Ndegeyo inali itakhala mlengalenga kwa pafupifupi maola asanu gulu lake la mishoni lisanazindikire kuti chinachake chalakwika. Kutentha kwamafuta mu turbocharger ya ndegeyo, adawona kuti kwakwera "mosamala". Patatha ola limodzi, zinafika poipa kwambiri, ndipo zinkangowonjezereka pamene mphindi zinkatha. Pamene ogwira ntchitowo adathamangira mndandanda wa "kutentha kwa injini" pofuna kupeza vuto, kutentha kwa injini ya injini kunayambanso kukwera.
Pakali pano, anali ndi vuto ladzidzidzi ladzidzidzi m'manja mwawo. "Tikadali ndi mphamvu pa injini, koma injini ikulephera," adatero woyendetsa ndegeyo pawailesi.
Pafupifupi maola awiri kuchokera pamene zizindikiro zoyamba za kuvutika maganizo, injiniyo inalepheradi. Ikuyenda pa 712 mapazi pamphindi, drone idadula mpanda isanagwe.
Dziko la Ma Drones Otayika
Mitambo ikuwoneka yodzaza ma drones akugwa masiku ano. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo adakhala mitu yankhani pomwe dziko la Iran lidalengeza kuti asitikali ake atenga ndege yaukazitape yapatali yaku America, yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi RQ-170 Sentinel.
Mafunso okhudza momwe anthu aku Irani adapeza zida zankhondo zapamwamba kwambiri zankhondo yaku US akuchuluka. Iran poyamba ankadzinenera kuti asitikali ake adawombera drone "ataphwanya mwachidule" mlengalenga wakum'mawa kwa dzikolo pafupi ndi malire a Afghanistan. Pambuyo pake, dziko la Islamic Republic lidaumirira kuti galimoto yopanda munthuyo idadutsa ma 150 mailosi isanagwe ndi chiwopsezo chaukadaulo cha cyber. Ndipo masiku angapo apitawo, injiniya waku Iran anapereka kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, koma sikunatsimikizidwebe, kulongosola m'mene chiwembu cha hack-attack chinabera ndege.
M'malo mwake, United States poyamba ankadzinenera kuti asitikali ake adataya drone pomwe anali pamishoni kumadzulo kwa Afghanistan. Pambuyo pake, akuluakulu omwe sanatchulidwe mayina adavomereza kuti CIA inali ikuchita ntchito yaukazitape mobisa ku Iran.
Kuwonongeka kwa drone komwe kunatsogolera gawoli kunachitika ku Afghanistan - Kandahar, kunena ndendende - mu Meyi chaka chino. Zinalibe malipoti panthawiyo ndipo sizinaphatikizepo RQ-170 Sentinel, koma wamkulu, wovuta, ngati wotchuka kwambiri, MQ-1 Predator, mlenje / makina opha anthu a nkhondo ya Afghanistani ndi kuphedwa kwa drone kwa CIA. kampeni m'malire a mafuko a Pakistani.
Chikalata chofotokoza za kafukufuku wa US Air Force pa ngozi ya Predator ija, yomwe idawunikiridwa ndi TomDispatch, ikuwonetsa zamoyo ndi zolakwika za ma drones - zomwe zingasokonekera pamayendetsedwe apamlengalenga osayendetsedwa - komanso dongosolo lamdima la maziko ndi magawo amwazikana kudera lonselo. padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimasunga ma drones nthawi zonse mlengalenga pomwe US โโikudalira kwambiri nkhondo zoyendetsedwa ndikutali.
Lipotilo ndi ziwerengero zatsopano zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera kwa asitikali zimapereka chidziwitso pazolakwika zomwe sizinawunikidwe bwino muukadaulo wa drone. Zilinso chikumbutso cha kulephera kwa atolankhani kupitilira mantha akafika pankhondo zaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso zida zaposachedwa kwambiri zaku America - kulephera kwawo kuzindikira zofooka za munthu ndi makina omwe amatha kutumiza ngakhale zida zapamwamba kwambiri zankhondo zikuvulaza. ku Dziko.
