Pamene, mu October 1957, USSR inayambitsa satellite yoyamba yopangidwa ndi anthu, basketball-size Sputnik, idasokoneza United States ndikutumiza boma kuti ligwirizane. Osati kokha kuti a Soviet anaphulitsa bomba la atomiki zaka zambiri Amereka asananene kuti atero, koma tsopano anali kutsogolera โmpikisano wamlengalenga.โ Poyankha, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo idavomereza ndalama zothandizira ntchito yatsopano ya satellite ya US, motsogozedwa ndi mkulu wakale wa Nazi SS Wernher von Braun, ndipo adapanga, mu 1958, bungwe la Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) kuti atsimikizire kuti United States itatha kusungidwa. "Kutsogolera pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri pazankhondo komanso kupewa kudabwitsa kwaukadaulo kwa adani ake."
Pafupifupi theka la zana pambuyo pake, zomwe zatsala ku USSR ndi gulu lomwe lagwa la mayiko omwe adalephera, pomwe US โโidayima yokha ngati mphamvu yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe DARPA, bungwe loyang'anira mpikisano wa zida zankhondo, likuwoneka kuti likungoyamba kuthamangitsa. Sipangakhale dziko lotsala kuti lititsogolere, mpikisano wankhondo wapafupi ndi China yemwe akuti anali ndi $ 65 biliyoni pakugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo mu 2002 (poyerekeza ndi $466 biliyoni yathu malinga ndi GlobalSecurity.org) ndipo, mu 2003, idayika ndalama zake. choyamba "Taikonaut" kupita mumlengalenga. Mopanda mantha, DARPA ikupitiriza kupanga zida zamakono za 2025-2050 ndi kupitirira รขโฌโ zina mwazo ndi zokwera mtengo monga momwe mumayendera. oponya mabomba a hypersonic, ena achilendo kwambiri.
M'nkhani ya August 2003, Los Angeles Times mtolankhani Charles Pillar adanenanso kuti DARPA yatulutsa "malingaliro opusa kwambiri omwe adachokera ku boma" - kuphatikiza "njovu yamakina" yomwe siinalowe m'nkhalango za Vietnam komanso kafukufuku wa telepathy zomwe sizinapatse US kuthekera. kuchita nawo akazitape amatsenga.
Monga Mtsogoleri wakale wa DARPA Charles Herzfeld adanena mu 1975, "Tikalephera, timalephera kwambiri." Zasintha pang'ono. Malinga ndi mkulu wapano wa DARPA, 85% -90% ya mapulojekiti ake amalephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zonse. Komabe, Piller ananena kuti, DARPA โyakhala ikuyambitsa zina mwa zinthu zimene zasintha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansiโ โ โIntaneti, kachitidwe ka zinthu padziko lonse, luso lazopangapanga lobisa zinthu komanso mbewa zamakompyuta.โ
Kulephera kochititsa chidwi kwa DARPA ndi kupambana kochititsa chidwi kumachokera ku mabizinesi ake omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kwa zaka zambiri DARPA yathandizira kafukufuku wosagwirizana kwambiri, nthawi zina kupitilira apo, avant-garde muzinthu zonse za sayansi ndiukadaulo. Ndi, mwinamwake, malo opangira kwambiri mu boma lathu lalikulu kwa wasayansi yemwe akufuna kutambasula malingaliro ake m'njira zovuta ndikulipidwa bwino kuti achite zimenezo. Ngati muli ndi malingaliro akutchire, DARPA ndi malo oti muyesere. Anatero katswiri wa zachipatala ku Harvard University Donald Ingber mu 2001 Los Angeles Times nkhani yakuti, โDARPA [yathandiza] ndalama zinthu zimene anthu ambiri ankaganiza kuti nโzopanda pake, ndiponso zina zimene anthu ankaganiza kuti nโzosatheka. Amapangitsa zinthu kuchitika. โ
Pali chenjezo limodzi lokha - mwanjira imodzi kapena ina kwambiri projekiti iliyonse, komabe kutambasula malingaliro, nthawi zonse kuyenera kutha, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, pakulephera kapena kufa kwa adani amtsogolo aku America.
