Kim Scipes amawunikiranso za Jason Hickel Zochepa ndi Zambiri: Momwe Kukula Kudzapulumutsira Dziko.
Kuyang'ana pakusintha kwanyengo, buku la Jason Hickel la 2020 ndi chitsutso champhamvu cha capitalism. Titamaliza mu 2019, ndipo atawunikiranso mwachangu kusintha koyipa komwe kukuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, akulemba kuti, "choyenera kuchita ndikuchita zonse zotheka kuti kutentha mpaka madigiri 1.5 (Celsius). Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wapadziko lonse [wowonjezera kutentha] kufika pa ziro, mofulumira kwambiri kuposa mmene aliyense akukonzekera panopa.” Ndichizindikiro chomvekera bwino ndi kufunika kochitapo kanthu: “Chomwe chili pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndicho dongosolo lazachuma limene layamba kulamulira dziko lonse m’zaka mazana angapo apitawa: ukapitalist.”
Amayala maziko a kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa capitalism, kupitilira gawo lazachuma: kukula kosalekeza, kapena 'kukula': kuchulukirachulukira kwachulukidwe kwa mafakitale ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu” (ndikutsindikanso). "M'kati mwadongosolo lino, kukula kuli ndi malingaliro opondereza: makampani aliwonse, gawo lililonse, chuma cha dziko lililonse chiyenera kukula, nthawi zonse, popanda mapeto odziwika."
Zingakhale zovuta kumvetsa tanthauzo la zimenezi. Timakonda kutenga lingaliro la kukula mopepuka chifukwa zimamveka choncho zachilengedwe Ndipo izo ziri. Zamoyo zonse zimakula. Koma m'chilengedwe pali malingaliro odziletsa pakukula: zamoyo zimakula mpaka kukhwima, ndiyeno zimakhalabe ndi thanzi labwino. Kukula kukalephera kuyima —ma cell akamangobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha izi, ndi chifukwa cha zolakwika zamakhodi, monga zomwe zimachitika ndi khansa. Kukula kotereku kumapha msanga.
Komanso, uPankhani ya capitalism, GDP yapadziko lonse [Gross Domestic Production] ikuyenera kupitiriza kukula ndi 2% kapena 3% pachaka, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti makampani akuluakulu asunge mapindu omwe akukwera. Kumeneko kungawoneke ngati kuwonjezereka kwakung'ono, koma dziwani kuti uku ndi kupendekera kowonekera, ndipo ma curve owoneka bwino ali ndi njira yotizembera ndi liwiro lodabwitsa. Kukula kwa magawo atatu pa zana kumatanthawuza kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa chuma cha padziko lonse pazaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu zilizonse, ndiyeno kuwirikiza kawiri kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chake chowirikiza kale, ndiyeno, mobwerezabwereza. Zimaphatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi zida ndipo zakhala za mbiri yakale ya capitalism. Pamene kupanga kukuchulukirachulukira, chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chikuyenda ndi mphamvu zambiri, chuma ndi zinyalala chaka chilichonse, mpaka pomwe zikupitilira zomwe asayansi afotokoza kuti ndi malire otetezeka a mapulaneti, ndi zotsatirapo zowononga zamoyo.
Ndilo maziko a mkangano wake: capitalism ikuwononga dziko lapansi.
Mwachiwonekere, iye ndi woganiza mopambanitsa kwambiri kuposa uyu, pozindikira kuti capitalism ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndikuti si mitundu yonse yomwe ili ndi mlandu wofanana. Amazindikira kusiyana pakati pa "maiko opeza ndalama zochepa," makamaka a Global South, ndi "maiko opeza ndalama zambiri" a Global North. Chifukwa chake, akunena kuti chifukwa maiko "akumpoto" atukula chikapitalism mowonjezereka, motero akuthandizira kwambiri kutulutsa mpweya wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuti ayenera kufunidwa kuchepetsa kwambiri utsi wawo mwachangu komanso mwachangu kuposa mayiko "akum'mwera".