Masewera a Nambala
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zoperekedwa kwa TomDispatch ndi Air Force, Predators adawulutsa gawo la mkango wa maola ambiri pankhondo zaku America za drone. Pofika pa Okutobala 1st, MQ-1's idathera maola opitilira 1 miliyoni ali mlengalenga, 965,000 mwa omwe ali mu "nkhondo," kuyambira pomwe adalowa usilikali. Watsopano, wokhala ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri MQ-9 Reaper, poyerekeza, wawuluka maola 215,000, 180,000 aiwo akumenya nkhondo. (A Air Force akukana kumasula zambiri zokhudza ntchito ya RQ-170 Sentinel.) Ndipo ziwerengerozi zikupitiriza kukwera. Chaka chino chokha, Predators adadula maola 228,000 othawa kuyerekeza ndi 190,000 mu 2010.
Kuwunika kwa data ya Air Force yoyendetsedwa ndi TomDispatch ikuwonetsa kuti ma drones ake adagwa modabwitsa nthawi zosachepera 13 mu 2011, kuphatikiza ngozi ya Meyi 5 ku Kandahar.
Pafupifupi theka la zoopsazi, zonse zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ndege ziwonongeke kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu wa $ 2 miliyoni kapena kuposerapo, kunachitika ku Afghanistan kapena kudziko laling'ono la Africa la Djibouti, lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati maziko a drones adachita nawo nkhondo zachinsinsi za US ku Somalia ndi Yemen. Zonse koma ziwiri mwazochitikazo zinakhudza chitsanzo cha MQ-1, ndipo zinayi mwa izo zinachitika mu May.
Mu 2010, panali zovuta zisanu ndi ziwiri zazikulu za drone, zonse koma imodzi yokhudzana ndi Predators; mu 2009, panali 11. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pakhala 31 drone zotayika mu zaka zitatu, palibe mwachiwonekere anawomberedwa pansi, onse akudumphira mu dziko lapansi mwa kufuna kwawo makina kapena chifukwa cha zolakwa zaumunthu.
Zowonongeka zina zofalitsidwa za drone, monga zoyendetsedwa patali Helikopita ya Navy yomwe idatsikira ku Libya mu June ndi galimoto yosayendetsedwa ndi ndege yomwe kamera akuti idatengedwa ndi zigawenga za ku Afghanistan zitachitika ngozi mu Ogasiti, komanso kutayika kwa Disembala 4 kwa RQ-180 ku Iran komanso kuwonongeka kwaposachedwa kwa ndege. MQ-9 ku Seychelles, sizinaphatikizidwe mu ziwerengero zazikulu za ngozi za Air Force za chaka.
Gulu Khama
United States pakadali pano ikuyendetsa nkhondo yake ya drone kuchokera 60 kapena kupitilira apo omwazikana padziko lonse lapansi. Amachokera kumadera akumwera chakumadzulo kwa America okhala ndi mizere yama trailer komwe oyendetsa ndege "amawulukira" ndege zotere kudzera pakompyuta kupita kufupi ndi bwalo lankhondo komwe oyendetsa ena - amakhala asanakhazikitsenso njira yofananira, kuphatikiza zowunikira zingapo zamakompyuta, kiyibodi, chosangalatsa, throttle, rollerball, mbewa, ndi masiwichi osiyanasiyana - kuyambitsa ndi kutsitsa ma drones. Pazifukwa zina, oyendetsa ndege omwe akufuna kukhala oyendetsa ndege amaphunzitsidwa pa zoyeserera ndipo ndegezo zimayesedwa asanatumizidwe kumalo ankhondo akutali.
Kuwonongeka kwa May 5th Predator pafupifupi theka la kilomita pafupi ndi msewu wothamangira ndege ku Kandahar Air Field kumayendetsa kunyumba momwe machitidwe a drone akhalira, ndi mayunitsi angapo ndi maziko angapo akugwira ntchito imodzi.
Mwachitsanzo, Predator Drone, inali gawo la 3rd Special Operations Squadron, yomwe imagwira ntchito kunja kwa Cannon Air Force Base ku New Mexico, ndipo pamapeto pake ndi gawo la Air Force Special Operations Command, yochokera ku Hulbert Field ku Florida. Pomwe idagwa, idawulutsidwa ndi woyendetsa mdziko muno kuchokera ku 62nd Expeditionary Squadron ku Kandahar Air Field, yemwe gulu lake la makolo, gulu la 18th Reconnaissance Squadron, limakhala kwawo ku Creech Air Force Base ku Nevada, pansi paziro za gulu lankhondo. ntchito. Komano, wogwira ntchitoyo anali membala wa Texas Air National Guard ku Ellington Field ku Texas.
