Pamene Komiti ya Nobel inapereka mphoto yake yapachaka yamtendere kwa Purezidenti Barack Obama, inamupatsa mwayi wamtengo wapatali umene sunapatsidwe kaลตirikaลตiri kwa apurezidenti ankhondo aku America: kuthekera kopambana. Ngati angasankhe kupita njira yokhazikitsa mtendere, Obama adzakhala ndi mwayi wochita chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Kumbali ina, mbiri imasonyeza kuti njira yankhondo ndi yoluza motsimikizirika. Monga purezidenti atazindikira, makamaka kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, asitikali aku US sangathe kusindikiza mgwirizano kuti apambane nkhondo.
Ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo amatha kuchita zinthu zambiri, chinthu chimodzi chimene chawathawa ndicho mapeto ake: chipambano chosatha. Izi zikhoza kuthamangitsidwa kunyumba posachedwa - wina adazindikira - pamene, mkati mwa mkangano wa Washington pa nkhondo ya Afghanistani, kutsogolo koiwalika mu Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse ya Pulezidenti Bush pa Zowopsya, Philippines, inabwereranso m'nkhani. Pa Seputembara 25, New York Times mtolankhani Norimitsu Onishi analemba:
"Kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi izi, asilikali a ku America anafika pachilumba cha Basilan, kum'mwera kwa dziko la Philippines, kuti athandize kuchotsa gulu lachisilamu lodzipatula la Abu Sayyaf. Tsopano, matauni akuluakulu a Basilan, omwe adagonjetsedwa ndi Abu Sayyaf ndi magulu a zigawenga, akhala otetezeka. moti mayi wina wa ku Avon akungoyendayenda mopanda nkhawa makasitomala.
Poyesa kufotokoza momwe zigawenga zikuyendera ku US motsutsana ndi zigawenga zachisilamu m'derali pambuyo pa zaka khumi, Onishi adanenanso kuti, "Basilan, monga madera ena ambiri achisilamu ndi achikhristu kum'mwera kwa Philippines, ali ndi mbiri yakale ya ndale. chiwawa, nkhondo za mโmabanja ndi katangale.โ Ngakhale sanalankhulepo za zomwe zidachitika zaka za m'ma 1990 zisanachitike, nyuzipepala yake idapereka kuwunika koyenera kwa zoyesayesa zaku US zolimbana ndi zigawenga zachisilamu pachilumba chomwechi - zaka 100 m'mbuyomo:
"Detachments of Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth Infantry, omwe ali ndi zida zothandizira anthu komanso zida zothandizira, akugwira ntchito yochotsa zida za Moros pachilumba cha Basilan. ."
Patangopita masiku ochepa lipoti la Onishi litatuluka, asilikali awiri aku America anaphedwa pachilumba chapafupi cha Jolo. Monga momwe nkhani ya Reuters inanenera, "inali nkhondo yoyamba yakupha yotsutsana ndi asilikali a US omwe anatumizidwa kum'mwera kwa Philippines kuyambira pamene msilikali m'malo odyera anaphedwa ku 2002 ..." Monga ku Basilan, komabe nkhani ya US counterinsurgency ku Jolo imabwereranso nthawi yayitali. njira. Kumayambiriro kwa Januware 1905, kutchula chitsanzo chimodzi chokha, mamembala awiri ankhondo yaku US - Gulu Lankhondo la 14 kukhala ndendende - adaphedwa panthawi yachitetezo pachilumba chomwechi.