Amazindikiranso zofooka za kuyitana kwa chitsanzo cha kukula chozikidwa pa mphamvu "zoyera", zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "zongowonjezera," monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo, ndi mafunde. Iye anati: “Kukula kwachuma komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu kungatigwetsebe m’mavuto azachilengedwe.”
Amathera nthawi kutiuza kuti zikhalidwe za mayiko "akumpoto" zikusintha, mothandizidwa ndi capitalism ikuchepa kwambiri ndi achinyamata.
Koma amabwereranso mmbuyo ndikuyesera kuthandiza owerenga kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwa mbiri yakale ya capitalism, kukambirana maziko ake afilosofi komanso zenizeni zakuthupi. Amapereka gawo lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri zachitukuko chafilosofi chokhudzana ndi kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha capitalism. Chinsinsi chake ndi "uwiri" wa Rene Descartes, womwe unali chinsinsi chosintha kuchoka pakuwona zamoyo zonse zikuphatikizidwa ndikulumikizidwa ndi "amuna" kukhala olekanitsidwa ndi chilengedwe ndi apamwamba, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kulamulira kwa zinthu zonse osati anthu. [Ndipo, ndinganene, kulamuliridwa kwa amuna mwa akazi, ndipo pambuyo pake, anthu amtundu wa azungu-KS.] Ndi ulamuliro umenewu wa chilengedwe umene umachititsa kuti kufalikira kwa chuma ndi anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuwonongeke.
Mwachindunji, akuwona Machitidwe Otsekeredwa ku England mu 16th Century ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chosinthira, kutembenuza mwayi wopeza chuma kukhala kusalidwa komanso kubisa, kuchepetsa, ndi njala. Ndipo akufotokoza kuti chitsamunda chinali kukulitsa "ndondomeko yotsekera" iyi - mawu anga - kumadera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi poyankha zigawenga za anthu wamba ku Europe konse: "kuwonjezeka kwa capitalism, kutsekeredwa ndi kutsagana ndi atsamunda zidapangidwa ngati gawo limodzi. strategy":
Mlingo wa kulandidwa kwa atsamunda unali wodabwitsa. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1500 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, atsamunda adatenga ma kilogalamu 100 miliyoni a siliva kuchokera ku Andes kupita ku madoko a ku Ulaya. Kuti mumvetse chuma ichi, taganizirani za kuyesera uku: ngati atayikidwa pa 1800 pa chiwerengero cha chiwongoladzanja cha mbiri yakale, khalidwe la siliva limenelo likanakhala lamtengo wapatali $ 165 trilioni-kuposa kawiri GDP yapadziko lonse. Ndipo ndi pamwamba pa golide amene anatengedwa ku South America nthawi yomweyo. Kugwa kwamphepo kumeneku kunathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa capitalism ya ku Europe. Zinapereka zina mwazowonjezera zomwe zinatha kuikidwa mu Industrial Revolution; zinathandiza kugula zinthu zapamtunda kuchokera Kum’maŵa, zomwe zinalola kuti Ulaya asinthe chiwerengero cha anthu kuchoka ku ulimi kupita ku mafakitale; ndipo inathandiza kuti asilikali awonjezere mphamvu kuti apitirize kulanda atsamunda.
Hickel akuzindikiranso chuma chopezedwa ndi ukapolo ku United States: “United States inalanda ntchito zochuluka kwambiri kwa anthu a ku Afirika omwe anali akapolo kwakuti ngati atailipidwa ndi malipiro ochepera a ku United States, ndi chiwongola dzanja chochepa, angawonjezere ku $97 thililiyoni lero—anayi. nthawi zambiri kukula kwa GDP ya US. " Akunena kuti izi sizikuphatikiza kuchotsedwa kuukapolo ku Brazil ndi ku Caribbean!
