndi 2011,
Opanga khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri aku America amatseka tsiku lililonse (Fraser, 2015: 235).[lxi]
Ngakhale kuti zinthu zinali zoipa pamaso pa Great Recession 2008-09, Recession anang'amba nkhanambo pa kusafuna American kumvetsa zotsatira za kusintha kwachuma uku anansi awo ndi ogwira nawo ntchito. Sarah Jaffe (2016: 20) akuti pafupifupi ntchito 8.7 miliyoni zidatayika pakati pa Disembala 2007 ndi koyambirira kwa 2010.[lxii]
Chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo chinatsika pansi, monga Steve Fraser (2015: 223-263) amawunikira modabwitsa, koma momvetsa chisoni.
Zoona zake nโzakuti ukapitalizimu sungathenso kupereka ntchito ndi mwayi wachuma kwa pafupifupi anthu ambiri monga mmene unkachitira mโmbuyomu. Ndipo izi zidzangokhala anthu ocheperako pakapita nthawi.
Kutayika kwa ntchito uku kupitilira ngati sikungachuluke. Ngakhale kuti zolankhula zambiri zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito poimba mlandu alendo komanso "mpikisano wamalonda wopanda chilungamo" chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ntchito ku US, kafukufuku wa Michael Hicks ndi Srikant Devaraj (2015) wa ku yunivesite ya Ball State ku Indiana wasonyeza kuti pakati pa 2000-2010, automation inali ndi udindo wa 88 peresenti. mwa kutha kwa ntchito zonse panthawiyi, pamene malonda ndi amene anachititsa 13 peresenti ya kutha kwa ntchito. Kale, malinga ndi McKinsey ndi Company, 45 peresenti ya ntchito zonse zomwe zikuchitika kumayambiriro kwa 2016 zikhoza kukhala zokha (Miller, 2016).
Koma bwanji ponena za ziลตerengero zotsika za ulova zija? Malinga ndi a Lawrence B. Katz wa ku Harvard ndi Alan B. Krueger wa ku Princeton, mamembala onse a National Bureau of Economic Research, ntchito zonse zomwe zinapangidwa kuchokera ku 2005 mpaka 2015 zinali zapansi, kutanthauza kuti anali antchito osakhalitsa a bungwe lothandizira, ogwira ntchito pa foni, ogwira ntchito pakampani, ndi makontrakitala odziyimira pawokha kapena odziyimira pawokha (Katz ndi Krueger, 2016), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa malipiro ochepa, mapindu ochepa, komanso chitetezo chochepa pazachuma.
Mwachidule, zinthu nzoipa, ndipo zisonyezo zonse zikusonyeza kuti zidzangowonjezereka chifukwa cha kuchuluka
chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito. Pakati pa 1999 ndi 2014, anthu omwe ankapeza ndalama zosakwana $42,000 kwa banja la anthu atatu anataya 42,000 peresenti ya ndalama zawo; kwa omwe ali pakati pa $125,000 ndi $125,000, ndalama zomwe amapeza zidatsika ndi sikisi peresenti; ndipo kwa omwe akupanga ndalama zoposa $2014, ndalama zawo zidatsika ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri peresenti panthawiyi. Ponseponse, "M'dziko lonselo, ndalama zapakatikati za mabanja aku US mu 8 zidayima pa 1999 peresenti poyerekeza ndi 190" ndi "ndalama zapakatikati zomwe zidatsika mu 229 ya madera a 2016 omwe adayesedwa" (Pew, 10: XNUMX)
Zinthu sizinasinthe kwambiri pofika chaka cha 2021. Pokhala ndi umphawi wa $ 27,740 kwa banja la ana anayi, 11.6 peresenti ya anthu onse a ku America anali osauka, okwana 37.9 miliyoni. Umphawi wa mafuko / mafuko chaka chimenecho unali 10.0 peresenti kwa azungu, 19.5 peresenti ya Akuda, 8.3 peresenti ya Asiya, 24.3 peresenti ya Amwenye Achimereka ndi Amwenye a ku Alaska, 14.2 peresenti ya Mitundu Iwiri Kapena Yambiri, ndi 17.1 peresenti ya Hispanics (US Bureau ya Census, 2022).
ZOCHITIKA
Mbali zinayi zam'mbuyozi zafotokoza malingaliro osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe timauzidwa nthawi zonse ndi makampani athu, boma, media, ngakhale aphunzitsi athu ambiri. Inu, owerenga okondedwa, muyenera kusankha ngati zomwe zaperekedwa kwa inu ndizomveka kapena ayi. Ngati sizikumveka kwa inu, nyalanyazani; kutaya kunja. Komano, ngati zili zomveka, mwaphunzira chiyani?
Ndikuganiza kuti pali mikangano ingapo yomwe yaperekedwa ndipo, ndingatsutse, yapangidwa bwino ndikuchirikizidwa mwamphamvu. Ndikambilana nawo kenako, pambuyo pake, ndikukambirana zina zomwe mungaganizire.
- Titha kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika m'dziko lino-ndipo, kutanthauza, kwina kulikonse - poyang'ana zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Tiyenera kugwirizana ndi US kukhala mtima wa Ufumu wa US: izi ndizofunikira kuti timvetsetse kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zapatutsidwa kuchoka kwa "anthu wamba" a ku America-monga ndalama zothandizira maphunziro a anthu, chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zomangamanga; kuthana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi kusagwirizana; ndi kuchepetsa ndi kuzolowera kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mitundu ina ya kuwononga chilengedwe, ndi zina zoteroโzimene zatanthauza kuti mikhalidwe ikuipiraipira ngati si kusowa kwenikweni kwa chiลตerengero chomachulukira cha anthu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndikutsutsa kuti sitingathe kupanga zomveka ngati tingoganizira za dziko lathu; tiyenera kutenga njira yapadziko lonse lapansi!
- Atsogoleri andale, azachuma, ndi ankhondo aku US apereka anthu ambiri aku America: zoyesayesa za "atsogoleri" aku US kuti azilamulira dziko lapansi sizothandiza kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kapena anthu wamba aku America, kutumikira anthu osankhika okha, ndipo kugwirizana ndi izi kukuwonetsa zofuna za anthu ambiri. anthu ambiri padziko lapansi. Otchedwa "atsogoleri" awa awononga mayiko ena-tingayambe ndi Vietnam, Iraq, ndi Afghanistan? Mndandandawu ndi wochuluka, wautali-pogwiritsa ntchito zothandizira kuchita zomwe ziyenera kupititsa patsogolo dziko lino ndi anthu omwe ali mkati mwake.
- Kuphatikiza pa kuthandizira ntchito zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, atsogoleri azachuma apempha chilolezo chathu ku ntchito zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi, kutanthauza kuti kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndikosapeweka, kosangalatsa, komanso kosatsutsika.
- Ofalitsa nkhani mwachinsinsi ali ndi mlandu wowonetsa zokonda zawo ngati kuti ndi za anthu aku US. Awa ndi mabungwe a capitalist omwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupangira phindu kwa osunga ndalama ndi oyang'anira apamwamba, osati kudziwitsa anthu, ndipo mosapitilira zomwe akatswiri amakampani amaganiza kuti anthu wamba ayenera kuuzidwa. Izi sizongowonetsa kanema wawayilesi ndi zingwe, koma zimaphatikizanso makampani opanga makanema pazonse zake. Tiyenera kulanda katundu wa zoulutsira nkhani zachinsinsi ndikuzipereka kumabungwe amadera m'dziko lonselo.
- Pepalali likunena kuti palinso mtundu wina wosiyana ndi kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kwamakampani/zankhondo ndipo ndiko kutsika m'mwamba, kudalirana kwapadziko lonse kolimbikitsa moyo, komwe kumaimiridwa ndi gulu la Global Economic and Social Justice (GESJ). Magulu ndi mabungwe akhala akulimbana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kwazaka zambiri komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kuyesetsa kukuwalumikiza kuti amenye mgwirizano ndi magulu ndi mabungwe omwe amakonda. Magulu ndi mabungwe omwe akulimbana ndi ulamuliro pazachuma ndi ndale, ngakhale sakuchita mozindikira kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi, ali mbali imodzi ya polojekiti yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tiyenera kufunafuna kutsata kwawo ndikumvetsetsa kayendetsedwe ka GESJ. Magulu a ndale ndi zovuta zina zapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kupititsa patsogolo zikhulupiriro, nkhani, ndi malingaliro a gulu la GESJ, ndipo akuyenera kufufuza mabungwe omwe alipo kuti apange ndi kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka dziko lonse lapansi.