Ma projekiti nthawi zambiri amakhala ena mwa owopsa kwambiri omwe adapangidwapo. Kwa zaka zambiri, kafukufuku wa DARPA wachititsa kuti pakhale zinthu zambiri zovulaza ndi kupha, kuphatikizapo: mfuti ya M-16, ma drones a Predator omwe ali ndi zida zamoto wa Hellfire, omenyana ndi mabomba ndi mabomba, zida za rocket za pamwamba-to-surface, Zoponya zamtundu wa Tomahawk, kukweza kwa mabomba a B-52, zoponya za Titan, mivi ya Javelin yonyamula "moto ndi kuiwala" zowongoleredwa ndi mizinga yowongoleredwa ya Copperhead, kungotchulapo ochepa.
Funso lomwe silimafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndilakuti chifukwa chiyani ukadaulo wa pie-in-the-sky umakhala wopanda malire komanso umalimbikitsidwa potengera umisiri wakupha? Pamene dziko la United States likupitiriza kuthamangira kunkhondo yapambuyo pa Cold War, mpikisano wa zida za dziko limodzi, kuopa kusiyana kwa mizinga kapena chiwopsezo cha mdani wotsogola waluso zaluso zaumisiri zikusiya; Komanso sikungakhale mantha odziwikiratu ogwera kumbuyo kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Yang'anani momwe maphunziro a ku America alili - mu 2002 US inakhala pa nambala 18 pamndandanda wa achinyamata a UNICEF m'mayiko 24 otukuka omwe akugwera pansi pa chiwerengero cha maphunziro apadziko lonse. Ngakhale kusawoneka bwino, palibe amene akuthamangira kukhazikitsa Advanced Education Research Agency.
Malinga ndi CIA yomwe imasindikizidwa pachaka World Factbook, โdziko la United States ndilo dziko limene limatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide mโmalo mowotchedwa,โ komabe bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency la โNational Center for Environmental Innovationโ ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lofanana ndi la DARPA. Inapereka ndalama zokwana madola 737,500 chabe pa ndalama zisanu ndi ziลตiri zoperekedwa ndi boma mโchaka cha 2003. DARPA, poyerekezera ndi zimenezi, inawononga ndalama zokwana madola 3 biliyoni pa ntchito pafupifupi 200, kuyambira ku zida za mโmlengalenga mpaka zoyendetsa ndege zopanda munthu. Koma chifukwa chakuti boma silikutsanulira ndalama mu ntchito za asayansi omwe akufuna kuwononga zachilengedwe sizikutanthauza kuti kafukufuku wa chilengedwe alibe chidwi nawo. Zosiyana kwambiri. DARPA yatenga nyaliyo ndipo ikupereka ndalama zothandizira kafukufuku wokhazikika womwe cholinga chake ndi kupeza njira zatsopano zopangira zida zachilengedwe.
Monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi polojekiti yawo yopangira njovu mu nthawi ya Vietnam komanso thandizo laposachedwa kwa ofufuza omwe amapanga galu wamaloboti wotchedwa "Galu Wamkulu" wa Gulu Lankhondo, DARPA inganenedwe kuti ili ndi matsenga anyama, omwe amawonetsedwa m'mapulojekiti osiyanasiyana omwe mayina awo amadzutsa. chikhalidwe cha ufumu wakuthengo. Mwa iwo:
WolfPack, gulu (paketi) la masensa ang'onoang'ono, osayang'aniridwa omwe amayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi pozindikira, kuzindikira ndi kusokoneza mauthenga a adani; Piranha, pulojekiti yoti โathandize oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi kuti azitha kuyenda movutikira pa zolinga zapamtunda ndi panyanjaโ; ndi Wankhondo wa Hummingbird, pulogalamu yopangira ndege ya helikoputala yofanana ndi yowongoka komanso yotera yopanda munthu (UAV).
Bungweli limaperekanso chithunzithunzi cha chilengedwe mu pulojekiti yake ya "Organic Air Vehicles in the Trees", yomwe imamveka ngati "yobiriwira," ngakhale kuti ndi kamtunda kakang'ono kamene kamawuluka m'nkhalango, m'mapiri komanso m'mizinda kufunafuna adani. .