Iye akulongosola bwino tanthauzo la zimenezi ponena za chilengedwe. Atazindikira kuti China imatulutsa pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha womwe umatulutsa ku United States, akuti,
Koma pali mavuto angapo ndi njira iyi [yongoyang'ana pa kuchuluka kwa mpweya]. Choyamba, sichikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pamene ife tiyang'ana izo mu munthu aliyense mawu, nkhani kusintha kwathunthu: ku China, ndi 8 matani pa munthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu a ku America amatulutsa matani oposa 16 pa munthu aliyense—kuŵirikiza kaŵiri ku China ndi kuŵirikiza kasanu ndi katatu kuposa India. Kuphatikiza apo, tiyenera kuwerengera mfundo yakuti kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, mayiko opeza ndalama zambiri apereka ndalama zambiri zopangira mafakitale kumayiko osauka kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zotsika mtengo ndi chuma, motero akusintha gawo lalikulu la mpweya wawo. kuchokera m'mabuku. Ngati tikufuna chithunzi cholondola cha udindo wa dziko, tikuyenera kuyang'ana kupyola pa mpweya wotuluka m'malo komanso kuwerengera mpweya wotengera kuwononga zinthu.
Kenako akuwonetsa kuti vuto lalikulu limachokera ku United States ndi Western Europe.
Ndipotu, akusonyeza kuti mlingo wotetezeka wa mpweya wa mapulaneti lerolino, monga momwe akatswiri a sayansi ya nyengo akutsimikizira, ndi omwe amasunga mpweya wa carbon dioxide (ndi wofanana) ndi mlengalenga ku 350 ppm (gawo pa milioni) kapena kucheperapo. [Chakumapeto kwa Marichi 2024, malinga ndi NASA, inali pa 425 ppm-KS.] Amasanthula zomwe amazitcha "kutulutsa mpweya wochulukirapo," zomwe zimatsogolera ku gawo lapamwamba la CO2 mumlengalenga kuposa 350. Iye akuti:
Ziwerengerozo ndi zodabwitsa. United States ndiyomwe ili ndi udindo wopereka zosachepera 40% zamafuta ochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi. European Union imayang'anira 29%. Pamodzi ndi mayiko ena onse a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Canada, Japan, ndi Australia, mayiko a Kumpoto kwapadziko lonse (omwe akuimira 19% yokha ya anthu padziko lonse) athandizira 92% ya mpweya wambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi udindo pa 92% ya zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nyengo. Mosiyana ndi izi, makontinenti onse a Latin America, Africa, ndi Middle East apereka 8% yokha. Ndipo izi zimachokera ku mayiko ochepa chabe omwe ali m'maderawa.
Izi-kuphatikiza kumvetsetsa kwa "kukula" kozikidwa pa capitalism, kumvetsetsa udindo wa atsamunda pakukulitsa capitalism padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kumvetsetsa zakukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe kwa zonsezi pa mbewu ina yonse - ndi kusanthula kwabwino kwambiri. Pali zambiri zomwe ndingabwereze koma kupeza bukhu lokha; Hickel amabweretsa zinthu zambiri palimodzi zomwe sizimaganiziridwa kawirikawiri, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti wachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yophatikiza zonsezi.
Kuchokera pamenepo, m’Mutu 3, iye amaona ngati zipangizo zamakono zingatipulumutse. Ngakhale kuti amazindikira kuti ngakhale kuti luso lamakono n’lofunika kuthetsa vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo, iye amazindikira kuti sikokwanira.