- Pepalali likunena mosapita m'mbali kuti zikhalidwe za gulu la GESJ - kupititsa patsogolo moyo wamitundu yonse, kuthetsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu onse, ndikulemekeza chilengedwe - zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu aku America ambiri kuposa kuyesetsa kulamulira anthu kunyumba ndi kuzungulira dziko. dziko.
- Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pepalali latsimikizira momveka bwino kuti ndondomeko ya ndale ndi zachuma ku United States siingathenso kutsimikizira kuti anthu akukula ndi ofanana; kwenikweni, likhoza kungopereka dongosolo losokonezeka la chikhalidwe cha anthu kumene kusayeruzika kumapitirira kukula. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe kubwerera ku "zaka za golidi" (1947-1973), ndipo aliyense amene amafalitsa mosiyana akunama.
- Ndipo, potsiriza, US mwalamulo bankrupt; boma la US lili ndi ngongole kwa anthu olemera ndi mayiko ena omwe agula ma bondi athu kupitilira $32 thililiyoni, kupitilira 100% yapachaka chonse chapachaka-ndikukula. Mabanki onse apakati padziko lapansi amadziwa izi. Ngati dziko lina likufuna kuti ndalama zapadziko lonse zisinthidwe kuchoka ku madola kupita ku dengu landalama kapena ndalama imodzi (titi, Yuro), izi zitha kupangitsa kuti chuma chathu chiwonongeke. Mwina sizokayikitsa mu nthawi yaifupi, kapena ngakhale yapakatikati, izi ndizotsimikizika kwa nthawi yayitali. Zikachitika - ndipo zidzatero - zikhoza kupanga Kuvutika Kwakukulu kukhala masewera a mwana.
- Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu likhoza kukhalapo pakanthawi kochepa komanso mwinanso kwanthawi yapakati, silingathe kupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali. Pali kusokonekera kwachuma/makhalidwe komwe kukubwera - ndipo mphamvu zathu zankhondo sizingaletse - ndipo tikadikirira kuti tithane ndi nkhawazi, m'pamenenso chipwirikiti cha anthu chidzafika.
Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zomwe zapezedwazi zaperekedwa popanda kukhudzidwa kulikonse kokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, zomwe zikuoneka kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi pano kusiyana ndi kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga momwe tawonetsera pano.
Chiwopsezocho chikuchokera ku capitalism yokha, dongosolo lathu lazandale-zachuma. Kuti apirire, capitalism iyenera kukulitsa zopanga nthawi zonse. Komabe ikukulitsa kupanga komwe kukuwononga mlengalenga wathu, womwe umateteza Dziko Lapansi ku mphamvu ya dzuwa, pamapeto pake kufooketsa chitetezo ichi, ndikuwopseza kukhalapo kwa anthu, nyama, ndi zomera zambiri padziko lapansi pano pofika 22.nd Zaka zana.
Mwachidule, tiyenera kukana capitalism mumitundu yake yonse, ndi kudalira kwake pakukula kopitilira. Tidzayenera kupanga zisankho zovuta koma zofunika pozungulira ndi funso lofunika: kupitiriza kukula ndi kuwonongedwa kwa anthu m'tsogolomu osati kutali kwambiri, kapena kulengedwa kwa dziko kumene kupanga kumachepetsedwa kufika pamlingo wofunikira, kumene kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumathetsedwa kapena kukakamizidwa kwambiri, kumene kupanga uku kumachitika mopanda malire. m'njira ndi kuchitidwa molingana kwambiri ndi momwe tingathere, komanso momwe izi zimagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mwachilungamo kwambiri.
Mwachidule: zinthu ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zomwe zafotokozedwa mu pepala lokha. Anthu ochuluka akuzindikira kuti zinthu zikuipiraipira. Komabe, tili ndi ulendo wautali. Njira zochepa zazing'ono zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Zotheka zotheka:
- Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti zisankhozi zapangidwa ndi ndale ndi omwe adawasankha omwe timawasankha, komanso kuti ndondomeko ya ndale yomwe imathandizidwa ndi zopereka zapadera ndi / kapena zamakampani ndizomwe zimatsimikizirika kuti zisawonongeke ndi ziphuphu. Tiyenera kuletsa zopereka zachinsinsi/mabungwe ndikusintha ndalama zathu zachisankho ndi ndalama za boma komanso malamulo azisankho omwe angathe kutsatiridwa omwe amaletsa jerrymander ndi ntchito zina zomwe zimalepheretsa aliyense kuvota.
- Tiyenera kuchepetsa kwambiri asilikali athu ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Tiyenera kutseka mabwalo onse ankhondo aku US - okhazikika komanso osakhazikika, osakhalitsa kapena osatha - kunja kwa United States, ndipo tiyenera kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mabungwe mkati mwa US. Zikuoneka kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa 90 peresenti pachaka kwa ndalama zankhondo kuli koyenera, kudzatetezabe United States, ndipo kuyenera kufunidwa mwamsanga; izi ziyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kufunafuna kuchepetsa ndalama zofananira ndi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi.
- Tiyenera kuonjezera kwambiri misonkho kwa iwo omwe akupanga ndalama zoposa $200,000 pachaka, ndipo izi ziyenera kukhala misonkho yopita patsogolo: mukamapanga zochuluka, mumalipiranso zambiri. Ndi nyumba imodzi yokha yomwe ingayenerere kuchotsedwa msonkho, ndipo ngakhale yomwe ili yosavomerezeka kupitirira masikweya angapo a kukula kwake. Tiyenera kulamula kuti pasakhale wina aliyense wokhala ndi nyumba yachiwiri kufikira onse atakhala nayo.
- Ndalama zomwe boma likugwiritsa ntchito ziyenera kusamutsidwa kuchoka pakufalitsa ntchito zankhondo kupita kukulimbikitsa moyo, kuthetsa kusalingana, komanso kuyamikira chilengedwe ku US ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
- Malingaliro amenewa ndi ochepa kwambiri, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ena adzawaposa mwachidwi.
POMALIZA
"Atsogoleri" andale ndi mabungwe aku US akhala akugwiritsa ntchito anthu aku America - komanso omwe atolankhani ambiri akhala akufalitsa mosavomerezeka - akuwonetsa kuti zinthu nzodabwitsa ndipo sitiyenera kuwafunsa iwo kapena ntchito zawo, kaya kunyumba kapena kutsidya lina. Kuvomereza izi, tawalola kuti atitsogolere komanso kuchita ndi kuvomereza zinthu zomwe zapweteka anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso anthu ambiri a ku America.
Yakwana nthawi yoti tisiye kuvomereza kwathu: tiyenera kuganiza mozama, tiyenera kuyang'ana zomwe zili zofunika kwa tonsefe, ndipo tiyenera kupanga mabungwe omwe amapanga mphamvu kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi. Ndipo tiyenera kuchita izi mumgwirizano ndi kukambirana ndi anthu abwino padziko lonse lapansi: ife mwina tichite izi kapena kuwonongeka mopanda ulemu.
Pokambirana nkhani za imperialism, kudalirana kwa mayiko, ndi neo-liberal economicsโnkhani osati zomwe zimakambidwa m'magulu a anthu aku US-tikukhulupirira kuti tsopano tamvetsetsa, kapena tayamba kumvetsetsa, kuti pali mphamvu zomwe zimakhudza anthu aku US zomwe ndizofunikira kuzimvetsetsa koma zomwe aku America ambiri akukanidwa kudziwa. Uku sikulakwa; Ndikutsutsa mwadala: osankhidwa athu amafuna kutisokoneza, kukwiyirana wina ndi mnzake, motero sitingathe kuchita nawo limodzi kuti asinthe zinthu.
Nkhaniyi inayamba ndi kukambirana mfundo zotithandiza kumvetsa zimene zikuchitikadi. Sizinangochitidwa pazifukwa zonse, koma kusonyeza kuti tikufunika kufunafuna ndi / kapena kupanga magulu a anthu omwe angalole kuti anthu akhale ndi mwayi wosintha zinthu kuti zikhale zabwino. Mwachiwonekere, ngati pali chilichonse choti tiphunzire pakuwunika zaka 40 zapitazi, ndikuti akuluakulu azachuma ndi ndale m'dziko lino achitapo kanthu kuti ayambitse kusintha komwe kwadzetsa mavuto azachuma, ndipo sikuthetsa mavutowa. Ife: tiyenera kuchoka pamabedi athu, kuchoka m'mawondo athu, ndi kufunafuna ogwirizana kulikonse padziko lapansi komwe tingapeze, kugwira nawo ntchito, ndikukula nawo.[lxiii]
Nkhani za mbiriyi zidasindikizidwa ndi ZNetwork ndi Malingaliro a Green Social.