Komabe, zonena za chilengedwe ndizochepa chabe. Ngakhale kuti asitikali ndi odziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zolengedwa zamitundu yonse kuti achite zomwe akufuna, kuyambira agalu ankhondo ankhondo kupita ku ma dolphin a Navy omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza migodi ya m'nyanja, DARPA ikufunitsitsa kutsika m'kalasi. Amayi. Njira imodzi ndi kudzera mu pulogalamu yake ya "Bio-Revolution" yomwe ikufuna "kugwiritsa ntchito luntha ndi mphamvu za biology kupanga omenyera nkhondo aku US ndi zida zawoโฆ
Willard ndi Achinyamata Ake
Killer Njuchi
Pambuyo pa zaka zonse za machenjezo okhudza njuchi za ku Africa zomwe zikupita ku US, DARPA inaganiza zolembera njuchi kuti zilowe usilikali. Mu 2002, mapulojekiti omwe amafufuza momwe njuchi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kuti zizindikire kuphulika ndi kupeza zina "zonunkhira" zinayambika. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, DARPA yakhala ikupanga nkhokwe za tizilombo pomwe ikuyesetsa "kumvetsetsa momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga otolera zidziwitso zachilengedwe." DARPA ikuti idayesa kale "njira ya tizilombo tomwe titha kutha paziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu zogwirira ntchito pano ndi kunja." Mpaka liti mpaka ayambe kuganiza zopanga zida za tizilombo? M'malo mwa mivi yanu yakale, yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Stinger, mutha kukhala ndi zida zambiri zoponya mivi.
Fly Boys
Ku yunivesite ya Florida, ofufuza omwe athandizidwa ndi DARPA akugwira ntchito pa "maso" opangidwa ndi biologically, omwe amatsatiridwa ndi ntchentche. โTikuganiza kuti tingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo imeneyi kuti zida zanzeru zikhale zanzeru,โ anatero pulofesa wa sayansi ya zipangizo ndi uinjiniya a Paul Holloway, wofufuza wamkulu wa ntchitoyi. Ndikwabwino kubetcha kuti mawonekedwe atsopano angathandize, popeza zida zanzeru zomwe zidapezeka pano sizingavutike! Ngakhale adalengeza za Wachiwiri kwa Admiral wa Navy waku US a Timothy Keating yemwe, madzulo akuukira Iraq, adadzitamandira ndi "ndondomeko yankhondo yomwe ... Ngakhale 68% ya zida zankhondo zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Opaleshoni ya Iraqi Ufulu zinali zotsogozedwa bwino, kusiyana ndi 6.5% yokha mu 1991 Gulf War, chiลตerengero cha imfa ya anthu wamba ndi asitikali chinafika kuwirikiza kawiri nthawi ino, malinga ndi Carol Conetta. a Massachusetts-based think-tank, Project on Defense Alternatives. Kodi maso a ntchentche ndi yankho? Mwinaโฆ mpaka dziko lina lankhanza lipange chishango choteteza mizinga yowuluka.
Sitolo Yaing'ono Yowopsa
Mu July 2003, DARPA inachita msonkhano kuti "athandize ofufuza m'magulu osiyanasiyana kuti adzipange okha m'magulu omwe angathe kupanga makina ogwiritsira ntchito zomera zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito m'magulu ankhondo kapena morphing." Nanga chayandikira ndi chiyani? Magalimoto omenyera nkhondo a Giant Venus Fly-trap? Gulu la ankhondo a Swamp-Thing?
(Octo) Pie mumlengalenga kubisala
Malinga ndi dongosolo la 2003 la bungweli, "ofufuza omwe amathandizidwa ndi DARPA akufufuza momwe nalimale amakwerera makoma komanso momwe nyamayi imabisala kuti ipeze njira zatsopano zosinthira ndi kubisala kosinthika. Lingaliro ndikulola chilengedwe kukhala chitsogozo cha uinjiniya wabwino. โ Tangoganizirani za chule wa m'tsogolomu, yemwe ali ndi inki!
Akutali-Control Robo- Makoswe
Mu 2002, ofufuza a DARPA adawonetsa kuti amatha kuwongolera patali mayendedwe a makoswe okhala ndi maelekitirodi oyikidwa muubongo wake pogwiritsa ntchito laputopu. Mu 2003 ndi 2004, ofufuza a pulogalamu ya DARPA ya "Robolife" adzayang'ana "machitidwe a makoswe, mbalame ndi tizilombo pochita ntchito zomwe zimakonda ku DoD, monga kufufuza mapanga kapena kuyika mobisa kwa masensa." Kumenya nkhondo ndi nyama, komabe, kumakhala ndi zoopsa zake. Tengani Project X-Ray ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse momwe mileme yokhala ndi zophulika zomangirira m'matupi mwawo inayatsa ambuye awo ankhondo ndikuyatsa bwalo la ndege la Asitikali aku US. Tangolingalirani zomwe gulu lankhondo la makoswe ankhondo lingachite! Aliyense akukumbukira Willard?