Iye akudzudzula "chipambano" chomwe chinatuluka ku Paris mu 2015, kumene mayiko adakondwerera kuyesetsa kwawo kuti kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kukhale pa 1.5 ° C kapena kucheperapo. [Izi zikukhudzana ndi kutentha kwapakati pa mapulaneti pakati pa 1850-1900, nthawi yomwe utsogoleri wa mafakitale unafalikira padziko lonse lapansi; pamwamba pa 1.5 digiri C, malinga ndi asayansi a zanyengo, timakhala pachiopsezo chowoloka mapulaneti “malo oti tipitirire,” zomwe zingakhale ngati bwato lamtsinje lomwe likupita ku mathithi-KS.] Hickel akufotokoza za mgwirizanowu:
Umu ndi momwe Mgwirizano wa Paris umagwirira ntchito. Dziko lirilonse limapereka lonjezo la kuchuluka kwa momwe lingathere kuchepetsa mpweya wawo wapachaka. Malonjezowa ... akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi cholinga chofuna kutentha mpaka madigiri C. musayandikire pafupi ndi kutisunga pansi pa 1.5 digiri C. Ndipotu, samatisunga pansi pa madigiri 2020 C. Ngakhale mayiko onse padziko lapansi akwaniritsa malonjezo awo - omwe ndi odzifunira komanso osamangirira, choncho palibe chitsimikizo cha izi—kutulutsa mpweya padziko lonse kudzakwerabe. Tikhala tikulimbanabe ndi kutentha kwa 1.5 ° C kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino. Mwanjira ina, ngakhale Mgwirizano wa Paris uli m'malo, tili pachiwopsezo chatsoka. [Zindikirani: a Donald Trump adatulutsa US ku Pangano la Paris kwa zaka zinayi, ngakhale a Joe Biden adalowa nawonso-KS.]
Hickel amatsutsa mwamphamvu kuti "zokonza" zaukadaulo sizitipulumutsa. Iye savages BECCS (Bio-mphamvu Carbon Capture ndi Kusunga) zothetsera; akunena kuti "mgwirizano wasayansi wotsutsana ndi BECSS tsopano ndi wolimba kwambiri." Iye amakana “kukula kobiriŵira.” Iye akulozera zolephera zobwezeretsanso. Amatsutsana ndi "kuwongolera ma radiation a solar," pomwe mankhwala kapena zowunikira zimayikidwa mumlengalenga kuti "ziwongolerenso" mphamvu ya dzuwa kuchokera ku Dzuwa. Akunena kuti palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chimakhudza vuto lalikulu; kuti "kukula".
Izi zikutifikitsa kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba la buku lake. Ndimapeza kuti zonena zake zili zomveka, zomveka, komanso zomveka: ndikuganiza kuti akunena zoona!
Pazotsutsa zokhazokha zomwe ndili nazo m'gawo loyamba la bukhuli ndikuti ndikuganiza kuti amayenera kupereka chidziwitso chachangu, choyambirira cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa owerenga ake, ndikuti adabweranso kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba ndikuwakumbutsa. zavuto lomwe tikukumana nalo tsopano. Mbatata zazing'ono, kwenikweni; gawo loyamba ndi lamphamvu ndithu.
Ndiye, komabe, tifika ku gawo lachiwiri. Hickel amachoka kumayendedwe achindunji, amphamvu, makamaka ozikidwa pa zenizeni zenizeni kupita ku filosofi ina. Amawunika kusiyana pakati pa kumvetsetsa kwathu kukula kwachuma ndi moyo waumwini ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa. Pajatu n’zodziwikiratu kuti chuma chikamakula, anthu sakhala osangalala. M'malo mwake, monga momwe akunenera, pamene kukula kwachuma kwachitika, kusintha kwa ubwino wa anthu ndi chinthu chomwe chimadzetsa chimwemwe chochuluka pakati pa anthu.
Komabe, monga akunenera mokoma mtima, chuma chamasiku ano chapadziko lonse lapansi chakhazikika pakukula kwa kusalingana, ndipo chikupereka phindu lalikulu kwa anthu asanu mwa anthu 193 aliwonse omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. (Tchati chachikulu patsamba XNUMX!)
Kuwunika kwa Hickel kwa kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa kukula kwachuma ndi moyo wabwino kumabwerera ku 17th Wanthanthi wazaka zana, Rene Descartes, amene anaona kulekanitsidwa pakati pa Mulungu ndi chilengedwe ndiyeno n’kupita nako sitepe lina: chilengedwecho chinagaŵidwa m’zinthu ziŵiri, “maganizo” ndipo, kaamba ka zifuno zathu, “zopanda nzeru.” Iye adawona iwo omwe ali ndi "malingaliro" ngati gawo la Mulungu, ndipo iwo opanda, chabwino ... manyazi pa iwo. Ndi kulekanitsa uku pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe komwe kumatsogolera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Dziko lapansi ndi iwo omwe amadalira.