Kim Scipes, Ph. Ndi Pulofesa Emeritus of Sociology ku Purdue University Northwest ku Westville, Indiana, USA. Wasindikiza mabuku anayi mpaka pano, komanso zolemba zopitilira 1982, zowunikiridwa ndi anzawo, zapadera, komanso zolemba zamakalata omenyera ufulu wawo ku US komanso m'maiko 260 padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo buku lake lonse pa KMU Labor Center ku Philippines, angapezeke kwaulere pa Zofalitsa - Yunivesite ya Purdue Kumpoto chakumadzulo (pnw.edu). Ndiwoyambitsanso LEPAIO (Labor Education Project on AFL-CIO International Operations), yemwe tsamba lake lili pa https://aflcio-int.education/.
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PITIRIZANI
[I] Monga tiwonera mwachangu, ndikuganiza kuti izi zikubwerera ku 1945, koma ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kuyambira 1981 m'nkhaniyi.
[Ii] Ngakhale ndikudziwa bwino za vuto la nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ndipo ndikulemba zambiri za nkhanizi, ndasankha kuti ndisawayankhe m'nkhaniyi. Patsamba langa latsamba lomwe ndimayang'ana kwambiri pa izi, chonde pitani patsamba langa la "Mavuto a Nyengo, Kuwonongeka kwa Zachilengedwe, ndi Chilungamo cha Anthu: Zothandizira", pa intaneti kwaulere, pa https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, yomwe imaphatikizaponso maulalo okhudzana ndi zofalitsa zanga.
[III] Ena anganene kuti zoyesayesa zolamulirazi zidayamba kale, mu 1898, ndi nkhondo za Spain-America ndi Philippines-America. Daniel Immerwahr (2019) amabwereranso kukufika kwa Azungu ku America kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400.
[Iv] Ndi "kukonda dziko la America," ndikunena za lingaliro lakuti United States ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuti ndipamwamba kuposa ina iliyonse, kuti aliyense padziko lapansi akufuna kukhala ku US, ndi atsogoleri ake. ndi ozindikira kwambiri, odziwa zambiri, achifundo kuposa wina aliyense, choncho, aliyense amayang'ana ku US kwa utsogoleri wapadziko lonse monga atsogoleri ake ali olungama, zolinga zawo ndi "zoyera," ndipo dziko lino lili pafupi ndi paradaiso padziko lapansi monga mwaumunthu alipo. Zochita zake, chifukwa chake, ndizosatsutsika. Izi ndi zongopeka zikuonedwa ngati zoona; ndi malingaliro, osatengera kusanthula kulikonse koyenera kwa mbiri yake, kapena pamaziko aliwonse omveka lero a mphamvu ndi zofooka za US. Ndi zamkhutu.
Utundu Wachimereka umenewu wazikidwa pa ulamuliro wa azungu, lingaliro lakuti munthu woyera wotsikitsitsa, wopanda mbiri ndiye wamkulu kuposa munthu wokhoza kwambiri wa mtundu. Izi, nazonso, zimachokera ku zongopeka ndipo zimafuna kusamvetsetsa kwathunthu ndi kozindikira za mbiri ya US. Ndi bodza lathunthu.
Chitsanzo cha zotsatira zoyipa za dziko la America, akuti zimathandizira kuyendetsa ntchito kwa atsogoleri andale akunja a AFL-CIO (onani Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2022b).
[V] M'nkhani yabwino kwambiri yokambirana zankhondo ku US, ndi ntchito zankhondo zaku US m'maiko angapo, David Gibbs (2012) akuyika izi mochepera (osati kwathunthu) pokhudzana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko; monga ziwonedwe pansipa, sindimagwirizana ndi njirayi, ndikuganiza kuti akanagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "empire" m'malo mwa "gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale." Ndikuganiza kuti mkangano wake umagwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la ufumu.
[vi] Ndinakumana koyamba ndi Dr. Jan Nederveen Pieterse pamene ndinapita ku Institute for Social Studies ku The Hague, The Netherlands ataitanidwa ndi Dr. Peter Waterman kuti adzachite Digiri ya Master mu Maphunziro a Chitukuko mu August 1990 (anakambidwa mwachidule mu Scipes, 2021: xvi -xvi). Monga momwe tidzawonera, ntchito ya Nederveen Pieterse (yosadziwika dzina lomaliza) yakhudza kwambiri chitukuko changa chotsatira, ndipo kulozera kwanga zingapo za ntchito zake ndi chifukwa cha kuwoneratu kwake ndi kumveka bwino kwa malingaliro ake osati chifukwa chakuti uphungu ndi uphungu wake. pazaka 30 zapitazi, zomwe ndimamuthokoza.
[vii] Gawoli likufotokoza kwambiri za Scipes (2010a, b, 2016a), pomwe ndimakambirana ndikukulitsa lingaliro la imperialism kenako makamaka ntchito ya imperialism.
[viii] McNamara adanenanso mufilimu ya Errol Morris ya 2003, "The Fog of War."
Mumzinda wa Ho Chi Minh (omwe kale umadziwika kuti Saigon), Vietnam, womwe ndapitako kangapo komanso komwe ndimaphunzitsa m'nyengo yachilimwe ya 2017 ndi '18, Remnants of War Museum yakhazikitsidwa kuti ikumbukire nkhondo pamavuto ake onse. . Pali zipinda zoperekedwa kwa omwe akuzunzidwa ndi poizoni wa Agent Orange, zomwe zikupitilizabe kukhudza anthu pakali pano, ndipo zithunzi zina ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti wakale wa US Marine sanathenso kuchita nawo chiwonetserochi.
[ix] Ngakhale ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri amadziwa pang'ono za CIA, NED yodziwika kwambiri. William Robinson (1996) amalemba zambiri za ntchito zawo, ndipo ndimaziphatikiza m'buku langa la 2010, Nkhondo Yachinsinsi ya AFL-CIO yolimbana ndi Ogwira Ntchito Kumayiko Otukuka (Scipes, 2010a: 96-105.). Komanso, pazolemba zingapo zoyeserera ku Venezuela, onani Scipes, 2005, 2014a; onaninso Gill (2020), Gill and Hanson (2019), ndi Hanson and Gill (2019) pazochita zaposachedwa za US motsutsana ndi Venezuela.
Ntchito ya William Blum (1986, 2000, 2014, 2015) yakhala yofunika kwambiri pofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zakunja zaku US padziko lonse lapansi m'mbali zake zonse.
[x] Ngakhale kuti zomwe zikuchitika pano ndi dziko "lofooka", ndikufuna kuzindikira kuti "zopindulitsa" zomwe zimapita kudziko lonse lachifumu sizikugawidwa mofanana kwa anthu ake; zopindulitsa za dziko lachifumu izi "zimagawidwa" molingana; ie, mosagwirizana. M'malo mwake, mpaka anthu apansi a dziko lachifumu adadzipanga okha kuti athe kukakamiza osankhika awo kuti agawane nawo phindu lazachuma, phindu lalikulu ngati silonse limangokhala m'bokosi la anthu osankhika, pomwe antchito dziko lachifumu likuvutitsidwa kupitilizabe.
Nthawi imodzi ogwira ntchito ku America adakakamiza akuluakulu andale ndi azachuma kuti agawane nawo zabwino zawo zidakhala zaka za 1948-1973, nthawi yomwe imadziwika kuti "zaka zamtengo wapatali za chuma cha US," chifukwa chakukula kwakukulu kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito ku US. m'ma 1930 ndi '40s, ndi kufunitsitsa kwake kumenya nkhondo. Ngakhale kuti nthawiyi inali yamphamvu kwambiri kwa omwe anakhalapo panthawiyi, nthawiyi ndi yosokoneza m'mbiri ya US, ndipo palibe zosonyeza kuti idzabwerezedwanso kapena kubwerezedwa.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, komabe, makamaka achinyamata, "ogwira ntchito" ndi amuna osauka (komanso amayi ochulukirapo) omwe amatumizidwa ndi akuluakulu kuti akachite ntchito zawo zonyansa motsutsana ndi anthu a dziko lililonse lomwe akufuna, ndipo omwe amalipira izi. moyo wawo wonse-ngati sangawataye pankhondo kapena usilikali-ndi PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), uchidakwa, ndi zina zotero (onani Gordon, Early, and Cravens, 2022). Opambana mwa omenyera nkhondowa amazindikira zomwe adagula ndikukonza zotsutsa izi, kaya ali pantchito kapena, makamaka, atatuluka. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha izi ndi VVAW, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, yomwe idakalipo, ndi pepala lodabwitsa. The Veteran akutiuza nkhani yathu: www.vvaw.org. (Wolemba uyu ndi Sergeant wakale mu US Marine Corps yemwe "anatembenuka" ali pantchito, 1969-73; mwamwayi, sindinatumizidwe kunkhondo ku Vietnam.)