Zoti asitikali aku US akuyesera kugonjetsa zigawenga zachisilamu pazilumba ziwiri zazing'ono pambuyo pazaka 1950 zitha kupangitsa Purezidenti Obama kupuma kaye pamene akuwunika zomwe angasankhe ku Afghanistan ndikuganizira za mphotho yake yaposachedwa. Zingakhalenso zoyenera nthawi yake kuti awone momwe asitikali adapambana pamikangano kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kuyambira ndi nkhondo yachiwembu ku Korea yomwe idayamba mu June XNUMX ndipo isanathe. mtendere, ngakhale kupambana. Mkangano wabata koma wosakhazikikawo umapereka mwayi wokonzeka kwa purezidenti kuti akwaniritse chigonjetso chomwe chathawa kwanthawi yayitali asitikali aku US. Atha kuthandiza kuti pakhale mtendere wamuyaya pachilumba cha Korea chomwe chilibe zida zanyukiliya ndikuyamba kulandira mphotho yake yaposachedwa.
Vietnam ndi Beyond
Pakadali pano, a Obama ndi anzawo osewera nawo ku Washington akuti amizidwa mumpikisanowu mabuku a Nkhondo ya Vietnam poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale ngati ndodo yolosera potulukira njira yopita ku Afghanistan. Ku Pentagon, ambiri mwachiwonekere amakakamirabe lingaliro lakuti mkanganowo unatayika chifukwa cha kufooka kwa chithandizo cha anthu ku US, malipoti opanda chiyembekezo ndi atolankhani, ndi ndale opanda misana.
Obama angachite bwino kunyalanyaza mndandanda wawo wowerengera wobwereza pazifukwa zosavuta: kunena mosabisa, zoyesayesa zankhondo zaku France zothandizidwa ndi US ndi US kuti agonjetse dziko la Vietnamese kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 zidalephera moyipa; ndiye, zoyesayesa zothandizidwa ndi US zokhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa boma lokhazikika ku South Vietnam zidalephera kwambiri; ndipo potsirizira pake, kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa asilikali a US, zaka zambiri kuti awononge asilikali a Vietnamese omwe adamenyana nawo adalephera kwambiri - osati m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni a United States, ngakhale m'mabwalo amphamvu ku Washington, koma. m'midzi ya South Vietnam. Zoyesayesa za US ku Cambodia ndi Laos zoyandikana nazo zidagwa ndikuwotchedwa.
Kupambana pambali, asitikali aku US adakwanitsa kuchita zambiri pankhondo ya Vietnam. Chipambano chake chenicheni chinali pakupondereza kopanda chifundo komwe kunapatsa anthu aku Southeast Asia, kusiya chigawocho. magazi oviika, yotsekedwa kwambiri, kwambiri poizoni, ndi kunyansidwa ndi zachiwawa, zomwe zimapha ndi kuvulaza anthu ammudzi ku izi tsiku.
Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa kunja ndi kunja ku Indochina, anthu a ku America adadzipeza kuti akudwala "Vietnam Syndrome" (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko yachilendo yachilendo - yochititsa manyazi mphamvu yapadziko lonse) ndikusowa chithandizo chachipambano. M'zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi 1990, izi zidatsogolera "kupambana" pa izi. mphamvu monga chilumba chaching'ono cha Caribbean cha Grenada ndi Panama, dziko lomwe "nkhondo zake zodzitchinjiriza," zonse, zidangokhala 12,000 (pafupifupi theka la asitikali aku US omwe ali mgulu lankhondo) - ndikudula ndikuthamangitsa ku Lebanon ndi Somalia.
"Maphunziro" a ku Vietnam adalengezedwa kuti anaikidwa m'manda kosatha m'zipululu zotentha za Middle East mu March 1991. "Ndi Mulungu, tagonjetsa matenda a Vietnam kamodzi kokha!" Purezidenti George HW Bush adafuula mopambana kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Gulf - komabe Saddam Hussein, wolamulira wa adani, adakhalabe wolimba mu mphamvu ku Baghdad ndipo mkanganowo udapitilirabe kupambana. simmer kwa zaka zopitirira khumi mpaka mwana wake, George W. Bush, anatenganso dzikolo kumenyana ndi mtsogoleri wa Iraq yemwe bambo ake adamenyana nawo ndipo adalengezanso kuti ntchitoyo yakwaniritsidwa.