Kuthengo kwa Anyani
Pamene Captain America akuponya chishango chake champhamvu ...
Mwina zowopsa kwambiri pazasayansi za zida za DARPA ndi zomwe zimalimbana ndi kulimbikitsa anyani omwe ali ankhanza kwambiri - anthu. Mu pulani yake ya 2003, DARPA idatchula gawo la "Enhanced Human Performance" la "Bio-Revolution" lomwe cholinga chake ndikuletsa anthu "kukhala ofooka kwambiri m'gulu lankhondo la US." Kuopa kuti makoswe, njuchi ndi mitengo zikhale zankhondo zazikulu, Enhanced Human Performance "idzagwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya moyo kuti ipangitse wankhondo aliyense kukhala wolimba, watcheru, wopirira, komanso wokhoza kuchiritsa bwino." Inde, zomwe tsopano zimakopa ofufuza a DARPA omwe kale adakopa owerenga mabuku azithunzithunzi - maloto opangira moyo weniweni Captain America, wofowoka wotembenukira-Axis-smashing-super-patriot mwa "serum ya msilikali wapamwamba."
Ingonenani "Ayi" ku No Doze, koma "Inde" ku Nkhondo Yosatha
Asitikali aku US akhala akuzunza anthu ake omenyera nkhondo kwanthawi yayitali. Ku Vietnam, azachipatala adakwaniritsa kufunikira kwa asitikali mwachangu popereka ma amphetamine a boma. Mu 2002, oyendetsa ndege aku US mothandizidwa ndi Air Force "go-mapiritsi" (omwe mneneri wa Air Force Lt. Jennifer Ferrau amawatcha "chida chowongolera kutopa") adapha asitikali anayi aku Canada ndikuvulaza ena asanu ndi atatu pomwe adaponya bomba lotsogozedwa ndi laser. maphunziro a usilikali aku Canada ku Afghanistan. Masiku ano, pulogalamu ya DARPA's Continuous Assisted Performance (CAP) ikufuna kupanga gulu lankhondo la 24-7 mwa "kufufuza njira zopewera kutopa ndikupangitsa asirikali kukhala maso, tcheru, komanso ogwira ntchito mpaka masiku asanu ndi awiri molunjika popanda kuvutika m'maganizo kapena thupi. zotsatira zake komanso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zilizonse zolimbikitsa m'badwo wamakono. โ
Uwu ndi ubongo wanu pa DARPAโฆ mafunso aliwonse?
Ofufuza a DARPA akugwiranso ntchito pa "Brain Machine Interface" ("neuromics") pulojekiti, yopangidwa ngati mawonekedwe a malingaliro / makina, kulola kuti zipangizo zamakina ziziyendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoganiza. Mpaka pano, ofufuza aphunzitsa nyani kusuntha mbewa ya pakompyuta ndi mkono wa telerobotic pongoganiza za izo. Pokhala ndi ma elekitirodi okwana 96 oikidwa muubongo wawo, nyama zimatha kufikira chakudya ndi mkono wa robotic. Ofufuza adatumizanso ma siginecha pa intaneti, kulola kuwongolera kwakutali kwa mkono wa robotic mtunda wa mamailosi 600. M'tsogolomu akuyembekeza kupanga "mawonekedwe osasokoneza" kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu. DARPA inati, "Zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za Chitetezo pakupeza njira zosinthira malingaliro kukhala zochita, ngati zingatheke, ndi zazikulu: lingalirani omenyera nkhondo a US omwe amangofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya malingaliro awo kuchita zinthu zakutali." Kwa zaka zambiri, gulu lankhondo la US lakhala likuwongolera luso lawo lofikira ndi kupha munthu. Kodi mantra yamtsogolo ndi chiyani? Mwina, ngati mukuganiza, adzafa.
Sayansi ya Moyo (ndi Imfa).