[xi] Izi zimachokera ku lingaliro la "hegemony," lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa ndale wa ku Italy komanso wotsutsa Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1982) mu 1930s. Hegemony ndi njira yowongolera kwambiri kuposa momwe mawu oti "kulamulira" akunenera; imazindikira mikangano ya anthu, motero imazindikira zokonda zotsutsana, ndipo imatanthawuza lingaliro la kusunga ulamuliro ndi chipani champhamvu mwa kupeza "chilolezo" kuchokera kwa omwe amawapondereza. Kwenikweni, hegemony imafuna kuti chipani cholamulira chigonjetse mikangano yokwanira kuti ipitilize kuwongolera, pomwe kulamulira kumafunikira kupambana mpikisano uliwonse; Lingaliro la hegemony limalola kusinthasintha kuwongolera zoyesayesa kuposa kulamulira.
Ndikufuna kuthokoza Kayla Vasilko, pa zokambirana zaumwini, pondilimbikitsa kuti ndiphatikizepo nkhani za hegemony ndi kuvomereza pakuwunika kwanga.
[xii] Izi si zamtengo wapatali.
Hickel, ndi. al., amati mu 2015, pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yomwe inalipo mโmisika, โmayiko akumpoto [padziko lonse] analanda kumwera matani 12 biliyoni a zinthu zosafunika, mahekitala 822 miliyoni, ma exajoules 21 a magetsi, ndi 188 miliyoni. kwa zaka zambiri zogwira ntchito, zokwana $10.8 triliyoni pamitengo ya Kumpoto-zokwanira kuthetsa umphawi wadzaoneni kuwirikiza ka 70. Pa nthawi yonseyi [1990-2015], kukhetsa kumwera kunakwana $242 trillion (nthawi zonse 2010 USD). Kukhetsa kumeneku kukuyimira mphepo yamkuntho ku North padziko lonse lapansi, yofanana ndi kotala la Northern GDPโ (Hickel, Dorninger, Wieland, and Suwandi, 2022).
[xiii] Monga momwe kwalongosoledwera mโnkhani yapitayo: โMfundo imeneyi ingatsutsidwe, monga momwe okhulupirira Marx ambiri ali ndi chidziลตitso chokulirapo cha ulamuliro wa imperialism kuposa chuma wamba. Komabe, pamaziko ongoyerekeza, wolemba uyu akunena kuti njira ya Lenin ndi zachuma, ndipo ndi maziko ongopeka omwe akukambidwa pano. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pochita, kulingalira sikunakhale kochepa kwambiri, koma machitidwe apitirira zomwe chiphunzitsocho chimalola โ(Scipes, 2010b: 277, fn. #4).
Lingaliro la Gramsci la hegemony limakulitsa maubwenzi olamulira kupitilira chuma chokha cha Lenin, kuyang'ana pa nkhani yowongolera chikhalidwe cha anthu, koma mosakayikira sichidutsa malingaliro azachuma a imperialism ya Lenin.
[xiv] Kufotokozera: ngakhale timatchula njirazi ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la imperialism, zambiri zimasiyana pansi. Chotero, njira imene Abritishi anachitira maiko awo inali yosiyana ndi Afalansa, Adatchi, ndi Amereka, ndi ena otero; panthawi imodzimodziyo, komabe, njira zolamulira zinkasiyana m'madera omwe ankalamulidwa ndi dziko lachifumu lomwelo: momwe a British ankachitira India ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe ankachitira madera awo aku North America komanso Nigeria.
[xv] Kusintha kwa Haiti mu 1791 kukhala chitsanzo chachikulu, chokhudza kwambiri mbiri ya dziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti sichidziwika kawirikawiri: kuwonjezera pa china chirichonse, chimatsutsa nthano ya ukulu wa oyera.
Anthu a ku Haiti adagonjetsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda (wa ku France), kenako adagonjetsa asilikali a Napoleon pamene adaukira kuti abwezeretse ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Anagonjetsa Asilikali a Britain pamene adayesa kupezerapo mwayi pa kulephera kwa France. (Kuyika mawu apano a nkhonya, awa anali opikisana nawo nambala 1 ndi nambala 2 kwa ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi panthawiyo). Onani James, 1963.
Komanso, ichi chinali chifukwa chachikulu chimene Napoleon anagulitsa "New France" ku United States mu 1803: popanda Haiti, sakanatha kuteteza mizere yake yopita ku New Orleans ku Western Atlantic ndi Caribbean kuchokera ku British ndi Spanish navies, ndi zosiyanasiyana. "Pirates." New France inali yaikuluโambiri a dziko lamakono la United States kumadzulo kwa Mtsinje wa Mississippi kusiyapo kumโmwera chakumadzulo, kumene panthaลตiyo kunali kulamulidwa ndi Spain. Kugulitsa ku US kunalepheretsanso nkhondo yomwe ingachitike mtsogolomo ndi France, chifukwa zikutheka kuti "Anthu aku America" โโangafune kupitiliza "kukula kwawo chakumadzulo."
Anthu a ku Haiti adathandiziranso zoyesayesa za Simon Bolivar kuti apambane ufulu kumpoto kwa South America, ndipo adathandizira kulimbikitsa kupanduka kwa Nat Turner m'mayiko akapolo a US.
Ndikudabwa chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri sitimaphunzitsidwa izi m'masukulu aku USโฆ?
[xvi] Ndime iyi yochokera ku Scipes, 2018, pomwe amawunikiranso kwambiri buku la McCoy la 2017.
Ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Military-Industrial Complex," Gibbs' (2012) kufotokoza ndi kusanthula kumagwirizana bwino ndi "empire."
[xvii] Pazochokera ku National Security Act ya 1947, komanso kuphatikiza zolemba zofananira, onani Santarsiero, 2022.
[xviii] Mayiko ochepa - monga American Samoa ndi Puerto Rico (ndipo mwina ena) - akadali midzi lero. Mayiko ochepa otsala mu ufumu uliwonse mwina sanapeze ufulu wawo wandale. Ngakhale zili choncho, maikowa amatha kudziwika kuti ndi "maiko akale."
[xix] Pali mabuku ambiri onena za ubale wa atsamunda a Philippines ndi neocolonial ndi United States. Pankhani imodzi yomwe ikufotokoza za ubale wa neocolonial m'njira yomwe imafotokozera ubalewu, onani Scipes (1999); kuti mufufuze mozama za ubale wa neo-ukoloni, onani Shalom, 1981; ndi kusanthula kwaposachedwapa, onani Broad, 1988; Boyce, 1993, ndi Bello, 2009.
Pali mayiko ena omwe adachoka paubwenzi wodalira chuma ndi ambuye am'mbuyomu atsamunda, kukhala "atsamunda," ndipo adalandira mphotho ya udani wosatha wa Ufumu wa United States, womwe udafuna kuwalanga chifukwa cha ndulu ndi ndulu. waika zilango zazikulu pazachuma ndi ndale; Cuba pambuyo pa kusintha kotsogozedwa ndi Castro mu 1959, ndi Venezuela kuyambira chisankho cha 1998 cha Hugo Chavez ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri. Zitsanzo ziwiri zam'mbuyomu, kwa nthawi yayitali komanso mbiri zovuta, ndi Russia / Soviet Union ndi China.
[xx] Gawo ili la "globalization" latengedwa kuchokera ku Scipes, 2016b: 2-3, 16-17. Pa intaneti pa https://www.academia.edu/25374866/INTRODUCTION_to_Scipes_ed_Building_Global
_Labor_Mgwirizano. Yakonzedwanso ndikusinthidwa pang'ono.
[xxi] Mfundo iyi yokhudzana ndi kusalingana ndi yofunika kwambiri. Zikutanthauza kuti njirazi zimakhudza mayiko mosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimatha kugunda nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndi mphamvu zosiyana, ndi zina zotero. Ndipotu, zingakhudze madera osiyanasiyana m'dziko lomwelo mosiyana.
Izi ziyenera kumveka: kudalirana kwa mayiko si mphamvu imodzi yokha yomwe ikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imakhudza dongosolo lililonse la anthu, dera, chuma chimodzimodzi panthawi yomweyo. Ndi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zimatsogolera ku "kuyanjana kwakukulu kudera lonse komanso nthawi yochepa kuposa kale" (Nederveen Pieterse, 2015: 8), koma zotsatira zake ndizosiyana.