Kutsatira kuguba kwachangu ku Baghdad mu 2003, mofanana ndi kupambana kwachangu ku Kuwait ku Gulf War I, asitikali aku US adalepheranso kusindikiza mgwirizanowo. Kuyesetsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka Bush kuti alamulire dzikolo pazandale polemba malamulo aku Iraq, kwinaku akudumpha zisankho zenizeni, kudatsitsidwa mwachangu ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo wamphamvu kwambiri ku Iraq, wansembe wachi Shiite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. Kenako, gulu lankhondo la US linagwedezeka kwa zaka zambiri ndi zigawenga za Sunni. Ngakhale kuti ziwawa pakadali pano zachepetsedwa mpaka zomwe zimatchedwa "malo ovomerezeka," Iraq idakali malo ankhondo ndipo Barack Obama ndi purezidenti wachinayi kuti atsogolere mikangano yomwe ikuwoneka yosatha, yosathetsedwa m'dzikolo. (Boma la Iraq logwirizana ndi US lalengeza kale kuti US ndi yotayika, kulengeza "Chigonjetso chachikulu" paulamuliro wa US mu June 2009 ndikufanizira kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku US m'mizinda yadzikolo ndi mbiri yakale yaku Iraq ya 1920 kuukira asitikali aku Britain. Akuluakulu aku America sanagwirizane.)
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, ma proxies aku US ku Afghanistan, Asilamu mujahideen zigawenga, anamenya nkhondo Soviet. Masiku ano, asitikali aku US ndi okhalamo, akumenyanso ena omwewo mujahidin ndi mu chaka chachisanu ndi chinayi Nkhondo yaposachedwa ku Afghanistan, chigonjetso chikuwoneka kuti sichili paliponse pamapiri, pomwe kulephera, malinga ndi mkulu wa nkhondo ya Afghanistan General Stanley McChrystal, ndikothekanso.
Chakumapeto kwa chaka chatha, ku Msonkhano wa 26 wa Sayansi Yankhondo, Ndinamvetsera m'modzi mwa akuluakulu omwe adalembedwa m'gulu lankhondo, msilikali wokongoletsedwa kwambiri wa Global War on Terror, komanso wolemba nkhondo pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya America ku Vietnam, akuvomereza mosapita m'mbali kuti asilikali a US ku Afghanistan sakanatha kuchita nawo. mphamvu za adani. Zigawenga zopanda zida, zopanda zida zonyamula zida zinali zoyenda kwambiri komanso zothamanga kwambiri, adatero, kwa asitikali aku America okhala ndi zida, olemedwa kwambiri. Nditamufunsa za ndemangayi pambuyo pake, mnzanga wapaudindo womwewo komanso msilikali mnzanga wa Global War on Terror adalumphira podziteteza, nati, "Inde, sindingathe kuthamanga nawo phirili, koma ndiwapeza. - pomaliza." Pafupifupi chaka chotsatira, gawo labwino lazaka khumi ndikumenyana, funso losayankhidwa limakhalabe, "Liti?"
Mtendere Purezidenti
Asitikali aku US ndi amphamvu mosakayika ndipo awonetsa mobwerezabwereza kuthekera kopambana kwambiri. chiwonongeko ndi imfa. Kuchokera ku Korea, Vietnam, ndi Cambodia kupita ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, omenyana ndi adani ndi anthu wamba atsoka, misasa ya asilikali ndi nyumba za anthu zawonongeka ndi asilikali a US pazaka khumi pambuyo pa zaka khumi za nkhondo. Komabe kusindikiza mgwirizano ndi nkhani ina kwathunthu. Kupambana kwadutsa mobwerezabwereza m'zala za apurezidenti aku America, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwaukadaulo ndi malamulo omwe atulutsidwa kwa anthu osauka, nthawi zina anthu omwe anali asanakhalepo mafakitale a m'madera ankhondo aku America.