Leonard J. Buckley, woyang'anira mapulogalamu a chemistry ku DARPA's Defense Science Office, adati, pokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi tizilombo, "Kudzoza kuchokera ku chilengedweโฆ Ndipo, akutero mneneri wa DARPA, Jan Walker, โTili ndi chidwi chofufuza zamoyo zamoyo chifukwa zakhala zikusintha kwa zaka zambiri kuti zikhale zabwino kwambiri pakupulumuka chilengedwe. ... ndipo tikuyembekeza kuphunzira kuchokera ku njira zina zomwe Amayi Nature adapanga. "
Mayi Osauka Nature! Ndi chiyembekezo chotani chomwe ali nacho atakumana ndi ndalama zopitilira $400 biliyoni zoteteza. Kodi angachite chiyani pamene chisonkhezero champhamvu kwambiri cha asayansi oganiza momasuka kuti amuganizire chiri pakufuna kupha ana ake zida. Pansi pa DARPA, sayansi ya moyo yakhala malo achonde kuti apititse patsogolo sayansi ya imfa ndi chiwonongeko poyesera, m'mawu a DARPA Defense Sciences Office, kuti athetse "Zofooka za Moyo" kuti akwaniritse "Super Physiological Performance." Nietzschean modabwitsa bwanji!
Izi ndi zomwe boma likuchita m'dziko lathu. Ngati ndinu ochita kafukufuku m'magawo ofunikira ndipo mukufuna kuti nthawi, ndalama, ndi kumasuka zikhale zopanga, ntchito yanu iyenera kupindulitsa Pentagon pa mpikisano wake kuti muwonetsetse kuti Saddam wotsatira akhoza kukhala, m'mawu a Maj. Gen. Raymond. Odierno, "anagwidwa ngati khoswe" ndi Capt. Ben Willard wa gulu lankhondo lolondera makoswe.
Kupatulapo kupeza njira zatsopano zozembera malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo, kuphwanya kuphwanya kwa ndege zadziko ndi zida zoyambitsidwa ndi mlengalenga) zomwe US โโimachita kale bwino ndiukadaulo waposachedwa kapena mawu a okwera mapiri "chifukwa chake," ndizovuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake boma. akadali otsekeredwa mโmapikisano ankhondo amtundu wa Cold War mโdziko limodzi lamphamvu zopambanitsa. Kufotokozera kokha komwe kulipo kumakhala pakuyendetsa galimoto yamagulu ankhondo-mafakitale omwe akuchulukirachulukira, omwe adatchulidwa koyamba ndi Purezidenti Eisenhower kumbuyo kwa 1961. Izi zingathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake tilibe maphunziro kapena DARPAs zachilengedwe. Kwa ofufuza amasiku ano, DARPA ndi, mwaluntha komanso mwandalama, sitima yapamtunda yochititsa chidwi komanso yochititsa chidwi, bungwe lokhalo lomwe limayika ndalama zenizeni ndikupereka mphotho zoganiza mwaluso komanso mwanzeru. Ufulu wolota ndikulenga, udindo wa DARPA, ndi wokopa komanso wapadera ndipo, motero, ndi woopsa kwambiri kotero kuti tiyenera kudzifunsa tokha ngati kupanga nkhondo sikuli chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri ku America.
Mukufuna kuyang'ana mawebusayiti ena okhudzana ndi mbalame ndi njuchi? Chabwino, izo ndi zosavuta kupeza nokha. Ndikulankhula za mbalame ndi njuchi, kalembedwe ka DARPA! Ngati mukuganiza kuti ndinu wamtchire mokwanira kuti muwone Msilikali wa Hummingbird, dinani apa! Mukufuna kudziwa yemwe akulembera njuchi kulowa usilikali (komanso "kugwiritsa ntchito luso lazachilengedwe")? Kenako dinani apa. Kodi kungotchula za "makina osakanizidwa aubongo" kumakupangitsani kufuna kusuntha mikono yamaloboti kupita mufiriji? Werengani izi podina apa. Kapena mukuganiza kuti zida zankhondo zakuthengo ndizovuta chabe? Ngati ndi choncho, dinani apa ndikusunthira pansi mpaka ku "Bat Bomb-Project X-Ray" komwe mungawone chithunzi cha ntchito zamanja za milemeyo - nyumba yankhondo yoyaka moto- zotsimikizika kuti zimalimbikitsa Fox yapadera, yotchedwa: "Pamene Zinyama Zikaukira Asilikali aku US!"
Nicholas Turse ndi wochita udokotala ku Center for the History & Ethics of Public Health mu Mailman School of Public Health ku Columbia University.
Copyright C2004 Nicholas Turse
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