[xxii] Charles Tilly (2005) amavomerezana ndi kamvedwe ka nthawi yaitali kameneka: โKuyambira ndi kusamuka kwa anthu kuchoka mu Afirika pafupifupi zaka zikwi makumi asanu zapitazo, umunthu wakhala ukufalikira mobwerezabwereza.โ Kenako akufotokoza njira zitatu za kudalirana kwa mayiko zimene zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira mโma 1500.
[xxiii] Nederveen Pieterse (2008) akuwunika kuchepa kwa US mwatsatanetsatane; onaninso Scipes, 2009. McCoy, 2017 amachitanso izi. Mosakayikira, pali ntchito zina zambiri pankhaniyi.
[xxiv] Sikuti mabungwe onse ndi malo ogwira ntchito akupita patsogolo; ena akhoza kukhala otsutsa kwambiri; onani, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yanga pa imperialism ya AFL-CIO (Scipes, 2010a, 2010b, 2016a, 2017b, ndi 2020b).
[xxv] Gawo ili la "neo-liberal economics" limakhudza kwambiri ntchito yanga yapitayi-onani makamaka Scipes (1984, 1999, 2006, 2009, 2016b: 3-10)-koma yawonjezeredwa ndi kuwerengedwa kowonjezereka, makamaka ndi Brenner (2003) , Cox (2012), Cox and Lee (2012), Cox and Bass (2012), Gibbs (2012), Harvey (2005), Piven (2006), Roman and Velasco Arregui (2013), and Skidmore-Hess (2012) . Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe zidzawonekere, ndikuphatikizanso kafukufuku wina yemwe ndinachita kuzungulira 2013, ndipo adasindikizidwa mu Scipes, 2021: 9-11, komanso kafukufuku wina wophatikizidwa mu Scipes (2017b).
[xxvi] Chonde ndikhululukireni kuchepetsa kuyang'ana kwanga ku United States; pali njira zofanana zomwe zikuchitika m'mayiko onse a Ufumu wa US, kuphatikizapo mayiko akuluakulu a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Komabe, nkhani ya US ndi yomveka bwino, ndipo ndilo dziko lalikulu la ufumuwo, kotero pofuna kumveketsa bwino kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa ndemanga zanga apa, ndikuzindikira kuti njirazi zimapitirira kuposa chitsanzo chimodzi ichi.
[xxvii] Kodi ndikutanthauza chiyani ndi "kumanga malingaliro"? Taphunzitsidwa kuti pali misika yachuma, komwe amuna (ndipo posachedwa, akazi) amatha kuyanjana monga ofanana, kugula ndi kugulitsa katundu ndi ntchito malinga ndi zofuna zawo, ndipo izi zimatsogoleredwa ndi "dzanja losaoneka" la msika. . Choyamba, makamaka pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa nkhani ya golosale ya "mayi ndi pop", ogula ndi ogulitsa sakhala ofanana; ogulitsa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa ogula: "ngati simundipatsa zomwe ndikufuna, sindigulitsa." Mwina chitsanzo chapamwamba cha nkhani imodzi yomwe ogula ali ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa ogulitsa ndi msika wogwira ntchito; Olemba ntchito akhoza kulemba ntchito aliyense amene akufuna, malinga ngati sakusankha mwachiwonekere pazifukwa zina za chikhalidwe cha anthu ("mtundu," jenda, chilema, chilakolako chogonana, ndi zina zotero).
Kufalitsa bodza ili la kufanana, pamene sikuli kuyimira kolondola kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu koma ndi nthano, cholinga chake ndi kusokoneza ngati sichoncho bodza kwa anthu; ie, ndi cholinga kukusungani pansi pa ulamuliro wa iwo amene ali ndi chidwi chawo kunama.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha msika waulere kumalepheretsanso kuganizira za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthuโkodi muli ndi ndalama kapena ngongole yogulira chinachake kapena ayi?โndi kumalepheretsanso kuganizira zotsatira za kupanga kwa ogwira ntchito kapena chilengedwe; mwachitsanzo, ndi "chitsanzo" chocheperako komanso chocheperako pazachuma.
Ndingatsutse kuti chitsanzo chokwanira, ngakhale chili ndi malire, ndi chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Karl Marx (1873) ndi mbadwa zake zandale.
[xxviii] CIA idapangidwa pansi pa National Security Act ya 1947 (onani Santarsiero, 2022). Kuti mumve zambiri za momwe amagwirira ntchito pazaka zambiri, onani Blum, 1986, 2000, 2014, 2015.
[xxix] Gawoli lokhudza kusalingana kwa ndalama ku United States, komanso gawo lomwe lili pansipa, latengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Scipes, 2009. Mwatsoka, izi sizikukhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitundu kapena amuna ndi akazi pakati pa anthu a US, omwe ali okhazikika; kuti muwone momwe izi zimakhudzira thanzi mdziko muno, onani Barr (2019).
Monga tionere pa Chithunzi 1, m'munsimu, izi zidzawoneka bwino chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndalama zenizeni za anthu pakati pa 1947 ndi 1973, komanso kuti kukula kwa ndalama kumeneku kunagawidwa mofanana kumagulu onse amtundu wa anthu. Choncho, monga momwe zinasonyezedwera ndi nthawiyi, panali maziko enieni enieni a "maloto a ku America" โโkomanso kuti onse anali otheka.
Komabe, "lingaliro" loti kusintha kwazinthu izi kudapitilira pambuyo pa 1973, kudzatsutsidwa ndi zomwe zili pansipa. Monga momwe tiwonera, "maloto aku America" โโadataya zinthu zake zambiri ndipo tsopano "malo olankhulirana" aku America akuchulukirachulukira.
[xxx] Mphindi yofotokozera kuti ikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa zomwe mukuyang'ana. Kuti aweruze kusalingana kwachuma pakati pa anthu, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu (ndi akatswiri ena azachuma) adzasonkhanitsa deta yonse yachuma momwe angathere, kutengera ndalama ndi/kapena chuma, chokonzedwa ndi banja kapena munthu payekha, ndi kuziwonetsa kuchokera ku zochepa kwambiri mpaka zazikulu. Ndalama zomwe zimapeza ndizosavuta kupeza, chifukwa chake zimawonetsedwa, monga zimachitikira pano. Kenako ndalama zomwe amapeza zidzagawidwa m'ma quintile kapena magawo asanu, ndipo izi zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku quintile yotsika kwambiri mpaka yapamwamba kwambiri. Ndiye, poyezera, adzayika nambala ya dola pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri (pamwamba) wa ndalama / chuma mu quintile, monga momwe mungathe kuzifananitsa ndi nthawi, kuti muwone komwe kugawa ndalama kukukula kapena kugwa.
[xxxi] Boma la US silikufuna kuti timvetsetse kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikulandidwa ndi anthu asanu pa 5 alionse (95%) a anthu, kotero kuti deta yawo yachisanu (ndipamwamba kwambiri) imayima pa 95 peresenti; nambala ndi ya munthu pa XNUMXth percentile. Izi ndizosiyana ndi momwe amaperekera deta pamwamba pa ma quintiles ena. Ngakhale zili choncho, popeza amachita zimenezi mosasinthasintha, nโzofanana ndi zaka zina ngakhale kuti pali malire.
[xxxii] Amatchula Prechel (1997: 414), akulemba "... monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera pakugwa kwakukulu kwa phindu panthawiyi kwa makampani apamwamba a 500 kuchokera ku 7.7 peresenti kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1981 mpaka 4.8 peresenti kuyambira 1982 mpaka 1986 ..." (Cox , 2012:18).
[xxxiii] Mawu amodzi m'mawu a Cox akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa: akunena za mayiko omwe akutukuka ku Asia. Malinga ndi Scipes, "Choyamba, momveka bwino, chitukukochi chinayamba ndi / kapena kupindula ndi Cold War ya US yolimbana ndi 'communism,' ndipo kenaka akutsutsa, "chitukuko chachuma ichi chinapangidwa kuti chikhazikitse kapena kukonzanso ulamuliro wa capitalist m'madera osiyanasiyana. mayiko ndi ulamuliro wachifumu waku US m'derali ..." (Scipes, 2020c: 1216). Chodabwitsa n'chakuti popereka "malo opangira ndalama" ku mabungwe akunja, izi zinapereka malo owonjezereka omwe mabungwe a US angasamuke kuchokera ku US.
[xxxiv] Monga zalembedwa kangapo ndi olemba angapo ku Cox, ed. (2012), Bungwe la Business Roundtable lakhala likuthandiza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za mabungwe akuluakulu a mayiko a US komanso makamaka kupititsa patsogolo zofuna zawo m'magulu apamwamba a maboma a US ndipo achita bwino kwambiri.
[xxxv] Onani zokambirana za ntchito zawo motsutsana ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito ku Cox and Bass (2012).