Tsopano, Komiti ya Nobel yapanga njuga yodabwitsa. Zawona bwino kupereka Barack Obama, yemwe adalowa mu Oval Office ngati purezidenti wankhondo ndipo posakhalitsa adachulukitsa kubetcha kwa US pankhondo yomwe ikukulirakulira ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, mwayi wokhala ndi cholowa chosatha komanso kupindula kwenikweni kwamtundu womwe wathawa kalekale. Atsogoleri aku America. Mphotho yawo imamupatsa mwayi wobwerera mmbuyo ndikuganizira mbiri yankhondo yaku America komanso zomwe asitikali aku US amatha kuchita masauzande ambiri kuchokera kwawo. Ndi mwayi wosayerekezeka kuyang'anizana moona mtima ku malire omwe akuwonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza a mphamvu zankhondo zaku America. Ulinso mwayi wapurezidenti woti adzisinthe kuchoka pakupanga nkhondo potengera cholowa kupita ku mtundu wake wokonda mtendere, ndikuwonetsa luso lomwe apurezidenti am'mbuyomu anali nawo. Atha kupeza chigonjetso chokhalitsa, pomwe akuchepetsa magazi, aku America ndi akunja, m'manja mwake - ndi onse aku America.
Patadutsa zaka zoposa 100 kuchokera pamene adayesetsa kuthana ndi zilumba ziwiri zazing'ono ku Philippines, asilikali a US akuferabe kumeneko m'manja mwa zigawenga zachisilamu. Zaka zoposa 50 pambuyo pake, dziko la US likusungabe madera akum'mwera kwa chilumba cha Korea chifukwa cha nkhondo yovuta komanso mtendere womwe sunachitikebe. Posachedwapa, zochitika za ku America zaphatikizapo kugonjetsedwa kotheratu ku Vietnam, kulephera ku Laos ndi Cambodia; mavuto ku Lebanon ndi Somalia; nkhondo yosatha ya pulezidenti anayi ku Iraq; ndipo pafupifupi zaka khumi zozungulira magudumu ku Afghanistan popanda chizindikiro chilichonse cha kupambana, kupambana kocheperako. Ndi chiyani chomwe chingapangitse malire a mphamvu zaku America kukhala omveka bwino?
Mbiriyo iyenera kukhala yodetsa nkhawa monga momwe ilili yokhumudwitsa, pomwe ndalama zomwe anthu a m'mayikowa akukumana nazo ndizovuta kwambiri monga momwe anthu aku America sangawamvetse. Magazi ndi zopanda pake zam'mbuyomu zaku America zikuyenera kuwonekera kwa wopambana Mphotho ya Mtendere wa Nobel, Obama, ngakhale omwe adamutsogolera akhala akukana kuwunika kowoneka bwino kwa mphamvu zaku America kapena zotsatira zenizeni zankhondo zaku US.
Njira ziwiri zayamba pamaso pa pulezidenti wa chaka choyamba. Pali magawo awiri: mtendere kapena kulephera.
Nick Turse ndi mkonzi wothandizira wa TomDispatch.com komanso wopambana wa 2009 Ridenhour Prize for Reportorial Distinction komanso Mphotho ya James Aronson for Social Justice Journalism. Ntchito yake idawonekera mu Los Angeles Times, Dziko, Mu Nthawi Zino, komanso pafupipafupi pa TomDispatch. Kusindikiza kwa pepala la bukhu lake Zovuta: Momwe Asilikali Amalowerera Moyo Wathu Watsiku ndi Tsiku (Metropolitan Books), kufufuza kwa nyumba yatsopano yamagulu ankhondo ku America, kwasindikizidwa posachedwa. Webusaiti yake ndi NickTurse.com.
[Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba Tomdispatch.com. Woyambitsa Pulogalamu ya American Empire Project, Mlembi wa Mapeto a Chikhalidwe Chogonjetsa, ndi mkonzi wa Dziko Lolingana ndi Tomdispatch: America mu New Age of Empire.]
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