Pamene Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Paraguay idavomereza "chigamulo cha ndale" motsutsana ndi Fernando Lugo pa June 22, idayambitsa vuto lalikulu la ndale ku Mercosur m'zaka 20 zapitazi. Fumbi silinakhazikikebe, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti palibe chomwe chidzakhala chofanana kuyambira kugwedezeka.
Ku Paraguay mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma zobwerera m'mbuyo zapeza malo, ndikutsegula mwayi wogwirizana kwambiri ndi United States, zomwe zimapeza mgwirizano pamalo omwe angawononge kwambiri Brazil. Kuyimitsidwa kwa Paraguay ndi Mercosur ndi Unasur kunalola kuti Venezuela ilowe ku Mercosur, yomwe nyumba yamalamulo ya Paraguay idaletsa kuyambira 2006 ngakhale kuvomerezedwa ndi Brazil, Argentina ndi Uruguay.
China idapezerapo mwayi pa nthawiyi kupititsa patsogolo ubale ndi derali popereka mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi Mercosur. Paraguay sanangoletsa umembala wa Venezuela ku Mercosur, komanso ndi amodzi mwa mayiko ochepa padziko lapansi omwe ali ndi ubale waukazembe ndi Taiwan osati China, zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe utsogoleri wake wandale ulili.
Phunziro ku Paraguay
Pepala la ku Brazil lodziletsa Folha de São Paulo chinali chofalitsa choyamba chapadziko lonse lapansi kufotokoza kufanana pakati pa kuukira boma kwa Paraguay ndi kulanda boma ku Honduran mu 2009. Ku Brazil, ngakhale osunga malamulo amawona mokhudzidwa kusintha komwe kukuchitika m'derali.
Kuchotsedwa kwa Lugo kudadabwitsa boma la Brazil. Atumiki akuluakulu mu nduna ya Dilma Rousseff anali kupita ku Rio+20 Summit panthawiyo. Pamene msonkhano wa ku Paraguay unagamula pa June 21 kuti tsiku lotsatira adzachita mlandu wa ndale wa Lugo, Rousseff adaganiza kuti yankho liyenera kukhala logwirizana ndikuchokera ku Unasur ndi Mercosur. Nthawi ya 7pm. Nduna ya Zachilendo Antonio Patriota adanyamuka kupita ku Paraguay pamodzi ndi nduna zakunja zaku Argentina, Colombia, Uruguay ndi Venezuela.[1].
Tsiku lotsatira ambiri adalumikizana. Zimene anamva ndi kuona atakumana ndi aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo ku Paraguay ndi atsogoleri andale, amene anakana kumvetsera zonena zawo, zinawatsimikizira kuti afunika “kuphunzitsa dziko la Paraguay” pa ndale.[2]
Bungwe lofufuza za BASE Social Studies linanena kuti ufulu wa Paraguay ndi “umodzi mwa anthu obwerera m’mbuyo, osalabadira komanso ogonjera ku Latin America, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi chitukuko cha chikapitalist ku Paraguay ndi m’mbuyo mwaulamuliro wake wakale.”[3] Ikupitilira kunena kuti kupha anthu ambiri ku Curuguaty "inali dongosolo lomwe lidakonzedwa kale, lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa pomwe adatha kuphatikizira mavoti ofunikira mu Nyumba Yamalamulo."[4]
Chimodzi mwazosintha zazikulu ku Paraguay pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wa Lugo ndikuti chipani cha Radical Authentic Liberal Party (PLRA) chomwe chinali likulu lofunikira polimbana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989), idapereka mamembala ake ndi mbiri yake ndikukhala mtsogoleri. chipani chothandizira anthu ochita zachinyengo omwe amalumikizidwa ndi katangale, kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kulanda malo popanda chilolezo.