[xxxvi] Mfundo yakuti chuma cha US ndi chofunikira pa ubwino wa Ufumu wa United States sichinapangidwe, osachepera poyera; Akuluakulu aku US akukana kufotokoza ufumu wake motero. Komabe, ufumu umadalira kapena uli ndi mwayi wopeza chuma chokhazikika komanso chotukuka cha kwawo.
Kuti muwone chitsanzo chimodzi cha izi, onani Knickmeyer, Bussewitz, Flesher, Brown, ndi Casey, 2020.
[xxxvii] Zomwe adatchula komaliza ndikugulitsa mabungwe aboma - monga njira zoyeretsera madzi ndi kupereka, mphamvu zopangira magetsi, masukulu komanso masukulu apawokha, ntchito zamayendedwe (njira za njanji, misewu yayikulu, milatho), ndi zina zambiri - ku mabungwe aboma. , m'malo mwa oyang'anira mabungwe; kunena mwanjira ina, kusintha mapulojekitiwa kuchoka ku zokomera anthu onse kukhala madongosolo achinsinsi, opangira phindu. Njira izi zimatchedwa "privatization."
[xxxviii] Powunikira mwamphamvu, Cox (2012: 16-30) amafotokoza momwe mabungwe otsogola aku US adayendera Reagan ndi maulamuliro apurezidenti onse a zipani zonse zandale, ndipo adawapangitsa kuti akonze mfundo zazachuma zakunja zaku US kuti apindule ndi mabungwewa. ndalama zachindunji za ogwira ntchito mdziko muno. Ndi kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane komwe kumayenera kuganiziridwa mozama, komwe sikukuwoneka kuti sikunapezekepo mpaka pano.
[xxxix] Malinga ndi Macrotrends (2023), koma owonjezera ndi wolemba uyu, ndalama zonse zankhondo zaku US kuyambira 1982 (chaka choyamba cha bajeti ya Reagan Administration) mpaka kumapeto kwa kayendetsedwe ka a Donald Trump mu 2021: $ 18,215.91 biliyoni kapena $ 18.216 thililiyoni. (Izi ndizomwe Russia isanaukire Ukraine mu February 2022.)
Kupitilira apo, titha kufananiza ndalama zankhondo zaku US ku 2021 ndi za 10 za "ogwirizana" athu: US-$ 800.67 biliyoni; UK- $68.37 biliyoni; France- $56.65 biliyoni; Germany-$56.02 biliyoni; Saudi Arabia-$55.56 biliyoni; Japan- $54.12 biliyoni; South Korea-$50.23 biliyoni; Italy-32.01 biliyoni; Australia-$31.75 biliyoni; Canada- $26.45 biliyoni; ndi Israel $24.34 biliyoni. (Macrotrends, 2023). Mwanjira ina, mu 2021, US idawononga $ 800.67 biliyoni, pomwe ogwirizana athu 10 adawononga. kuphatikiza adawononga $455.5 biliyoni.
Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika yomwe siinamveke mokwanira ndi omwe akupita patsogolo ku United States: US ili ndi ufumu, ndipo mphamvu zake ndizosiyana ndi za United States monga dziko, koma akuluakulu azachuma ndi ndale safuna kuti tizichita. kumvetsetsa kusiyanitsa uku: akufuna kuti tiziganiza kuti kuwonetsera kwa ufumuwo, pamene ukuyesa kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi, ndiko kuteteza dziko. Nkhondo ku Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, ndi Afghanistan-kuphatikizapo malamulo osiyanasiyana a US "apadziko lonse" ku Ulaya, Latin America, Middle East, Africa, ndi East Asia, ndi zochitika zawo zonse zokhudzana ndi dziko lonse lapansi. kuchita ndi "kuteteza" United States ndi kupitirira kwa munthu; olemba nthano zake amapangitsa okankhira zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo kuoneka ngati anthu okonda kukwera njinga.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ufumu ndi dziko ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tisiyanitse "utundu" waku America. Komanso, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ufumuwo ndi ndalama zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa maphunziro, chithandizo chamankhwala, kuthetsa kusayeruzika m'dera lathu, kulimbikitsa zomangamanga zathu, ndi / kapena kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, ntchito zonse zomwe zimapangidwira kuthandiza anthu a ku America ndi anthu ena abwino ozungulira. dziko.
[xl] Imodzi mwa nthano zazikulu za moyo wa ku America-zofalitsidwa kwambiri ndi bizinesi, boma, ndi ma TV omwe amadziwika kwambiri-ndikuti pamene zokolola zikuwonjezeka, moyo wathu umangowonjezereka. Izi โzikusonyezaโ kuti bizinesi โimasamaliraโ antchito ake mwachuma mwa kumawonjezera malipiro a antchito nthaลตi ndi nthaลตi.
Zoona zake nโzakuti mabungwe a zamalonda akhala akukambitsirana ndi kunyalanyazidwa komwe kwachititsa kuti mabizinesi akweze malipilo ndi kuwonjezera phindu la anthu. Ndipo ngakhale malo ogwirira ntchito omwe si a mgwirizano nthawi zambiri akweza malipiro / phindu kumlingo wofananira, monga gawo la kampeni yawo yoletsa ogwira ntchito kuti asamagwirizane. Mwachidule, ndikutsatira a Jack Metzgar (2000), "gulu logwira ntchito lapakati" - lomwe limaphatikizapo mamembala aluso, ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale, ndipo pambuyo pake, ogwira ntchito m'boma - adapangidwa ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito, ndipo adalowa nawo miyambo yachikhalidwe. Ntchito "zapakati" monga maloya, madotolo, othandizira inshuwaransi, ndi zina zotero, kuti apange "gulu lalikulu la anthu aku America." "Ogwira ntchito apakati" sanapangidwe ndi zoyesayesa "zoyipa" zabizinesi, koma ndi khama lotsimikiza la mamiliyoni a ogwira ntchito omwe adalumikizana pamodzi mu gulu la ogwira ntchito ku US.
Kuwukira kwa mabungwe kuyambira 1981, monga momwe ndikusonyezera pansipa, kwawononga chuma cha anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri a ku America, zomwe zadzetsa chisokonezo chachikulu cha anthu mkati mwa United States.
[xli] Apanso, onani Cox (2012: 16-30) pomwe amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kusintha kwachuma cha US kuchoka pachikhalidwe chathu kupita ku unyolo wapadziko lonse lapansi. "Boma la US linali njira yofunikira kwambiri popereka mwayi wandale, zamalamulo, ndi mabungwe kwamakampani aku US kuti akonzenso ntchito zawo m'ma 1980s" (Cox, 2012: 25).
Kuti mufufuze mozama za Apple Corporation, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamakampani otukuka kwambiri ochokera ku US, komanso momwe izi zakhudzira ogwira ntchito ku China, onani Chan, Selden, and Ngai (2020).
[xlii] Izi zikutanthauza kuti Reagan katatu Ngongole Yadziko Lonse, koma muyenera kuchotsa ndalama zomwe adalandira, kotero kuti chiwonjezeko chenichenicho chinali kuwirikiza kawiri.
[xliii] Chaka chilichonse, boma la Federal limakhazikitsa bajeti, kunena kuti limakonzekera mapulogalamu ena ndi ndalama zowathandizira, ndiyeno lidzawalipira kuchokera kumalisiti amisonkho. Pambuyo pa kutha kwa chaka cha bajeti-chomwe chikutha pa September 30-boma lidzanena kuti "tinawononga ndalama zathu mopitirira malire" (kunena za kuchepa kwa ndalama) kapena "tinabweretsa bajeti yathu pansi kuposa momwe tinkayembekezera" (kulengeza za surplus). Kenako zotsatira za chaka chimenecho (zowonjezera kapena zopereลตera) zikuwonjezedwa ku za chaka china chilichonse, kubwerera ku 1789, pamene US inakhala dziko lodziimira palokha, ndipo kuchulukana kochulukirako/zopereลตera kumatchedwa โngongole ya dziko.โ
Mvetserani kuti pakati pa 1789, pomwe US โโidakhala dziko lodziyimira pawokha ndipo 1981, kutha kwa kayendetsedwe ka Jimmy Carter, ngongole ya dziko la US inali $ 909 biliyoni, kapena $ .9 thililiyoni. Izi zinaphatikizapo kulipira Nkhondo ya 1812; Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni; nkhondo yolimbana ndi Amwenye mโzigwa; Nkhondo ya Spanish-America (kuphatikizapo nkhondo ya US-Philippine); Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse; Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse; nkhondo ku Korea ndi Vietnam; komanso Tennessee Valley Authority (yomwe idabweretsa magetsi ku US South), Interstate Highway System, ndi pulogalamu yamalo mpaka tsikulo, kuphatikiza ndalama zina zilizonse za Federal; izi zidatenga zaka 192. Pazaka zopitilira 40, kuyambira pomwe Reagan adalowa ku White House, Ngongole Yadziko Lonse idakula $30 thililiyoni pansi pa ma Republican ndi Democrats. Lero, monga tanenera, ngongole yadziko ikupitilira $31 thililiyoni (Rappeport ndi Tankersley, 2022).