Gawo lomaliza la ntchito yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa - pothandizira magulu ankhondo apadera - inali kuchitidwa ndi woyendetsa ndege yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito Predators kwa miyezi pafupifupi 10 ndipo adawulutsa ma drones pafupifupi maola 51 m'masiku 90 apitawa. Pokhala ndi maola ochepera a 400 pansi pa lamba wake, adawonedwa ngati "wosadziwa" ndi miyezo ya Air Force ndipo, panthawi yomwe adayambitsa maphunziro a drone ndi kuchira, adalephera magawo awiri a simulator ndi masewera amodzi owuluka. Komabe, adachita bwino kwambiri pamaphunziro, adapambana mayeso ake, ndipo adawonedwa ngati woyendetsa ndege wa MQ-1, wololedwa kuwuluka popanda kuyang'aniridwa.
Wogwiritsa ntchito sensa yake anali woyenerera ndi Air Force kwa zaka ziwiri zabwinoko, ndi mavoti apakati kapena apamwamba pakuwunika ntchito. "Atawuluka" maola 677 - pafupifupi 50 mwa iwo m'masiku 90 ngoziyi isanachitike - adawonedwa ngati "wodziwa zambiri."
Mfundo yakuti awiriwa anali kuyang'anira ndege yapadera yoyendetsa ndege ikuwonetsa ubale womwe ukukulirakulira komanso wogwirizana pakati pa mitundu iwiri yankhondo yomwe yangokulirakulira kumene ku America: kuukira kochitidwa ndi anthu. magulu ang'onoang'ono a magulu osankhika ndi kuukira ndimaloboti akutali.
Moyo ndi Imfa ya American Drones
Pakafukufuku wa ngoziyi, zidadziwika kuti ogwira ntchito pansi ku Afghanistan akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavomerezeka yakukhetsa zoziziritsa kukhosi za injini, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati izi zidapangitsa ngoziyi. Zolemba zofufuzira zikuwonetsanso kuti injini ya drone inali ndi maola a 851 othawa ndipo motero inali pafupi kumapeto kwa mzerewu. (Nthawi yogwira ntchito ya injini ya Predator drone akuti ili pafupi maola 1,080.)
Kutsatira ngoziyi, injiniyo idatumizidwa kumalo oyesera ku California, komwe akatswiri a General Atomics, omwe amapanga Predator, adachita kafukufuku wazamalamulo. Kutentha kwakukulu kunapezeka, kupotoza ndi kusokoneza makina.
Potsirizira pake, Air Force inagamula kuti kuwonongeka kwa makina ozizirira kunachititsa kuti injini iwonongeke. Wofufuza za ngozi adawonanso kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo sanagwiritse ntchito njira yoyenera injiniyo italephera, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chombocho chiwonongeke pafupi ndi msewu, kuwononga pang'ono mpanda wa Kandahar Air Field ndikuwononga drone.
Malingaliro omveka bwino omwe ofufuza za ngozi adapeza pa ngoziyi akusiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidachitika ndi ndege yotsogola yomwe ili m'manja mwa Iran. Kaya womalizayo adagwa chifukwa cha vuto linalake, adawomberedwa, kugwa ndi cyber-attack, kapena adatsikira pansi pazifukwa zina, kutayika kwake komanso kwapadera kwa ops drone ndi zikumbutso za momwe asitikali aku US akudalira. afika pa ndege zotsogola zotsogola zotsogola zomwe ngozi zake zazikulu tsopano zikuposa za ndege zamapiko okhazikika zodula kwambiri. (Panali zovuta zazikulu 10 zoyendetsedwa ndi ndege zomwe zikukhudza ndege za Air Force mu 2011.)
Nkhondo ya Robot: 2012 ndi Beyond
Kulephera kukwaniritsa chigonjetso ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, kuphatikiza ndi kupambana komwe kukuwoneka bwino pankhondo yaku Libya - kwambiri anamenyana ndi airpower kuphatikizapo Drones - watsimikizira ambiri ankhondo kuti asasiye nkhondo zakunja, koma kusintha njira zawo. Ntchito zanthawi yayitali zophatikiza makumi masauzande a asitikali komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothana ndi zigawenga ziyenera kugulitsidwa ndi ma drone ndi magulu apadera ankhondo.