Ulamuliro wankhanzawo udathandizira kuphatikizika pakati pa gulu lazamalonda lomwe limamangiriridwa kuzinthu zosaloledwa ndi chipani cha Colorado, chomwe chinali State-Party motsogozedwa ndi Stroessner yomwe idalamulira Paraguay kwa zaka 60 molunjika (kuyambira pankhondo yapachiweniweni ya 1947 mpaka 2008 pomwe Lugo adapambana) mogwirizana ndi zankhondo komanso nthawi zambiri pansi pazingidwa.
Nkhani ya malo ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mtundu wa anthu osankhika omwe alipo ku Paraguay. Malinga ndi bungwe la FAO, kuchuluka kwa malo m’dzikolo n’kumene sikufanana kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo 80 peresenti ili m’manja mwa 2 peresenti ya eni ake.[5] Ulamuliro wankhanza unadzisamalira popereka malo kwa akuluakulu ankhondo, mabizinesi ndi mamembala a chipani cha Colorado, monga tawonera mu lipoti lomaliza la Komiti ya Choonadi ndi chilungamo yomwe idaperekedwa mu 2008.[6]
Lipotilo likusonyeza kuti pakati pa 1954 ndi 1989 mahekitala pafupifupi 6.7 miliyoni anagaŵiridwa mosaloledwa, kuphatikizapo miliyoni imodzi yoperekedwa pakati pa 1989 ndi 2003. Lipotilo linatcha madera ameneŵa “malo olandidwa molakwa” amene ali 32.7 peresenti ya malo olimidwa a dziko ndi 20%. dziko lonse la Paraguay[7].
Gawo lalikulu la mayikowa, makamaka m'madipatimenti amalire, linaperekedwa kwa eni nyumba a ku Brazil, a brasiguayos, omwe lero ali ndi mahekitala pafupifupi 5 miliyoni malinga ndi wofufuza Marcos Glauser.[8] M’dipatimenti imene kuphedwa kwa anthu a ku Caraguaty, ku Canindeyú, m’chigawochi brasiguayos eni 40% ya nthaka ndipo 80% yake imafesedwa mu soya. [9]
Gulu lamalonda ili ndi maphikidwe awa adakakamiza kulandidwa kwa Lugo, kufuna nkhonya yachitsulo motsutsana ndi alimi omwe adatenga "malo oponderezedwa" kuti athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakusintha kwaulimi. Mercosur ndi Unasur adasankha pamsonkhano ku Mendoza June 29 kuti asiye chitsanzo cha "coups coups" chomwe chinayambika ku Honduras mu 2009 ndikupitiriza ku Paraguay.
Ndizowona, monga momwe atolankhani ena adanenera, kuti Monsanto yamitundu yambiri idakakamiza kumasula thonje losinthidwa chibadwa lomwe mayiko ena, Rio Tinto Alcan, akufuna kubzala ku Paraguay, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso zotsika mtengo. Monsanto adalimbikitsidwanso ndi mfundo yakuti boma la US lakhala likulimbikitsa kusowa kwa Lugo kuyambira 2009.[10] Koma zitsenderezo zakunja zimenezi sizikanapambana popanda gulu landale lachinyengo mu Paraguay.
Mercosur pa ola lake lovuta kwambiri
Maboma onse a m'deralo, kuphatikizapo maboma oyenerera ku Chile ndi Colombia, adatha kufika pa mgwirizano wogwirizana: Unasur ndi Mecosur adayimitsa Paraguay mpaka chisankho cha April 2013. uku kunali mtundu watsopano wa coup d'état.
Ngakhale Unasur kapena Mercosur sanagwiritse ntchito zilango zachuma ku Paraguay. Izi zinali pazifukwa ziwiri: Choyamba, Paraguay ndi yopereka mphamvu kwambiri ku Brazil, kudzera ku Itaipú hydroelectric plant, ndi ku Argentina kupyolera mu Yacyretá. Kuphatikiza apo, oyandikana nawo sanafune kuti Paraguay ichoke m'mabungwewa powopa kuti izi zitha kukankhira pafupi kusaina mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi United States ndikulola kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida zankhondo zaku US m'gawo lake.