Pa February 15, 2023, the New York Times adasindikiza nkhani yomwe inanena kuti lipoti laposachedwa la US Congressional Budget Office linanena kuti ngongole ya US National Debt idzakwera ndi $ 19 trillion pofika 2033 (Tankersley ndi Rappeport, 2023).
Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mukamagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zankhondo ku Ufumu wa US, ndikuchepetsa misonkho kumabungwe ndi olemera.
[xliv] Kumapeto kwa gawo lachitatu la 2022 (September 30, 2022), US Gross National Product (GNP) idalembedwa pa $ 25.89 trilioni (Y Charts.com); komabe Ngongole Yadziko Lonse idalembedwa m'masiku ochepa kuchokera pomwe idaposa $31 thililiyoni (Rappeport ndi Tankersley, 2022). Izi zikutanthauza kuti Ngongole Yadziko Lonse ndi pafupifupi 119.7 peresenti ya GNP. Mโmawu ena, ngakhale munthu aliyense mโdziko muno akanalolera kugwira ntchito kwaulere kwa chaka chathunthu, sitikanatha kuthetsa Ngongole Yadziko Lonse.
Kumapeto kwa 1980 - Reagan adasankhidwa mu Novembala ndipo adatenga udindo mkati mwa masiku 20 - Ngongole Yadziko Lonse inali $ .909 trilioni, ndipo GNP (pa Disembala 31, 1980) inali $ 2.768 thililiyoni (Y Charts, 2023), motero. Ngongole Yadziko Lonse panthawiyo inali pafupifupi 32.5 peresenti ya GNP.
[xlv] Njira yofunika kwambiri yomwe izi zachitikira ndi kudzera mu mbiri yakale: chitsanzo chabwino chaperekedwa ndi filimuyi, "Sir, No Sir!" (Zieger, 2005). Ngakhale adayesetsa kuti "ayike nkhondo ya [Vietnam] kumbuyo kwathu" ndi boma la US, David Zieger akufotokoza momveka bwino kuti pali gulu lodana ndi nkhondo. mkati asilikali a US, ndi zotsatira zake pa mphamvu ya asilikali a US kumenya nkhondo. (Gulu lodana ndi nkhondo ili mkati mwa gulu lankhondo la US, lomwe ndidachita nawo, nthawi zambiri "latayika" ku mbiri ya US; pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti sikusochera, onani Cortwright, 1975; Moser, 1996; Short ndi Seidenberg, 1992 ; ndi Stacewicz, 1997; kuti mufufuze za nkhondo yolimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, onani Lewis, 2012.) Kuyerekeza filimu ya Zieger ndi "mbiri" ya nkhondo, monga momwe amanenera, kumasonyeza kuti "mbiri yeniyeni" yakhala yongopeka. . Buku la Nick Turse (2013) pa Vietnam, Iphani Chilichonse Chomwe Chimayenda: Nkhondo Yeniyeni Yaku America ku Vietnam, ikuwonetsanso nthano zankhondo zomwe zafalitsidwa ndi boma la US, ndikuziwononga pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zankhondo zaku US.
[xlvi] Kanema wa Michael Moore wa 1989, Roger ndi ine, ndi filimu yake ya 2009, Capitalchikhalidwe: Nkhani Yachikondi, ndi zitsanzo zokhazo zomwe ndikudziwa kuti funso la neo-liberal economics ndi lomwe linafikira anthu ambiri panthawiyi, ngakhale Moore sanagwiritse ntchito mawuwa. Kuti muwunikire makanema a Moore, onani Bridie, 2022.
[xlvii] Sindingathe kusonyeza kuti ndiwawa bwanji kuti ndilembe mawu awa; Nixon, kwa ambiri a m'badwo wanga, anali chiyambi cha zoipa. Zikuwonetsa momwe dziko lino layendera kumbuyo, pansi pa ma Democrat ndi ma Republican.
Nixon sanapereke malamulo opita patsogolowa, makamaka ozungulira chilengedwe ndi malamulo a zaumoyo ndi chitetezo kwa ogwira ntchito chifukwa amawakhulupirira, koma kuti achepetse kayendetsedwe kake (kuphatikiza gulu la anti-Vietnam War) lomwe lidamukakamiza kuti athane ndi mavutowa. mwanjira iyi.
Kuti muwunike bwino kwambiri ndale za Obama Administration, onani Daniel Skidmore-Hess (2012) .
[xlviii] Boma la US silikufuna kuti timvetsetse kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikulandidwa ndi anthu asanu pa 5 aliwonse (95%) a anthu, kotero kuti deta yawo yachisanu (ndipamwamba kwambiri) imayima pa XNUMX peresenti; ngakhale zili choncho, popeza amachita zimenezi mosasinthasintha, nโzofanana ndi zaka zina ngakhale kuti pali malire.
[xlix] Robert E. Scott lipoti kuti pafupifupi 3.2 miliyoni ntchito anataya "ndi mtengo ukonde kukula zosoลตa malonda US ndi China pakati 2001 ndi 2013" (Scott, 2014: 2).
Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane momwe ndalama zamayiko ena zidatha kupangitsa kuti dziko la China lilowe m'malo awo ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi, komanso momwe chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chikukhudzira, komanso zotsatira za ogwira ntchito aku China, onani Cox ndi Lee, 2012. Kuti muwone Apple's (ndi Foxconn's) ku China, onani Chan, Selden, ndi Ngai, 2020. Ndipo kuti muwone momwe utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO unali kuukira boma la China chifukwa cha zisankho zomwe zinapangidwa ndi utsogoleri wamakampani padziko lonse ndi boma la US, onani Scipes, 2006.
[l] Zinthu zafika poipa kwambiri kuyambira pomwe gawoli lidasindikizidwa mu 2009.
Malinga ndi Bureau of Labor Statistics, mu 2022, 10.1 peresenti yokha ya ogwira ntchito onse adalumikizidwa, ndi 6.0 peresenti ya mabungwe wamba. (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023.)
[li] Ndakhala ndikulemba zambiri pa ndondomeko yachilendo ya AFL-CIO kwa zaka zambiri; chofunika kwambiri chakhala Scipes (2010a), ndi zosintha, ndi ndemanga zambiri za mabuku mu Scipes (2022b). Kuti mupeze nkhani ina yabwino kwambiri yokhudza malamulo akunja a AFL-CIO, onani Cox and Bass (2012) .
Kulephera kwa utsogoleri wa AFL-CIO kudafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Scipes, 2017b, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Scipes, 2020a. Pali mabuku ambiri okhudza izi ndi olemba ambiri osiyanasiyana, ndipo gwero limodzi labwino kwambiri mpaka pano (lomwe likufunika kusinthidwa!) ndi buku langa la' "Nkhani Zantchito Panopa", likupezeka pa intaneti pa. https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/contemporary-labor-issues-bibliography/.
[lii] Mitengo ya madola, yoperekedwa pa ndalama zapamwamba za ma quintiles (mugawo loyamba) amachokera mu 2005, monga momwe chithunzi 5 chilili pansipa.
[liii] Source: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f04.html: palibenso.
[liv] US CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) imapanga deta zachuma pa mayiko ambiri, ngakhale si onse, ndipo imafalitsa pa intaneti pa "CIA Factbook." Pa February 12, 2023, ndinapita kumeneko kukatenga "zigoli" zawo zaposachedwa za GINI. Zikuwoneka kuti CIA ikuchita ulesi, chifukwa zonse zomwe adapereka panthawiyi zinali zongoyerekeza m'malo mowerengera pano. Komabe, adalemba maiko kuyambira kusalingana kwakukulu mpaka pang'ono, ndipo adawawerengera kuyambira 1 (yayikulu) mpaka 176 (yocheperako), kuphatikiza zotsika kwambiri za Island of Jersey. (CIA imanena za izi mosiyanasiyana kuposa masiku onse, monga manambala athunthu; ndidawayika mumayendedwe masauzande kuti asunge kusasinthika.)