Descartes anatsutsidwa ndi Baruki Spinoza, yemwe ankawona chirichonse monga mbali ya "chinthu" chimodzi, Mulungu. Spinoza, malinga ndi Hickel, adawona mgwirizano wa moyo. Kenako Hinkel akulongosola mwachidule zochitika izi:
Europe idakumana ndi mphanda mumsewu. Iwo anali ndi njira ziwiri: njira ya Descartes kapena njira ya Spinoza. Ndi chithandizo chonse cha Mpingo ndi likulu, masomphenya a Descartes adapambana. Zinapereka kuvomerezeka kwa magulu akuluakulu a gulu ndikulungamitsa zomwe anali kuchita kudziko lapansi. Zotsatira zake, lero tikukhala mu chikhalidwe chopangidwa ndi malingaliro apawiri,
Zambiri za bukhuli zikutsutsa uwiriwu, kutsutsana mokopa kuti anthu ndi chilengedwe ndi chimodzi.
Tsopano, zonsezi nzosangalatsa, ndipo Hickel ndi wolankhula bwino. Ngakhale pali zambiri zomwe ndimagwirizana ndi izi, ndimadandaulabe nazo: ndikuganiza gawo lachiwiri ili Zochepera Zikadakhala zikuyang'ana kwambiri pazochitika zakuthupi zamasiku ano, kuthandiza anthu kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe anthu, nyama ndi zomera zomwe akukumana nazo pakali pano, komanso mocheperapo pa nzeru.
Chifukwa chake, ndemanga zanga zotsatirazi ndikugawana komwe ndikuganiza kuti Hickel akanayenera kupita, kutsatira mfundo zake m’mbali zambiri zoyambirira za bukhuli.
Pambuyo popereka kuwunika kozama kwa capitalism, colonialism, ndi chiwonongeko chachilengedwe padziko lapansi, ndikuchitcha kuti ndivuto, Ndikuganiza kuti amayenera kupereka yankho: mosasamala kanthu za kunena m’mutu wake waung’ono wakuti “Mmene Kukula Kudzapulumutsira Dziko,” palibe paliponse m’bukhulo pamene pali kukambitsirana kwatanthauzo kwa “kukula,” mmene kungawonekere, mmene kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito, mmene kukathetsera mavuto amene anawafotokozera mosamalitsa. Tsopano, ine sindikunena kuti zikanayenera kuwonetsedwa ndi yankho, koma mfundo imodzi yokha yokwanira kuti iyambitse kukambirana ndi kukangana, kuti anthu ena aganizire za nkhaniyi ngati sakulowa nawo mkanganowo. (Ndidayesa kuchita izi mugawo la 2017 lofalitsidwa mu Kalasi, Mpikisano ndi Mphamvu Zamakampani at https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol5/iss1/2.)
Apanso, osayembekezera "ungwiro" kapena "kusamvana," ngati alibe yankho loti afotokozere, ndiye ndikuganiza kuti ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zapamwamba zomwe adaganiza kuti yankho lililonse liyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Ndinganene kuti yankho lililonse liyenera kuyesa kuthana ndi zomwe adatsutsa kale kuti omwe amatchedwa "maiko akumpoto" adayenera kuchepetsa mpweya wawo wokwanira kuti mpweya wa carbon dioxide utsike kufika 350 ppm pofika 2030, ndi "maiko akumwera" kufika pamlingo uwu pofika chaka cha 2050, milingo yomwe iye mwiniyo adafuna kuti ikhale yofunikira; kapena, kuchitapo kanthu kuti tithe kuthana ndi vuto la nyengo. Ndiko kutsimikiza kotereku komwe kumafunikira kuti mukhale ndi mwayi wosunga kutentha kwa dziko lapansi kukhala pansi pa 2 digiri C.