Purezidenti watsopano Federico Franco adanenanso zambiri pamene adanena kuti zilango "zathetsa ulamuliro wa mayiko oyandikana nawo" ndipo tsopano "Paraguay yamasulidwa kuti ipange zisankho".[11] Ichi ndichifukwa chake Brazil idalimbikitsa Hugo Chavez kuti asasokoneze kayendedwe ka mafuta kupita ku Paraguay.
Sizingakhale zophweka ku Paraguay kusiya derali. Imadalira kwambiri oyandikana nawo; 55% yazogulitsa kunja zimapita ku Mercosur, ndi Brazil monga msika waukulu, makamaka wa soya, nyama, mbewu ndi mafuta.[12] Pokhala dziko lopanda malire, zopanga zonse za Paraguay zimadutsa madoko aku Brazil ndi Argentina komwe kumadalira kwathunthu misewu yayikulu ya oyandikana nawo.
Kuukira ku Paraguay sikubisa zovuta za Mercosur, zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kukwera kwa China. Pali mikangano yayikulu pakati pa Argentina ndi Brazil, komanso pakati pa mayiko ang'onoang'ono awiri (Uruguay ndi Paraguay) ndi awiri akuluakulu. Mgwirizanowu walephera chifukwa chabwino kwa ena ndi choipa kwa ena.
Chimodzi mwazowonetsa zovutazi chinali kusiya ntchito kwa kazembe Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães, Woimira Wamkulu wa Mercosur, pamsonkhano waposachedwa ku Mendoza. M'kalata yake yosiya ntchito akupereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa zenizeni za bloc.
Ananenanso kuti mavuto azachuma ku Europe ndi United States komanso kukwera kwa China kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri kumwera zomwe "zimawononga mgwirizano wamalonda pakati pa mayiko a Mercosur omwe ali maziko akulu a mgwirizano."[13] De-industrialization imachokera ku ndondomekozi ndipo iyenera kuyang'anizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chochokera ku katundu wogulitsa kunja, adatero.
Pinheiro akugogomezera kuti Unasur "singakhale mwala wapangodya womanga bungwe lazachuma ku South America" chifukwa Chile, Colombia ndi Peru adasaina mgwirizano wamalonda waulere ndi United States, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kupanga ndondomeko zachigawo kuti zipititse patsogolo chitukuko.
Akuganiza kuti bloc iyenera kupangidwa "kutengera kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kwa Mercosur", kuphatikizapo Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Surinam ndi Guyana. Omaliza ayenera kupatsidwa mikhalidwe yapadera yolowera chifukwa cha chitukuko chawo chochepa komanso chidwi chandale kudera lomwe adaphatikizidwa.
Kuti apite patsogolo, kazembeyo akuti, chipikacho chiyenera kukulitsa mgwirizano wandale ndi mgwirizano wachuma. "Makhalidwe apamwamba a Mercosur ndi ma asymmetries," adatero, zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yandale. Akuwonetsa kulowetsedwa kwakukulu kwazinthu mu Fund for Structural Convergence kuti akomere mayiko ang'onoang'ono. Pakali pano Fund ili ndi bajeti yapachaka ya madola 100 miliyoni okha.
Mwina mfundo yozindikira kwambiri m'kalatayo ndi ndime 2: "m'dziko lamitundu yambiri lomwe lili m'mavuto ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwamphamvu sikuli m'malo mwa bloc iliyonse kapena mphamvu zazikulu kumanga kapena kulimbikitsa gulu latsopano la mayiko, makamaka ngati atero. pamphepete. Ulamuliro waukulu uliwonse umaona kuti n’kothandiza kwambiri kukambirana mapangano ndi mayiko akutali, makamaka ngati ali mayiko osatukuka omwe ndi ofooka pazandale komanso pazachuma.”[14]
Ndi mamembala a Mercosur okha omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi bloc yawo. Komabe, pamene linapangidwa mu 1991 silinaganiziridwe ngati bungwe lolimbikitsa chitukuko koma monga bungwe la kasitomu lolimbikitsa malonda aulere. Lingaliro la Pinheiro limaphatikizapo kupanga mphamvu zolimbikitsa chitukuko chogwirizana komanso chokhazikika chachigawo, kuchotsa ma asymmetries ndikumanga pang'onopang'ono malamulo ofanana.