Adavotera US ngati 50th dziko lachuma kwambiri (losafanana) pa .414 mu 2016. (Izi sizimveka kwa ine, monga momwe adavotera US pa .450 mu 2004, ndipo zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri panthawi ya Great Recession, koma ndizo zomwe amafotokoza. )
Ngakhale kuti sindinachite magulu monga momwe ndinachitira mu 2009, ndinalemba chiwerengero cha mayiko osauka ndi chiwerengero cha mayiko osauka; kumbukirani, ngati anali pakati pa manambala 1-49, kusiyana kwa ndalama zawo kunali zoipa kuposa ya US, pomwe 51-176 inali Zochepa kuposa ya US: Mozambique inali #7 mu 2014 pa .540; Uganda inali #38 mu 2016 pa .428; kotero onse awiri anali osafanana, pamene Laos anali #65 mu 2018 pa .388; Cambodia anali #73 mu 2008 ndi .379; Vietnam inali #96 mu 2018 pa .357; ndipo Bangladesh inali #134 mu 2016 ndi .324, kutanthauza kuti mayiko anayi osaukawa anali ochepa kusiyana ndi US.
[lv] Apanso, onani Cox, 2012: 16-30: izi "sizinangochitika," koma zinali zotsatira za kampeni yokwanira komanso yopambana yosinthira chuma cha US chomwe chimayang'ana makamaka maulamuliro osiyanasiyana apurezidenti ndikupangitsa kuti zitheke. kusandulika uku kudzachitika.
[lvi] Gawoli linatengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Scipes, 2021: 9-11.
[lvii] Malinga ndi National Center on Poverty, โKafukufuku akusonyeza kuti, pafupifupi, mabanja amafunikira ndalama zokwana kuwirikiza kawiri umphawi wa Federal kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo. Mabanja omwe ali ndi ndalama zocheperapo izi amatchedwa ndalama zochepa: $44,000 kwa banja la ana anayi (kutsindika kwawonjezera) (Chau, Thampi, and Wight, 2010: 21). Gawo lovomerezeka laumphawi lakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la Federal, ndipo m'chaka cha 2013, linali $23,550 (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2013).
M'malo mwake, ngati tigwiritsa ntchito a zimathandizadi Pafupipafupi kuchuluka kwa umphawi - osati kuchuluka kosakwanira koperekedwa ndi boma la US - ndiye mu 2012, 34.3 peresenti ya onse Achimereka (oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu) akanakhala pansi pa zimathandizadi umphawi womwe ndi 200 peresenti yaumphawi wovomerezeka (onani DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith, 2012: 17).
[lviii] Zomwe ziyenera kukumbukiridwa, ngakhale ziwonetsero zowulutsa mosiyanasiyana, ndikuti pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa anthu onse omwe ali muumphawi ku United States nthawi iliyonse ndi oyera, ngakhale azungu ali ndi umphawi wochepa.
[lix] Kumayambiriro kwa 2020, Purezidenti Trump wakhala akudzitamandira za momwe chuma chilili bwino. Komabe, "anthu mamiliyoni makumi asanu ku United States akukhala muumphawi, opanda chiyembekezo chawo kapena ana awo," malinga ndi NGO yapadziko lonse, Oxfam (2020). Bureau of Labor Statistics inanena kuti, โMu 2018, chiwopsezo chonse cha anthu osagwira ntchito (osagwira ntchito) ku United States chinali 3.9 peresenti; komabe, mlingowo unali wosiyana pakati pa mafuko ndi mafuko. Pakati pa mafuko, chiwerengero cha anthu osowa ntchito chinali chokwera kuposa chiwerengero cha dziko la Amwenye Achimereka ndi Amwenye a ku Alaska (6.6 peresenti), Akuda kapena Aafirika Achimereka (6.5 peresenti), anthu omwe ali m'magulu Awiri Kapena Oposa (5.5 peresenti), ndi Amwenye Achihawai ndi Anthu ena aku Pacific Island (5.3 peresenti). Chiwerengero cha anthu opanda ntchito chinali chocheperapo kusiyana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Asia (3.0 peresenti), ndi Azungu (3.5 peresenti). Mlingo wa anthu amitundu yaku Puerto Rico kapena Latino, pa 4.7 peresenti, unali wokwera kuposa 3.7 peresenti ya anthu omwe si a Hispanicsโ (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). Chiwopsezo chonse cha kusowa kwa ntchito mu Januware 2020 chidanenedwa pa 3.6 peresenti. Komabe, chiwopsezo cha kusowa kwa ntchito kwa U-6 - akuti ndi akaunti yolondola kwambiri, yomwe imaphatikizapo "ogwira ntchito okhumudwa" - inali 7.7 peresenti (McMahon, 2020).
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ziwopsezo zotsika za kusowa kwa ntchito izi mwina ndiye zotsatira zake zomwe boma la Federal likuchita ndi chiwongola dzanja chomwe chikukula, chikuyembekezeka kudutsa $ 1 thililiyoni mchaka cha 2020 motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Trump, ngongole yadziko pano ikuposa $22 thililiyoni (onani Emma, โโ2020). Chifukwa chake, ndikutsutsa kuti kuchepa kwa kusowa kwa ntchito kumakhala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama (kulemba macheke "otentha") kuposa momwe zimakhalira kukula kwachuma.
[lx] Ndinakumana ndi zimenezi pamene ndinali kugwira ntchito yosindikiza makina mโsitolo yosindikizira yosakhala ya mgwirizano mโmidzi ya Kentucky imene ndinali kuyesa kuigwirizanitsa mu 1982. Kampaniyo inagula makina atsopano osindikizira a pa intaneti amene anachepetsa chiลตerengero cha ogwira ntchito mโgulu la ogwira ntchito kuchoka pa asanu mpaka atatu. , pamene tikupanga zowonongeka pang'ono pamene tikuyamba ndikupereka zosindikizira zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zinkafunika chifukwa zina zosindikizira zathu zapamwamba zinali zamakampani a diamondi. Panthaลตiyo, ndinali kupanga $4.85 pa ola limodzi ndi mapindu ochepaโmwini wake anali kudandaula kuti ndinali ndi malipiro owonjezerekaโndipo ndinkagwira ntchito maola 40 pamlungu; ntchito yofananira yachigwirizano panthaลตiyo ku San Francisco Bay Area (kumene ndinasamuka) inalipiritsa ndalama zoposa $20 pa ola limodzi, ndi ntchito ya maola 35 pamlungu (ndipo nthaลตi ndi theka kupitirira maora asanu ndi awiri pa tsiku, komanso Loweruka, ndi nthawi ziwiri Lamlungu).
Mfundo yoti kukweza kwaukadaulo uku komanso ulova wokhudzana ndi ntchito kunachitikanso m'malo otsika mtengo monga kumidzi ya Kentucky; sikunali kokha kumadera olipidwa kwambiri.
[lxi] Glenn Perusek (2017), pakuwunika kwake zomwe zidachitika pachisankho chapurezidenti cha 2016-poyang'ana kwambiri mafakitale aku Midwest-ndi malingaliro a njira zotsogola, akuwonetsa zambiri kuchokera ku US Bureau of Labor, ndikuzindikira kuti "mochedwa 2000, panalibe ntchito zopanga zinthu zopitilira 17 miliyoni ku United States. Mโmbuyo ndi pambuyo pa Kugwa Kwachuma Kwakukulu (2007-2009), ntchito zimenezi zinazimiririka pamlingo wodabwitsa: 30 peresenti ya ntchito zopanga zinthu zatha kuyambira 2000.โ
[lxii] Ndipo tsopano, monga ananenera mu New York Times, ngakhale ntchito zamalonda zimene zinapereka mulingo wina wa ntchito kwa awo amene anataya ntchito mโfakitaleโngakhale kuti, pa malipiro otsika kwambiriโtsopano zikuwonongedwa ndi malonda a pakompyuta; onani Abrams ndi Gebeloff, 2017.
[lxiii] Ziyenera kukhala zoonekeratu kuti sindinaganizire za kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe m'nkhaniyi. Ndikufuna kulimbikitsa omwe ali ndi chidwi kuti ayang'ane zolemba zanga pankhaniyi (Scipes, 2017a, 2022, 2023); onaninso tsamba langa latsopano pa https://www.pnw.edu/faculty/kim-scipes-ph-d/publications/climate-change-publication/, kumene ndikulemba nkhani, mabuku, ndi zinthu zina zokhudza nkhani zimenezi. Ndiphatikiza nkhanizi m'mipukutu yomwe ndikukonzekera pano.
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Ndili ndi zaka khumi za maphunziro a kuyunivesite ovomerezeka a ndale ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro a chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, ndi zina zotero. Nkhani imodziyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa zaka zonse za maphunziro ngati munthu akufunadi kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi, chimene chinalidi cholinga changa kwa zaka zimenezo ndi maola osawerengeka a kuphunzira.