M'malo mwake, akupereka "masitepe ofulumira" angapo omwe tiyenera kuchita kuti titsutse capitalism; akuti tiyenera kuthetsa "kutha ntchito" kwa katundu wopangidwa, ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimaperekedwa kuphatikizapo zitsimikizo zowonjezera zowonjezera pazinthu, "ufulu wokonza," ndikusintha ku chitsanzo chobwereketsa zipangizo zazikulu ndi zipangizo; kudula malonda; kusintha kuchoka pa umwini kupita ku ntchito; kuthetsa kuwononga chakudya; kuchepetsa mafakitale owononga zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo zosungiramo zinthu zakale komanso oweta ng'ombe; zinthu zabwino zonse zimene ndimachirikiza, koma zinthu zimenezi, mwa izo zokha, sizimatsutsa ukapitalisti monga dongosolo lachuma losakaza, lowononga; iwo samatsutsa kukula komwe iye anathera theka lonse loyamba la bukhulo akusangalatsa; sakuvomereza mavuto omwe tili nawo panopa; ndiponso samayala maziko a chikhalidwe kuti akonzekeretse anthu kuganiza za kuchita zimenezi! (Ngakhale kuti si Marxist, ndikuvomereza kumvetsetsa kwa Gramsci kuti timafunikira kukonzekera chikhalidwe-chomwe Gramsci amachitcha "nkhondo za udindo" -asanayambe kusintha kwa chikhalidwe; popanda kukonzekera, ngakhale titachitapo kanthu kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zathu, "nkhondo." za kuwongolera,” mwina akanakanidwa ndi Achimereka ambiri mwa ndalama zathu!)
Mkati mwa malire awa, m'buku lonseli, Hickel samatipatsa zida zonse zomwe timafunikira kuti timvetsetse dziko. Ngakhale ali bwino pokambirana za zoyipa za utsamunda, samakambirana mozama za "imperialism". Vuto pano ndiloti imperialism ikuphatikiza osati utsamunda wokha, komanso neo-colonialism, zoyesayesa za atsamunda wakale kuti asunge maubwenzi achuma omwe adakhazikitsidwa pansi pautsamunda dziko litapatsidwa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha. Kunena mwanjira ina, “ufulu”—kaya pambuyo poukira zida zankhondo kapena chifukwa cha thandizo la atsamunda popeza kuti ndalama zafika pochuluka ndipo phindu lake lachepa kwambiri kuti atsamunda apitirire—ndiko kudziyimira pawokha pazandale pomwe mtsamunda wakale akufuna kusungabe ulamuliro pazachuma. . Hickel samanena za neo-colonial za imperialism.
Ndipo izi zikugwirizana ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito m'buku lonselo. Amalankhula za mayiko opeza ndalama zambiri kapena omwe ali ku Global North, osakayikira momwe maiko awa anapeza makhalidwe apamwamba awa, etc. Chowonadi ndi chakuti awa mfumu m'mayiko anaba zopangira, zachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zina anthu a mayiko omwe anali atsamunda omwe, chifukwa chopeza ufulu wandale, ayenera kutchedwa "maiko omwe kale anali atsamunda." Kuba kumeneku kunkachitika nthawi zambiri ndikupha komanso kuwononga anthu amtundu wawo komanso zikhalidwe zawo (ganizirani za epistemicide yomwe ikuchitidwa ndi Israeli pankhondo yake yolimbana ndi Gaza). Anatenga zinthu zobedwazi n’kubwerera nazo ku dziko lachifumu kumene anachokera n’kuzipereka kwa omalizirawa kuti apindule ndi chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sanali kudzidetsa nkhaŵa nkomwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma, chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chikhalidwe cha madera amene anabadwiramo. Tiyenera kusiya kufooketsa mphamvu za kusanthula kwathu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawu abwino kwambiri, olondola kwambiri: imperialism, mayiko achifumu, ndi mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda.