Njira yatsopanoyi ndiyofunikira chifukwa mayankho a mayiko otukuka pavutoli ndi "kuyimitsidwa kwa mapangano a WTO omwe adakambitsirana munthawi ya malingaliro a neoliberal."[15]
Ngati Mercosur satenga masitepewa, "idzapulumuka koma nthawi zonse m'njira yochepa ndipo sichidzasintha kukhala gulu la mayiko omwe angathe kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo zofuna zawo m'dziko latsopano lomwe lidzatulukire ku zovuta zomwe tikukhala lero. ” Kuwunika kumeneku kochitidwa ndi m'modzi mwa aluntha otchuka kwambiri ku Brazil kukuwoneka kolondola. Zaka zikubwerazi zidzatiuza ngati pali chifuniro cha ndale chosintha njira.
China ikupita patsogolo
Prime Minister waku China a Wen Jiabao adayendera derali pomwe chipwirikiti chinachitika ku Paraguay. Nthawi yomaliza ya ulendo wake ku Brazil, Uruguay ndi Argentina inali msonkhano wapavidiyo womwe adachita kuchokera ku Buenos Aires pa June 25 ndi purezidenti Dilma Rousseff, Cristina Fernandez ndi José Mujica.
Malinga ndi bungwe la China Xinhua, nduna yayikulu idapanga malingaliro atatu: kulimbikitsa kudalirana ndi kulumikizana kwanzeru ndi Mercosur; kuchulukitsa malonda pofika chaka cha 2016 mpaka 200 biliyoni, kuphatikiza pazachuma komanso thandizo lazachuma ndiukadaulo; ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa mayiko awiriwa m'madera a maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe.[16]
Malingaliro a Wen Jiabao adatanthauziridwa ndi anzawo ngati momwe zinalili: mgwirizano waukulu womwe ukuphatikiza mgwirizano wamalonda waulere pakati pa China ndi Mercosur, kutenga mwayi chifukwa Paraguay - dziko lokhalo lopanda ubale ndi China - idayimitsidwa ku Mercosur. . Tsiku lotsatira, adakamba nkhani yofunika kwambiri mu Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eCLAC) ku Santiago, Chile.
Kumeneko adalengeza zomwe akufuna ku Latin America ndi Caribbean "kulimbana ndi chitetezo", "kukulitsa mgwirizano wamakono" ndikutsegula misika yatsopano ndi cholinga chokweza malonda a mayiko awiri "kufika pa madola 40 biliyoni m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi."[17] Anati akhazikitse thumba la mgwirizano lomwe China ipereka ndalama zoyambira mabiliyoni asanu ndi ngongole kuchokera ku China Development Bank kuti amange zomangamanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, adapempha mgwirizano waukulu waulimi ndikukhazikitsa njira yosungiramo chakudya chadzidzidzi cha matani 500 zikwizikwi zomwe zikuyenera kuthana ndi masoka achilengedwe ndi chakudya chothandizira, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsa malo ofufuza ndi chitukuko mu sayansi ndiukadaulo.
Zopereka zaku China zimawoneka zokopa panthawi yomwe Mercosur imakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu. Bungwe la ECLAC lidachita kafukufuku wamutu wakuti “Kukambirana ndi mgwirizano tikukumana ndi zovuta zatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi”.[18] Alicia Barcenas, kagulu ka akuluakulu a ECLAC, adanena m'mawu oyamba kuti derali likukumana ndi mwayi wapadera wopita patsogolo kwambiri pazachuma, zatsopano komanso zothandiza anthu, ndiko kuti, "kumasulira phindu lopangidwa ndi zachilengedwe m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, ndalama zakuthupi ndi zamagulu."