Ndege zoyendetsedwa patali zakhala zikuvomerezedwa, mu atolankhani ndi ankhondo, monga zida zodabwitsa, njira, osati kale kwambiri, njira zotsutsana ndi zigawenga zinali kukwezedwa ngati mankhwala olepheretsa asilikali. Monga ndege, akasinja, ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe zisanachitike, drone yadziwika ngati yosintha masewera, yomwe ikuyenera kusintha zomwe zidachitika pankhondo.
M'malo mwake, monga enawo, zatsimikiziridwa mowonjezereka kukhala zosasintha-masewera a chida chokhala ndi ziwopsezo wamba. Ukadaulo wake ndi wolephera ndipo zoyesayesa zake nthawi zambiri zakhala zotsutsana m'zaka zapitazi. Mwachitsanzo, kulephera kwa oyendetsa kuonera makompyuta oyang'anira mbali ina ya dziko lapansi tsankho pakati pa omenyana ndi zida anthu wamba osalakwa yatsimikizira vuto lomwe likupitilirabe pamayendedwe a asitikali aku drone, pomwe CIA's pulogalamu yakupha oweruza-jury-executioner is ambiri amaganiziridwa kukhala nazo thamangani of malamulo apadziko lonse - ndipo, ku Pakistan, kukhala kulekanitsa anthu onse. Drone ikuwoneka ngati chida chopambana kuposa makina opangira otsutsa ndi adani.
Kuonjezera apo, pamene maola oyendetsa ndege amakwera chaka ndi chaka, ziwopsezo za maulendo oyendetsa patali zimawonekera kawirikawiri. Awa aphatikiza zigawenga zaku Iraq kuwakhadzula drone kanema ma feed, a kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a kompyuta kuwononga zombo zopanda munthu za Air Force, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa oyendetsa ndege za drone mavuto kuchokera ku "kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa ntchito," kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha Kusokonezeka, komanso kuthekera kobera ma drone aku Iran.
Ngakhale zolakwa za anthu ndi zamakina ndizokhazikika pakugwira ntchito kwamtundu uliwonse wa makina, ofotokozera ochepa omwe amayang'ana chidwi kwambiri pazovuta zonse za drone ndi zolephera. Kwa zaka zopitilira khumi, ndege zoyendetsedwa patali zakhala zoyambira zankhondo zaku US ndipo tempo ya ntchito za drone ikupitilira kukwera chaka chilichonse, koma zochepa zomwe zalembedwa za zolakwika za drone kapena malire ndi zoopsa za ntchito za drone.
Mwina Air Force ikuyamba kuda nkhawa kuti izi zisintha liti. Patatha zaka zambiri ndikutumiza atolankhani pafupipafupi kudzera mumayendedwe a drone ku Creech Air Force Base ndikupeza kusefukira kwa kuwala, ngakhale zodabwitsa, kulengeza za ulemerero wa drones ndi oyendetsa ndege, chaka chino, popanda kufotokoza, izo thimitsani mwayi wofikira ku pulogalamuyo, kusuntha nkhondo ya robotiki mozama mumithunzi.
Kutayika kwaposachedwa kwa loboti ya Pentagon ya Sentinel ku Iran, Reaper ku Seychelles, ndi Predator ku Kandahar, komabe, zimapereka zenera lamtsogolo momwe mlengalenga wapadziko lonse lapansi udzadzaza ndi ma drones omwe angakhale osadabwitsa kwambiri kuposa momwe aku America adachitira. kutsogozedwa kuti akhulupirire. Dziko la United States likhoza kukhala kuti limadalira gulu la maloboti okhala ndi mapiko adongo.
Nick Turse ndi mkonzi wothandizira wa TomDispatch.com. Mtolankhani wopambana mphoto, ntchito yake yawonekera mu Los Angeles Times, Dziko, ndizonse at TomDispatch. Nkhaniyi ndi yachinayi mโbuku lake zatsopano pa nkhope yosintha ya ufumu wa America, womwe ukulembedwa ndi Lannan Foundation. Mutha kumutsatira pa Twitter @NickTurse, pa Tumblr, ndi kupitirira Facebook.
Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa TomDispatch.com, tsamba lawebusayiti la Nation Institute, lomwe limapereka kusuntha kwazinthu zina, nkhani, ndi malingaliro kuchokera kwa Tom Engelhardt, mkonzi wanthawi yayitali pakusindikiza, woyambitsa nawo American Empire Project, wolemba Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chopambana, monga buku, The Last Days of Publishing. Buku lake laposachedwa ndi The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Became Obama's (Mabuku a Haymarket).
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