Ndi izi, palibe chomwe chikusonyeza kuti tigwiritse ntchito kuchepetsa / kuchepetsa / kuthetsa mphamvu za mayiko achifumu kuti azilamulira dziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale mbali zina. A US amawononga pafupifupi $ 1 thililiyoni pachaka pankhondo yake pamene akufuna kulamulira dziko; ndipo wawononga ndalama zoposa $ 18 thililiyoni pakugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo mwachindunji pakati pa 1981-2021 (kuchokera ku Reagan mpaka kumapeto kwa kayendetsedwe ka Trump) chifukwa cha "chitetezo." Izi zisanachitike kuthandizira Ukraine motsutsana ndi Russia. Ndalamazi zimapita makamaka kwa opanga zida zankhondo, monga Boeing, Northrup Grumman, Raytheon, ndi zina zotero, ndipo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga gulu lankhondo lomwe lapha anthu ambiri padziko lapansi kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Ndipo Hickel sanena chilichonse chothetsa ...? Chifukwa chake, palibe kumvetsetsa kuti US ndi dziko lakwawo la Ufumu wa US.
Kumene izi zimabwera palimodzi ndi US National Debt. Pambuyo pa zaka 192 (kuyambira pachiyambi cha kayendetsedwe ka George Washington mpaka kumapeto kwa Jimmy Carter), ngongole ya US National Debt inali yosakwana $ 1 trillion; $ 909 biliyoni, kapena $ .9 thililiyoni. Izi nditatha kulipira Nkhondo ya 1812, Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, nkhondo zolimbana ndi Amwenye Achimereka ku Zigwa, nkhondo za Spanish-American ndi Philippine-America, Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, nkhondo za ku Korea ndi Vietnam, kuyika magetsi. ya Tennessee Valley, Interstate Highway System, ndi Space Program. Kuyambira 1981 ndi kuyamba kwa Reagan Administration, Ngongole Yadziko Lonse yakula muzaka zopitilira 40 ndi $33 thililiyoni! Kukula kwakukulu kwachuma komwe takhala nako m'zaka 40 zapitazi kwazikidwa, osati pa kulimba kwachuma koma chifukwa cholemba macheke “otentha”! Ndipo ngakhale kuti mwina sindikuchita chilungamo kuno kwa Hickel, yemwe amakhala ku UK, koma zinthu izi sizikuganiziridwa ndi anthu ambiri aku America, kuphatikiza omenyera ufulu! (Onani mwatsatanetsatane nkhani yanga ya zaka 40 zapitazi https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/special-history-series-40-years-of-the-united-states-in-the-world-1981-2023/.)
Komabe chinthu chomwe ndimasowa kwambiri ku Hickel - monga momwe ndimakondera gawo loyamba la bukuli - lomwe ndingatsutse kuti liyenera kukambidwa bwino m'buku lake lonse, ndizovuta zakusintha kwanyengo. Iye sananene kanthu kalikonse za izo atazitchula poyamba. Malinga ndi a Jonathon Porritt, womenyera ufulu wachingerezi (pa https://www.jonathon.porritt.com/mainstream-climate-science-the-new-denialism), zikuwoneka ngati tadutsa muyeso wa 1.5 digiri C wa kutentha kowonjezera pa chiwerengero cha 1850-1900, ndipo mwina sichikhoza kuimitsidwa pa 2 madigiri C. One.five, malinga ndi mgwirizano wa sayansi monga momwe ndaonera pamwambapa, ndi mlingo umene Earth System mwina ali otetezeka; Kukwera kulikonse—ndipo mwayiwo umakulirakulirabe ndi kutentha kowonjezereka—ndipo timakhala pachiwopsezo chopitirira “malo ongofikirako,” pamene zinthu zimasokonekera; fanizo limene ndimakonda kugwiritsa ntchito lili ngati bwato la mitsinje likudutsa mathithi. Izi zikachitika, zikuwoneka kuti zikuipiraipirabe pa moyo wa anthu, nyama, ndi zomera zambiri pambuyo pa kutha kwa zaka zana zikubwerazi.
Mwachidule, gawo loyamba la bukhuli ndi lamphamvu, lopanda nzeru komanso lodziwa bwino. Pali zambiri zoti ndiphunzire kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo pali zambiri zomwe nditha kugwiritsa ntchito polemba. Theka lachiwiri ndilabwino, koma limagwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa, pambuyo poti vuto la nyengo litapewedwa.
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