Kuti izi zitheke, ziyenera kukopa ndalama zachindunji kuchokera ku China zomwe zimalola kuti zitheke kugulitsa kunja. Mwa magawo opitilira 40 a chikalatacho, chimodzi chingakhale chofunikira kwambiri kumayiko aku South America: pofika chaka cha 2030 magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse a anthu am'magulu apakati azikhala kudera la Asia-Pacific poyerekeza ndi 20% yokha yomwe ingachite izi. ku Europe ndi North America.
Zotsatira zake, gulu lapakati la ku Asia lidzakhala "msika wofunikira kwambiri wazakudya, zinthu zamtengo wapatali, toruism, chithandizo chamankhwala, malonda ogulitsa ndi zinthu zapamwamba", zomwe zidzalola Latin America kugulitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja ndikuwonjezera mtengo. [19] Ikuwonjezeranso kuti kuyanjana kwamayiko a renminbi kungapindulitse dera lomwe China idakhala mnzake wachiwiri wamalonda.
Zina mwa mfundo zake ndi zoti kukwera kwa dziko la China kwalola chigawo cha South America kuti chiwonjezeke njira yabwino yochitira malonda kuyambira 2003. njira zokonzanso mgwirizano pakati pa likulu ndi zozungulira. "
Kuti izi zitheke, bungwe la ECLAC likulozera kufunikira kokhazikitsa "ndondomeko yachigawo yogwirizana ndi zofunikira" zomwe zimapitirira zoyesayesa za mbali imodzi. Ndiko kuti, chosankha ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "zovuta zamkati". Pa mfundo yotsimikizika iyi, kuwunika kwa Samuel Pinheiro ndi ECLAC kumagwirizana kwathunthu. Komabe, nkhondo yapakati pa mamembala a Mercosur ikadali chinthu chosokoneza.
Kugawikanako nthawi zambiri kumafalikira kuchokera pazachuma kupita ku ndale. Kulowa kwa Venezuela kunaganiza pa msonkhano wa Mendoza kunayambitsa zosiyana. Malinga ndi nduna ya zakunja ku Uruguay, Luis Almagro, Rousseff adakakamizika kupanga chigamulo choti Mujica akufuna kuyimitsa chifukwa sakugwirizana ndi ndondomekoyi. [20] Marco Aurelio García, mlangizi wa ku Brazil pazochitika zapadziko lonse, akutsimikizira kuti chisankhocho chinapangidwa ndi mgwirizano komanso kuti kalembedwe ka zokambirana za dziko lake sikukakamiza aliyense. [21]
Uwu ndi mtundu wamavuto omwe Pinheiro amatchula—kulephera kudalirana ndi masomphenya oyenera, kuchuluka kwa mafunso amderali kuposa onse, komanso kwakanthawi kochepa kwa nthawi yayitali, kulephera kumvetsetsa zosintha zapadziko lonse lapansi. M'mawu a Chitaliyana Antonio Gramsci, ndizomwe zimatsogolera "ndale zazing'ono". Zomwe zili pachiwopsezo ndizofunikira kwambiri ndipo si onse omwe akuwoneka kuti akuzimvetsa.
Raúl Zibechi ndi katswiri wapadziko lonse wa mlungu uliwonse Brecha waku Montevideo, pulofesa ndi wofufuza za kayendetsedwe ka anthu mu Multiversidad Franciscana ya Latin America, komanso mlangizi wa mabungwe angapo apansi. Amalemba "Zibechi Report" ya mwezi uliwonse ya CIP Americas Program www.cipamericas.org.
Kumasulira: Laura Carlsen
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